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Thakur M, Chandel A, Guleria S, Verma V, Kumar R, Singh G, Rakwal A, Sharma D, Bhargava B. Synergistic effect of graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles as biostimulant improves the postharvest life of cut flower bird of paradise (Strelitzia reginae L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1006168. [PMID: 36247595 PMCID: PMC9560765 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1006168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The bird of paradise (Strelitzia reginae L.) is one of the important tropical cut flowers. Generally, flowers like bird of paradise (BOP) grown for the commercial ornamental market must be of high pre and postharvest quality. Thus, to improve the postharvest longevity and increase marketability, the relative efficacy of two different biologically synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) was evaluated. The novel proprietary stimulants were graphene oxide (GO) and silver nanoparticles (SNPs). The NP treatments were applied as a vase (lower concentrations) solutions. Among all the applied treatments, the synergistic effect of GO + SNPs at 1 µL L-1 vase solution significantly (p =0.05) prolongs the post-harvest life of cut flowers of BOP. Increased vase life over the deionized water (DI) control was associated with better maintenance of relative water uptake, relative fresh weight, suppressed microbial density at stem-end and delay of stem blockage, reduced electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA), SOD, and POD activity. In contrast to control, administration of NPs gave better results for all analyzed parameters. Application of biologically synthesized NPs in combination (GO + SNPs at 1 µL L-1) extended the vase life of cut flowers by 6 days compared with control flowers, and overall, showed better results than the control. The findings of the studies revealed that the standardized NPs could have more potential in prolonging the postharvest life of cut flowers in BOP. Thus, this technique can be used as a novel postharvest technology for commercial application in cut flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Thakur
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology-Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur (HP), India
| | - Anjali Chandel
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology-Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur (HP), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Guleria
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology-Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur (HP), India
| | - Vipasha Verma
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology-Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur (HP), India
| | - Raghawendra Kumar
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology-Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur (HP), India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology-Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur (HP), India
| | - Anjali Rakwal
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology-Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur (HP), India
| | - Diksha Sharma
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology-Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur (HP), India
| | - Bhavya Bhargava
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology-Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur (HP), India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chen J, Sui X, Ma B, Li Y, Li N, Qiao L, Yu Y, Dong CH. Arabidopsis CPR5 plays a role in regulating nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNAs in ethylene signaling pathway. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1075-1085. [PMID: 35201411 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis CPR5 is involved in regulation of ethylene signaling via two different ways: interacting with the ETR1 N-terminal domains, and controlling nucleocytoplasmic transport of ethylene-related mRNAs. The ETR1 receptor plays a predominant role in ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous studies showed that both RTE1 and CPR5 can directly bind to the ETR1 receptor and regulate ethylene signaling. RTE1 was suggested to promote the ETR1 receptor signaling by influencing its conformation, but little is known about the regulatory mechanism of CPR5 in ethylene signaling. In this study, we presented the data showing that both RTE1 and CPR5 bound to the N-terminal domains of ETR1, and regulated ethylene signaling via the ethylene receptor. On the other hand, the research provided evidence indicating that CPR5 could act as a nucleoporin to regulate the ethylene-related mRNAs export out of the nucleus, while RTE1 or its homolog (RTH) had no effect on the nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNAs. Nuclear qRT-PCR analysis and poly(A)-mRNA in situ hybridization showed that defect of CPR5 restricted nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNAs. These results advance our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of CPR5 in ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacai Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xinying Sui
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Binran Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yuetong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Longfei Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanchong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chun-Hai Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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El-Sayed IM, El-Ziat RA. Utilization of environmentally friendly essential oils on enhancing the postharvest characteristics of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cut flowers. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05909. [PMID: 33521350 PMCID: PMC7820481 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is one of the most consumed and most valuable cut flowers worldwide. In this study, the effectiveness of three concentrations of either thyme oil (300,400 and 500 mg/l) or clove oil (150,250 and 500 mg/l) as additives in holding the postharvest solutions of chrysanthemum ‘‘Arctic Queen White’’ cut flowers were investigated. The experiments were carried out as a completely randomized design in three replicates. Many postharvest characteristics have been evaluated, such as the vase life of cut flowers, diameters of head flowers and stem, dry matter of flowers, total vase water uptake, total loss of water, relative fresh weight. Additionally, the chlorophyll contents, total sugar, and bacterial counts were determined. The results showed that the longest vase life of cut chrysanthemum was 36.50, 33.40 days, and 35.88, 31.33 days by addition of either the thyme oil (500 mg/l) or clove oil (250 mg/l) in holding solution as compared with distilled water (18.09 and 17.22 days) in both seasons. The highest total vase water uptake and relative fresh weight were (225.00, 211.05 g/flower/day) and (79.89, 70.37 %) of cut chrysanthemum treated with 500 mg/l thyme oil in both seasons. Whereas the lowest total water loss in the two seasons was 155.11 and 156.60 g/flower/day was found with 400 mg/l thyme oil. The greatest chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, and total sugar contents obtained from treated cut chrysanthemum with 500 mg/l thyme oil (6.89, 2.37, 5.99 mg/g, and 0.88 mg/gm D.W, respectively). Furthermore, the treatment of cut flowers with selected oils has significantly decreased the bacterial growth compared to the control. Whereas the minimum bacterial activities were <1 C.F.U/ml with cut chrysanthemum fortified with 500 mg/l thyme and clove oils. Moreover, the superlative treatments with thyme (500 mg/l) and clove (250 mg/l) showed a prime state of xylem vessels comparable with the control.thus, the usage (addition) of thyme and clove oils as a natural preservative in holding solutions instead of chemicals would be of great economic and environmental impact (Values).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Mohamed El-Sayed
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Woody Trees, Agricultural and Biological Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt
| | - Rasha Ahmed El-Ziat
- Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Yang H, Zhang Y, Zhen X, Guo D, Guo C, Shu Y. Transcriptome sequencing and expression profiling of genes involved in daylily ( Hemerocallis citrina Borani) flower development. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1788420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Donglin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Shu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, P.R. China
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Ma G, Shi X, Zou Q, Tian D, An X, Zhu K. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals dynamic changes during daylily flower senescence. PLANTA 2018; 248:859-873. [PMID: 29943113 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sugar-related metabolic biological processes and metabolic pathways as well as invertase, protease, and ribosomal proteins may be critical regulators controlling the circadian rhythm and ephemeral properties of daylily flowers. Daylily is a familiar perennial flower. The daylily flower opens at dawn and withers away at night. Flower longevity in almost all daylily varieties from opening to fading is less than 24 h. In the past decades, the physiological changes and genetic responses to senescence in daylily flowers have been reported. However, the main metabolic pathways and biological processes involved in daylily flower senescence and the proteins involved in premature senility of daylily flowers are poorly understood. Herein, we identified differences between the proteomes of four developmental stages (s1-s4) of daylily flowers using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic methods. A total of 445 proteins (containing at least two unique peptides) were identified, and differentially expressed proteins (upregulation ≥ 1.5 or downregulation ≤ 0.67, P value ≤ 0.05) were detected between these stages in the following numbers: 58 (s2/s1), 59 (s3/s1), 31 (s3/s2), 64 (s4/s1), 52 (s4/s2), and 29 (s4/s3). Protein functions and classifications were analyzed based on GO, KEGG, and COG, and expressive hierarchical cluster analysis and functional enrichment analysis for differentially expressed proteins were carried out. A comparison of the late stages (s3 and s4) with the early stage (s1) revealed that the sugar (hexose, monosaccharide, and glucose) metabolic process GO category was the most enriched, and sugar (galactose, pentose, starch, and sucrose) metabolism pathways constituted the most enriched KEGG category. Finally, the potential research value of invertase, protease, and ribosomal proteins for revealing the mechanism underlying the circadian rhythm and ephemeral properties of daylily flowers are discussed. These data and analyses provide new insight into the senescence mechanism of daylily flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Ma
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaohua Shi
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingcheng Zou
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danqing Tian
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia An
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaiyuan Zhu
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Broderick SR, Wijeratne S, Wijeratn AJ, Chapin LJ, Meulia T, Jones ML. RNA-sequencing reveals early, dynamic transcriptome changes in the corollas of pollinated petunias. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:307. [PMID: 25403317 PMCID: PMC4245787 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollination reduces flower longevity in many angiosperms by accelerating corolla senescence. This response requires hormone signaling between the floral organs and results in the degradation of macromolecules and organelles within the petals to allow for nutrient remobilization to developing seeds. To investigate early pollination-induced changes in petal gene expression, we utilized high-throughput sequencing to identify transcripts that were differentially expressed between corollas of pollinated Petunia × hybrida flowers and their unpollinated controls at 12, 18, and 24 hours after opening. RESULTS In total, close to 0.5 billion Illumina 101 bp reads were generated, de novo assembled, and annotated, resulting in an EST library of approximately 33 K genes. Over 4,700 unique, differentially expressed genes were identified using comparisons between the pollinated and unpollinated libraries followed by pairwise comparisons of pollinated libraries to unpollinated libraries from the same time point (i.e. 12-P/U, 18-P/U, and 24-P/U) in the Bioconductor R package DESeq2. Over 500 gene ontology terms were enriched. The response to auxin stimulus and response to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid terms were enriched by 12 hours after pollination (hap). Using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA), three pollination-specific modules were identified. Module I had increased expression across pollinated corollas at 12, 18, and 24 h, and modules II and III had a peak of expression in pollinated corollas at 18 h. A total of 15 enriched KEGG pathways were identified. Many of the genes from these pathways were involved in metabolic processes or signaling. More than 300 differentially expressed transcription factors were identified. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression changes in corollas were detected within 12 hap, well before fertilization and corolla wilting or ethylene evolution. Significant changes in gene expression occurred at 18 hap, including the up-regulation of autophagy and down-regulation of ribosomal genes and genes involved in carbon fixation. This transcriptomic database will greatly expand the genetic resources available in petunia. Additionally, it will guide future research aimed at identifying the best targets for increasing flower longevity by delaying corolla senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun R Broderick
- />Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Saranga Wijeratne
- />Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Asela J Wijeratn
- />Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Laura J Chapin
- />Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Tea Meulia
- />Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Michelle L Jones
- />Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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Rodriguez-Enriquez MJ, Grant-Downton RT. A new day dawning: Hemerocallis (daylily) as a future model organism. AOB PLANTS 2013; 5:pls055. [PMID: 23440613 PMCID: PMC3580041 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/pls055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic model organisms have revolutionized science, and today, with the rapid advances in technology, there is significant potential to launch many more plant species towards model status. However, these new model organisms will have to be carefully selected. Here, we argue that Hemerocallis (daylily) satisfies multiple criteria for selection and deserves serious consideration as a subject of intensive biological investigation. Several attributes of the genus are of great biological interest. These include the strict control of flower opening and, within a short period, the precisely regulated floral death by a programmed cell death system. The self-incompatibility system in Hemerocallis is also noteworthy and deserves more attention. Importantly, the genus is widely cultivated for food, medicinal value and ornamental interest. Hemerocallis has considerable potential as a 'nutraceutical' food plant and the source of new compounds with biomedical activity. The genus has also been embraced by ornamental plant breeders and the extraordinary morphological diversity of hybrid cultivars, produced within a relatively short time by amateur enthusiasts, is an exceptional resource for botanical and genetic studies. We explore these points in detail, explaining the reasons why this genus has considerable value-both academic and socio-economic-and deserves new resources devoted to its exploration as a model. Its impact as a future model will be enhanced by its amenability to cultivation in laboratory and field conditions. In addition, established methods for various tissue and cell culture systems as well as transformation will permit maximum exploitation of this genus by science.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Rodriguez-Enriquez
- Instituto de Bioorgánica Antonio González (IUBO), University of La Laguna; Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 38206 La Laguna Tenerife, Spain
| | - R. T. Grant-Downton
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
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Nitta K, Yasumoto AA, Yahara T. Variation of flower opening and closing times in F1 and F2 hybrids of daylily (Hemerocallis fulva; Hemerocallidaceae) and nightlily (H. citrina). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:261-267. [PMID: 21622386 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollination success is strongly dependent on the timing of when flowers start to bloom and when they start to close. To elucidate the genetic mechanism influencing the timing of flower opening and closing, we obtained F1 and F2 hybrids of Hemerocallis fulva (a diurnally blooming species, pollinated by swallowtail butterflies) and H. citrina (a nocturnally blooming species, pollinated by nocturnal hawkmoths) and observed their flowering behavior from blooming to closing with the use of digital cameras. For flower opening times, F1 hybrids were highly variable, and F2 hybrids showed a bimodal distribution of flower opening times with peaks in both the morning and evening. The ratio of morning flowering and evening flowering among F2 hybrids did not deviate from 1:1. For the start to close time, both F1 and F2 hybrids were similar in showing the major peak in the evening. The ratio of evening closing and morning closing among F2 hybrids did not deviate from 3:1. These results suggest that the time of flower opening and the start of closing are regulated by different major genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Nitta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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Shibuya K, Yamada T, Suzuki T, Shimizu K, Ichimura K. InPSR26, a putative membrane protein, regulates programmed cell death during petal senescence in Japanese morning glory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:816-24. [PMID: 19036837 PMCID: PMC2633835 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.127415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The onset and progression of petal senescence, which is a type of programmed cell death (PCD), are highly regulated. Genes showing changes in expression during petal senescence in Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) were isolated and examined to elucidate their function in PCD. We show here that a putative membrane protein, InPSR26, regulates progression of PCD during petal senescence in Japanese morning glory. InPSR26 is dominantly expressed in petal limbs and its transcript level increases prior to visible senescence symptoms. Transgenic plants with reduced InPSR26 expression (PSR26r lines) showed accelerated petal wilting, with PCD symptoms including cell collapse, ion and anthocyanin leakage, and DNA degradation accelerated in petals compared to wild-type plants. Transcript levels of autophagy- and PCD-related genes (InATG4, InATG8, InVPE, and InBI-1) were reduced in the petals of PSR26r plants. Autophagy visualized by monodansylcadaverine staining confirmed that autophagy is induced in senescing petal cells of wild-type plants and that the percentage of cells containing monodansylcadaverine-stained structures, most likely autophagosomes, was significantly lower in the petals of PSR26r plants, indicating reduced autophagic activity in the PSR26r plants. These results suggest that InPSR26 acts to delay the progression of PCD during petal senescence, possibly through regulation of the autophagic process. Our data also suggest that autophagy delays PCD in petal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Shibuya
- National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8519, Japan.
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van Doorn WG, Woltering EJ. Physiology and molecular biology of petal senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:453-80. [PMID: 18310084 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Petal senescence is reviewed, with the main emphasis on gene expression in relation to physiological functions. Autophagy seems to be the major mechanism for large-scale degradation of macromolecules, but it is still unclear if it contributes to cell death. Depending on the species, petal senescence is controlled by ethylene or is independent of this hormone. EIN3-like (EIL) transcription factors are crucial in ethylene-regulated senescence. The presence of adequate sugar levels in the cell delays senescence and prevents an increase in the levels of EIL mRNA and the subsequent up-regulation of numerous senescence-associated genes. A range of other transcription factors and regulators are differentially expressed in ethylene-sensitive and ethylene-insensitive petal senescence. Ethylene-independent senescence is often delayed by cytokinins, but it is still unknown whether these are natural regulators. A role for caspase-like enzymes or metacaspases has as yet not been established in petal senescence, and a role for proteins released by organelles such as the mitochondrion has not been shown. The synthesis of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids, and the degradation of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, fatty acids, and cell wall components are discussed. It is claimed that there is not enough experimental support for the widely held view that a gradual increase in cell leakiness, resulting from gradual plasma membrane degradation, is an important event in petal senescence. Rather, rupture of the vacuolar membrane and subsequent rapid, complete degradation of the plasma membrane seems to occur. This review recommends that more detailed analysis be carried out at the level of cells and organelles rather than at that of whole petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter G van Doorn
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Ulker B, Shahid Mukhtar M, Somssich IE. The WRKY70 transcription factor of Arabidopsis influences both the plant senescence and defense signaling pathways. PLANTA 2007; 226:125-37. [PMID: 17310369 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory proteins play critical roles in controlling the kinetics of various cellular processes during the entire life span of an organism. Leaf senescence, an integral part of the plant developmental program, is fine-tuned by a complex transcriptional regulatory network ensuring a successful switch to the terminal life phase. To expand our understanding on how transcriptional control coordinates leaf senescence, we characterized AtWRKY70, a gene encoding a WRKY transcription factor that functions as a negative regulator of developmental senescence. To gain insight into the interplay of senescence and plant defense signaling pathways, we employed a collection of mutants, allowing us to specifically define the role of AtWRKY70 in the salicylic acid-mediated signaling cascades and to further dissect the cross-talk of signal transduction pathways during the onset of senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results provide strong evidence that AtWRKY70 influences plant senescence and defense signaling pathways. These studies could form the basis for further unraveling of these two complex interlinked regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekir Ulker
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Abteilung Molekulare Phytopathologie, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
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Azeez A, Sane AP, Bhatnagar D, Nath P. Enhanced expression of serine proteases during floral senescence in Gladiolus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:1352-7. [PMID: 17412375 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death during senescence in plants is associated with proteolysis that helps in remobilization of nitrogen to other growing tissues. In this paper, we provide one of the few reports for the expression of specific serine proteases during senescence associated proteolysis in Gladiolus grandiflorus flowers. Senescence in tepals, stamens and carpels results in an increase in total protease activity and a decrease in total protein content. Of the total protease activity, serine proteases account for about 67-70% while cysteine proteases account for only 23-25%. In-gel assays using gelatin as a substrate and specific protease inhibitors reveal the enhanced activity of two trypsin-type serine proteases of sizes 75 kDa and 125 kDa during the course of senescence. The activity of the 125 kDa protease increases not only during tepal senescence but also during stamen and carpel senescence indicating that it is responsive to general senescence signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Azeez
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India
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Abstract
Visible senescence of the flag tepals in Iris x hollandica (cv. Blue Magic) was preceded by a large increase in endoprotease activity. Just before visible senescence about half of total endoprotease activity was apparently due to cysteine proteases, somewhat less than half to serine proteases, with a minor role of metalloproteases. Treatment of isolated tepals with the purported serine protease inhibitors AEBSF [4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride] or DFP (diisopropyl-fluorophosphate) prevented the increase in endoprotease activity and considerably delayed or prevented the normal senescence symptoms. The specific cysteine protease-specific E-64d reduced maximum endoprotease activity by 30%, but had no effect on the time to visible senescence. Zinc chloride and aprotinin reduced maximum endoprotease activity by c. 50 and 40%, respectively, and slightly delayed visible senescence. A proteasome inhibitor (Z-leu-leu-Nva-H) slightly delayed tepal senescence, which indicates that protein degradation in the proteasome may play a role in induction of the visible senescence symptoms. It is concluded that visible senescence is preceded by large-scale protein degradation, which is apparently mainly due to cysteine- and serine protease activity, and that two (unspecific) inhibitors of serine proteases considerably delay the senescence symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pak
- Agrotechnology and Food Innovations (A & F), Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
The often rapid and synchronous programmed death of petal cells provides a model system to study molecular aspects of organ senescence. The death of petal cells is preceded by a loss of membrane permeability, due in part to increases in reactive oxygen species that are in turn related to up-regulation of oxidative enzymes and to a decrease in activity of certain protective enzymes. The senescence process also consists of a loss of proteins caused by activation of various proteinases, a loss of nucleic acids as nucleases are activated, and enzyme-mediated alterations of carbohydrate polymers. Many of the genes for these senescence-associated enzymes have been cloned. In some flowers, the degradative changes of petal cells are initiated by ethylene; in others, abscisic acid may play a role. External factors such as pollination, drought and temperature stress also affect senescence, perhaps by interacting with hormones normally produced by the flowers. Signal transduction may involve G-proteins, calcium activity changes and the regulation of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. The efficacy of the floral system as well as the research tools now available make it likely that important information will soon be added to our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in petal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rubinstein
- Biology Department and Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003-5810, USA.
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16
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Panavas T, Pikula A, Reid PD, Rubinstein B, Walker EL. Identification of senescence-associated genes from daylily petals. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 40:237-248. [PMID: 10412903 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006146230602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The petals of daylily (Hemerocallis hybrid) have a genetically based program that leads to senescence and cell death ca. 24 h after the flower opens. In order to determine the components of this program, six cDNAs, whose levels increase during petal senescence, were isolated and sequenced and designated DSA3, 4, 5, 6, 12 and 15. All six DSAs are members of gene families and all but DSA5 and DSA6 have one to three other very similar genes. GenBank database homology searches indicate that DSA3 is most similar at the amino acid level to an in-chain fatty acid hydroxylase which is bound to cytochrome P450, DSA4 may be an aspartic proteinase, DSA5 is as yet unidentified, DSA6 is a putative S1-type nuclease, DSA12 is very similar to a cytochrome P450-containing allene oxide synthase, and DSA15 may be a fatty acid elongase. Except for DSA12, the genes are expressed at low levels in daylily roots. Levels of the DSA mRNAs in leaves are less than 4% of the maximum detected in petals, and there are no clear differences between younger and older leaves. With the exception of DSA4, accumulation of the DSA mRNAs is increased 3.2 to 43 times by a concentration of abscisic acid that causes premature senescence of the petals. The relationship of the putative DSA gene products to senescence and cell death of daylily petals is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Abscisic Acid/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Development
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plants/drug effects
- Plants/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- T Panavas
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA
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17
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Guerrero C, de la Calle M, Reid MS, Valpuesta V. Analysis of the expression of two thiolprotease genes from daylily (Hemerocallis spp.) during flower senescence. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 36:565-571. [PMID: 9484451 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005952005739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding a daylily (Hemerocallis spp.) thiolprotease (SEN11), whose expression is strongly upregulated in flower tepal senescence, has been isolated. The amino acid sequence, deduced from the nucleotide sequence, showed highest similarity to plant thiolproteases of Vigna mungo, Phaseolus vulgaris and Hemerocallis (SEN102), and contains a putative ER retention signal that has been described in Vigna mungo. SEN102 and SEN11 transcripts were not detectable in flower buds at the opening stage, but two peaks of transcripts were seen after 9 h and 19 h, in both petals and sepals, when wilting symptoms were apparent. The pattern of protease activity migrating on a 26.3 kDa protein was similar to the SEN102 and SEN11 transcript profiles. These two genes were also expressed in stamens and leaves, but their transcripts were undetectable in carpels and rhizomes. The expression of SEN102 was lower in the senescent leaf than in the green leaf. The pattern of expression of these genes suggests their involvement in the protein hydrolysis occurring in tepals at the late senescence stage, whereas in leaves they could be involved in the constitutive protein turnover machinery. Exogenous gibberellic acid application to cut flowers increased transcripts of both genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guerrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
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18
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Valpuesta V, Lange NE, Guerrero C, Reid MS. Up-regulation of a cysteine protease accompanies the ethylene-insensitive senescence of daylily (Hemerocallis) flowers. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 28:575-582. [PMID: 7632925 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The flowers of daylily (Hemerocallis x hybrida cv. Cradle Song) open at midnight, start to senesce 12 h later, and are completely senescent by the following midnight. Differential screening of a cDNA library constructed from tepals of flowers showing incipient senescence revealed 25 clones that were strongly up-regulated in senescent tepals. Re-screening and interactive Southern analysis of these clones revealed 3 families of up-regulated clones. Transcripts of one clone, SEN10, were not detectable at midnight, but increased dramatically as senescence proceeded. The derived amino acid sequence of the full-length cDNA (SEN102) has strong homology with cysteine proteases that have been reported from other plant tissues. The sequence contains a secretory signal peptide and a probable prosequence upstream of the mature protein. Amino acids critical to the active site and structure of cysteine proteases are conserved, and the C-terminus of the polypeptide has a unique putative endoplasmic reticulum retention signal -RDEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Valpuesta
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad de Málaga, España
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19
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Abstract
In grasses, fructan reserves are mobilized from vegetative plant parts during seasonal growth, after defoliation during grazing and from stems during seed filling. Well-illuminated leaves show a diurnal pattern of fructan accumulation during the light and mobilization during the dark. In expanding leaves, fructans are accumulated in cells of the elongation zone and when mobilized are considered to contribute assimilate for synthetic processes. Even in leaves which do not contain high fructan concentrations, high rates of fructan turnover occur. The process of fructan mobilization appears to be regulated in relation to ontogenic events, demand for assimilate during growth and in response to environmental stress. Hydrolysis of fructans in bacteria is catalyzed by both endo- and exohydrolases. However, in higher plants only fructan exohydrolases (FEH) (EC 3.2.1.80) have been reported. FEH has been extracted from only a limited number of grass species. The pH optimum of FEH activities varies between pH 45-5-5, the temperature optimum ranges from 25-40 °C and FEH is considered to be entirely localized in vacuoles. Estimates of the Km for FEH assayed using high molecular weight fructan substrates vary widely and should be considered carefully because most substrates are ill-defined. Many studies indicate that crude and partially-purified FEH activity is highest when assayed using a fructan substrate extracted from the species that was the source of the enzyme activity. Inulin extracted from members of the Asteraceae is generally less readily hydrolyzed and levans from bacteria are relatively poor substrates for FEH from grasses. Glycosidic-linkage-specific hydrolysis has been demonstrated for an FEH activity extracted from barley. This FEH activity hydrolyzed β-2,1-glycosidic linkages more rapidly than β-2,6-linkages. Most other studies are less conclusive because ill-defined fructan substrates were used. Two isoforms of FEH are reported in leaves of Lolium spp., but the roles of isoforms and their kinetic characteristics are not known. FEH activity in different tissues may be regulated by metabolic concentrations, sucrose (5-10 mw) being a strong inhibitor in vitro of FEH from some species. Results of experiments with Dactylis glomerata indicate control of expression of FEH activity at the gene level. In stem bases, FEH activity increased after defoliation. The increase was abolished by applications of inhibitors of protein synthesis and was apparently repressed by application of various sugars. Although the rates of fructan hydrolysis measured in vitro are sufficient to explain the in vivo rates of fructan hydrolysis, it is yet to be shown whether fructan hydrolysis in vivo is due to the activity of FEH exclusively, or FEH and invertase-like activities. The overriding conclusion is that the various studies of FEH from grasses present a confusing and incomplete picture of the function, activity and kinetics of this enzyme. This is due in part to the lack of defined, commercially-available substrates. The chromatographic techniques available to most laboratories do not permit purification of sufficient quantities of high molecular weight fructans of specific degree of polymerization, or fructan oligosaccharides with glycosidic linkages which differ from that of the inulin series for enzyme characterization. It is recommended that a few well-defined oligosaccharides be adopted as substrate standards for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Simpson
- School of Agriculture and Forestry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Graham D Bonnett
- School of Agriculture and Forestry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
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