1
|
Gai W, Liu C, Yang M, Li F, Xin H, Gai S. Calcium signaling facilitates chilling- and GA- induced dormancy release in tree peony. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1362804. [PMID: 38567129 PMCID: PMC10985203 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1362804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Calcium plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, yet little is known about its function in endodormancy regulation. Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa), characterized by compound buds and large flowers, is well-known for its ornamental and medicinal value. To break bud dormancy release is a prerequisite of flowering and forcing culture, particularly during the Spring Festival. In this study, the Ca2+ chelator EGTA and Ca2+ channel blocker LaCl3 were applied, resulting in a significant delay in budburst during both chilling- and gibberellin (GA)- induced dormancy release in a dosage-dependent manner. As expected, the retardation of bud break was recovered by the supplementation of 30 mM CaCl2, indicating a facilitating role of calcium in dormancy release. Accordingly, several calcium-sensor-encoding genes including Calmodulin (CaM) and Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) were significantly up-regulated by prolonged chilling and exogenous GAs. Ultrastructure observations revealed a decline in starch grains and the reopening of transport corridors following prolonged chilling. Calcium deposits were abundant in the cell walls and intercellular spaces at the early dormant stage but were enriched in the cytosol and nucleus before dormancy release. Additionally, several genes associated with dormancy release, including EBB1, EBB3, SVP, GA20ox, RGL1, BG6, and BG9, were differentially expressed after calcium blocking and recovery treatments, indicating that calcium might partially modulate dormancy release through GA and ABA pathways. Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanism of dormancy release and offer potential benefits for improving and perfecting forcing culture technology in tree peonies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Gai
- College of Agriculture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunying Liu
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Xin
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shupeng Gai
- University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rehman S, Bahadur S, Xia W. An overview of floral regulatory genes in annual and perennial plants. Gene 2023; 885:147699. [PMID: 37567454 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The floral initiation in angiosperms is a complex process influenced by endogenous and exogenous signals. With this approach, we aim to provide a comprehensive review to integrate this complex floral regulatory process and summarize the regulatory genes and their functions in annuals and perennials. Seven primary paths leading to flowering have been discovered in Arabidopsis under several growth condition that include; photoperiod, ambient temperature, vernalization, gibberellins, autonomous, aging and carbohydrates. These pathways involve a series of interlinked signaling pathways that respond to both internal and external signals, such as light, temperature, hormones, and developmental cues, to coordinate the expression of genes that are involved in flower development. Among them, the photoperiodic pathway was the most important and conserved as some of the fundamental loci and mechanisms are shared even by closely related plant species. The activation of floral regulatory genes such as FLC, FT, LFY, and SOC1 that determine floral meristem identity and the transition to the flowering stage result from the merging of these pathways. Recent studies confirmed that alternative splicing, antisense RNA and epigenetic modification play crucial roles by regulating the expression of genes related to blooming. In this review, we documented recent progress in the floral transition time in annuals and perennials, with emphasis on the specific regulatory mechanisms along with the application of various molecular approaches including overexpression studies, RNA interference and Virus-induced flowering. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between annual and perennial flowering will aid significant contributions to the field by elucidating the mechanisms of perennial plant development and floral initiation regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Rehman
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228 China
| | - Wei Xia
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sheng X, Mahendra RA, Wang CT, Brunner AM. CRISPR/Cas9 mutants delineate roles of Populus FT and TFL1/CEN/BFT family members in growth, dormancy release and flowering. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1042-1054. [PMID: 36892416 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative and reproductive phase change and phenology are economically and ecologically important traits. Trees typically require several years of growth before flowering and, once mature, seasonal control of the transition to flowering and flower development is necessary to maintain vegetative meristems and for reproductive success. Members of two related gene subfamilies, FLOWERING LOCUST (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1)/CENTRORADIALIS (CEN)/BROTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (BFT), have antagonistic roles in flowering in diverse species and roles in vegetative phenology in trees, but many details of their functions in trees have yet to be resolved. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate single and double mutants involving the five Populus FT and TFL1/CEN/BFT genes. The ft1 mutants exhibited wild-type-like phenotypes in long days and short days, but after chilling, to release dormancy, they showed delayed bud flush and GA3 could compensate for the ft1 mutation. After rooting and generating some phytomers in tissue culture, both cen1 and cen1ft1 mutants produced terminal as well as axillary flowers, indicating that the cen1 flowering phenotype is independent of FT1. The CEN1 showed distinct circannual expression patterns in vegetative and reproductive tissues and comparison with the expression patterns of FT1 and FT2 suggests that the relative levels of CEN1 compared with FT1 and FT2 regulate multiple phases of vegetative and reproductive seasonal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Sheng
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - R Ayeshan Mahendra
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Chieh-Ting Wang
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Amy M Brunner
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Veerabagu M, van der Schoot C, Turečková V, Tarkowská D, Strnad M, Rinne PLH. Light on perenniality: Para-dormancy is based on ABA-GA antagonism and endo-dormancy on the shutdown of GA biosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1785-1804. [PMID: 36760106 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Perennial para- and endo-dormancy are seasonally separate phenomena. Whereas para-dormancy is the suppression of axillary buds (AXBs) by a growing shoot, endo-dormancy is the short-day elicited arrest of terminal and AXBs. In hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) compromising the apex releases para-dormancy, whereas endo-dormancy requires chilling. ABA and GA are implicated in both phenomena. To untangle their roles, we blocked ABA biosynthesis with fluridone (FD), which significantly reduced ABA levels, downregulated GA-deactivation genes, upregulated the major GA3ox-biosynthetic genes, and initiated branching. Comprehensive GA-metabolite analyses suggested that FD treatment shifted GA production to the non-13-hydroxylation pathway, enhancing GA4 function. Applied ABA counteracted FD effects on GA metabolism and downregulated several GA3/4 -inducible α- and γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases that hydrolyze callose at plasmodesmata (PD), thereby enhancing PD-callose accumulation. Remarkably, ABA-deficient plants repressed GA4 biosynthesis and established endo-dormancy like controls but showed increased stress sensitivity. Repression of GA4 biosynthesis involved short-day induced DNA methylation events within the GA3ox2 promoter. In conclusion, the results cast new light on the roles of ABA and GA in dormancy cycling. In para-dormancy, PD-callose turnover is antagonized by ABA, whereas in short-day conditions, lack of GA4 biosynthesis promotes callose deposition that is structurally persistent throughout endo-dormancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun Y, Jia X, Yang Z, Fu Q, Yang H, Xu X. Genome-Wide Identification of PEBP Gene Family in Solanum lycopersicum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119185. [PMID: 37298136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The PEBP gene family is crucial for the growth and development of plants, the transition between vegetative and reproductive growth, the response to light, the production of florigen, and the reaction to several abiotic stressors. The PEBP gene family has been found in numerous species, but the SLPEBP gene family has not yet received a thorough bioinformatics investigation, and the members of this gene family are currently unknown. In this study, bioinformatics was used to identify 12 members of the SLPEBP gene family in tomato and localize them on the chromosomes. The physicochemical characteristics of the proteins encoded by members of the SLPEBP gene family were also examined, along with their intraspecific collinearity, gene structure, conserved motifs, and cis-acting elements. In parallel, a phylogenetic tree was built and the collinear relationships of the PEBP gene family among tomato, potato, pepper, and Arabidopsis were examined. The expression of 12 genes in different tissues and organs of tomato was analyzed using transcriptomic data. It was also hypothesized that SLPEBP3, SLPEBP5, SLPEBP6, SLPEBP8, SLPEBP9, and SLPEBP10 might be related to tomato flowering and that SLPEBP2, SLPEBP3, SLPEBP7, and SLPEBP11 might be related to ovary development based on the tissue-specific expression analysis of SLPEBP gene family members at five different stages during flower bud formation to fruit set. This article's goal is to offer suggestions and research directions for further study of tomato PEBP gene family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Sun
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinyi Jia
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhenru Yang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qingjun Fu
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gombos S, Miras M, Howe V, Xi L, Pottier M, Kazemein Jasemi NS, Schladt M, Ejike JO, Neumann U, Hänsch S, Kuttig F, Zhang Z, Dickmanns M, Xu P, Stefan T, Baumeister W, Frommer WB, Simon R, Schulze WX. A high-confidence Physcomitrium patens plasmodesmata proteome by iterative scoring and validation reveals diversification of cell wall proteins during evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:637-653. [PMID: 36636779 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) facilitate movement of molecules between plant cells. Regulation of this movement is still not understood. Plasmodesmata are hard to study, being deeply embedded within cell walls and incorporating several membrane types. Thus, structure and protein composition of PD remain enigmatic. Previous studies of PD protein composition identified protein lists with few validations, making functional conclusions difficult. We developed a PD scoring approach in iteration with large-scale systematic localization, defining a high-confidence PD proteome of Physcomitrium patens (HC300). HC300, together with bona fide PD proteins from literature, were placed in Pddb. About 65% of proteins in HC300 were not previously PD-localized. Callose-degrading glycolyl hydrolase family 17 (GHL17) is an abundant protein family with representatives across evolutionary scale. Among GHL17s, we exclusively found members of one phylogenetic clade with PD localization and orthologs occur only in species with developed PD. Phylogenetic comparison was expanded to xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases and Exordium-like proteins, which also diversified into PD-localized and non-PD-localized members on distinct phylogenetic clades. Our high-confidence PD proteome HC300 provides insights into diversification of large protein families. Iterative and systematic large-scale localization across plant species strengthens the reliability of HC300 as basis for exploring structure, function, and evolution of this important organelle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Gombos
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manuel Miras
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vicky Howe
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lin Xi
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mathieu Pottier
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Neda S Kazemein Jasemi
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Moritz Schladt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Obinna Ejike
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hänsch
- Center for Advanced Imaging, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Kuttig
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcel Dickmanns
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stefan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Transformative Biomolecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-0813, Japan
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shi Q, Tian D, Wang J, Chen A, Miao Y, Chen Y, Li J, Wu X, Zheng B, Guo W, Shi X. Overexpression of miR390b promotes stem elongation and height growth in Populus. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac258. [PMID: 36778185 PMCID: PMC9907050 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA390 (miR390) is involved in plant growth and development by down-regulating the expression of the downstream genes trans-acting short interfering RNA3 (TAS3) and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs). There is a scarcity of research on the involvement of the miR390-TAS3-ARFs pathway in the stem development of Populus. Here, differentially expressed miRNAs during poplar stem development were screened by small RNA sequencing analysis, and a novel function of miR390b in stem development was revealed. Overexpression of miR390b (OE-miR390b) resulted in a large increase in the number of xylem fiber cells and a slight decrease in the cell length at the longitudinal axis. Overall increases in stem elongation and plant height were observed in the OE-miR390b plants. According to transcriptome sequencing results and transient co-expression analysis, TAS3.1 and TAS3.2 were identified as the target genes of miR390 in poplar and were negatively regulated by miR390 in the apex. The transcription levels of ARF3.2 and ARF4 were significantly repressed in OE-miR390b plants and strongly negatively correlated with the number of xylem fiber cells along the longitudinal axis. These findings indicate that the conserved miR390-TAS3-ARFs pathway in poplar is involved in stem elongation and plant height growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dongdong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jieyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aoli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenwu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gómez-Soto D, Allona I, Perales M. FLOWERING LOCUS T2 Promotes Shoot Apex Development and Restricts Internode Elongation via the 13-Hydroxylation Gibberellin Biosynthesis Pathway in Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:814195. [PMID: 35185961 PMCID: PMC8853612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.814195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation and survival of boreal and temperate perennials relies on the precise demarcation of the growing season. Seasonal growth and development are defined by day length and temperature signals. Under long-day conditions in spring, poplar FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (FT2) systemically induces shoot growth. In contrast, FT2 downregulation induced by autumnal short days triggers growth cessation and bud set. However, the molecular role of FT2 in local and long-range signaling is not entirely understood. In this study, the CRISPR/Cas9 editing tool was used to generate FT2 loss of function lines of hybrid poplar. Results indicate that FT2 is essential to promote shoot apex development and restrict internode elongation under conditions of long days. The application of bioactive gibberellins (GAs) to apical buds in FT2 loss of function lines was able to rescue bud set. Expression analysis of GA sensing and metabolic genes and hormone quantification revealed that FT2 boosts the 13-hydroxylation branch of the GA biosynthesis pathway in the shoot apex. Paclobutrazol treatment of WT leaves led to limited internode growth in the stem elongation zone. In mature leaves, FT2 was found to control the GA 13-hydroxylation pathway by increasing GA2ox1 and reducing GA3ox2 expression, causing reduced GA1 levels. We here show that in poplar, the FT2 signal promotes shoot apex development and restricts internode elongation through the GA 13-hydroxylation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gómez-Soto
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, CNINIA (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Allona
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, CNINIA (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Perales
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, CNINIA (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ding J, Zhang B, Li Y, André D, Nilsson O. Phytochrome B and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR8 modulate seasonal growth in trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2339-2352. [PMID: 33735450 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The seasonally synchronized annual growth cycle that is regulated mainly by photoperiod and temperature cues is a crucial adaptive strategy for perennial plants in boreal and temperate ecosystems. Phytochrome B (phyB), as a light and thermal sensor, has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis. However, the specific mechanisms for how the phytochrome photoreceptors control the phenology in tree species remain poorly understood. We characterized the functions of PHYB genes and their downstream PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) targets in the regulation of shade avoidance and seasonal growth in hybrid aspen trees. We show that while phyB1 and phyB2, as phyB in other plants, act as suppressors of shoot elongation during vegetative growth, they act as promoters of tree seasonal growth. Furthermore, while the Populus homologs of both PIF4 and PIF8 are involved in the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), only PIF8 plays a major role as a suppressor of seasonal growth. Our data suggest that the PHYB-PIF8 regulon controls seasonal growth through the regulation of FT and CENL1 expression while a genome-wide transcriptome analysis suggests how, in Populus trees, phyB coordinately regulates SAS responses and seasonal growth cessation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Ding
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Yue Li
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Domenique André
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao X, Yuan Y, Liu Z, Liu C, Xin H, Zhang Y, Gai S. Chilling and gibberellin acids hyperinduce β-1,3-glucanases to reopen transport corridor and break endodormancy in tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:771-784. [PMID: 34530322 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bud endodormancy is accompanied by transport channel apertures blockage through callose deposition, and its resume to growth requires evoking β-1,3-glucanases (BGs) to unchoke the conduit. To understand out its working manner, the statuses of the transport channels were evaluated and candidate BGs were identified during chilling and gibberellin acids (GA) induced dormancy release in tree peony. Calcein reflects plasmodesmata permeability, and no calcein was observed in the bud together with density aniline blue fluorescent around the stem phloem at 0 d chilling. With the increase of chilling accumulation, the contents of glucan declined and the activities of gulcanase increased gradually in buds, and the calcein reached the top of flower primordia at 21 d chilled bud. Both GA3 and GA4 feedings promoted bud sprouting and growth along with rapidly unchoking the transport channels, and GA3 was more effective. Several candidate β-1,3-glucanase genes were detected, combining transcriptional profiling and quantitative PCR analysis. PsBG1, PsBG3, PsBG6, PsBG8 and PsBG9 were inducible by chilling accumulation and presented laminarin hydrolyzing activities after prokaryotically expression, while PsBG1, PsBG3, PsBG8 and PsBG9 responded to GAs application. Subcellular localizations revealed that PsBG6 and PsBG9 were plasmodesmata residents. It was concluded that PsBG6 played a vital role in chilling accumulation response and PsBG9 was central in GAs-induced dormancy release, and they could be used as marker genes for dormancy release in tree peony. These results were of great value to understand the mechanism of dormancy regulation and as an important fundamental for forcing culture technology in tree peony.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuekai Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Yanchao Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Ziqi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Chunying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Hua Xin
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Shupeng Gai
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; University Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology in Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fu X, Su H, Liu S, Du X, Xu C, Luo K. Cytokinin signaling localized in phloem noncell-autonomously regulates cambial activity during secondary growth of Populus stems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1476-1488. [PMID: 33540480 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of cytokinin on secondary vascular development has been uncovered by modulating cytokinin content. However, it remains unclear how cytokinin enriched in developing secondary phloem regulates cambium activity in poplar. Here, we visualized the gradient distribution of cytokinin with a peak in the secondary phloem of poplar stem via immunohistochemical imaging, and determined the role of phloem-located cytokinin signaling during wood formation. We generated transgenic poplar harboring cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX)2, a gene encoding a cytokinin degrading enzyme, driven by the phloem-specific CLE41b promoter, indicating that the disruption of the cytokinin gradient pattern restricts the cambial activity. The RNA interference-based knockdown of the histidine kinase (HK) genes encoding cytokinin receptors specifically in secondary phloem significantly compromised the division activity of cambial cells, whereas the phloem-specific expression of a type-B response regulator (RR) transcription factor stimulated cambial proliferation, providing evidence for the noncell-autonomous regulation of local cytokinin signaling on the cambial activity. Moreover, the cambium-specific knockdown of HKs also led to restricted cambial activity, and the defects were aggravated by the reduced cytokinin accumulation. Our results showed that local cytokinin signaling in secondary phloem regulates cambial activity noncell-autonomously, and coordinately with its local signaling in cambium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huili Su
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xuelian Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Z, Liu N, Zhang W, Wu C, Jiang Y, Ma J, Li M, Sui S. Integrated transcriptome and proteome analysis provides insight into chilling-induced dormancy breaking in Chimonanthus praecox. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:198. [PMID: 33328461 PMCID: PMC7704649 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chilling has a critical role in the growth and development of perennial plants. The chilling requirement (CR) for dormancy breaking largely depends on the species. However, global warming is expected to negatively affect chilling accumulation and dormancy release in a wide range of perennial plants. Here, we used Chimonanthus praecox as a model to investigate the CR for dormancy breaking under natural and artificial conditions. We determined the minimum CR (570 chill units, CU) needed for chilling-induced dormancy breaking and analyzed the transcriptomes and proteomes of flowering and non-flowering flower buds (FBs, anther and ovary differentiation completed) with different CRs. The concentrations of ABA and GA3 in the FBs were also determined using HPLC. The results indicate that chilling induced an upregulation of ABA levels and significant downregulation of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologs at the transcript level in FBs when the accumulated CR reached 570 CU (IB570) compared to FBs in November (FB.Nov, CK) and nF16 (non-flowering FBs after treatment at 16 °C for -300 CU), which suggested that dormancy breaking of FBs could be regulated by the ABA-mediated SVP-FT module. Overexpression in Arabidopsis was used to confirm the function of candidate genes, and early flowering was induced in 35S::CpFT1 transgenic lines. Our data provide insight into the minimum CR (570 CU) needed for chilling-induced dormancy breaking and its underlying regulatory mechanism in C. praecox, which provides a new tool for the artificial regulation of flowering time and a rich gene resource for controlling chilling-induced blooming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunzhao Sui
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shangguan L, Chen M, Fang X, Xie Z, Gong P, Huang Y, Wang Z, Fang J. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides insight into regulation pathways and temporal and spatial expression characteristics of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) dormant buds in different nodes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:390. [PMID: 32842963 PMCID: PMC7449092 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bud dormancy is a strategic mechanism plants developed as an adaptation to unfavorable environments. The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the most ancient fruit vine species and vines are planted all over the world due to their great economic benefits. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying bud dormancy between adjacent months, the transcriptomes of 'Rosario Bianco' grape buds of 6 months and three nodes were analyzed using RNA-sequencing technology and pair-wise comparison. From November to April of the following year, pairwise comparisons were conducted between adjacent months. RESULTS A total of 11,647 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from five comparisons. According to the results of cluster analysis of the DEG profiles and the climatic status of the sampling period, the 6 months were divided into three key processes (November to January, January to March, and March to April). Pair-wise comparisons of DEG profiles of adjacent months and three main dormancy processes showed that the whole grapevine bud dormancy period was mainly regulated by the antioxidant system, secondary metabolism, cell cycle and division, cell wall metabolism, and carbohydrates metabolism. Additionally, several DEGs, such as VvGA2OX6 and VvSS3, showed temporally and spatially differential expression patterns, which normalized to a similar trend during or before April. CONCLUSION Considering these results, the molecular mechanisms underlying bud dormancy in the grapevine can be hypothesized, which lays the foundation for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Shangguan
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Mengxia Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenqiang Xie
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212499, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peijie Gong
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuxiang Huang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lian X, Tan B, Yan L, Jiang C, Cheng J, Zheng X, Wang W, Chen T, Ye X, Li J, Feng J. Transcript profiling provides insights into molecular processes during shoot elongation in temperature-sensitive peach (Prunus persica). Sci Rep 2020; 10:7801. [PMID: 32385278 PMCID: PMC7210264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth caused by ambient temperature is thought to be regulated by a complex transcriptional network. A temperature-sensitive peach (Prunus persica) was used to explore the mechanisms behind shoot internode elongation at elevated temperatures. There was a significantly positive correlation between the length of the terminal internode (TIL) and the maximum temperature three days prior to the measuring day. Four critical growth stages (initial period and initial elongation period at lower temperature, rapid growth period and stable growth period at higher temperature) were selected for comparative RNA-seq analysis. About 6.64G clean bases were obtained for each library, and 88.27% of the data were mapped to the reference genome. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis among the three pairwise comparisons resulted in the detection of several genes related to the shoot elongation in temperature-sensitive peach. HSFAs were up-regulated in response to the elevated temperature, while the up-regulated expression of HSPs might influence hormone signaling pathways. Most of DEGs involved in auxin, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid were up-regulated, while some involved in cytokinin and brassinosteroid were down-regulated. Genes related to ethylene, salicylic acid and circadian rhythm were also differentially expressed. Genes related to aquaporins, expansins, pectinesterases and endoglucanase were up-regulated, which would promote cell elongation. These results lay a foundation for further dissection of the regulatory mechanisms underlying shoot elongation at elevated temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Lian
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Bin Tan
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Liu Yan
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xianbo Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Tanxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xia Ye
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jidong Li
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jiancan Feng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McKim SM. Moving on up - controlling internode growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:672-678. [PMID: 31955426 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant reproductive success depends on making fertile flowers but also upon developing appropriate shoot internodes that optimally arrange and support the flowering shoot. Compared to floral morphogenesis, we understand little about the networks directing internode growth during flowering. However, new studies reveal that long-range signals, local factors, and age-dependent micoRNA-networks are all important to harmonize internode morphogenesis with shoot development. Some of the same players modulate symplastic transport to seasonally regulate internode growth in perennial species. Exploring possible hierarchical control amongst symplastic continuity, age, systemic signals and local regulators during internode morphogenesis will help elucidate the mechanisms coordinating axial growth with the wider plant body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McKim
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiang Y, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Su W, Peng J, Yang X, Song H, Gao Y, Lin S. EjTFL1 Genes Promote Growth but Inhibit Flower Bud Differentiation in Loquat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:576. [PMID: 32528491 PMCID: PMC7247538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1), a key factor belonging to the phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) family, controls flowering time and inflorescence architecture in some plants. However, the role of TFL1 in loquat remains unknown. In this study, we cloned two TFL1-like genes (EjTFL1-1 and EjTFL1-2) with conserved deduced amino acid sequences from cultivated loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). First, we determined that flower bud differentiation occurs at the end of June and early July, and then comprehensively analyzed the temporal and spatial expression patterns of these EjTFL1s during loquat growth and development. We observed the contrasting expression trends for EjTFL1s and EjAP1s (APETALA 1) in shoot apices, and EjTFL1s were mainly expressed in young tissues. In addition, short-day and exogenous GA3 treatments promoted the expression of EjTFL1s, and no flower bud differentiation was observed after these treatments in loquat. Moreover, EjTFL1s were localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus, and both interacted with another flowering transcription factor, EjFD, in the nucleus, and EjTFL1s-EjFD complex significantly repressed the promoter activity of EjAP1-1. The two EjTFL1s were overexpressed in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0, which delayed flowering time, promoted stem elongation, increased the number of branches, and also affected flower and silique phenotypes. In conclusion, our results suggested that EjTFL1-1 and EjTFL1-2 do not show the same pattern of expression whereas both are able of inhibiting flower bud differentiation and promoting vegetative growth in loquat by integrating GA3 and photoperiod signals. These findings provide useful clues for analyzing the flowering regulatory network of loquat and provide meaningful references for flowering regulation research of other woody fruit trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunmei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbing Su
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangrong Peng
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huwei Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Yongshun Gao
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongshun Gao,
| | - Shunquan Lin
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Shunquan Lin,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang J, Wang H, Deng T, Liu Z, Wang X. Time-coursed transcriptome analysis identifies key expressional regulation in growth cessation and dormancy induced by short days in Paulownia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16602. [PMID: 31719639 PMCID: PMC6851391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the viability of the apical shoot is critical for continued vertical growth in plants. Terminal shoot of tree species Paulownia cannot regrow in subsequent years. The short day (SD) treatment leads to apical growth cessation and dormancy. To understand the molecular basis of this, we further conducted global RNA-Seq based transcriptomic analysis in apical shoots to check regulation of gene expression. We obtained ~219 million paired-end 125-bp Illumina reads from five time-courses and de novo assembled them to yield 49,054 unigenes. Compared with the untreated control, we identified 1540 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) which were found to involve in 116 metabolic pathways. Expression of 87% of DEGs exhibited switch-on or switch-off pattern, indicating key roles in growth cessation. Most DEGs were enriched in the biological process of gene ontology categories and at later treatment stages. The pathways of auxin and circadian network were most affected and the expression of associated DEGs was characterised. During SD induction, auxin genes IAA, ARF and SAURs were down-regulated and circadian genes including PIF3 and PRR5 were up-regulated. PEPC in photosynthesis was constitutively upregulated, suggesting a still high CO2 concentrating activity; however, the converting CO2 to G3P in the Calvin cycle is low, supported by reduced expression of GAPDH encoding the catalysing enzyme for this step. This indicates a de-coupling point in the carbon fixation. The results help elucidate the molecular mechanisms for SD inducing dormancy and cessation in apical shoots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- School of life science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Tao Deng
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China. .,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Han X, Huang LJ, Feng D, Jiang W, Miu W, Li N. Plasmodesmata-Related Structural and Functional Proteins: The Long Sought-After Secrets of a Cytoplasmic Channel in Plant Cell Walls. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122946. [PMID: 31212892 PMCID: PMC6627144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are separated by cellulose cell walls that impede direct cell-to-cell contact. In order to facilitate intercellular communication, plant cells develop unique cell-wall-spanning structures termed plasmodesmata (PD). PD are membranous channels that link the cytoplasm, plasma membranes, and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells to provide cytoplasmic and membrane continuity for molecular trafficking. PD play important roles for the development and physiology of all plants. The structure and function of PD in the plant cell walls are highly dynamic and tightly regulated. Despite their importance, plasmodesmata are among the few plant cell organelles that remain poorly understood. The molecular properties of PD seem largely elusive or speculative. In this review, we firstly describe the general PD structure and its protein composition. We then discuss the recent progress in identification and characterization of PD-associated plant cell-wall proteins that regulate PD function, with particular emphasis on callose metabolizing and binding proteins, and protein kinases targeted to and around PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Dan Feng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wenhan Jiang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Wenzhuo Miu
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Patil V, McDermott HI, McAllister T, Cummins M, Silva JC, Mollison E, Meikle R, Morris J, Hedley PE, Waugh R, Dockter C, Hansson M, McKim SM. APETALA2 control of barley internode elongation. Development 2019; 146:dev.170373. [PMID: 31076487 PMCID: PMC6589076 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many plants dramatically elongate their stems during flowering, yet how this response is coordinated with the reproductive phase is unclear. We demonstrate that microRNA (miRNA) control of APETALA2 (AP2) is required for rapid, complete elongation of stem internodes in barley, especially of the final ‘peduncle’ internode directly underneath the inflorescence. Disrupted miR172 targeting of AP2 in the Zeo1.b barley mutant caused lower mitotic activity, delayed growth dynamics and premature lignification in the peduncle leading to fewer and shorter cells. Stage- and tissue-specific comparative transcriptomics between Zeo1.b and its parent cultivar showed reduced expression of proliferation-associated genes, ectopic expression of maturation-related genes and persistent, elevated expression of genes associated with jasmonate and stress responses. We further show that applying methyl jasmonate (MeJA) phenocopied the stem elongation of Zeo1.b, and that Zeo1.b itself was hypersensitive to inhibition by MeJA but less responsive to promotion by gibberellin. Taken together, we propose that miR172-mediated restriction of AP2 may modulate the jasmonate pathway to facilitate gibberellin-promoted stem growth during flowering. Summary: Regulation of reproductive stem elongation in barley by APETALA2 suggests a pivotal role for phase change repression of JA-associated responses to promote internode growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vrushali Patil
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Hannah I McDermott
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Trisha McAllister
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Michael Cummins
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Joana C Silva
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Ewan Mollison
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Rowan Meikle
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Jenny Morris
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Pete E Hedley
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland.,Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Christoph Dockter
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Mats Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sarah M McKim
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
McKim SM. How plants grow up. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:257-277. [PMID: 30697935 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A plant's lateral structures, such as leaves, branches and flowers, literally hinge on the shoot axis, making its integrity and growth fundamental to plant form. In all plants, subapical proliferation within the shoot tip displaces cells downward to extrude the cylindrical stem. Following the transition to flowering, many plants show extensive axial elongation associated with increased subapical proliferation and expansion. However, the cereal grasses also elongate their stems, called culms, due to activity within detached intercalary meristems which displaces cells upward, elevating the grain-bearing inflorescence. Variation in culm length within species is especially relevant to cereal crops, as demonstrated by the high-yielding semi-dwarfed cereals of the Green Revolution. Although previously understudied, recent renewed interest the regulation of subapical and intercalary growth suggests that control of cell division planes, boundary formation and temporal dynamics of differentiation, are likely critical mechanisms coordinating axial growth and development in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McKim
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rinne PLH, Paul LK, van der Schoot C. Decoupling photo- and thermoperiod by projected climate change perturbs bud development, dormancy establishment and vernalization in the model tree Populus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:220. [PMID: 30290771 PMCID: PMC6173867 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The performance and survival of deciduous trees depends on their innate ability to anticipate seasonal change. A key event is the timely production of short photoperiod-induced terminal and axillary buds that are dormant and freezing-tolerant. Some observations suggest that low temperature contributes to terminal bud initiation and dormancy. This is puzzling because low temperatures in the chilling range universally release dormancy. It also raises the broader question if the projected climate instabilities, as well as the northward migration of trees, will affect winter preparations and survival of trees. RESULTS To gauge the response capacity of trees, we exposed juvenile hybrid aspens to a 10-h short photoperiod in combination with different day/night temperature regimes: high (24/24 °C), moderate (18/18 °C), moderate-low (18/12 °C) and low (12/12 °C), and analysed bud development, dormancy establishment, and marker gene expression. We found that low temperature during the bud formation period (pre-dormancy) upregulated dormancy-release genes of the gibberellin (GA) pathway, including the key GA biosynthesis genes GA20oxidase and GA3oxidase, the GA-receptor gene GID1, as well as GA-inducible enzymes of the 1,3-β-glucanase family that degrade callose at plasmodesmal Dormancy Sphincter Complexes. Simultaneously, this pre-dormancy low temperature perturbed the expression of flowering pathway genes, including CO, FT, CENL1, AGL14, LFY and AP1. In brief, pre-dormancy low temperature compromised bud development, dormancy establishment, and potentially vernalization. On the other hand, a high pre-dormancy temperature prevented dormancy establishment and resulted in flushing. CONCLUSIONS The results show that pre-dormancy low temperature represents a form of chilling that antagonizes dormancy establishment. Combined with available field data, this indicates that natural Populus ecotypes have evolved to avoid the adverse effects of high and low temperatures by initiating and completing dormant buds within an approximate temperature-window of 24-12 °C. Global warming and erratic temperature patterns outside this range can therefore endanger the successful propagation of deciduous perennials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Päivi L. H. Rinne
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens vei 18, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Laju K. Paul
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens vei 18, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Christiaan van der Schoot
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens vei 18, 1432 Aas, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guzicka M, Pawlowski TA, Staszak A, Rozkowski R, Chmura DJ. Molecular and structural changes in vegetative buds of Norway spruce during dormancy in natural weather conditions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:721-734. [PMID: 29300984 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The dormancy and the growth of trees in temperate climates are synchronized with seasons. Preparation for dormancy and its proper progression are key for survival and development in the next season. Using a unique approach that combined microscopy and proteomic methods, we investigated changes in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) embryonic shoots during four distinct stages of dormancy in natural weather conditions. We identified 13 proteins that varied among dormancy stages, and were linked to regulation of protein level; functioning of chloroplasts and other plastids; DNA and RNA regulation; and oxidative stress. We also found a group of five proteins, related to cold hardiness, that did not differ in expression among stages of dormancy, but had the highest abundancy level. Ultrastructure of organelles is tightly linked to their metabolic activity, and hence may indicate dormancy status. The observed ultrastructure during endodormancy was stable, whereas during ecodormancy, the structural changes were dynamic and related mainly to nucleus, plastids and mitochondria. At the ultrastructural level, the lack of starch and the presence of callose in plasmodesmata in all regions of embryonic shoot were indicators of full endodormancy. At the initiation of ecodormancy, we noted an increase in metabolic activity of organelles, tissue-specific starch hyperaccumulation and degradation. However, in proteomic analysis, we did not find variation in expression of proteins related to starch degradation or to symplastic isolation of cells. The combination of ultrastructural and proteomic methods gave a more complete picture of vegetative bud dormancy than either of them applied separately. We found some changes at the structural level, but not their analogues in the proteome. Our study suggests a very important role of plastids' organization and metabolism, and their protection in the course of dormancy and during the shift from endo- to ecodormancy and the acquisition of growth competence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzenna Guzicka
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Tomasz A Pawlowski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Staszak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Roman Rozkowski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Daniel J Chmura
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Triozzi PM, Ramos-Sánchez JM, Hernández-Verdeja T, Moreno-Cortés A, Allona I, Perales M. Photoperiodic Regulation of Shoot Apical Growth in Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1030. [PMID: 30057588 PMCID: PMC6053638 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Woody perennials adapt their genetic traits to local climate conditions. Day length plays an essential role in the seasonal growth of poplar trees. When photoperiod falls below a given critical day length, poplars undergo growth cessation and bud set. A leaf-localized mechanism of photoperiod measurement triggers the transcriptional modulation of a long distance signaling molecule, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). This molecule targets meristem function giving rise to these seasonal responses. Studies over the past decade have identified conserved orthologous genes involved in photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis that regulate poplar vegetative growth. However, phenological and molecular examination of key photoperiod signaling molecules reveals functional differences between these two plant model systems suggesting alternative components and/or regulatory mechanisms operating during poplar vegetative growth. Here, we review current knowledge and provide new data regarding the molecular components of the photoperiod measuring mechanism that regulates annual growth in poplar focusing on main achievements and new perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo M. Triozzi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramos-Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Hernández-Verdeja
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Moreno-Cortés
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Allona
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Isabel Allona
| | - Mariano Perales
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- Mariano Perales
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li L, Cheng Z, Ma Y, Bai Q, Li X, Cao Z, Wu Z, Gao J. The association of hormone signalling genes, transcription and changes in shoot anatomy during moso bamboo growth. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:72-85. [PMID: 28499069 PMCID: PMC5785349 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Moso bamboo is a large, woody bamboo with the highest ecological, economic and cultural value of all the bamboo types and accounts for up to 70% of the total area of bamboo grown. However, the spatiotemporal variation role of moso bamboo shoot during growth period is still unclear. We found that the bamboo shoot growth can be divided into three distinct periods, including winter growth, early growth and late growth based on gene expression and anatomy. In the early growth period, lateral buds germinated from the top of the bamboo joint in the shoot tip. Intercalary meristems grew vigorously during the winter growth period and early growth period, but in the late growth period, mitosis in the intercalary meristems decreased. The expression of cell cycle-associated genes and the quantity of differentially expressed genes were higher in early growth than those in late growth, appearing to be influenced by hormonal concentrations. Gene expression analysis indicates that hormone signalling genes play key roles in shoot growth, while auxin signalling genes play a central role. In situ hybridization analyses illustrate how auxin signalling genes regulate apical dominance, meristem maintenance and lateral bud development. Our study provides a vivid picture of the dynamic changes in anatomy and gene expression during shoot growth in moso bamboo, and how hormone signalling-associated genes participate in moso bamboo shoot growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- International Center for Bamboo and RattanKey Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and TechnologyState Forestry AdministrationBeijingChina
| | - Zhanchao Cheng
- International Center for Bamboo and RattanKey Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and TechnologyState Forestry AdministrationBeijingChina
| | - Yanjun Ma
- International Center for Bamboo and RattanKey Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and TechnologyState Forestry AdministrationBeijingChina
| | - Qingsong Bai
- International Center for Bamboo and RattanKey Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and TechnologyState Forestry AdministrationBeijingChina
| | - Xiangyu Li
- International Center for Bamboo and RattanKey Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and TechnologyState Forestry AdministrationBeijingChina
| | - Zhihua Cao
- Anhui Academy of ForestryHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Zhongneng Wu
- Anhui Academy of ForestryHefeiAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Jian Gao
- International Center for Bamboo and RattanKey Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and TechnologyState Forestry AdministrationBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chomicki G, Coiro M, Renner SS. Evolution and ecology of plant architecture: integrating insights from the fossil record, extant morphology, developmental genetics and phylogenies. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:855-891. [PMID: 29165551 PMCID: PMC5710528 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to most animals, plants have an indeterminate body plan, which allows them to add new body parts during their lifetime. A plant's realized modular construction is the result of exogenous constraints and endogenous processes. This review focuses on endogenous processes that shape plant architectures and their evolution. SCOPE The phylogenetic distribution of plant growth forms across the phylogeny implies that body architectures have originated and been lost repeatedly, being shaped by a limited set of genetic pathways. We (1) synthesize concepts of plant architecture, so far captured in 23 models; (2) extend them to the fossil record; (3) summarize what is known about their developmental genetics; (4) use a phylogenetic approach in several groups to infer how plant architecture has changed and by which intermediate steps; and (5) discuss which macroecological factors may constrain the geographic and ecological distribution of plant architectures. CONCLUSIONS Dichotomously branching Paleozoic plants already encompassed a considerable diversity of growth forms, here captured in 12 new architectural models. Plotting the frequency of branching types through time based on an analysis of 58 927 land plant fossils revealed a decrease in dichotomous branching throughout the Devonian and Carboniferous, mirrored by an increase in other branching types including axillary branching. We suggest that the evolution of seed plant megaphyllous leaves enabling axillary branching contributed to the demise of dichotomous architectures. The developmental-genetic bases for key architectural traits underlying sympodial vs. monopodial branching, rhythmic vs. continuous growth, and axillary branching and its localization are becoming well understood, while the molecular basis of dichotomous branching and plagiotropy remains elusive. Three phylogenetic case studies of architecture evolution in conifers, Aloe and monocaulous arborescent vascular plants reveal relationships between architectural models and show that some are labile in given groups, whereas others are widely conserved, apparently shaped by ecological factors, such as intercepted sunlight, temperature, humidity and seasonality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chomicki
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Coiro
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tarancón C, González-Grandío E, Oliveros JC, Nicolas M, Cubas P. A Conserved Carbon Starvation Response Underlies Bud Dormancy in Woody and Herbaceous Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:788. [PMID: 28588590 PMCID: PMC5440562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant shoot systems give rise to characteristic above-ground plant architectures. Shoots are formed from axillary meristems and buds, whose growth and development is modulated by systemic and local signals. These cues convey information about nutrient and water availability, light quality, sink/source organ activity and other variables that determine the timeliness and competence to maintain development of new shoots. This information is translated into a local response, in meristems and buds, of growth or quiescence. Although some key genes involved in the onset of bud latency have been identified, the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) controlled by these genes are not well defined. Moreover, it has not been determined whether bud dormancy induced by environmental cues, such as a low red-to-far-red light ratio, shares genetic mechanisms with bud latency induced by other causes, such as apical dominance or a short-day photoperiod. Furthermore, the evolution and conservation of these GRNs throughout angiosperms is not well established. We have reanalyzed public transcriptomic datasets that compare quiescent and active axillary buds of Arabidopsis, with datasets of axillary buds of the woody species Vitis vinifera (grapevine) and apical buds of Populus tremula x Populus alba (poplar) during the bud growth-to-dormancy transition. Our aim was to identify potentially common GRNs induced during the process that leads to bud para-, eco- and endodormancy. In Arabidopsis buds that are entering eco- or paradormancy, we have identified four induced interrelated GRNs that correspond to a carbon (C) starvation syndrome, typical of tissues undergoing low C supply. This response is also detectable in poplar and grapevine buds before and during the transition to dormancy. In all eukaryotes, C-limiting conditions are coupled to growth arrest and latency like that observed in dormant axillary buds. Bud dormancy might thus be partly a consequence of the underlying C starvation syndrome triggered by environmental and endogenous cues that anticipate or signal conditions unfavorable for sustained shoot growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Tarancón
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo González-Grandío
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Oliveros
- Bioinformatics for Genomics and Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Michael Nicolas
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Cubas
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu YY, Yang KZ, Wei XX, Wang XQ. Revisiting the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) gene family reveals cryptic FLOWERING LOCUS T gene homologs in gymnosperms and sheds new light on functional evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:730-744. [PMID: 27375201 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms and gymnosperms are two major groups of extant seed plants. It has been suggested that gymnosperms lack FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a key integrator at the core of flowering pathways in angiosperms. Taking advantage of newly released gymnosperm genomes, we revisited the evolutionary history of the plant phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) gene family through phylogenetic reconstruction. Expression patterns in three gymnosperm taxa and heterologous expression in Arabidopsis were studied to investigate the functions of gymnosperm FT-like and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)-like genes. Phylogenetic reconstruction suggests that an ancient gene duplication predating the divergence of seed plants gave rise to the FT and TFL1 genes. Expression patterns indicate that gymnosperm TFL1-like genes play a role in the reproductive development process, while GymFT1 and GymFT2, the FT-like genes resulting from a duplication event in the common ancestor of gymnosperms, function in both growth rhythm and sexual development pathways. When expressed in Arabidopsis, both spruce FT-like and TFL1-like genes repressed flowering. Our study demonstrates that gymnosperms do have FT-like and TFL1-like genes. Frequent gene and genome duplications contributed significantly to the expansion of the plant PEBP gene family. The expression patterns of gymnosperm PEBP genes provide novel insight into the functional evolution of this gene family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ke-Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Xiao-Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rinne PLH, Paul LK, Vahala J, Kangasjärvi J, van der Schoot C. Axillary buds are dwarfed shoots that tightly regulate GA pathway and GA-inducible 1,3-β-glucanase genes during branching in hybrid aspen. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5975-5991. [PMID: 27697786 PMCID: PMC5100014 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Axillary buds (AXBs) of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula×P. tremuloides) contain a developing dwarfed shoot that becomes para-dormant at the bud maturation point. Para-dormant AXBs can grow out after stem decapitation, while dormant AXBs pre-require long-term chilling to release them from dormancy. The latter is mediated by gibberellin (GA)-regulated 1,3-β-glucanases, but it is unknown if GA is also important in the development, activation, and outgrowth of para-dormant AXBs. The present data show that para-dormant AXBs up-regulate GA receptor genes during their maturation, but curtail GA biosynthesis by down-regulating the rate-limiting GIBBERELLIN 3-OXIDASE2 (GA3ox2), which is characteristically expressed in the growing apex. However, decapitation significantly up-regulated GA3ox2 and GA4-responsive 1,3-β-glucanases (GH17-family; α-clade). In contrast, decapitation down-regulated γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases, which were strongly up-regulated in maturing AXBs concomitant with lipid body accumulation. Overexpression of selected GH17 members in hybrid aspen resulted in characteristic branching patterns. The α-clade member induced an acropetal branching pattern, whereas the γ-clade member activated AXBs in recurrent flushes during transient cessation of apex proliferation. The results support a model in which curtailing the final step in GA biosynthesis dwarfs the embryonic shoot, while high levels of GA precursors and GA receptors keep AXBs poised for growth. GA signaling, induced by decapitation, reinvigorates symplasmic supply routes through GA-inducible 1,3-β-glucanases that hydrolyze callose at sieve plates and plasmodesmata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Laju K Paul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jorma Vahala
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yamagishi N, Kume K, Hikage T, Takahashi Y, Bidadi H, Wakameda K, Saitoh Y, Yoshikawa N, Tsutsumi KI. Identification and functional analysis of SVP ortholog in herbaceous perennial plant Gentiana triflora: Implication for its multifunctional roles. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 248:1-7. [PMID: 27181941 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Information concerning to regulation of vegetative phase and floral initiation in herbaceous perennial plants has been limited to a few plant species. To know and compare flowering regulation in a wider range of plant species, we identified and characterized SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP)-like genes (GtSVP-L1 and GtSVP-L2) from herbaceous perennial gentian (Gentiana triflora). Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV)-mediated silencing of the GtSVP-L1 in G. triflora seedlings resulted in early flowering and shortened vegetative phase by about one-third period of time, without vernalization. This indicated that GtSVP-L1 acts as a negative regulator of flowering and vegetative phase. Seasonal change in the expression of GtSVP was monitored in the overwinter buds (OWBs) of G. triflora. It was found that the levels of GtSVP-L1 mRNA in OWBs increased concomitantly with induction and/or maintenance of dormancy, then decreased toward release from dormancy, while that of GtSVP-L2 mRNA remained low and unchanged. These results implied that, in herbaceous perennial plants, SVP ortholog might concern to activity-dormancy control, as well as negative regulation in flowering. Practically, these results can be applicable to non-time-consuming technologies for breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yamagishi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kohei Kume
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Hikage
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Hachimantai City Floricultural Research and Development Center, Hachimantai, Iwate 028-7592, Japan
| | - Yui Takahashi
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Haniyeh Bidadi
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Keisuke Wakameda
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yasushi Saitoh
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Tsutsumi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Holliday JA, Zhou L, Bawa R, Zhang M, Oubida RW. Evidence for extensive parallelism but divergent genomic architecture of adaptation along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in Populus trichocarpa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1240-51. [PMID: 26372471 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to climate across latitude and altitude reflects shared climatic constraints, which may lead to parallel adaptation. However, theory predicts that higher gene flow should favor more concentrated genomic architectures, which would lead to fewer locally maladapted recombinants. We used exome capture to resequence the gene space along a latitudinal and two altitudinal transects in the model tree Populus trichocapra. Adaptive trait phenotyping was coupled with FST outlier tests and sliding window analysis to assess the degree of parallel adaptation as well as the genomic distribution of outlier loci. Up to 51% of outlier loci overlapped between transect pairs and up to 15% of these loci overlapped among all three transects. Genomic clustering of adaptive loci was more pronounced for altitudinal than latitudinal transects. In both altitudinal transects, there was a larger number of these 'islands of divergence', which were on average longer and included several of exceptional physical length. Our results suggest that recapitulation of genetic clines over latitude and altitude involves extensive parallelism, but that steep altitudinal clines generate islands of divergence. This suggests that physical proximity of genes in coadapted complexes may buffer against the movement of maladapted alleles from geographically proximal but climatically distinct populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Holliday
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 304 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lecong Zhou
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 304 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Rajesh Bawa
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 304 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 304 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Regis W Oubida
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 304 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ding J, Nilsson O. Molecular regulation of phenology in trees-because the seasons they are a-changin'. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 29:73-9. [PMID: 26748352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The perennial trees, in contrast to the much more studied annual plants, have to adapt their vegetative growth and development to the sometimes extremely contrasting environmental conditions that occur over the different seasons. Recently, studies of the molecular framework underlying this adaptation in Populus trees is reinforcing the notion that the genetic pathways controlling growth and dormancy cycles have a remarkable conservation with the pathways controlling the regulation of flowering time in annual plants. Insight into these mechanisms will be important for our understanding of how trees will respond to various future global climate scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Ding
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Parmentier-Line CM, Coleman GD. Constitutive expression of the Poplar FD-like basic leucine zipper transcription factor alters growth and bud development. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:260-70. [PMID: 25915693 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In poplar, the CO/FT regulatory module mediates seasonal growth cessation. Although FT interacts with the basic leucine zipper transcription factor FD, surprisingly little is known about the possible role of FD in bud development and growth cessation in trees. In this study, we examined the expression and localization of the poplar FD homolog, PtFD1, during short-day (SD)-induced bud development, and the consequences of overexpressing PtFD1 on bud development and shoot growth. PtFD1 was primarily expressed in apical and axillary buds and exhibited a transient increase in expression during the initial stages of SD-induced bud development. This transient increase declined with continued SD treatment. When PtFD1 was overexpressed in poplar, SD-induced growth cessation and bud formation were abolished. PTFD1 overexpression also resulted in precocious flowering of juvenile plants in long-day (LD) photoperiods. Because the phenotypes associated with overexpression of PtFD1 are similar to those observe when poplar FT1 is overexpressed (Science, 312, 2006, 1040), the expression and diurnal patterns of expression of both poplar FT1 and FT2 were characterized in PtFD1 overexpression poplars and found to be altered. DNA microarray analysis revealed few differences in gene expression between PtFD1 overexpressing poplars in LD conditions while extensive levels of differential gene expression occur in SD-treated plants. These results enforce the connection between the regulation of flowering and the regulation of growth cessation and bud development in poplar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile M Parmentier-Line
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Gary D Coleman
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fennell AY, Schlauch KA, Gouthu S, Deluc LG, Khadka V, Sreekantan L, Grimplet J, Cramer GR, Mathiason KL. Short day transcriptomic programming during induction of dormancy in grapevine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:834. [PMID: 26582400 PMCID: PMC4632279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bud dormancy in grapevine is an adaptive strategy for the survival of drought, high and low temperatures and freeze dehydration stress that limit the range of cultivar adaptation. Therefore, development of a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in bud dormancy is needed to promote advances in selection and breeding, and to develop improved cultural practices for existing grape cultivars. The seasonally indeterminate grapevine, which continuously develops compound axillary buds during the growing season, provides an excellent system for dissecting dormancy, because the grapevine does not transition through terminal bud development prior to dormancy. This study used gene expression patterns and targeted metabolite analysis of two grapevine genotypes that are short photoperiod responsive (Vitis riparia) and non-responsive (V. hybrid, Seyval) for dormancy development to determine differences between bud maturation and dormancy commitment. Grapevine gene expression and metabolites were monitored at seven time points under long (LD, 15 h) and short (SD, 13 h) day treatments. The use of age-matched buds and a small (2 h) photoperiod difference minimized developmental differences and allowed us to separate general photoperiod from dormancy specific gene responses. Gene expression profiles indicated three distinct phases (perception, induction and dormancy) in SD-induced dormancy development in V. riparia. Different genes from the NAC DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 19 and WRKY families of transcription factors were differentially expressed in each phase of dormancy. Metabolite and transcriptome analyses indicated ABA, trehalose, raffinose and resveratrol compounds have a potential role in dormancy commitment. Finally, a comparison between V. riparia compound axillary bud dormancy and dormancy responses in other species emphasized the relationship between dormancy and the expression of RESVERATROL SYNTHASE and genes associated with C3HC4-TYPE RING FINGER and NAC DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 19 transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Y. Fennell
- Northern Plains BioStress Laboratory, Plant Science Department, South Dakota State UniversityBrookings, SD, USA
| | - Karen A. Schlauch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, RenoReno, NV, USA
| | | | - Laurent G. Deluc
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Vedbar Khadka
- Northern Plains BioStress Laboratory, Plant Science Department, South Dakota State UniversityBrookings, SD, USA
| | - Lekha Sreekantan
- Northern Plains BioStress Laboratory, Plant Science Department, South Dakota State UniversityBrookings, SD, USA
| | - Jerome Grimplet
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja)Logroño, Spain
| | - Grant R. Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, RenoReno, NV, USA
| | - Katherine L. Mathiason
- Northern Plains BioStress Laboratory, Plant Science Department, South Dakota State UniversityBrookings, SD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rinne PLH, Paul LK, Vahala J, Ruonala R, Kangasjärvi J, van der Schoot C. Long and short photoperiod buds in hybrid aspen share structural development and expression patterns of marker genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6745-60. [PMID: 26248666 PMCID: PMC4623686 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tree architecture develops over time through the collective activity of apical and axillary meristems. Although the capacity of both meristems to form buds is crucial for perennial life, a comparative analysis is lacking. As shown here for hybrid aspen, axillary meristems engage in an elaborate process of axillary bud (AXB) formation, while apical dominance prevents outgrowth of branches. Development ceased when AXBs had formed an embryonic shoot (ES) with a predictable number of embryonic leaves at the bud maturation point (BMP). Under short days, terminal buds (TBs) formed an ES similar to that of AXBs, and both the TB and young AXBs above the BMP established dormancy. Quantitative PCR and in situ hybridizations showed that this shared ability and structural similarity was reflected at the molecular level. TBs and AXBs similarly regulated expression of meristem-specific and bud/branching-related genes, including CENTRORADIALIS-LIKE1 (CENL1), BRANCHED1 (BRC1), BRC2, and the strigolactone biosynthesis gene MORE AXILLARY BRANCHES1 (MAX1). Below the BMP, AXBs maintained high CENL1 expression at the rib meristem, suggesting that it serves to maintain poise for growth. In support of this, decapitation initiated outgrowth of CENL1-expressing AXBs, but not of dormant AXBs that had switched CENL1 off. This singles out CENL1 as a rib meristem marker for para-dormancy. BRC1 and MAX1 genes, which may counterbalance CENL1, were down-regulated in decapitation-activated AXBs. The results showed that removal of apical dominance shifted AXB gene expression toward that of apices, while developing TBs adopted the expression pattern of para-dormant AXBs. Bud development thus follows a shared developmental pattern at terminal and axillary positions, despite being triggered by short days and apical dominance, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Laju K Paul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jorma Vahala
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raili Ruonala
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Howe GT, Horvath DP, Dharmawardhana P, Priest HD, Mockler TC, Strauss SH. Extensive Transcriptome Changes During Natural Onset and Release of Vegetative Bud Dormancy in Populus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:989. [PMID: 26734012 PMCID: PMC4681841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To survive winter, many perennial plants become endodormant, a state of suspended growth maintained even in favorable growing environments. To understand vegetative bud endodormancy, we collected paradormant, endodormant, and ecodormant axillary buds from Populus trees growing under natural conditions. Of 44,441 Populus gene models analyzed using NimbleGen microarrays, we found that 1,362 (3.1%) were differentially expressed among the three dormancy states, and 429 (1.0%) were differentially expressed during only one of the two dormancy transitions (FDR p-value < 0.05). Of all differentially expressed genes, 69% were down-regulated from paradormancy to endodormancy, which was expected given the lower metabolic activity associated with endodormancy. Dormancy transitions were accompanied by changes in genes associated with DNA methylation (via RNA-directed DNA methylation) and histone modifications (via Polycomb Repressive Complex 2), confirming and extending knowledge of chromatin modifications as major features of dormancy transitions. Among the chromatin-associated genes, two genes similar to SPT (SUPPRESSOR OF TY) were strongly up-regulated during endodormancy. Transcription factor genes and gene sets that were atypically up-regulated during endodormancy include a gene that seems to encode a trihelix transcription factor and genes associated with proteins involved in responses to ethylene, cold, and other abiotic stresses. These latter transcription factors include ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3), ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (EBP), ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF), ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 10 (ZAT10), ZAT12, and WRKY DNA-binding domain proteins. Analyses of phytohormone-associated genes suggest important changes in responses to ethylene, auxin, and brassinosteroids occur during endodormancy. We found weaker evidence for changes in genes associated with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, and little evidence for important changes in genes associated with gibberellins, abscisic acid, and cytokinin. We identified 315 upstream sequence motifs associated with eight patterns of gene expression, including novel motifs and motifs associated with the circadian clock and responses to photoperiod, cold, dehydration, and ABA. Analogies between flowering and endodormancy suggest important roles for genes similar to SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL), DORMANCY ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX (DAM), and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T. Howe
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - David P. Horvath
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research ServiceFargo, ND, USA
| | - Palitha Dharmawardhana
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Henry D. Priest
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSaint Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in Saint LouisSaint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Todd C. Mockler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSaint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- *Correspondence: Steven H. Strauss,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
van der Schoot C, Rinne PLH. Mapping symplasmic fields at the shoot apical meristem using iontophoresis and membrane potential measurements. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:157-71. [PMID: 25287203 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microinjections of fluorescent dyes have revealed that the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is dynamically partitioned into symplasmic fields (SFs), implying that plasmodesmata (Pd) are held shut at specific locations in the proliferating cellular matrix. The SFs are integrated into a coherent morphogenetic unit by exchange of morphogens and transcription factors via gating Pd between adjacent SFs, and by ligand-receptor interactions that operate across the extracellular space. We describe a method for the real-time mapping of SF in the SAM by iontophoresis and membrane potential measurements.
Collapse
|
37
|
Juntheikki-Palovaara I, Tähtiharju S, Lan T, Broholm SK, Rijpkema AS, Ruonala R, Kale L, Albert VA, Teeri TH, Elomaa P. Functional diversification of duplicated CYC2 clade genes in regulation of inflorescence development in Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:783-96. [PMID: 24923429 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The complex inflorescences (capitula) of Asteraceae consist of different types of flowers. In Gerbera hybrida (gerbera), the peripheral ray flowers are bilaterally symmetrical and lack functional stamens while the central disc flowers are more radially symmetrical and hermaphroditic. Proteins of the CYC2 subclade of the CYC/TB1-like TCP domain transcription factors have been recruited several times independently for parallel evolution of bilaterally symmetrical flowers in various angiosperm plant lineages, and have also been shown to regulate flower-type identity in Asteraceae. The CYC2 subclade genes in gerbera show largely overlapping gene expression patterns. At the level of single flowers, their expression domain in petals shows a spatial shift from the dorsal pattern known so far in species with bilaterally symmetrical flowers, suggesting that this change in expression may have evolved after the origin of Asteraceae. Functional analysis indicates that GhCYC2, GhCYC3 and GhCYC4 mediate positional information at the proximal-distal axis of the inflorescence, leading to differentiation of ray flowers, but that they also regulate ray flower petal growth by affecting cell proliferation until the final size and shape of the petals is reached. Moreover, our data show functional diversification for the GhCYC5 gene. Ectopic activation of GhCYC5 increases flower density in the inflorescence, suggesting that GhCYC5 may promote the flower initiation rate during expansion of the capitulum. Our data thus indicate that modification of the ancestral network of TCP factors has, through gene duplications, led to the establishment of new expression domains and to functional diversification.
Collapse
|
38
|
van der Schoot C, Paul LK, Rinne PLH. The embryonic shoot: a lifeline through winter. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1699-712. [PMID: 24368502 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The tiny vascular axis of the embryo emerges post-embryonically as an elaborate and critical infrastructure, pervading the entire plant system. Its expansive nature is especially impressive in trees, where growth and development continue for extended periods. While the shoot apical meristem (SAM) orchestrates primary morphogenesis, the vascular system is mapped out in its wake in the provascular cylinder, situated just below the emerging leaf primordia and surrounding the rib meristem. Formation of leaf primordia and provascular tissues is incompatible with the harsh conditions of winter. Deciduous trees of boreal and temperate climates therefore enter a survival mode at the end of the season. However, to be competitive, they need to maximize their growth period while avoiding cellular frost damage. Trees achieve this by monitoring photoperiod, and by timely implementation of a survival strategy that schedules downstream events, including growth cessation, terminal bud formation, dormancy assumption, acquisition of freezing tolerance, and shedding of leaves. Of central importance are buds, which contain an embryonic shoot that allows shoot development and elongation in spring. The genetic and molecular processes that drive the cycle in synchrony with the seasons are largely elusive. Here, we review what is known about the signals and signal conduits that are involved, the processes that are initiated, and the developmental transitions that ensue in a terminal bud. We propose that addressing dormancy as a property of the SAM and the bud as a unique shoot type will facilitate our understanding of winter dormancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan van der Schoot
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ursache R, Heo JO, Helariutta Y. Plant Vascular Biology 2013: vascular trafficking. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1673-1680. [PMID: 24431156 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
About 200 researchers from around the world attended the Third International Conference on Plant Vascular Biology (PVB 2013) held in July 2013 at the Rantapuisto Conference Center, in Helsinki, Finland (http://www.pvb2013.org). The plant vascular system, which connects every organ in the mature plant, continues to attract the interest of researchers representing a wide range of disciplines, including development, physiology, systems biology, and computational biology. At the meeting, participants discussed the latest research advances in vascular development, long- and short-distance vascular transport and long-distance signalling in plant defence, in addition to providing a context for how these studies intersect with each other. The meeting provided an opportunity for researchers working across a broad range of fields to share ideas and to discuss future directions in the expanding field of vascular biology. In this report, the latest advances in understanding the mechanism of vascular trafficking presented at the meeting have been summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robertas Ursache
- Institute of Biotechnology/Department of Bio and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sarath G, Baird LM, Mitchell RB. Senescence, dormancy and tillering in perennial C4 grasses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 217-218:140-51. [PMID: 24467906 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Perennial, temperate, C4 grasses, such as switchgrass and miscanthus have been tabbed as sources of herbaceous biomass for the production of green fuels and chemicals based on a number of positive agronomic traits. Although there is important literature on the management of these species for biomass production on marginal lands, numerous aspects of their biology are as yet unexplored at the molecular level. Perenniality, a key agronomic trait, is a function of plant dormancy and winter survival of the below-ground parts of the plants. These include the crowns, rhizomes and meristems that will produce tillers. Maintaining meristem viability is critical for the continued survival of the plants. Plant tillers emerge from the dormant crown and rhizome meristems at the start of the growing period in the spring, progress through a phase of vegetative growth, followed by flowering and eventually undergo senescence. There is nutrient mobilization from the aerial portions of the plant to the crowns and rhizomes during tiller senescence. Signals arising from the shoots and from the environment can be expected to be integrated as the plants enter into dormancy. Plant senescence and dormancy have been well studied in several dicot species and offer a potential framework to understand these processes in temperate C4 perennial grasses. The availability of latitudinally adapted populations for switchgrass presents an opportunity to dissect molecular mechanisms that can impact senescence, dormancy and winter survival. Given the large increase in genomic and other resources for switchgrass, it is anticipated that projected molecular studies with switchgrass will have a broader impact on related species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Sarath
- USDA-ARS Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, United States; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States.
| | - Lisa M Baird
- Biology Department, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, United States.
| | - Robert B Mitchell
- USDA-ARS Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, United States; Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Trupiano D, Rocco M, Renzone G, Scaloni A, Rossi M, Viscosi V, Chiatante D, Scippa GS. Temporal analysis of poplar woody root response to bending stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 150:174-193. [PMID: 23683290 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Temperate perennial woody plants use different environmental signals to coordinate their growth and development in relation to seasonal changes. Preliminary evidences suggest that, even during dormancy, plants maintain effective metabolic activities and molecular mechanisms ensuring them an eventual recording of mechanical loads during winter times. Despite their great importance for productivity and survival, plant biology investigations have poorly characterized the root growth cycle and its response to environmental stresses. In this study, we describe the proteomic changes occurring over the time in poplar root either in the absence or in response to a bending stress; corresponding expression of cell cycle regulator and auxin transporter genes was also evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Our results confirm previous evidences on the effect of the bending stress on the anticipation of root growth resumption, providing additional insights on a temporal modulation of various plant metabolic processes involved in dormancy break, growth resumption and stress response in the bent root; these events seem related to the differential compression and tension force distribution occurring over the plant taproot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Trupiano
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, University of Molise, 86090 , Pesche, IS, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Paul LK, Rinne PLH, van der Schoot C. Shoot meristems of deciduous woody perennials: self-organization and morphogenetic transitions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 17:86-95. [PMID: 24507499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Shoot apical meristems of deciduous woody perennials share gross structural features with other angiosperms, but are unique in the seasonal regulation of vegetative and floral meristems. Supporting longevity, flowering is postponed to the adult phase, and restricted to some axillary meristems. In cold climates, photoperiodic timing mechanisms and chilling are recruited to schedule end-of-season growth arrest, dormancy cycling and flowering. We review recently uncovered generic meristem properties, perennial meristem fate, and the role of CENL1, FT1 and FT2 in bud formation and flowering. We also highlight novel findings, suggesting that dormancy release is mediated by mobile lipid bodies that deliver enzymes to plasmodesmata to recover symplasmic communication and meristem function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laju K Paul
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Christiaan van der Schoot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
De Storme N, Geelen D. Callose homeostasis at plasmodesmata: molecular regulators and developmental relevance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:138. [PMID: 24795733 PMCID: PMC4001042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined channels that are located in the plant cell wall and that physically interconnect the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of adjacent cells. Operating as controllable gates, plasmodesmata regulate the symplastic trafficking of micro- and macromolecules, such as endogenous proteins [transcription factors (TFs)] and RNA-based signals (mRNA, siRNA, etc.), hence mediating direct cell-to-cell communication and long distance signaling. Besides this physiological role, plasmodesmata also form gateways through which viral genomes can pass, largely facilitating the pernicious spread of viral infections. Plasmodesmatal trafficking is either passive (e.g., diffusion) or active and responses both to developmental and environmental stimuli. In general, plasmodesmatal conductivity is regulated by the controlled build-up of callose at the plasmodesmatal neck, largely mediated by the antagonistic action of callose synthases (CalSs) and β-1,3-glucanases. Here, in this theory and hypothesis paper, we outline the importance of callose metabolism in PD SEL control, and highlight the main molecular factors involved. In addition, we also review other proteins that regulate symplastic PD transport, both in a developmental and stress-responsive framework, and discuss on their putative role in the modulation of PD callose turn-over. Finally, we hypothesize on the role of structural sterols in the regulation of (PD) callose deposition and outline putative mechanisms by which this regulation may occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny Geelen
- *Correspondence: Danny Geelen, Laboratory for In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shim D, Ko JH, Kim WC, Wang Q, Keathley DE, Han KH. A molecular framework for seasonal growth-dormancy regulation in perennial plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2014; 1:14059. [PMID: 26504555 PMCID: PMC4591672 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The timing of the onset and release of dormancy impacts the survival, productivity and spatial distribution of temperate horticultural and forestry perennials and is mediated by at least three main regulatory programs involving signal perception and processing by phytochromes (PHYs) and PHY-interacting transcription factors (PIFs). PIF4 functions as a key regulator of plant growth in response to both external and internal signals. In poplar, the expression of PIF4 and PIF3-LIKE1 is upregulated in response to short days, while PHYA and PHYB are not regulated at the transcriptional level. Integration of light and environmental signals is achieved by gating the expression and transcriptional activity of PIF4. During this annual cycle, auxin promotes the degradation of Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors through the SKP-Cullin-F-boxTIR1 complex, relieving the repression of auxin-responsive genes by allowing auxin response factors (ARFs) to activate the transcription of auxin-responsive genes involved in growth responses. Analyses of transcriptome changes during dormancy transitions have identified MADS-box transcription factors associated with endodormancy induction. Previous studies show that poplar dormancy-associated MADS-box (DAM) genes PtMADS7 and PtMADS21 are differentially regulated during the growth-dormancy cycle. Endodormancy may be regulated by internal factors, which are specifically localized in buds. PtMADS7/PtMADS21 may function as an internal regulator in poplar. The control of flowering time shares certain regulatory hierarchies with control of the dormancy/growth cycle. However, the particularities of different stages of the dormancy/growth cycle warrant comprehensive approaches to identify the causative genes for the entire cycle. A growing body of knowledge also indicates epigenetic regulation plays a role in these processes in perennial horticultural and forestry plants. The increased knowledge contributes to better understanding of the dormancy process and consequently to precise manipulation of dormancy-related horticultural traits, such as flowering time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Shim
- Schatz Center for Tree Molecular Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chan Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Qijun Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Konjac Research Center, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Daniel E Keathley
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kyung-Hwan Han
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Khan MRG, Ai XY, Zhang JZ. Genetic regulation of flowering time in annual and perennial plants. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2013; 5:347-59. [DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rehman Gul Khan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Jin-Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bernier G. My favourite flowering image: the role of cytokinin as a flowering signal. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5795-9. [PMID: 21586428 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
My favourite flowering image shows a section in a shoot apical meristem of Sinapis alba undertaking the very first step of its transition to flowering. This step is the activation of the SaSOC1 gene, the Sinapis orthologue of Arabidopsis SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1 (SOC1), in a few central cells of the meristem. Hidden behind this picture is my long quest of physiological signals controlling flowering. Milestones of this story are briefly recounted here and this gives me an opportunity to raise a number of questions about the nature and function of florigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georges Bernier
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
He CY, Cui K, Zhang JG, Duan AG, Zeng YF. Next-generation sequencing-based mRNA and microRNA expression profiling analysis revealed pathways involved in the rapid growth of developing culms in Moso bamboo. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:119. [PMID: 23964682 PMCID: PMC3765735 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the fastest-growing lignocellulose-abundant plants on Earth, bamboos can reach their final height quickly due to the expansion of individual internodes already present in the buds; however, the molecular processes underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. Pubescens) internodes from four different developmental stages and three different internodes within the same stage were used in our study to investigate the molecular processes at the transcriptome and post-transcriptome level. RESULTS Our anatomical observations indicated the development of culms was dominated by cell division in the initial stages and by cell elongation in the middle and late stages. The four major endogenous hormones appeared to actively promote culm development. Using next-generation sequencing-based RNA-Seq, mRNA and microRNA expression profiling technology, we produced a transcriptome and post-transcriptome in possession of a large fraction of annotated Moso bamboo genes, and provided a molecular basis underlying the phenomenon of sequentially elongated internodes from the base to the top. Several key pathways such as environmental adaptation, signal transduction, translation, transport and many metabolisms were identified as involved in the rapid elongation of bamboo culms. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on the temporal and spatial transcriptome and gene expression and microRNA profiling in a developing bamboo culms. In addition to gaining more insight into the unique growth characteristics of bamboo, we provide a good case study to analyze gene, microRNA expression and profiling of non-model plant species using high-throughput short-read sequencing. Also, we demonstrate that the integrated analysis of our multi-omics data, including transcriptome, post-transcriptome, proteome, yield more complete representations and additional biological insights, especially the complex dynamic processes occurring in Moso bamboo culms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-yun He
- State key laboratory of tree genetics and breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Kai Cui
- State key laboratory of tree genetics and breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jian-guo Zhang
- State key laboratory of tree genetics and breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ai-guo Duan
- State key laboratory of tree genetics and breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yan-fei Zeng
- State key laboratory of tree genetics and breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bai S, Saito T, Sakamoto D, Ito A, Fujii H, Moriguchi T. Transcriptome analysis of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) flower buds transitioning through endodormancy. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1132-51. [PMID: 23624675 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptomes of endodormant and ecodormant Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai 'Kosui') flower buds were analyzed using RNA-seq technology and compared. Among de novo assembly of 114,191 unigenes, 76,995 unigenes were successfully annotated by BLAST searches against various databases. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that oxidoreductases were enriched in the molecular function category, a result consistent with previous observations of notable changes in hydrogen peroxide concentration during endodormancy release. In the GO categories related to biological process, the abundance of DNA methylation-related gene transcripts also significantly changed during endodormancy release, indicating the involvement of epigenetic regulation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis also showed the changes in transcript abundance of genes involved in the metabolism of various phytohormones. Genes for both ABA and gibberellin biosynthesis were down-regulated, whereas the genes encoding their degradation enzymes were up-regulated during endodormancy release. In the ethylene pathway, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), a gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme for ethylene biosynthesis, was induced towards endodormancy release. All of these results indicated the involvement of phytohormones in endodormancy release. Furthermore, the expression of dormancy-associated MADS-box (DAM) genes was down-regulated concomitant with endodormancy release, although changes in the abundance of these gene transcripts were not as significant as those identified by transcriptome analysis. Consequently, characterization of the Japanese pear transcriptome during the transition from endormancy to ecodormancy will provide researchers with useful information for data mining and will facilitate further experiments on endodormancy especially in rosaceae fruit trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songling Bai
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605 Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Collakova E, Klumas C, Suren H, Myers E, Heath LS, Holliday JA, Grene R. Evidence for extensive heterotrophic metabolism, antioxidant action, and associated regulatory events during winter hardening in Sitka spruce. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:72. [PMID: 23631437 PMCID: PMC3651351 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold acclimation in woody perennials is a metabolically intensive process, but coincides with environmental conditions that are not conducive to the generation of energy through photosynthesis. While the negative effects of low temperatures on the photosynthetic apparatus during winter have been well studied, less is known about how this is reflected at the level of gene and metabolite expression, nor how the plant generates primary metabolites needed for adaptive processes during autumn. RESULTS The MapMan tool revealed enrichment of the expression of genes related to mitochondrial function, antioxidant and associated regulatory activity, while changes in metabolite levels over the time course were consistent with the gene expression patterns observed. Genes related to thylakoid function were down-regulated as expected, with the exception of plastid targeted specific antioxidant gene products such as thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidase, components of the reactive oxygen species scavenging cycle, and the plastid terminal oxidase. In contrast, the conventional and alternative mitochondrial electron transport chains, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and redox-associated proteins providing reactive oxygen species scavenging generated by electron transport chains functioning at low temperatures were all active. CONCLUSIONS A regulatory mechanism linking thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidase action with "chloroplast dormancy" is proposed. Most importantly, the energy and substrates required for the substantial metabolic remodeling that is a hallmark of freezing acclimation could be provided by heterotrophic metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Collakova
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Curtis Klumas
- Genetics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Haktan Suren
- Genetics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Elijah Myers
- Genetics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lenwood S Heath
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jason A Holliday
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ruth Grene
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Doğramacı M, Foley ME, Chao WS, Christoffers MJ, Anderson JV. Induction of endodormancy in crown buds of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) implicates a role for ethylene and cross-talk between photoperiod and temperature. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:577-93. [PMID: 23436173 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Leafy spurge is a model for studying well-defined phases of dormancy in underground adventitious buds (UABs) of herbaceous perennial weeds, which is a primary factor facilitating their escape from conventional control measures. A 12-week ramp down in both temperature (27 → 10 °C) and photoperiod (16 → 8 h light) is required to induce a transition from para- to endo-dormancy in UABs of leafy spurge. To evaluate the effects of photoperiod and temperature on molecular networks of UABs during this transition, we compared global transcriptome data-sets obtained from leafy spurge exposed to a ramp down in both temperature and photoperiod (RDtp) versus a ramp down in temperature (RDt) alone. Analysis of data-sets indicated that transcript abundance for genes associated with circadian clock, photoperiodism, flowering, and hormone responses (CCA1, COP1, HY5, MAF3, MAX2) preferentially increased in endodormant UABs. Gene-set enrichment analyses also highlighted metabolic pathways involved in endodormancy induction that were associated with ethylene, auxin, flavonoids, and carbohydrate metabolism; whereas, sub-network enrichment analyses identified hubs (CCA1, CO, FRI, miR172A, EINs, DREBs) of molecular networks associated with carbohydrate metabolism, circadian clock, flowering, and stress and hormone responses. These results helped refine existing models for the transition to endodormancy in UABs of leafy spurge, which strengthened the roles of circadian clock associated genes, DREBs, COP1-HY5, carbohydrate metabolism, and involvement of hormones (ABA, ethylene, and strigolactones). We further examined the effects of ethylene by application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) to paradormant plants without a ramp down treatment. New vegetative growth from UABs of ACC-treated plants resulted in a dwarfed phenotype that mimicked the growth response in RDtp-induced endodormant UABs. The results of this study provide new insights into dormancy regulation suggesting a short-photoperiod treatment provides an additive cross-talk effect with temperature signals that may impact ethylene's effect on AP2/ERF family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Münevver Doğramacı
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 1605 Albrecht Blvd. N., Fargo, ND, 58102-2765, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|