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Li Z, Lyu X, Li H, Tu Q, Zhao T, Liu J, Liu B. The mechanism of low blue light-induced leaf senescence mediated by GmCRY1s in soybean. Nat Commun 2024; 15:798. [PMID: 38280892 PMCID: PMC10821915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a crucial trait that has a significant impact on crop quality and yield. Previous studies have demonstrated that light is a key factor in modulating the senescence process. However, the precise mechanism by which plants sense light and control senescence remains largely unknown, particularly in crop species. In this study, we reveal that the reduction in blue light under shading conditions can efficiently induce leaf senescence in soybean. The blue light receptors GmCRY1s rather than GmCRY2s, primarily regulate leaf senescence in response to blue light signals. Our results show that GmCRY1s interact with DELLA proteins under light-activated conditions, stabilizing them and consequently suppressing the transcription of GmWRKY100 to delay senescence. Conversely, LBL reduces the interaction between GmCRY1s and the DELLA proteins, leading to their degradation and premature senescence of leaves. Our findings suggest a GmCRY1s-GmDELLAs-GmWRKY100 regulatory cascade that is involved in mediating LBL-induced leaf senescence in soybean, providing insight into the mechanism of how light signals regulate leaf senescence. Additionally, we generate GmWRKY100 knockout soybeans that show delayed leaf senescence and improved yield under natural field conditions, indicating potential applications in enhancing soybean production by manipulating the leaf senescence trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangguang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qichao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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2
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Zhang Y, Zang Y, Chen J, Feng S, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Zhang T. A truncated ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-like protein, GhLYI, regulates senescence in cotton. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1177-1196. [PMID: 37430389 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous endogenous and environmental signals regulate the intricate and highly orchestrated process of plant senescence. Ethylene (ET), which accumulates as senescence progresses, is a major promoter of leaf senescence. The master transcription activator ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) activates the expression of a wide range of downstream genes during leaf senescence. Here, we found that a unique EIN3-LIKE 1 (EIL1) gene, cotton LINT YIELD INCREASING (GhLYI), encodes a truncated EIN3 protein in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) that functions as an ET signal response factor and a positive regulator of senescence. Ectopic expression or overexpression of GhLYI accelerated leaf senescence in both Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and cotton. Cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&Tag) analyses revealed that SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE 20 (SAG20) was a target of GhLYI. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), yeast 1-hybrid (Y1H), and dual-luciferase transient expression assay confirmed that GhLYI directly bound the promoter of SAG20 to activate its expression. Transcriptome analysis revealed that transcript levels of a series of senescence-related genes, SAG12, NAC-LIKE, ACTIVATED by APETALA 3/PISTILLATA (NAP/ANAC029), and WRKY53, are substantially induced in GhLYI overexpression plants compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) preliminarily confirmed that knockdown of GhSAG20 delayed leaf senescence. Collectively, our findings provide a regulatory module involving GhLYI-GhSAG20 in controlling senescence in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayao Zhang
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yihao Zang
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jinwen Chen
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Shouli Feng
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 310012, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 310012, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
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3
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Deng X, Huang J, Zhang M, Wei X, Song H, Wang Y, Xin J, Sun H, Liu J, Yang D, Li J, Yang M. Metabolite profiling and screening of callus browning-related genes in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14027. [PMID: 37882309 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Callus browning is a major drawback to lotus callus proliferation and regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism of its formation remains largely unknown. Herein, we aimed to explore the metabolic and molecular basis of lotus callus browning by combining histological staining, high-throughput metabolomics, and transcriptomic assays for lotus callus at three browning stages. Histological stained brown callus cross sections displayed severe cell death symptoms, accompanied by an obvious accumulation of polyphenols and lignified materials. Widely targeted metabolomics revealed extensively decreased accumulation of most detected flavonoids and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), as well as a few phenolic acids, amino acids and their derivatives in callus with browning symptoms. Conversely, the contents of most detected tannins were significantly increased. Subsequent comparative transcriptomics identified a set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the biosynthesis and regulation of flavonoids and BIAs in lotus. Notably, callus browning was coupled with significantly up-regulated expression of two polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and 17 peroxidase (POD) encoding genes, while the expression of ethylene associated genes remained at marginal levels. These results suggest that lotus callus browning is primarily controlled at the level of metabolism, wherein the oxidation of flavonoids and BIAs is crucially decisive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinghao Huang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Wei
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heyun Song
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Xin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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4
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Li Z, Zhao T, Liu J, Li H, Liu B. Shade-Induced Leaf Senescence in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1550. [PMID: 37050176 PMCID: PMC10097262 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a vital developmental process that involves the orderly breakdown of macromolecules to transfer nutrients from mature leaves to emerging and reproductive organs. This process is essential for a plant's overall fitness. Multiple internal and external factors, such as leaf age, plant hormones, stresses, and light environment, regulate the onset and progression of leaf senescence. When plants grow close to each other or are shaded, it results in significant alterations in light quantity and quality, such as a decrease in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), a drop in red/far-red light ratios, and a reduction in blue light fluence rate, which triggers premature leaf senescence. Recently, studies have identified various components involved in light, phytohormone, and other signaling pathways that regulate the leaf senescence process in response to shade. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that control leaf senescence induced by shade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bin Liu
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (B.L.)
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Masood J, Zhu W, Fu Y, Li Z, Zhou Y, Zhang D, Han H, Yan Y, Wen X, Guo H, Liang J. Scaffold protein RACK1A positively regulates leaf senescence by coordinating the EIN3-miR164-ORE1 transcriptional cascade in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36939002 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have adopted versatile scaffold proteins to facilitate the crosstalk between multiple signaling pathways. Leaf senescence is a well-programmed developmental stage that is coordinated by various external and internal signals. However, the functions of plant scaffold proteins in response to senescence signals are not well understood. Here, we report that the scaffold protein RACK1A (RECEPTOR FOR ACTIVATED C KINASE 1A) participates in leaf senescence mediated by ethylene signaling via the coordination of the EIN3-miR164-ORE1 transcriptional regulatory cascade. RACK1A is a novel positive regulator of ethylene-mediated leaf senescence. The rack1a mutant exhibits delayed leaf senescence, while transgenic lines overexpressing RACK1A display early leaf senescence. Moreover, RACK1A promotes EIN3 (ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3) protein accumulation, and directly interacts with EIN3 to enhance its DNA-binding activity. Together, they then associate with the miR164 promoter to inhibit its transcription, leading to the release of the inhibition on downstream ORE1 (ORESARA 1) transcription and the promotion of leaf senescence. This study reveals a mechanistic framework by which RACK1A promotes leaf senescence via the EIN3-miR164-ORE1 transcriptional cascade, and provides a paradigm for how scaffold proteins finely tune phytohormone signaling to control plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Masood
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yajuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yeling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huihui Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiansheng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
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Nisler J, Kučerová Z, Koprna R, Sobotka R, Slivková J, Rossall S, Špundová M, Husičková A, Pilný J, Tarkowská D, Novák O, Škrabišová M, Strnad M. Urea derivative MTU improves stress tolerance and yield in wheat by promoting cyclic electron flow around PSI. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1131326. [PMID: 36959950 PMCID: PMC10028069 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1131326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing crop productivity under optimal conditions and mitigating yield losses under stressful conditions is a major challenge in contemporary agriculture. We have recently identified an effective anti-senescence compound (MTU, [1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5yl)urea]) in in vitro studies. Here, we show that MTU delayed both age- and stress-induced senescence of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) by enhancing the abundance of PSI supercomplex with LHCa antennae (PSI-LHCa) and promoting the cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI. We suppose that this rarely-observed phenomenon blocks the disintegration of photosynthetic apparatus and maintains its activity as was reflected by the faster growth rate of wheat in optimal conditions and under drought and heat stress. Our multiyear field trial analysis further shows that the treatment with 0.4 g ha-1 of MTU enhanced average grain yields of field-grown wheat and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by 5-8%. Interestingly, the analysis of gene expression and hormone profiling confirms that MTU acts without the involvement of cytokinins or other phytohormones. Moreover, MTU appears to be the only chemical reported to date to affect PSI stability and activity. Our results indicate a central role of PSI and CEF in the onset of senescence with implications in yield management at least for cereal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Nisler
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Kučerová
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Radoslav Koprna
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Roman Sobotka
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Jana Slivková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Stephen Rossall
- School of Biosciences, Nottingham University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Špundová
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Alexandra Husičková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jan Pilný
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Mária Škrabišová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
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Zhang Y, Tan S, Gao Y, Kan C, Wang HL, Yang Q, Xia X, Ishida T, Sawa S, Guo H, Li Z. CLE42 delays leaf senescence by antagonizing ethylene pathway in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:550-562. [PMID: 35396726 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the final stage of leaf development and is influenced by numerous internal and environmental factors. CLE family peptides are plant-specific peptide hormones that regulate various developmental processes. However, the role of CLE in regulating Arabidopsis leaf senescence remains unclear. Here, we found that CLE42 is a negative regulator of leaf senescence by using a CRISPR/Cas9-produced CLE mutant collection. The cle42 mutant displayed earlier senescence phenotypes, while overexpression of CLE42 delayed age-dependent and dark-induced leaf senescence. Moreover, application of the synthesized 12-amino-acid peptide (CLE42p) also delayed leaf senescence under natural and dark conditions. CLE42 and CLE41/44 displayed functional redundancy in leaf senescence, and the cle41 cle42 cle44 triple mutant displayed more pronounced earlier senescence phenotypes than any single mutant. Analysis of differentially expressed genes obtained by RNA-Seq methodology revealed that the ethylene pathway was suppressed by overexpressing CLE42. Moreover, CLE42 suppressed ethylene biosynthesis and thus promoted the protein accumulation of EBF, which in turn decreased the function of EIN3. Accordingly, mutation of EIN3/EIL1 or overexpression of EBF1 suppressed the earlier senescence phenotypes of the cle42 mutant. Together, our results reveal that the CLE peptide hormone regulates leaf senescence by communicating with the ethylene pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuya Tan
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chengcheng Kan
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qi Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Takashi Ishida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Huang P, Li Z, Guo H. New Advances in the Regulation of Leaf Senescence by Classical and Peptide Hormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923136. [PMID: 35837465 PMCID: PMC9274171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development, manifested by leaf yellowing due to the loss of chlorophyll, along with the degradation of macromolecules and facilitates nutrient translocation from the sink to the source tissues, which is essential for the plants' fitness. Leaf senescence is controlled by a sophisticated genetic network that has been revealed through the study of the molecular mechanisms of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), which are involved in multiple layers of regulation. Leaf senescence is primarily regulated by plant age, but also influenced by a variety of factors, including phytohormones and environmental stimuli. Phytohormones, as important signaling molecules in plant, contribute to the onset and progression of leaf senescence. Recently, peptide hormones have been reported to be involved in the regulation of leaf senescence, enriching the significance of signaling molecules in controlling leaf senescence. This review summarizes recent advances in the regulation of leaf senescence by classical and peptide hormones, aiming to better understand the coordinated network of different pathways during leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Chen Y, Feng P, Tang B, Hu Z, Xie Q, Zhou S, Chen G. The AP2/ERF transcription factor SlERF.F5 functions in leaf senescence in tomato. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1181-1195. [PMID: 35238951 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our results confirmed that SlERF.F5 can directly regulate the promoter activity of ACS6 and interact with SlMYC2 to regulate tomato leaf senescence. The process of plant senescence is complex and highly coordinated, and is regulated by many endogenous and environmental signals. Ethylene and jasmonic acid are well-known senescence inducers, but their molecular mechanisms for inducing leaf senescence have not been fully elucidated. Here, we isolated an ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR F5 (SlERF.F5) from tomato. Silencing of SlERF.F5 causes accelerated senescence induced by age, darkness, ethylene, and jasmonic acid. However, overexpression of SlERF.F5 would not promote senescence. Moreover, SlERF.F5 can regulate the promoter activity of ACS6 in vitro and in vivo. Suppression of SlERF.F5 resulted in increased sensitivity to ethylene and jasmonic acid, decreased accumulation of chlorophyll content, and inhibited the expression of chlorophyll- and light response-related genes. Compared with the wild type, the qRT-PCR analysis showed the expression levels of genes related to the ethylene biosynthesis pathway and the jasmonic acid signaling pathway in SlERF.F5-RNAi lines increased. Yeast two-hybrid experiments showed that SlERF.F5 and SlMYC2 (a transcription factor downstream of the JA receptor) can interact physically, thereby mediating the role of SlERF.F5 in jasmonic acid-induced leaf senescence. Collectively, our research provides new insights into how ethylene and jasmonic acid promote leaf senescence in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Feng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyan Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongli Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoli Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- College of Agriculture/Mudan, Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 263 of Kaiyuan Avenue, Luolong District, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus B, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.
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Xie J, Qi B, Mou C, Wang L, Jiao Y, Dou Y, Zheng H. BREVIPEDICELLUS and ERECTA control the expression of AtPRX17 to prevent Arabidopsis callus browning. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1516-1532. [PMID: 34849723 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efficient in vitro callus generation is required for tissue culture propagation, a process that allows for plant regeneration and transgenic breeding for desired phenotypes. Identifying genes and regulatory elements that prevent impaired callus growth and callus browning is essential for the development of in vitro callus systems. Here, we show that the BREVIPEDICELLUS and ERECTA pathways in Arabidopsis calli converge to prevent callus browning, and positively regulate the expression of the isoperoxidase gene AtPRX17 in rapidly growing calli. Loss-of-function mutations in both BREVIPEDICELLUS and ERECTA resulted in markedly increased callus browning. Transgenic lines expressing 35S pro::AtPRX17 in the bp-5 er105 double mutant background fully rescued this phenotypic abnormality. Using in vivo (chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR and transient expression) and in vitro (electrophoretic mobility shift assays) assays, we observed that the BREVIPEDICELLUS protein binds directly to the upstream sequence of AtPRX17 to promote its transcription during callus growth. ERECTA is a ubiquitous factor required for cell proliferation and growth. We show that ERECTA positively regulates the expression of the transcription factor WRKY6, which directly binds to a separate site on the AtPRX17 promoter, further increasing its expression. Our data reveal an important molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of peroxidase isozyme expression to reduce Arabidopsis callus browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Xie
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Qi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghong Mou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Jiao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Dou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqiong Zheng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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11
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Zhang Y, Gao Y, Wang HL, Kan C, Li Z, Yang X, Yin W, Xia X, Nam HG, Li Z, Guo H. Verticillium dahliae secretory effector PevD1 induces leaf senescence by promoting ORE1-mediated ethylene biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1901-1917. [PMID: 34303024 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the final stage of leaf development, is influenced by numerous internal and environmental signals. However, how biotic stresses such as pathogen infection regulate leaf senescence remains largely unclear. In this study, we found that the premature leaf senescence in Arabidopsis caused by the soil-borne vascular fungus Verticillium dahliae was impaired by disruption of a protein elicitor from V. dahliae 1 named PevD1. Constitutive or inducible overexpression of PevD1 accelerated Arabidopsis leaf senescence. Interestingly, a senescence-associated NAC transcription factor, ORE1, was targeted by PevD1. PevD1 could interact with and stabilize ORE1 protein by disrupting its interaction with the RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligase NLA. Mutation of ORE1 suppressed the premature senescence caused by overexpressing PevD1, whereas overexpression of ORE1 or PevD1 led to enhanced ethylene production and thereby leaf senescence. We showed that ORE1 directly binds the promoter of ACS6 and promotes its expression for mediating PevD1-induced ethylene biosynthesis. Loss-of-function of ACSs could suppress V. dahliae-induced leaf senescence in ORE1-overexpressing plants. Furthermore, we found thatPevD1 also interacts with Gossypium hirsutum ORE1 (GhORE1) and that virus-induced gene silencing of GhORE1 delays V. dahliae-triggered leaf senescence in cotton, indicating a possibly conserved mechanism in plants. Taken together, these results suggest that V. dahliae induces leaf senescence by secreting the effector PevD1 to manipulate the ORE1-ACS6 cascade, providing new insights into biotic stress-induced senescence in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chengcheng Kan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ze Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiufen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weilun Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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12
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Yu Y, Qi Y, Xu J, Dai X, Chen J, Dong CH, Xiang F. Arabidopsis WRKY71 regulates ethylene-mediated leaf senescence by directly activating EIN2, ORE1 and ACS2 genes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1819-1836. [PMID: 34296474 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a pivotal step in the last stage of the plant life cycle and is influenced by various external and endogenous cues. A series of reports have indicated the involvement of the WRKY transcription factors in regulating leaf senescence, but the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways remain largely unclear. Here we provide evidence demonstrating that WRKY71 acts as a positive regulator of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. WRKY71-1D, an overexpressor of WRKY71, exhibited early leaf senescence, while wrky71-1, the WRKY71 loss-of-function mutant, displayed delayed leaf senescence. Accordingly, a set of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) were substantially elevated in WRKY71-1D but markedly decreased in wrky71-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that WRKY71 can bind directly to the promoters of SAG13 and SAG201. Transcriptome analysis suggested that WRKY71 might mediate multiple cues to accelerate leaf senescence, such as abiotic stresses, dark and ethylene. WRKY71 was ethylene inducible, and treatment with the ethylene precursor 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid enhanced leaf senescence in WRKY71-1D but caused only a marginal delay in leaf senescence in wrky71-1. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that WRKY71 can directly regulate ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) and ORESARA1 (ORE1), genes of the ethylene signaling pathway. Consistently, leaf senescence of WRKY71-1D was obviously retarded in the ein2-5 and nac2-1 mutants. Moreover, WRKY71 was also proved to interact with ACS2 in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with AgNO3 and aminoethoxyvinylglycine and acs2-1 could greatly arrest the leaf senescence of WRKY71-1D. In conclusion, our data revealed that WRKY71 mediates ethylene signaling and synthesis to hasten leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchong Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanan Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jinpeng Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xuehuan Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jiacai Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chun-Hai Dong
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fengning Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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13
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Guo Y, Ren G, Zhang K, Li Z, Miao Y, Guo H. Leaf senescence: progression, regulation, and application. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 37789484 PMCID: PMC10509828 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the last stage of leaf development, is a type of postmitotic senescence and is characterized by the functional transition from nutrient assimilation to nutrient remobilization which is essential for plants' fitness. The initiation and progression of leaf senescence are regulated by a variety of internal and external factors such as age, phytohormones, and environmental stresses. Significant breakthroughs in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underpinning leaf senescence have benefited from the identification of senescence-altered mutants through forward genetic screening and functional assessment of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) via reverse genetic research in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in crop plants. Leaf senescence involves highly complex genetic programs that are tightly tuned by multiple layers of regulation, including chromatin and transcription regulation, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation. Due to the significant impact of leaf senescence on photosynthesis, nutrient remobilization, stress responses, and productivity, much effort has been made in devising strategies based on known senescence regulatory mechanisms to manipulate the initiation and progression of leaf senescence, aiming for higher yield, better quality, or improved horticultural performance in crop plants. This review aims to provide an overview of leaf senescence and discuss recent advances in multi-dimensional regulation of leaf senescence from genetic and molecular network perspectives. We also put forward the key issues that need to be addressed, including the nature of leaf age, functional stay-green trait, coordination between different regulatory pathways, source-sink relationship and nutrient remobilization, as well as translational researches on leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Guodong Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
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14
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Yu X, Xu Y, Yan S. Salicylic acid and ethylene coordinately promote leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:823-827. [PMID: 33501782 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is an intrinsic biological process of plants. The phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) are known to promote senescence. However, their relationship in this process is still unclear. We found that EIN3 and EIL1, two key transcription factors in ET signaling, are required for SA-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, ET enhances the effect of SA in promoting senescence. Biochemical studies revealed that NPR1, the master regulator of SA signaling, interacts with EIN3 to promote its transcriptional activity. Our study suggests that SA and ET function coordinately in senescence, which is in contrast to their antagonistic crosstalk in other biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yiren Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shunping Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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15
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Sun L, Zhu Z. The Molecular Basis of Age-Modulated Plant De Novo Root Regeneration Decline in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:3-7. [PMID: 33079183 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess a regeneration capacity that enables them to survive after wounding. For example, detached Arabidopsis thaliana leaves are able to form adventitious roots from their cutting sites even in the absence of exogenous hormone supplements, as process termed de novo root regeneration (DNRR). Wounding rapidly induces auxin biosynthesis at the cutting sites and then elicits a signaling cascade to promote cell fate transitions and finally generate the adventitious roots. However, rooting rates in older plants are much lower than in younger leaf explants. In this review, we highlight the recent breakthroughs in the understanding of DNRR decay in older plants from at least two independent signaling routes: (i) via the accumulation of EIN3 protein in older plants, which directly suppresses expression of WUSCHEL RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) genes to inhibit rooting; (ii) the miR156-SPLs-AP2/ERFs pathway, which modulates root regeneration by reducing auxin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziqiang Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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16
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Wang Z, Li ZF, Wang SS, Xiao YS, Xie XD, Wu MZ, Yu JL, Cheng LR, Yang AG, Yang J. NtMYB12a acts downstream of sucrose to inhibit fatty acid accumulation by targeting lipoxygenase and SFAR genes in tobacco. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 43:2287-2300. [PMID: 33225450 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MYB12 promotes flavonol biosynthesis in plants by targeting several early biosynthesis genes (EBGs) of this pathway. The transcriptions of these EBGs are also induced by sucrose signal. However, whether MYB12 is activated by sucrose signal and what the other roles MYB12 has in regulating plant metabolism are poorly understood. In this study, two NtMYB12 genes were cloned from Nicotiana tabacum. Both NtMYB12a and NtMYB12b are involved in regulating flavonoids biosynthesis in tobacco. NtMYB12a is further shown to inhibit the accumulation of fatty acid (FA) in tobacco leaves and seeds. Post-translational activation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that NtMYB12a directly promotes the transcriptions of NtLOX6, NtLOX5, NtSFAR4 and NtGDSL2, which encode lipoxygenase (LOX) or SFAR enzymes catalyzing the degradation of FA. NtLOX6 and NtLOX5 are shown to prevent the accumulation of FA in the mature seeds and significantly reduced the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in tobacco. Sucrose stimulates the transcription of NtMYB12a, and loss function of NtMYB12a partially suppresses the decrease of FA content in tobacco seedlings caused by sucrose treatment. The regulation of sucrose on the expression of NtLOX6 and NtGDSL2 genes is mediated by NtMYB12a, whereas those of NtLOX5 and NtSFAR4 genes are independent of sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ze Feng Li
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shan Shan Wang
- Xiangyang Cigarette Factory, China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiangyang, China
| | - Yan Song Xiao
- Chenzhou Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xiao Dong Xie
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhu Wu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin Long Yu
- Chenzhou Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Chenzhou, China
| | - Li Rui Cheng
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ai Guo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Yang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Zeng F, Wang G, Liang Y, Guo N, Zhu L, Wang Q, Chen H, Ma D, Wang J. Disentangling the photosynthesis performance in japonica rice during natural leaf senescence using OJIP fluorescence transient analysis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:206-217. [PMID: 33099327 DOI: 10.1071/fp20104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice undergoes leaf senescence accompanied with grain filling when the plants reach the end of their temporal niche, and a delay in leaf senescence ultimately improves the yield and quality of grain. To estimate the decline in photosynthesis during leaf senescence and to find an efficient and useful tool to identify rice genotypes with a longer duration of active photosynthesis, we examined PSII photosynthetic activity in the flag leaves of japonica rice Shennong265 (SN265) and Beigeng3 (BG3) during leaf senescence using chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics. The results show that inhibition occurred in the electron transport chains, but the energetic connectivity of PSII units was not affected as dramatically during leaf senescence. PSII reaction centres (RCs) were transformed into 'silent RCs,' and the chlorophyll content decreased during leaf senescence. However the size of the 'economic' antennae increased. Further, the percentage of variation of the specific energy flux parameters can rationally be used to indicate leaf senescence from the perspective of energy balance. Although the performance indices were more sensitive than other functional and structural JIP-test parameters, they still did not serve as an indicator of crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faliang Zeng
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Guojiao Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; and Corresponding authors. ;
| | - Yinpei Liang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Naihui Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Dianrong Ma
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; and Corresponding authors. ;
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18
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Jin J, Duan J, Shan C, Mei Z, Chen H, Feng H, Zhu J, Cai W. Ethylene insensitive3-like2 (OsEIL2) confers stress sensitivity by regulating OsBURP16, the β subunit of polygalacturonase (PG1β-like) subfamily gene in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110353. [PMID: 32005373 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors EIN3 (ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3) and EILs (EIN3-Likes) play important roles in plant development and defense responses; however, their mechanism in these processes remain unclear. Here, we report that OsEIL2, an EIN3-like transcription factor from rice (Oryza sativa), plays important roles in abiotic stress and leaf senescence. OsEIL2 is a nuclear-localized protein with transactivation activity in the C-terminus (amino acids 344-583) and can be induced by NaCl, polyethylene glycol (PEG), dark, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Transgenic plants of overexpressing OsEIL2 (OsEIL2-OX) show reduced tolerance to salt and drought stress compared with the controls. While the transgenic plants of overexpressing OsEIL2-RNA interference (OsEIL2-RNAi) exhibit enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stress compared with the controls. Moreover, seedlings of OsEIL2-overexpressing transgenic plants exhibit delayed leaf development and an accelerated dark-induced senescence phenotype, whereas OsEIL2-RNAi plants display the opposite phenotype. We further found that OsEIL2 functions upstream of OsBURP14 and OsBURP16. OsBURP14 and OsBURP16 are the members of the β subunit of polygalacturonase subfamilies. OsBURP16 overexpression reduced pectin content and cell adhesion and increased abiotic stress sensitivity in rice. OsEIL2 binds directly to the promoter of OsBURP14 and OsBURP16 and activates their transcript levels. We also found that OsEIL2 overexpression decreased the pectin content by increasing polygalacturonase (PG) activity. Taken together, these results revealed a new mechanism of OsEIL2 in abiotic stress responses. These findings provide new insights into plant resistance to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China; Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Jianli Duan
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Chi Shan
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Zhiling Mei
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Haiying Chen
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huafeng Feng
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Weiming Cai
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, China.
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19
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Hönig M, Plíhalová L, Husičková A, Nisler J, Doležal K. Role of Cytokinins in Senescence, Antioxidant Defence and Photosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4045. [PMID: 30558142 PMCID: PMC6321018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins modulate a number of important developmental processes, including the last phase of leaf development, known as senescence, which is associated with chlorophyll breakdown, photosynthetic apparatus disintegration and oxidative damage. There is ample evidence that cytokinins can slow down all these senescence-accompanying changes. Here, we review relationships between the various mechanisms of action of these regulatory molecules. We highlight their connection to photosynthesis, the pivotal process that generates assimilates, however may also lead to oxidative damage. Thus, we also focus on cytokinin induction of protective responses against oxidative damage. Activation of antioxidative enzymes in senescing tissues is described as well as changes in the levels of naturally occurring antioxidative compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, in plant explants. The main goal of this review is to show how the biological activities of cytokinins may be related to their chemical structure. New links between molecular aspects of natural cytokinins and their synthetic derivatives with antisenescent properties are described. Structural motifs in cytokinin molecules that may explain why these molecules play such a significant regulatory role are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hönig
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Plíhalová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Alexandra Husičková
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Nisler
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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20
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Zhang C, Teng XD, Zheng QQ, Zhao YY, Lu JY, Wang Y, Guo H, Yang ZN. Ethylene signaling is critical for synergid cell functional specification and pollen tube attraction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:176-187. [PMID: 30003612 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3) is a key regulator of ethylene signaling, and EIN3-BINDING F-BOX1 (EBF1) and EBF2 are responsible for EIN3 degradation. Previous reports have shown that the ebf1 ebf2 double homozygous mutant cannot be identified. In this study, the genetic analysis revealed that the ebf1 ebf2 female gametophyte is defective. The pollination experiment showed that ebf1 ebf2 ovules failed to attract pollen tubes. In female gametophyte/ovule, the synergid cell is responsible for pollen tube attraction. Observation of the pEIN3::EIN3-GFP transgenic lines showed that EIN3 signal was over-accumulated at the micropylar end of ebf1 ebf2 female gametophyte. The overexpression of stabilized EIN3 in synergid cell led to the defect of pollen tube guidance. These results suggested that the over-accumulated EIN3 in ebf1 ebf2 synergid cell blocks its pollen tube attraction which leads to the failure of ebf1 ebf2 homozygous plant. We identified that EIN3 directly activated the expression of a sugar transporter, SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE29 (SAG29/SWEET15). Overexpression of SAG29 in synergid cells blocked pollen tube attraction, suggesting that SAG29 might play a role in ethylene signaling to repel pollen tube entry. Taken together, our study reveals that strict control of ethylene signaling is critical for the synergid cell function during plant reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Teng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Quan-Quan Zheng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yan-Yun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jie-Yang Lu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 508055, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 508055, China
| | - Zhong-Nan Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
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21
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Nisler J, Zatloukal M, Sobotka R, Pilný J, Zdvihalová B, Novák O, Strnad M, Spíchal L. New Urea Derivatives Are Effective Anti-senescence Compounds Acting Most Likely via a Cytokinin-Independent Mechanism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1225. [PMID: 30271413 PMCID: PMC6142817 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress-induced senescence is a global agro-economic problem. Cytokinins are considered to be key plant anti-senescence hormones, but despite this practical function their use in agriculture is limited because cytokinins also inhibit root growth and development. We explored new cytokinin analogs by synthesizing a series of 1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl urea derivatives. The most potent compound, 1-(2-methoxy-ethyl)-3-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl urea (ASES - Anti-Senescence Substance), strongly inhibited dark-induced senescence in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana. The inhibitory effect of ASES on wheat leaf senescence was, to the best of our knowledge, the strongest of any known natural or synthetic compound. In vivo, ASES also improved the salt tolerance of young wheat plants. Interestingly, ASES did not affect root development of wheat and Arabidopsis, and molecular and classical cytokinin bioassays demonstrated that ASES exhibits very low cytokinin activity. A proteomic analysis of the ASES-treated leaves further revealed that the senescence-induced degradation of photosystem II had been very effectively blocked. Taken together, our results including data from cytokinin content analysis demonstrate that ASES delays leaf senescence by mechanism(s) different from those of cytokinins and, more effectively. No such substance has yet been described in the literature, which makes ASES an interesting tool for research of photosynthesis regulation. Its simple synthesis and high efficiency predetermine ASES to become also a potent plant stress protectant in biotechnology and agricultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Nisler
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Marek Zatloukal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Roman Sobotka
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Třeboň, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Pilný
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Barbora Zdvihalová
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
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22
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Kim J, Park SJ, Lee IH, Chu H, Penfold CA, Kim JH, Buchanan-Wollaston V, Nam HG, Woo HR, Lim PO. Comparative transcriptome analysis in Arabidopsis ein2/ore3 and ahk3/ore12 mutants during dark-induced leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3023-3036. [PMID: 29648620 PMCID: PMC5972659 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence involves degenerative but active biological processes that require balanced regulation of pro- and anti-senescing activities. Ethylene and cytokinin are major antagonistic regulatory hormones that control the timing and progression rate of leaf senescence. To identify the roles of these hormones in the regulation of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis, global gene expression profiles in detached leaves of the wild type, an ethylene-insensitive mutant (ein2/ore3), and a constitutive cytokinin response mutant (ahk3/ore12) were investigated during dark-induced leaf senescence. Comparative transcriptome analyses revealed that genes involved in oxidative or salt stress response were preferentially altered in the ein2/ore3 mutant, whereas genes involved in ribosome biogenesis were affected in the ahk3/ore12 mutant during dark-induced leaf senescence. Similar results were also obtained for developmental senescence. Through extensive molecular and physiological analyses in ein2/ore3 and ahk3/ore12 during dark-induced leaf senescence, together with responses when treated with cytokinin and ethylene inhibitor, we conclude that ethylene acts as a senescence-promoting factor via the transcriptional regulation of stress-related responses, whereas cytokinin acts as an anti-senescing agent by maintaining cellular activities and preserving the translational machinery. These findings provide new insights into how plants utilize two antagonistic hormones, ethylene and cytokinin, to regulate the molecular programming of leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Hwan Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosub Chu
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher A Penfold
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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23
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Rong W, Wang X, Wang X, Massart S, Zhang Z. Molecular and Ultrastructural Mechanisms Underlying Yellow Dwarf Symptom Formation in Wheat after Infection of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041187. [PMID: 29652829 PMCID: PMC5979330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) production is essential for global food security. Infection of barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV (BYDV-GAV) results in wheat showing leaf yellowing and plant dwarfism symptom. To explore the molecular and ultrastructural mechanisms underlying yellow dwarf symptom formation in BYDV-GAV-infected wheat, we investigated the chloroplast ultrastructure via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), examined the contents of the virus, H2O2, and chlorophyll in Zhong8601, and studied the comparative transcriptome through microarray analyses in the susceptible wheat line Zhong8601 after virus infection. TEM images indicated that chloroplasts in BYDV-GAV-infected Zhong8601 leaf cells were fragmentized. Where thylakoids were not well developed, starch granules and plastoglobules were rare. Compared with mock-inoculated Zhong8601, chlorophyll content was markedly reduced, but the virus and H2O2 contents were significantly higher in BYDV-GAV-infected Zhong8601. The transcriptomic analyses revealed that chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast related transcripts, encoding chlorophyll a/b binding protein, glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator 2, and glutamyl-tRNA reductase 1, were down-regulated in BYDV-GAV-infected Zhong8601. Some phytohormone signaling-related transcripts, including abscisic acid (ABA) signaling factors (phospholipase D alpha 1 and calcineurin B-like protein 9) and nine ethylene response factors, were up-regulated. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes were transcriptionally regulated in BYDV-GAV infected Zhong8601, including three up-regulated transcripts encoding germin-like proteins (promoting ROS accumulation) and four down-regulated transcripts encoding peroxides (scavenging ROS). These results clearly suggest that the yellow dwarf symptom formation is mainly attributed to reduced chlorophyll content and fragmentized chloroplasts caused by down-regulation of the chlorophyll and chloroplast biosynthesis related genes, ROS excessive accumulation, and precisely transcriptional regulation of the above-mentioned ABA and ethylene signaling- and ROS-related genes in susceptible wheat infected by BYDV-GAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Rong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- Laboratory of Integrated and Urban Phytopathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech-University of Liège, Passage des déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Xindong Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Sebastien Massart
- Laboratory of Integrated and Urban Phytopathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech-University of Liège, Passage des déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Zengyan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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24
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Tang Y, Li L, Yan T, Fu X, Shi P, Shen Q, Sun X, Tang K. AaEIN3 Mediates the Downregulation of Artemisinin Biosynthesis by Ethylene Signaling Through Promoting Leaf Senescence in Artemisia annua. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:413. [PMID: 29675029 PMCID: PMC5895717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin is an important drug for malaria treatment, which is exclusively produced in Artemisia annua. It's important to dissect the regulatory mechanism of artemisinin biosynthesis by diverse plant hormones and transcription factors. Our study shows ethylene, a plant hormone which accelerates flower and leaf senescence and fruit ripening, suppressed the expression of genes encoding three key enzymes ADS, DBR2, CYP71AV1, and a positive regulator AaORA involved in artemisinin biosynthesis. Then we isolated the gene encoding ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3), a key transcription factor in ethylene signaling pathway, by screening the transcriptome and genome database from Artemisia annua, named AaEIN3. Overexpressing AaEIN3 suppressed artemisinin biosynthesis, while repressing its expression with RNAi enhanced artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua, indicating AaEIN3 negatively regulates artemisinin biosynthesis. Further study showed the downregulation of artemisinin biosynthesis by ethylene required the mediation of AaEIN3. AaEIN3 could accelerate leaf senescence, and leaf senescence attenuated the expression of ADS, DBR2, CYP71AV1, and AaORA that are involved in artemisinin biosynthesis. Collectively, our study demonstrated a negative correlation between ethylene signaling and artemisinin biosynthesis, which is ascribed to AaEIN3-induced senescence process of leaves. Our work provided novel knowledge on the regulatory network of plant hormones for artemisinin metabolic pathway.
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25
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Wakabayashi K, Soga K, Hoson T, Kotake T, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Yamazaki T, Higashibata A, Ishioka N, Shimazu T, Kamada M. Persistence of plant hormone levels in rice shoots grown under microgravity conditions in space: its relationship to maintenance of shoot growth. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 161:285-293. [PMID: 28573759 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of microgravity environment on growth and plant hormone levels in dark-grown rice shoots cultivated in artificial 1 g and microgravity conditions on the International Space Station (ISS). Growth of microgravity-grown shoots was comparable to that of 1 g-grown shoots. Endogenous levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in shoots remained constant, while those of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), cytokinins (CKs) and gibberellins (GAs) decreased during the cultivation period under both conditions. The levels of auxin, ABA, JA, CKs and GAs in rice shoots grown under microgravity conditions were comparable to those under 1 g conditions. These results suggest microgravity environment in space had minimal impact on levels of these plant hormones in rice shoots, which may be the cause of the persistence of normal growth of shoots under microgravity conditions. Concerning ethylene, the expression level of a gene for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase, the key enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis, was reduced under microgravity conditions, suggesting that microgravity may affect the ethylene production. Therefore, ethylene production may be responsive to alterations of the gravitational force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Wakabayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kouichi Soga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hoson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamazaki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, 305-8505, Japan
- Laboratory of Space and Environmental Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | | | - Noriaki Ishioka
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Toru Shimazu
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Motoshi Kamada
- Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, 305-0032, Japan
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26
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iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Cold Responsive Proteins Involved in Leaf Senescence in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091984. [PMID: 28926933 PMCID: PMC5618633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature leaf senescence occurs in the ultimate phase of the plant, and it occurs through a complex series of actions regulated by stress, hormones and genes. In this study, a proteomic analysis was performed to analyze the factors that could induce premature leaf senescence in two cotton cultivars. We successfully identified 443 differential abundant proteins (DAPs) from 7388 high-confidence proteins at four stages between non-premature senescence (NS) and premature senescence (PS), among which 158 proteins were over-accumulated, 238 proteins were down-accumulated at four stages, and 47 proteins displayed overlapped accumulation. All the DAPs were mapped onto 21 different categories on the basis of a Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) analysis, and 9 clusters were based on accumulation. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment results show that processes related to stress responses, including responses to cold temperatures and responses to hormones, are significantly differentially accumulated. More importantly, the enriched proteins were mapped in The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), showing that 58 proteins play an active role in abiotic stress, hormone signaling and leaf senescence. Among these proteins, 26 cold-responsive proteins (CRPs) are significantly differentially accumulated. The meteorological data showed that the median temperatures declined at approximately 15 days before the onset of aging, suggesting that a decrease in temperature is tightly linked to an onset of cotton leaf senescence. Because accumulations of H2O2 and increased jasmonic acid (JA) were detected during PS, we speculate that two pathways associated with JA and H2O2 are closely related to premature leaf senescence in cotton.
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27
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Zhao D, Wang R, Meng J, Li Z, Wu Y, Tao J. Ameliorative effects of melatonin on dark-induced leaf senescence in gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis): leaf morphology, anatomy, physiology and transcriptome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10423. [PMID: 28874722 PMCID: PMC5585368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cut gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) foliage is widely used as a vase material or flower bouquet indoors; however, insufficient indoor light accelerates its senescence, which shortens its viewing time. In this study, applying melatonin to delay gardenia leaf senescence when exposed to extremely low light condition (darkness), and the results showed that 1.0 mM was the effective concentration. At this concentration, chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0 and Y(II)) increased, while the carotenoid and flavonoid contents decreased. Meanwhile, stress physiological indices decreased in response to exogenous melatonin application, whereas an increase in glutamine synthetase activity, water and soluble protein contents was observed. Moreover, exogenous melatonin application also reduced leaf programmed cell death under darkness, increased the endogenous melatonin level, expression levels of tryptophan decarboxylase gene, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and maintained more intact anatomical structures. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing revealed that various biological processes responded to exogenous melatonin application, including carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction and pigment biosynthesis. Consequently, dark-induced leaf senescence in gardenia was significantly delayed. These results provided a better understanding for improving the ornamental value of cut gardenia foliage using melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqiu Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiasong Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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28
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Tarancón C, González-Grandío E, Oliveros JC, Nicolas M, Cubas P. A Conserved Carbon Starvation Response Underlies Bud Dormancy in Woody and Herbaceous Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:788. [PMID: 28588590 PMCID: PMC5440562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant shoot systems give rise to characteristic above-ground plant architectures. Shoots are formed from axillary meristems and buds, whose growth and development is modulated by systemic and local signals. These cues convey information about nutrient and water availability, light quality, sink/source organ activity and other variables that determine the timeliness and competence to maintain development of new shoots. This information is translated into a local response, in meristems and buds, of growth or quiescence. Although some key genes involved in the onset of bud latency have been identified, the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) controlled by these genes are not well defined. Moreover, it has not been determined whether bud dormancy induced by environmental cues, such as a low red-to-far-red light ratio, shares genetic mechanisms with bud latency induced by other causes, such as apical dominance or a short-day photoperiod. Furthermore, the evolution and conservation of these GRNs throughout angiosperms is not well established. We have reanalyzed public transcriptomic datasets that compare quiescent and active axillary buds of Arabidopsis, with datasets of axillary buds of the woody species Vitis vinifera (grapevine) and apical buds of Populus tremula x Populus alba (poplar) during the bud growth-to-dormancy transition. Our aim was to identify potentially common GRNs induced during the process that leads to bud para-, eco- and endodormancy. In Arabidopsis buds that are entering eco- or paradormancy, we have identified four induced interrelated GRNs that correspond to a carbon (C) starvation syndrome, typical of tissues undergoing low C supply. This response is also detectable in poplar and grapevine buds before and during the transition to dormancy. In all eukaryotes, C-limiting conditions are coupled to growth arrest and latency like that observed in dormant axillary buds. Bud dormancy might thus be partly a consequence of the underlying C starvation syndrome triggered by environmental and endogenous cues that anticipate or signal conditions unfavorable for sustained shoot growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Tarancón
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo González-Grandío
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Oliveros
- Bioinformatics for Genomics and Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Michael Nicolas
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Cubas
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
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29
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Wu XY, Hu WJ, Luo H, Xia Y, Zhao Y, Wang LD, Zhang LM, Luo JC, Jing HC. Transcriptome profiling of developmental leaf senescence in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:555-580. [PMID: 27586543 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This piece of the submission is being sent via mail. Leaf senescence is essential for the nutrient economy of crops and is executed by so-called senescence-associated genes (SAGs). Here we explored the monocot C4 model crop Sorghum bicolor for a holistic picture of SAG profiles by RNA-seq. Leaf samples were collected at four stages during developmental senescence, and in total, 3396 SAGs were identified, predominantly enriched in GO categories of metabolic processes and catalytic activities. These genes were enriched in 13 KEGG pathways, wherein flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism were overrepresented. Seven regions on Chromosomes 1, 4, 5 and 7 contained SAG 'hotspots' of duplicated genes or members of cupin superfamily involved in manganese ion binding and nutrient reservoir activity. Forty-eight expression clusters were identified, and the candidate orthologues of the known important senescence transcription factors such as ORE1, EIN3 and WRKY53 showed "SAG" expression patterns, implicating their possible roles in regulating sorghum leaf senescence. Comparison of developmental senescence with salt- and dark- induced senescence allowed for the identification of 507 common SAGs, 1996 developmental specific SAGs as well as 176 potential markers for monitoring senescence in sorghum. Taken together, these data provide valuable resources for comparative genomics analyses of leaf senescence and potential targets for the manipulation of genetic improvement of Sorghum bicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Juan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Chu Luo
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Chun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
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Song X, Diao J, Ji J, Wang G, Guan C, Jin C, Wang Y. Molecular cloning and identification of a flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene from Lycium chinense, and its overexpression enhances drought stress in tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 98:89-100. [PMID: 26650932 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, as plant secondary metabolites, are widespread throughout the plant kingdom and involved in many physiological and biochemical processes. Drought resistance is attributed to flavonoids with respect to protective functions in the cell wall and membranes. The flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) gene which encodes flavanone 3-hydroxylase, is essential in flavonoids biosynthetic pathway. Lycium chinense (L. chinense) is a deciduous woody perennial halophyte that grows under a large variety of environmental conditions and survives under extreme drought stress. A novel cDNA sequence coding a F3H gene in Lycium chinense (LcF3H, GenBank: KJ636468.1) was isolated. The open reading frame of LcF3H comprised 1101 bp encoding a polypeptide of 366 amino acids with a molecular weight of about 42 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.32. The deduced LcF3H protein showed high identities with other plant F3Hs, and the conserved motifs were found in LcF3H at similar positions like other F3Hs. The recombinant protein converted naringen into dihydrokaempferol in vitro. Since studies have shown that amongst flavonoids, flavan-3-ols (catechin and epicatechin) have direct free radical scavenging activity to maintain the normal physiological function of cells in vivo, these data support the possible relationship between the oxidative damage and the regulation of LcF3H gene expression in L. chinense under drought stress. In order to better understand the biotechnological potential of LcF3H, gene overexpression was conducted in tobacco. The content of flavan-3-ols and the tolerance to drought stress were increased in LcF3H overexpressing tobacco. Analysis of transgenic tobacco lines also showed that antioxidant enzyme activities were increased meanwhile the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the content of H2O2 were reduced comparing to nontransformed tobacco plants. Furthermore, the photosynthesis rate was less decreased in the transgenetic plants. These results suggest that LcF3H plays a role in enhancing drought tolerance in L. chinense, and its overexpression increases tolerance to drought stress by improving the antioxidant system in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; School of Enviromental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Jinjin Diao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Jing Ji
- School of Enviromental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Enviromental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Chunfeng Guan
- School of Enviromental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Chao Jin
- School of Enviromental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yurong Wang
- School of Enviromental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Yaohua High School, Tianjin 300040, PR China
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31
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Dong W, Kieliszewski M, Held MA. Identification of the pI 4.6 extensin peroxidase from Lycopersicon esculentum using proteomics and reverse-genomics. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:151-159. [PMID: 25446231 PMCID: PMC4380809 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of plant cell growth and early defense response involves the insolubilization of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), such as extensin, in the primary cell wall. In tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), insolubilization occurs by the formation of tyrosyl-crosslinks catalyzed specifically by the pI 4.6 extensin peroxidase (EP). To date, neither the gene encoding EP nor the protein itself has been identified. Here, we have identified tomato EP candidates using both proteomic and bioinformatic approaches. Bioinformatic screening of the tomato genome yielded eight EP candidates, which contained a putative signal sequence and a predicted pI near 4.6. Biochemical fractionation of tomato culture media followed by proteomic detection further refined our list of EP candidates to three, with the lead candidate designated (CG5). To test for EP crosslinking activity, we cloned into a bacterial expression vector the CG5 open-reading frame from tomato cDNA. The CG5 was expressed in Escherichia coli, fractionated from inclusion bodies, and folded in vitro. The peroxidase activity of CG5 was assayed and quantified by ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) assay. Subsequent extensin crosslinking assays showed that CG5 can covalently crosslink authentic tomato P1 extensin and P3-type extensin analogs in vitro supporting our hypothesis that CG5 encodes a tomato EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Marcia Kieliszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Michael A Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
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32
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Lin M, Pang C, Fan S, Song M, Wei H, Yu S. Global analysis of the Gossypium hirsutum L. Transcriptome during leaf senescence by RNA-Seq. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:43. [PMID: 25849479 PMCID: PMC4342795 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf senescence is an important developmental programmed degeneration process that dramatically affects crop quality and yield. The regulation of senescence is highly complex. Although senescence regulatory genes have been well characterized in model species such as Arabidopsis and rice, there is little information on the control of this process in cotton. Here, the senescence process in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves was investigated over a time course including young leaf, mature leaf and leaf samples from different senescence stages using RNA-Seq. RESULTS Of 24,846 genes detected by mapping the tags to Gossypium genomes, 3,624 genes were identified as differentially expressed during leaf senescence. There was some overlap between the genes identified here and senescence-associated genes previously identified in other species. Most of the genes related to photosynthesis, chlorophyll metabolism and carbon fixation were downregulated; whereas those for plant hormone signal transduction were upregulated. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to evaluate the results of RNA-Seq for gene expression profiles. Furthermore, 519 differentially expressed transcription factors were identified, notably WRKY, bHLH and C3H. In addition, 960 genes involved in the metabolism and regulation of eight hormones were identified, of which many genes involved in the abscisic acid, brassinosteroid, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene pathways were upregulated, indicating that these hormone-related genes might play crucial roles in cotton leaf development and senescence. However, most auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin pathway-related genes were downregulated, suggesting that these three hormones may act as negative regulators of senescence. CONCLUSIONS This is the first high-resolution, multiple time-course, genome-wide comprehensive analysis of gene expression in cotton. These data are the most comprehensive dataset currently available for cotton leaf senescence, and will serve as a useful resource for unraveling the functions of many specific genes involved in cotton leaf development and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455112 China
| | - Chaoyou Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455112 China
| | - Shuli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455112 China
| | - Meizhen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455112 China
| | - Hengling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455112 China
| | - Shuxun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455112 China
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López-Castillo LM, López-Arciniega JAI, Guerrero-Rangel A, Valdés-Rodríguez S, Brieba LG, García-Lara S, Winkler R. Identification of B6T173 (ZmPrx35) as the prevailing peroxidase in highly insect-resistant maize (Zea mays, p84C3) kernels by activity-directed purification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:670. [PMID: 26379694 PMCID: PMC4553411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant peroxidases (PODs) are involved in diverse physiological processes, including defense against pathogens and insects. Contrary to their biological importance, only very few plant PODs have been proven on protein level, because their low abundance makes them difficult to detect in standard proteomics work-flows. A statistically significant positive correlation between POD activity and post-harvest insect resistance has been found for maize (Zea mays, p84C3) kernels. In combining activity-directed protein purification, genomic and proteomic tools we found that protein B6T173 (ZmPrx35) is responsible for the majority of the POD activity of the kernel. We successfully produced recombinant ZmPrx35 protein in Escherichia coli and demonstrate both, in vitro activity and the presence of a haem (heme) cofactor of the enzyme. Our findings support the screening for insect resistant maize variants and the construction of genetically optimized maize plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. López-Castillo
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Instrumental Analysis, Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad IrapuatoIrapuato, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada del Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados – Instituto Politécnico NacionalIrapuato, Mexico
| | - Janet A. I. López-Arciniega
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Instrumental Analysis, Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad IrapuatoIrapuato, Mexico
| | | | | | - Luis G. Brieba
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada del Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados – Instituto Politécnico NacionalIrapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Robert Winkler
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Instrumental Analysis, Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad IrapuatoIrapuato, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Robert Winkler, Laboratory of Biochemical and Instrumental Analysis, Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
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Involvement of chloroplast peroxidase on chlorophyll degradation in postharvest broccoli florets and its control by UV-B treatment. Food Chem 2014; 165:224-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shankar A, Srivastava AK, Yadav AK, Sharma M, Pandey A, Raut VV, Das MK, Suprasanna P, Pandey GK. Whole genome transcriptome analysis of rice seedling reveals alterations in Ca(2+) ion signaling and homeostasis in response to Ca(2+) deficiency. Cell Calcium 2014; 55:155-65. [PMID: 24814644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) is an essential inorganic macronutrient, involved in regulating major physiological processes in plants. It has been well established as a second messenger and is predominantly stored in the cell wall, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and vacuoles. In the cytosol, the concentration of this ion is maintained at nano-molar range. Upon requirement, Ca(2+) is released from intra-cellular as well as extracellular compartments such as organelles and cell wall. In this study, we report for the first time, a whole genome transcriptome response to short (5 D) and long (14 D) term Ca(2+) starvation and restoration in rice. Our results manifest that short and long term Ca(2+) starvation involves a very different response in gene expression with respect to both the number and function of genes involved. A larger number of genes were up- or down-regulated after 14 D (5588 genes) than after 5 D (798 genes) of Ca(2+) starvation. The functional classification of these genes indicated their connection with various metabolic pathways, ion transport, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and other processes related to growth and development. The results obtained here will enable to understand how changes in Ca(2+) concentration or availability are interpreted into adaptive responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Shankar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Akhilesh K Yadav
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Manisha Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Amita Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Vaibhavi V Raut
- Radioanalytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Mirnal K Das
- Radioanalytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India.
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36
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Golemiec E, Tokarz K, Wielanek M, Niewiadomska E. A dissection of the effects of ethylene, H2O2 and high irradiance on antioxidants and several genes associated with stress and senescence in tobacco leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:269-75. [PMID: 24119414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene and hydrogen peroxide are involved in the modulation of stress responses in plants, but their interrelation is not well understood. This work was designed to find differences between the actions of ethylene and H2O2 on antioxidants and senescence markers. Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum were sprayed with H2O2 or with ethephon (precursor of ethylene). To find the possible modulation of responses to acute abiotic stress, ethephon- and H2O2-sprayed leaves were further subjected to high irradiance (HL). The application of H2O2 strongly stimulated ethylene synthesis (ACC). Ethylene and H2O2, as single factors, stimulated the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and the activity of catalase (CAT), in contrast to HL alone (stimulation of nonspecific peroxidases and the total glutathione pool). However, after combined treatments (ethylene+HL and H2O2+HL), the stimulatory action of H2O2 was related to TEAC and CAT activity, while the application of ethylene stimulated the total glutathione pool. Hydrogen peroxide enhanced the expression of the three CAT genes (Cat1, Cat2 and Cat3), in contrast to ethylene (Cat2 and Cat3) and HL (Cat1). In regard to the markers of senescence and pathogenesis the most pronounced difference between the actions of ethylene and H2O2, as single factors, was related to NPR1, whereas when leaf spraying was combined with HL, differences were found at WRKY53 and PR1a. HL reversed the stimulatory effects of H2O2/ethylene-driven enhancements of the expression of several genes (Cat1, Cat2, NPR1, WRKY53). These results show that multiple stressors, as usually encountered by plants in nature, may largely change those expression patterns of genes determined in a single factor analysis. Moreover, the actions of HL (often considered the internal H2O2 trigger) and of exogenous H2O2 on gene expression are clearly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Golemiec
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarz
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marzena Wielanek
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Niewiadomska
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
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Li Z, Peng J, Wen X, Guo H. Ethylene-insensitive3 is a senescence-associated gene that accelerates age-dependent leaf senescence by directly repressing miR164 transcription in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:3311-28. [PMID: 24064769 PMCID: PMC3809534 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.113340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous endogenous and environmental signals regulate the intricate and highly orchestrated process of plant senescence. Ethylene is a well-known inducer of senescence, including fruit ripening and flower and leaf senescence. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of ethylene-induced leaf senescence remains to be elucidated. Here, we examine ethylene-insensitive3 (EIN3), a key transcription factor in ethylene signaling, and find that EIN3 is a functional senescence-associated gene. Constitutive overexpression or temporary activation of EIN3 is sufficient to accelerate leaf senescence symptoms. Conversely, loss of EIN3 and EIN3-Like1 (its close homolog) function leads to a delay in age-dependent and ethylene-, jasmonic acid-, or dark-induced leaf senescence. We further found that EIN3 acts downstream of ORESARA2 (ORE2)/ORE3/EIN2 to repress miR164 transcription and upregulate the transcript levels of ORE1/NAC2, a target gene of miR164. EIN3 directly binds to the promoters of microRNA164 (miR164), and this binding activity progressively increases during leaf ageing. Genetic analysis revealed that overexpression of miR164 or knockout of ORE1/NAC2 represses EIN3-induced early-senescence phenotypes. Collectively, our study defines a continuation of the signaling pathway involving EIN2-EIN3-miR164-NAC2 in regulating leaf senescence and provides a mechanistic insight into how ethylene promotes the progression of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
- Address correspondence to
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38
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Jibran R, A Hunter D, P Dijkwel P. Hormonal regulation of leaf senescence through integration of developmental and stress signals. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 82:547-61. [PMID: 23504405 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a genetically controlled dismantling programme that enables plants to efficiently remobilise nutrients to new growing sinks. It involves substantial metabolic reprogramming whose timing is affected by developmental and environmental signals. Plant hormones have long been known to affect the timing of leaf senescence, but they also affect plant development and stress responses. It has therefore been difficult to tease apart how the different hormones regulate the onset and progression of leaf senescence, i.e., whether they directly affect leaf senescence or affect it indirectly by altering the developmental programme or by altering plants' response to stress. Here we review research on hormonal regulation of leaf senescence and propose that hormones affect senescence through differential responses to developmental and environmental signals. We suggest that leaf senescence strictly depends on developmental changes, after which senescence can be induced, depending on the type of hormonal and environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Jibran
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Zwack PJ, Robinson BR, Risley MG, Rashotte AM. Cytokinin response factor 6 negatively regulates leaf senescence and is induced in response to cytokinin and numerous abiotic stresses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:971-81. [PMID: 23539244 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin response factor 6 (CRF6) is an Arabidopsis AP2/ERF transcription factor which is transcriptionally induced by cytokinin. Cytokinin is known to delay leaf senescence in wild-type (WT) plants, for example in dark-incubated detached leaves. This response is mediated by the cytokinin receptor Arabidopsis histidine kinase receptor 3 (AHK3). Similar to ahk3 mutants, crf6 leaves show decreased sensitivity to this cytokinin effect. Leaves overexpressing CRF6 retain more Chl than those of the WT under these conditions without exogenous cytokinin. It therefore appears that an increase in expression of CRF6 downstream of the perception of cytokinin by AHK3 is involved in the delay of leaf senescence. Intact crf6 plants also begin to undergo monocarpic senescence sooner than WT plants. Interestingly, plants overexpressing CRF6 display a more extreme acceleration of development than crf6 mutants, suggesting that a specific expression level or localization of CRF6 is necessary to prevent premature senescence. Expression analyses indicate that CRF6 is highly expressed in the veins of mature leaves and that this expression decreases with age. CRF6 expression is shown to be induced by abiotic stress, in addition to increased cytokinin. Together, these findings suggest that CRF6 functions to regulate developmental senescence negatively and may have a similar role in response to stress. CRF6 may therefore be involved in fine-tuning the timing of developmental and stress-induced senescence. CRF6 functioning in negative regulation of senescence is significant in that it is the first process known to be regulated by cytokinin, in which a CRF can be placed specifically downstream of the cytokinin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Zwack
- Department of Biological Sciences, 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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40
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Sarwat M, Naqvi AR, Ahmad P, Ashraf M, Akram NA. Phytohormones and microRNAs as sensors and regulators of leaf senescence: assigning macro roles to small molecules. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1153-71. [PMID: 23453916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ageing or senescence is an intricate and highly synchronized developmental phase in the life of plant parts including leaf. Senescence not only means death of a plant part, but during this process, different macromolecules undergo degradation and the resulting components are transported to other parts of the plant. During the period from when a leaf is young and green to the stage when it senesces, a multitude of factors such as hormones, environmental factors and senescence associated genes (SAGs) are involved. Plant hormones including salicylic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene advance leaf senescence, whereas others like cytokinins, gibberellins, and auxins delay this process. The environmental factors which generally affect plant development and growth, can hasten senescence, the examples being nutrient dearth, water stress, pathogen attack, radiations, high temperature and light intensity, waterlogging, and air, water or soil contamination. Other important influences include carbohydrate accumulation and high carbon/nitrogen level. To date, although several genes involved in this complex process have been identified, still not much information exists in the literature on the signalling mechanism of leaf senescence. Now, the Arabidopsis mutants have paved our way and opened new vistas to elucidate the signalling mechanism of leaf senescence for which various mutants are being utilized. Recent studies demonstrating the role of microRNAs in leaf senescence have reinforced our knowledge of this intricate process. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the information gained particularly on the roles of several plant growth regulators and microRNAs in regulation of leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sarwat
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), NOIDA, India.
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41
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Kang NJ. Induced Resistance to Powdery Mildew by 2,6-Dichloroisonicotinic Acid is Associated with Activation of Active Oxygen Species-mediated Enzymes in Cucumber Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2503/jjshs1.78.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Leaf senescence constitutes the final stage of leaf development and is critical for plants' fitness as nutrient relocation from leaves to reproducing seeds is achieved through this process. Leaf senescence involves a coordinated action at the cellular, tissue, organ, and organism levels under the control of a highly regulated genetic program. Major breakthroughs in the molecular understanding of leaf senescence were achieved through characterization of various senescence mutants and senescence-associated genes, which revealed the nature of regulatory factors and a highly complex molecular regulatory network underlying leaf senescence. The genetically identified regulatory factors include transcription regulators, receptors and signaling components for hormones and stress responses, and regulators of metabolism. Key issues still need to be elucidated, including cellular-level analysis of senescence-associated cell death, the mechanism of coordination among cellular-, organ-, and organism-level senescence, the integration mechanism of various senescence-affecting signals, and the nature and control of leaf age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of Science Education, Cheju National University-Jeju, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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Buhtz A, Kolasa A, Arlt K, Walz C, Kehr J. Xylem sap protein composition is conserved among different plant species. PLANTA 2004; 219:610-8. [PMID: 15064951 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Xylem sap from broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. cv. Calabrais), rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Drakkar), pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duch. cv. gelber Zentner) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Hoffmanns Giganta) was collected by root pressure exudation from the surface of cut stems of healthy, adult plants. Total protein concentrations were in the range of 100 microg ml(-1). One-dimensional gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) resulted in 10-20 visible protein bands in a molecular mass range from 10 to 100 kDa. The main bands were cut out, digested with trypsin, and analysed using tandem mass spectrometry. Fifty bands resulted in amino acid sequence information that was used to perform database similarity searches. Sequences from 30 bands showed high homology to proteins present in databases. Among them, we found mostly peroxidases, but could also identify the lectin-like xylem protein XSP30, a glycine-rich protein, serine proteases, an aspartyl protease family protein, chitinases, and a lipid transfer protein-like polypeptide. Sequence analysis predicted apoplastic secretion signals for all database entries similar to the partial xylem protein sequences. This and the lack of cross-reactivity with phloem protein-specific antibodies suggest that the proteins really originate from the xylem and do not result from phloem contamination. Most of the highly similar proteins probably function in repair and defence reactions. Some of the most abundant proteins (peroxidases, chitinases, serine proteases) were present in xylem exudate of all species analysed, often in more than one band. This indicates an important basic role of these proteins in maintaining xylem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Buhtz
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Golm, Germany
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Battistuzzi G, Bellei M, Bortolotti CA, Rocco GD, Leonardi A, Sola M. Characterization of the solution reactivity of a basic heme peroxidase from Cucumis sativus. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 423:317-31. [PMID: 15001396 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Revised: 12/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A basic heme peroxidase has been isolated from cucumber (Cucumis sativus) peelings and characterized through electronic and (1)H NMR spectra from pH 3 to 11. The protein, as isolated, contains a high-spin ferriheme which in the low pH region is sensitive to two acid-base equilibria with apparent pK(a) values of approximately 5 and 3.6, assigned to the distal histidine and to a heme propionate, respectively. At high pH, a new low-spin species develops with an apparent pK(a) of 11, likely due to the binding of an hydroxide ion to the sixth (axial) coordination position of the Fe(III). A number of acid-base equilibria involving heme propionates and residues in the distal cavity also affect the binding of inorganic anions such as cyanide, azide, and fluoride to the ferriheme, as well as the catalytic activity. The reduction potentials of the native protein and of its cyanide derivative, determined through UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry, result to be -0.320+/-0.015 and -0.412+/-0.010V, respectively. Overall, the reactivity of this protein parallels those of other plant peroxidases, especially horseradish peroxidase. However, some differences exist in the acid-base equilibria affecting its reactivity and in the reduction potential, likely as a result of small structural differences in the heme distal and proximal cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Centro SCS, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, Modena 41100, Italy
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45
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De D, De B. Effect of ethephon on antioxidant enzymes and diosgenin production in seedlings of Trigonella foenum-graecum. Food Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Gechev T, Willekens H, Van Montagu M, Inzé D, Van Camp W, Toneva V, Minkov I. Different responses of tobacco antioxidant enzymes to light and chilling stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 160:509-15. [PMID: 12806779 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of elevated light treatment (25 degrees C, PPFD 360 mumol m-2 sec-1) or chilling temperatures combined with elevated light (5 degrees C, PPFD 360 mumol m-2 sec-1) on the activity of six antioxidant enzymes, guaiacol peroxidases, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx, EC 1.11.1.9) protein accumulation were studied in tobacco Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havana SR1. Both treatments caused no photooxidative damage, but chilling caused a transient wilting. The light treatment increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APx, EC 1.11.1.11) and guaiacol peroxidases while catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR, EC 1.6.5.4), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) were unchanged. In contrast, chilling treatment did not increase any of the antioxidant enzyme activities, but decreased catalase and to a lesser extent DHAR activities. Glutathione peroxidase protein levels increased sporadically under light treatment and constantly under chilling. Both chilling and light stress caused induction of glutathione synthesis and accumulation of oxidised glutathione, although the predominant part of the glutathione pool remained in the reduced form. Antioxidant enzymes from the chilling treated plants were measured at both 25 degrees C and 5 degrees C. Measurements at 5 degrees C revealed a 3-fold reduction in catalase activity, compared with that measured at 25 degrees C, indicating that the overall reduction in catalase after four days of chilling was approximately 10-fold. The overall reduction in activity for the other antioxidant enzymes after four days of chilling was 2-fold for GR and APx, 1.5-fold for MDHAR, 3.5-fold for DHAR. The activity of SOD was the same at 25 and 5 degrees C. These results indicate that catalase and DHAR are most strongly affected by the chilling treatment and may be the rate-limiting factor of the antioxidant system at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsanko Gechev
- Department Molecular Biology of Plants, Researchschool GBB, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN, Haren, The Netherlands
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Borrelli GM, De Leonardis AM, Fares C, Platani C, Di Fonzo N. Effects of Modified Processing Conditions on Oxidative Properties of Semolina Dough and Pasta. Cereal Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.2003.80.2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Borrelli
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Foggia, S.S. 16, Km 675 - 71100-I Foggia, Italy
- Corresponding author. Phone: +39-881-742972. Fax: +39-881-713150. E-mail:
| | - A. M. De Leonardis
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Foggia, S.S. 16, Km 675 - 71100-I Foggia, Italy
| | - C. Fares
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Foggia, S.S. 16, Km 675 - 71100-I Foggia, Italy
| | - C. Platani
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Foggia, S.S. 16, Km 675 - 71100-I Foggia, Italy
| | - N. Di Fonzo
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Foggia, S.S. 16, Km 675 - 71100-I Foggia, Italy
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48
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Woo HR, Chung KM, Park JH, Oh SA, Ahn T, Hong SH, Jang SK, Nam HG. ORE9, an F-box protein that regulates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2001; 13:1779-90. [PMID: 11487692 PMCID: PMC139127 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2001] [Accepted: 05/23/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a sequence of biochemical and physiological events that constitute the final stage of development. The identification of genes that alter senescence has practical value and is helpful in revealing pathways that influence senescence. However, the genetic mechanisms of senescence are largely unknown. The leaf of the oresara9 (ore9) mutant of Arabidopsis exhibits increased longevity during age-dependent natural senescence by delaying the onset of various senescence symptoms. It also displays delayed senescence symptoms during hormone-modulated senescence. Map-based cloning of ORE9 identified a 693-amino acid polypeptide containing an F-box motif and 18 leucine-rich repeats. The F-box motif of ORE9 interacts with ASK1 (Arabidopsis Skp1-like 1), a component of the plant SCF complex. These results suggest that ORE9 functions to limit leaf longevity by removing, through ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, target proteins that are required to delay the leaf senescence program in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Woo
- Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784 Korea
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49
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Hiraga S, Sasaki K, Ito H, Ohashi Y, Matsui H. A large family of class III plant peroxidases. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 42:462-8. [PMID: 11382811 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Class III plant peroxidase (POX), a plant-specific oxidoreductase, is one of the many types of peroxidases that are widely distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms. POXs exist as isoenzymes in individual plant species, and each isoenzyme has variable amino acid sequences and shows diverse expression profiles, suggesting their involvement in various physiological processes. Indeed, studies have provided evidence that POXs participate in lignification, suberization, auxin catabolism, wound healing and defense against pathogen infection. Little, however, is known about the signal transduction for inducing expression of the pox genes. Recent studies have provided information on the regulatory mechanisms of wound- and pathogen-induced expression of some pox genes. These studies suggest that pox genes are induced via different signal transduction pathways from those of other known defense-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hiraga
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
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50
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Reyes-Arribas T, Barrett JE, Huber DJ, Nell TA, Clark DG. Leaf senescence in a non-yellowing cultivar of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2001; 111:540-544. [PMID: 11299020 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1110415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) and total soluble protein decreased and proteolytic activity increased over a 12-day period during dark-induced senescence in detached leaves of Tara, a yellowing cultivar (Y) of Dendranthema grandiflora. In Boaldi, a non-yellowing cultivar (NY), Chl and soluble protein remained near initial levels and little change in proteolytic activity was observed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of soluble proteins showed no major differences in banding patterns between the two cultivars at day 0; however, all of the resolved proteins were diminished in Tara by day 12. On the other hand, in NY Boaldi, the intensity of the protein bands did not change over the 12-day period. Attached and detached leaves exhibited similar senescence patterns for each cultivar. Ethylene (100 µl l-1) accelerated the rate of Chl loss in detached leaves of Tara, but had no effect on Boaldi. These observations suggest that Boaldi is a stay-green genotype, possibly a functional type. The results are discussed in relation to the role of ethylene in chrysanthemum leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Reyes-Arribas
- Environmental Horticulture Department, PO Box 110670, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Horticultural Sciences Dept., PO Box 110690, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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