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Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Single Peanut Kernels by Combining Hyperspectral and Microscopic Imaging Technologies. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22134864. [PMID: 35808359 PMCID: PMC9269126 DOI: 10.3390/s22134864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To study the dynamic changes of nutrient consumption and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) accumulation in peanut kernels with fungal colonization, macro hyperspectral imaging technology combined with microscopic imaging was investigated. First, regression models to predict AFB1 contents from hyperspectral data ranging from 1000 to 2500 nm were developed and the results were compared before and after data normalization with Box-Cox transformation. The results indicated that the second-order derivative with a support vector regression (SVR) model using competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) achieved the best performance, with RC2 = 0.95 and RV2 = 0.93. Second, time-lapse microscopic images and spectroscopic data were captured and analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and synchrotron radiation-Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy. The time-lapse data revealed the temporal patterns of nutrient loss and aflatoxin accumulation in peanut kernels. The combination of macro and micro imaging technologies proved to be an effective way to detect the interaction mechanism of toxigenic fungus infecting peanuts and to predict the accumulation of AFB1 quantitatively.
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Mirowski J, Oliwa R, Oleksy M, Rój E, Tomaszewska J, Mizera K, Ryszkowska J. Composites of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Residual Hops after Supercritical Extraction in CO 2. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2736. [PMID: 34451274 PMCID: PMC8399245 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The common applications of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in many industries mean that the topic of recycling and disposal of post-consumer waste is still very important. One of the methods of reducing the negative impact of PVC waste on the natural environment is to use technological or post-consumer waste of this polymer to produce new composite materials with favorable utility properties, with the addition of natural fillers, among which agro-waste, including hop residue, is deserving of special attention. In this study, the effect of the addition of residual hops (H) on the mechanical and physicochemical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) was investigated. PVC blends containing 10, 20 and 30 wt % of hop residue were mixed in an extruder, while the specimens were obtained by the injection molding method. It was observed that the addition of H increased their thermostability, as shown by a Congo red test. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis showed that the degradation rate of PVC/H composites in the first and second stages of decomposition was lower in comparison with unmodified PVC. In turn, composite density, impact strength and tensile strength decreased significantly with an increasing concentration of filler in the PVC matrix. At the same time, their Young's modulus, flexural modulus and Rockwell hardness increased. Flame resistance tests showed that with an increasing residual hop content, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) decreased by 9.0; 11.8 and 13.6%, respectively, compared to unfilled PVC (LOI = 37.4%). In addition, the maximum heat release rate (pHRR) decreased with an increasing filler content by about 16, 24 and 31%, respectively. Overall, these composites were characterized by a good burning resistance and had a flammability rating of V0 according to the UL94 test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Mirowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.M.); (J.T.)
| | - Rafał Oliwa
- Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Oleksy
- Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Edward Rój
- Łukasiewicz Research Network–New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.M.); (J.T.)
| | - Kamila Mizera
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (J.R.)
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Ban Y, Prates LL, Feng X, Khan NA, Yu P. Novel Use of Ultra-Resolution Synchrotron Vibrational Micropectroscopy (SR-FT/vIMS) to Assess Carinata and Canola oilseed tissues within Cellular and Subcellular Dimensions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 246:118934. [PMID: 33032114 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted to: (1) apply advanced synchrotron radiation-based technique-SR-FT/vIMS to detect chemical profiles that are related to protein and carbohydrate biopolymers, (2) quantify the relationship between spectral features and nutrient utilization and bioavailability of newly developed carinata and canola seed lines. The molecular spectral features of these seed lines were analyzed using SR-FT/vIMS with both univariate and multivariate spectral analysis techniques. The results showed that the inherent structural characteristics of new carinata and new canola seeds could be detected by SR-FT/vIMS. The univariate molecular spectral analysis showed differences in absorption intensities (peak heights and areas) of functional groups related to protein and carbohydrate molecular structures, while multivariate molecular spectral analysis without any spectral parameterization results showed similar protein and carbohydrate structure between new carinata and new canola seeds. Based on both, univariate and multivariate analysis, there were some differences between carinata seeds and canola seeds in protein and Carbohydrate (CHO) structure spectral characteristics, but these differences were not distinguishable in CLA and PCA plots regardless the color seed coat when using original spectral without spectral parameterization. Protein and carbohydrate structural variables could be used as predictors of rumen protein degradation kinetics, protein intestinal digestion features and protein supply for dairy cows. The CHO molecular structure showed great correlation with rumen protein degradation, intestinal protein digestion and predicted true protein supply of the newly developed carinata and canola lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Ban
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | - Luciana L Prates
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada; School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, China
| | - Nazir A Khan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada; Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N5A8, Canada.
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Feng X, Liu N, Zhang H, Yu P. Chemical Imaging of the Microstructure of Chickpea Seed Tissue within a Cellular Dimension Using Synchrotron Infrared Microspectroscopy: A Preliminary Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11586-11593. [PMID: 32946230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation-based infrared microspectroscopy (SR-IMS) is a nondestructive bioanalytical technique with a high signal-to-noise ratio and high ultraspatial resolution (3-10 μm). It is capable to explore the microstructures of plant tissues in a chemical sense and provide information on the composition, structure, and distribution of chemical compounds/functional groups. The objective of this study was to illustrate how SR-IMS can be used to image the internal microstructures of chickpea seed tissue within a cellular level. Chickpea seeds (CDC Cory) were collected from the Crop Development Center (University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK). The seeds were frozen at -20 °C on object disks in a cryostatic microtome and then were cut into thin cross sections (ca. 8 μm thick). The experiment was carried out on the mid-infrared beamline (01B1-1) at the Canadian Light Source (Saskatoon, SK). We obtained the ultraspatial images of the chickpea tissue with pixel-sized increments of imaging steps. The results showed that, with the extremely bright synchrotron light, spectra with high signal-to-noise ratios can be obtained from an area as small as 3.3 μm × 3.3 μm, allowing us to observe the seed tissue within a cellular level. Chemical distribution of chickpea such as lipids, protein, and carbohydrates could be mapped, revealing the chemical information of the chickpea internal microstructure. In conclusion, SR-IMS can rapidly characterize the molecular structure of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids at an ultraspatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Ministry of Agriculture Strategic Research Chair Lab, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N5A8, Canada
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Na Liu
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Huihua Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Ministry of Agriculture Strategic Research Chair Lab, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N5A8, Canada
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Feng X, Sun B, Yu P. Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wu Y, Zhang N, Slater G, Waddington JM, de Lannoy CF. Hydrophobicity of peat soils: Characterization of organic compound changes associated with heat-induced water repellency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136444. [PMID: 31986381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Boreal peatlands provide critical global and regional ecosystem functions including climate regulation and nutrient and water retention. Wildfire represents the largest disturbance to these ecosystems. Peatland resilience depends greatly on the extent of post-fire peat soil hydrophobicity. Climate change is altering wildfire intensity and severity and consequently impacting post-fire peat soil chemistry and structure. However, research on fire-impacted peatlands has rarely considered the influence of peat soil chemistry and structure on peatland resilience. Here we characterized the geochemical and physical properties of natural peat soils under laboratory heating conditions. The general trend observed is that hydrophilic peat soils become hydrophobic under moderate heating and then become hydrophilic again after heating for longer, or at higher, temperatures. The loss of peat soil hydrophilicity initially occurs due to evaporative water loss (250 °C and 300 °C for <5 min). Gently but thoroughly dried peat soils (105 °C for 24 h) also show mass losses after heating, indicating the loss of organic compounds through thermal degradation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the chemistry of unburned and 300 °C burned peat soils, and various fatty acids, polycyclic compounds, saccharides, aromatic acids, short-chain molecules, lignin and carbohydrates were identified. We determined that the heat-induced degradation of polycyclic compounds and aliphatic hydrocarbons, especially fatty acids, caused dried, hydrophobic peat soils to become hydrophilic after only 20 min of heating at 300 °C. Furthermore, peat soils became hydrophilic more quickly (20 min vs 6 h) with an increase in heat from 250 °C to 300 °C. Minimal structural changes occurred, as characterized by BET and SEM analyses, confirming that surface chemistry, in particular fatty acid content, rather than structure govern changes in peat soil hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg Slater
- School of Geography & Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Holland C, Ryden P, Edwards CH, Grundy MML. Plant Cell Walls: Impact on Nutrient Bioaccessibility and Digestibility. Foods 2020; 9:E201. [PMID: 32079083 PMCID: PMC7074226 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell walls are important structural components of plants, affecting both the bioaccessibility and subsequent digestibility of the nutrients that plant-based foods contain. These supramolecular structures are composed of complex heterogeneous networks primarily consisting of cellulose, and hemicellulosic and pectic polysaccharides. The composition and organization of these different polysaccharides vary depending on the type of plant tissue, imparting them with specific physicochemical properties. These properties dictate how the cell walls behave in the human gastrointestinal tract, and how amenable they are to digestion, thereby modulating nutrient release from the plant tissue. This short narrative review presents an overview of our current knowledge on cell walls and how they impact nutrient bioaccessibility and digestibility. Some of the most relevant methods currently used to characterize the food matrix and the cell walls are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Holland
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, UK;
| | - Peter Ryden
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK; (P.R.); (C.H.E.)
| | - Cathrina H. Edwards
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK; (P.R.); (C.H.E.)
| | - Myriam M.-L. Grundy
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Division, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, UK;
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Mei J, Liao K, Han L, Liu Z, Du S, Yang Z. InSituAnalyze: A Python Framework for Multicomponent Synchronous Analysis of Spectral Imaging. Anal Chem 2020; 92:612-615. [PMID: 31794662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spectral imaging is visualization of high precision and high sensitivity and suitable for analyzing the spatial distribution of complex materials. While providing rich and detailed information, it makes higher demands on feature extraction and information mining of high-dimensional data. For the convenience of further utilization, our research team has developed a Python framework for the multicomponent synchronous analysis of spectral imaging based on a characteristic band method and fast-NNLS algorithm, helping to handle spectrum data from complex samples and gaining semiquantitative information on the sample on the scale of pixel based on target components. With the help of the easy-to-use framework, users are leading to choose suitable pretreatment methods for images and spectra, extract spatial information on tissues/structures account of multispace, and conduct analysis on target components in an intuitive and timesaving way. The sophisticated functional architecture also makes the framework expedited to add algorithms and supported data formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Mei
- The Laboratory of Biomass & Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Qinghua Donglu 17 , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Keke Liao
- The Laboratory of Biomass & Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Qinghua Donglu 17 , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Lujia Han
- The Laboratory of Biomass & Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Qinghua Donglu 17 , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- The Laboratory of Biomass & Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Qinghua Donglu 17 , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Shurong Du
- The Laboratory of Biomass & Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Qinghua Donglu 17 , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Zengling Yang
- The Laboratory of Biomass & Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Qinghua Donglu 17 , Haidian District, Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
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Rahman MM, Feng X, Zhang H, Yan X, Peng Q, Yu P. Using vibrational ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics to reveal faba CHO molecular spectral profile and CHO nutritional features in ruminant systems. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 214:269-276. [PMID: 30785047 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The non-invasive spectroscopic technique is capable to detect the biomolecular structure spectral features that are associated with biological, nutritional and biodegradation functions. However, to date, no research has been reported on alteration of bioactive compounds/carbohydrate traits on physiochemical and structure spectral characteristics in faba pulse seeds. The objective of this study was to use non-invasive ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with uni- and multivariate analyses to reveal faba [VLF: VLF-1 = CDC snowdrop with low tannin and VLF-2 = FB9-4 with high tannin] CHO molecular spectral profile and CHO nutritional features in ruminant systems. The carbohydrates related major molecular spectral bands included: STCHO (structural carbohydrates, peaks area region and baseline: ca. 1482-1185 cm-1), CELC (cellulosic compounds, peak area centered at ca. 1238 cm-1 with region and baseline 1272-1185 cm-1), TCHO (total carbohydrates, peaks area region and baseline: ca. 1186-939 cm-1) with three peaks in the region centered at ca. 1147, 1075 and 1012 cm-1, respectively. The results showed that the high tannin VLF variety VLF-2 had the higher (P < 0.05) peak heights for both STCHO second and third peaks as well as the area of entire STCHO region than low tannin variety VLF-1. Similarly the peak height and area of cellulosic compounds were also higher (P < 0.05) in VLF-2 than VLF-1. Regarding the total carbohydrates spectral profiles, the height and area of all three peaks along with area of entire TCHO region were higher (P < 0.05) in VLF-2 than VLF-1 except the area of TCHO first peak. The multivariate molecular spectral analyses were also able to distinguish between VLF-1 and VLF-2 spectra almost in all respective region. The results of this study indicated that carbohydrates molecular nutrition and structure profiles differed between VLF varieties. This study showed that the alteration of internal traits by modern breeding technology impact molecular nutrition and molecular structure. Vibrational ATR-FTIR spectroscopy could be used as a potential rapid tool to evaluate impact of alternation of carbohydrate on interactive relationship between the molecular structures and nutrient supply and metabolism of carbohydrates in ruminant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mostafizar Rahman
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, China; The Branch Academy of Animal Science, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, China; Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, China; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, China; The Branch Academy of Animal Science, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, China; Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, China; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Huihua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, China; The Branch Academy of Animal Science, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, China; Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, China; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Xiaogang Yan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, China; The Branch Academy of Animal Science, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, China; Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, China; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Quanhui Peng
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, China; The Branch Academy of Animal Science, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, China; Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, China; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, China; The Branch Academy of Animal Science, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, China; Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, China; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Yu P, Lei Y, Hu H, Deng H, Zhang W. A methodology study on chemical and molecular structure imaging in modified forage leaf tissue with cutting-edge synchrotron-powered technology (SR-IMS) as a potential research tool. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 213:330-336. [PMID: 30711903 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To date there is no any study on imaging molecular chemistry and chemical structure of biotech-modified plant tissue on a molecular basis. The objective of this methodology study was to apply a non-invasive and non-destructive synchrotron powered technology - SR-IMS to image molecular chemistry of the modified forage leaf tissue. The infrared molecular vibrational microspectroscopy powered with synchrotron light at Advanced Light Source (ALS, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California, Dept. of Energy, USA) were applied. The synchrotron beamline time was arranged by National Synchrotron Light Source (Scientist Dr. Lisa Miller, Brookhaven National Lab, Dept. of Energy, USA). The various molecular functional groups in the forage tissue included CH symmetric and asymmetric regions, amides I and II regions, structure and non-structure CHO regions, carbonyl ester region with peak areas at ca. 3644-3000 cm-1, ca 3005-2979 cm-1, ca. 1722-1483 cm-1, ca. 1488-1412 cm-1, ca. 1296-1189 cm-1, and ca. 1194-951 cm-1. The spectral peak area ratio imaging of chemical functional groups were also studied which included the ratio of peak area under ca. 1722-1483 cm-1 to peak area under ca. 3005-2979 cm-1 and the ratio of peak area under ca. 1722-1483 cm-1 to peak area under ca. 1194-951 cm-1. The results showed that the advanced synchrotron-based technology - SR-IMS was able to image the forage tissue at an ultra-highly resolution within intact tissue within cellular and subcellular dimension. It revealed the forage tissue in a molecular chemical sense and provided an insight on nutrient properties and their molecular structure as well as chemical features. In conclusion, the synchrotron-radiation SR-IMS is able to image molecular structure of the forage leaf tissue at an ultra-highly resolution. The advanced SR-IMS technique could provide leaf tissue four kinds of information simultaneously: tissue structure, tissue chemistry, tissue nutrients, and tissue environment of forage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiang Yu
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China; College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Yaogeng Lei
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China; College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Huafeng Hu
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China; College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Hongyu Deng
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China; College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Weixian Zhang
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China; College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Sun B, Rahman MM, Tar'an B, Yu P. Determine effect of pressure heating on carbohydrate related molecular structures in association with carbohydrate metabolic profiles of cool-climate chickpeas using Globar spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 201:8-18. [PMID: 29723808 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Grain has been heat-processed to alter rumen degradation characteristics and improve nutrient availabilities for ruminants. However, limited study was found on internal structure changes induced by processing on a molecular basis. The objectives of this study were to use advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy to: (1) determine the processing induced carbohydrate (CHO) structure changes on a molecular basis, (2) investigate the effect of pressure heating on changes of CHO chemical profiles, CHO subfractions in cool-climate CDC Chickpea varieties, and (3) to reveal the association between carbohydrates related molecular spectra with carbohydrate metabolic profiles. The cool-climate CDC chickpea varieties with multisource were pressure heated in an autoclave at 120 °C for 60 min; and FTIR vibrational spectroscopy was used to detect the molecular spectra. Molecular spectroscopic results showed that compared to raw chickpea varieties, autoclave heating induced changes in both total CHO (region and baseline ca. 1186-946 cm-1) and structural CHO (STCHO, region and baseline ca. 1482-1186 cm-1), except for cellulosic compounds (CELC, region and baseline ca. 1374-1212 cm-1). The CHO chemical profile and rumen degradation results showed that autoclave heating decreased rumen degradable, undegradable and intestinal digestible sugar (CA4) content, but increased available fiber (CB3) content, without affecting available energy of chickpeas. The changes of CHO molecular spectra in chickpea varieties were strongly correlated with CHO chemical profiles, CHO subfractions, and CHO rumen degradation characteristics. Moreover, the regression analysis showed that STCHO peak 1 height could be used to predict sugar content, its rumen degradability and digestibility of chickpeas. Our results suggest that autoclave heating markedly changes sugar and fiber degradation characteristics. The carbohydrate molecular spectral profiles are associated with carbohydrate metabolic profiles in raw and pressure heated cool-climate chickpeas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoli Sun
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5A8, Canada; College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, China
| | - M Mostafizar Rahman
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5A8, Canada; College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Bunyamin Tar'an
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5A8, Canada; College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5A8, Canada; College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, China.
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Yang Z, Mei J, Liu Z, Huang G, Huang G, Han L. Visualization and Semiquantitative Study of the Distribution of Major Components in Wheat Straw in Mesoscopic Scale using Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopic Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7332-7340. [PMID: 29772906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the biochemical heterogeneity of plant tissue linked to crop straw anatomy is attractive to plant researchers and researchers in the field of biomass refinery. This study provides an in situ analysis and semiquantitative visualization of major components distribution in internodal transverse sections of wheat straw based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopic imaging, with a fast non-negativity-constrained least squares (fast NNLS) fitting. This paper investigates changes in biochemical components of tissue during stages of elongation, booting, heading, flowering, grain-filling, milk-ripening, dough, and full-ripening. Visualization analysis was carried out with reference spectra for five components (microcrystalline cellulose, xylan, lignin, pectin, and starch) of wheat straw. Our result showed that (a) the cellulose and lignin distribution is consistent with that from tissue-dyeing with safranin O-fast green and (b) the distribution of cellulose, lignin, and starch is consistent with chemical images for characteristic wavelength at 1432, 1507, and 987 cm-1, respectively, showing no interference from the other components analyzed. With the validation from biochemical images using characteristic wavelength and tissue-dyeing techniques, further semiquantitative analysis in local tissues based on fast NNLS was carried out, and the result showed that (a) the contents of cellulose in various tissues are very different, with most in parenchyma tissue and least in the epidermis and (b) during plant development, the fluctuation of each component in tissues follows nearly the same trend, especially within vascular bundles and parenchyma tissue. Thus, FTIR microspectroscopic imaging combined with suitable chemometric methods can be successfully applied to study chemical distributions within the internodes transverse sections of wheat straw, providing semiquantitative chemical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengling Yang
- College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Clean Production and Utilization of Renewable Energy , The Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing 100083 , P.R.China
| | - Jiaqi Mei
- College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , P.R. China
| | - Guangqun Huang
- College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , P.R. China
| | - Guan Huang
- College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , P.R. China
| | - Lujia Han
- College of Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , P.R. China
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Molina-Guerrero CE, de la Rosa G, Castillo-Michel H, Sánchez A, García-Castañeda C, Hernández-Rayas A, Valdez-Vazquez I, Suarez-Vázquez S. Physicochemical Characterization of Wheat Straw during a Continuous Pretreatment Process. Chem Eng Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Molina-Guerrero
- Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Circuito 1, Nuevo Campus Universitario 31125 Chihuahua México
- Universidad de Guanajuato; Depto. Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica; División de Ciencias e Ingenierías; Campus León, Loma del Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre, Léon 37150 Guanajuato México
| | - Guadalupe de la Rosa
- Universidad de Guanajuato; Depto. Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica; División de Ciencias e Ingenierías; Campus León, Loma del Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre, Léon 37150 Guanajuato México
- The University of Texas; UC Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN); 500 West University Avenue 79968 El Paso, TX USA
| | | | - Arturo Sánchez
- Unidad de Ingeniería Avanzada; Laboratorio de Futuros en Bioenergía; Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN; Av. del Bosque 1145, Col. El Bajío, Zapopan 45019 Jalisco México
| | - Concepción García-Castañeda
- CONACyT-Universidad de Guanajuato; Loma del Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre. León 37150 Guanajuato México
| | - Angélica Hernández-Rayas
- Universidad de Guanajuato; Depto. de Ingeniería Física. División de Ciencias e Ingenierías; Campus León, Loma del Bosque 103, Col Lomas del Campestre, León 37150 Guanajuato México
| | - Idania Valdez-Vazquez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Instituto de Ingeniería; Blvd. Juriquilla 3001 76230 Querétaro México
| | - Santiago Suarez-Vázquez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Facultad de Ingeniería Civil; Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455 Nuevo León México
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Ying Y, Zhang H, Yu P. Implications of recent research on microstructure modifications, through heat-related processing and trait alteration to bio-functions, molecular thermal stability and mobility, metabolic characteristics and nutrition in cool-climate cereal grains and other types of seeds with advanced molecular techniques. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2214-2224. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1442314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Ying
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, and College of Agriculture and Bioresources, the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Huihua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, and College of Agriculture and Bioresources, the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, and College of Agriculture and Bioresources, the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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15
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Prates LL, Refat B, Lei Y, Louzada-Prates M, Yu P. Relationship of carbohydrates and lignin molecular structure spectral profiles to nutrient profile in newly developed oats cultivars and barley grain. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 188:495-506. [PMID: 28759851 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to quantify the chemical profile and the magnitude of differences in the oat and barley grain varieties developed by Crop Development Centre (CDC) in terms of Cornell Net Carbohydrate Protein System (CNCPS) carbohydrate sub-fractions: CA4 (sugars), CB1 (starch), CB2 (soluble fibre), CB3 (available neutral detergent fibre - NDF), and CC (unavailable carbohydrate); to estimate the energy values; to detect the lignin and carbohydrate (CHO) molecular structure profiles in CDC Nasser and CDC Seabiscuit oat and CDC Meredith barley grains by using Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR); to develop a model to predict nutrient supply based on CHO molecular profile. Results showed that NDF, ADF and CHO were greater (P<0.05) in oat than in barley. The starch content was greater (P<0.05) in barley than in oat. The CDC Meredith showed greater total rumen degradable carbohydrate (RDC), intestinal digestible fraction carbohydrate (FC) and lower total rumen undegradable carbohydrate (RUC). However, the estimated milk production did not differ for CDC Nasser oat and CDC Meredith barley. Lignin peak area and peak height did not differ (P>0.05) for oat and barley grains as well as non-structural CHO. However, cellulosic compounds peak area and height were greater (P<0.05) in oat than barley grains. Multiple regressions were determined to predict nutrient supply by using lignin and CHO molecular profiles. It was concluded that although there were some differences between oat and barley grains, CDC Nasser and CDC Meredith presented similarities related to chemical and molecular profiles, indicating that CDC Meredith barley could be replaced for CDC Nasser as ruminant feed. The FTIR was able to identify functional groups related to CHO molecular spectral in oat and barley grains and FTIR-ATR results could be used to predict nutrient supply in ruminant livestock systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Louzada Prates
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Basim Refat
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Yaogeng Lei
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Mariana Louzada-Prates
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG 365700-000, Brazil
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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16
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Ban Y, L Prates L, Yu P. Investigating Molecular Structures of Bio-Fuel and Bio-Oil Seeds as Predictors To Estimate Protein Bioavailability for Ruminants by Advanced Nondestructive Vibrational Molecular Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9147-9157. [PMID: 28933547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to (1) determine protein and carbohydrate molecular structure profiles and (2) quantify the relationship between structural features and protein bioavailability of newly developed carinata and canola seeds for dairy cows by using Fourier transform infrared molecular spectroscopy. Results showed similarity in protein structural makeup within the entire protein structural region between carinata and canola seeds. The highest area ratios related to structural CHO, total CHO, and cellulosic compounds were obtained for carinata seeds. Carinata and canola seeds showed similar carbohydrate and protein molecular structures by multivariate analyses. Carbohydrate molecular structure profiles were highly correlated to protein rumen degradation and intestinal digestion characteristics. In conclusion, the molecular spectroscopy can detect inherent structural characteristics in carinata and canola seeds in which carbohydrate-relative structural features are related to protein metabolism and utilization. Protein and carbohydrate spectral profiles could be used as predictors of rumen protein bioavailability in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Ban
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, ‡Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | - Luciana L Prates
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, ‡Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, ‡Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada
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Heendeniya RG, Yu P. Gene-Transformation-Induced Changes in Chemical Functional Group Features and Molecular Structure Conformation in Alfalfa Plants Co-Expressing Lc-bHLH and C1-MYB Transcriptive Flavanoid Regulatory Genes: Effects of Single-Gene and Two-Gene Insertion. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030664. [PMID: 28335521 PMCID: PMC5372676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) genotypes transformed with Lc-bHLH and Lc transcription genes were developed with the intention of stimulating proanthocyanidin synthesis in the aerial parts of the plant. To our knowledge, there are no studies on the effect of single-gene and two-gene transformation on chemical functional groups and molecular structure changes in these plants. The objective of this study was to use advanced molecular spectroscopy with multivariate chemometrics to determine chemical functional group intensity and molecular structure changes in alfalfa plants when co-expressing Lc-bHLH and C1-MYB transcriptive flavanoid regulatory genes in comparison with non-transgenic (NT) and AC Grazeland (ACGL) genotypes. The results showed that compared to NT genotype, the presence of double genes (Lc and C1) increased ratios of both the area and peak height of protein structural Amide I/II and the height ratio of α-helix to β-sheet. In carbohydrate-related spectral analysis, the double gene-transformed alfalfa genotypes exhibited lower peak heights at 1370, 1240, 1153, and 1020 cm−1 compared to the NT genotype. Furthermore, the effect of double gene transformation on carbohydrate molecular structure was clearly revealed in the principal component analysis of the spectra. In conclusion, single or double transformation of Lc and C1 genes resulted in changing functional groups and molecular structure related to proteins and carbohydrates compared to the NT alfalfa genotype. The current study provided molecular structural information on the transgenic alfalfa plants and provided an insight into the impact of transgenes on protein and carbohydrate properties and their molecular structure’s changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra G Heendeniya
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada.
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada.
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18
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Zeng Y, Yarbrough JM, Mittal A, Tucker MP, Vinzant TB, Decker SR, Himmel ME. In situ label-free imaging of hemicellulose in plant cell walls using stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:256. [PMID: 27895710 PMCID: PMC5120481 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant hemicellulose (largely xylan) is an excellent feedstock for renewable energy production and second only to cellulose in abundance. Beyond a source of fermentable sugars, xylan constitutes a critical polymer in the plant cell wall, where its precise role in wall assembly, maturation, and deconstruction remains primarily hypothetical. Effective detection of xylan, particularly by in situ imaging of xylan in the presence of other biopolymers, would provide critical information for tackling the challenges of understanding the assembly and enhancing the liberation of xylan from plant materials. RESULTS Raman-based imaging techniques, especially the highly sensitive stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, have proven to be valuable tools for label-free imaging. However, due to the complex nature of plant materials, especially those same chemical groups shared between xylan and cellulose, the utility of specific Raman vibrational modes that are unique to xylan have been debated. Here, we report a novel approach based on combining spectroscopic analysis and chemical/enzymatic xylan removal from corn stover cell walls, to make progress in meeting this analytical challenge. We have identified several Raman peaks associated with xylan content in cell walls for label-free in situ imaging xylan in plant cell wall. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that xylan can be resolved from cellulose and lignin in situ using enzymatic digestion and label-free SRS microscopy in both 2D and 3D. We believe that this novel approach can be used to map xylan in plant cell walls and that this ability will enhance our understanding of the role played by xylan in cell wall biosynthesis and deconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Zeng
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - John M. Yarbrough
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Ashutosh Mittal
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Melvin P. Tucker
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Todd B. Vinzant
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Stephen R. Decker
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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19
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Real-time 3D visualization and quantitative analysis of internal structure of wheat kernels. J Cereal Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Karunakaran C, Christensen CR, Gaillard C, Lahlali R, Blair LM, Perumal V, Miller SS, Hitchcock AP. Introduction of soft X-ray spectromicroscopy as an advanced technique for plant biopolymers research. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122959. [PMID: 25811457 PMCID: PMC4374829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy coupled with nano-scale microscopy has been widely used in material science, environmental science, and physical sciences. In this work, the advantages of soft X-ray absorption spectromicroscopy for plant biopolymer research were demonstrated by determining the chemical sensitivity of the technique to identify common plant biopolymers and to map the distributions of biopolymers in plant samples. The chemical sensitivity of soft X-ray spectroscopy to study biopolymers was determined by recording the spectra of common plant biopolymers using soft X-ray and Fourier Transform mid Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy techniques. The soft X-ray spectra of lignin, cellulose, and polygalacturonic acid have distinct spectral features. However, there were no distinct differences between cellulose and hemicellulose spectra. Mid infrared spectra of all biopolymers were unique and there were differences between the spectra of water soluble and insoluble xylans. The advantage of nano-scale spatial resolution exploited using soft X-ray spectromicroscopy for plant biopolymer research was demonstrated by mapping plant cell wall biopolymers in a lentil stem section and compared with the FT-IR spectromicroscopy data from the same sample. The soft X-ray spectromicroscopy enables mapping of biopolymers at the sub-cellular (~30 nm) resolution whereas, the limited spatial resolution in the micron scale range in the FT-IR spectromicroscopy made it difficult to identify the localized distribution of biopolymers. The advantages and limitations of soft X-ray and FT-IR spectromicroscopy techniques for biopolymer research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra Karunakaran
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Colleen R. Christensen
- Industrial Research Assistance Program—National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cedric Gaillard
- INRA—Biopolymers, Interactions, Assemblies Unit (BIA), Nantes, France
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lisa M. Blair
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Vijayan Perumal
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shea S. Miller
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam P. Hitchcock
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Demir P, Onde S, Severcan F. Phylogeny of cultivated and wild wheat species using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 135:757-763. [PMID: 25145919 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Within the last decade, an increasing amount of genetic data has been used to clarify the problems inherent in wheat taxonomy. The techniques for obtaining and analyzing these data are not only cumbersome, but also expensive and technically demanding. In the present study, we introduce infrared spectroscopy as a method for a sensitive, rapid and low cost phylogenetic analysis tool for wheat seed samples. For this purpose, 12 Triticum and Aegilops species were studied by Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis clearly revealed that the lignin band (1525-1505 cm(-1)) discriminated the species at the genus level. However, the species were clustered according to their genome commonalities when the whole spectra were used (4000-650 cm(-1)). The successful differentiation of Triticum and its closely related genus Aegilops clearly demonstrated the power of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as a suitable tool for phylogenetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Demir
- Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sertac Onde
- Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Feride Severcan
- Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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Bandikari R, Poondla V, Obulam VSR. Enhanced production of xylanase by solid state fermentation using Trichoderma koeningi isolate: effect of pretreated agro-residues. 3 Biotech 2014; 4:655-664. [PMID: 28324314 PMCID: PMC4235890 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to isolate the fungal strain for enhanced production of xylanase using different agro-residues and fruit peels by solid state fermentation and its potentiality was tested on the pretreated corn cob. Fermentation was carried out with Trichoderma koeningi isolate using untreated and pretreated corn cob supplemented with pineapple peel powder showed higher production of xylanase 2,869.8 ± 0.4 (IU/g) and extracellular protein 7.6 ± 0.2 (mg/g) of corn cob, in the latter than the former yielding 1,347.2 ± 0.7 (IU/g) and 4.9 ± 0.1 (mg/g) of corn cob, respectively, at pH 6.5 and incubation period for 96 h. In the FT-IR spectrum, the bands at 1,155, 1,252 and 1,738 cm-1 had disappeared. This indicates the depolymerization of hemicellulose and the band at 1,053 cm-1 shows the presence of β (1-4)-xylan in the pretreated corn cobs. The pretreated biomass hydrolysed with a xylanase concentration of 14 U and 6 h incubation showed mainly xylose and its oligosaccharides, which were quantified using HPLC. From the results we can conclude that pretreated energy-value and cheaply available agro-residues can be effectively used as substrates for the enhanced production of xylanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Bandikari
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India
| | - Vijayakumar Poondla
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India
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23
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Liu N, Yu P. Recent Research and Progress in Food, Feed and Nutrition with Advanced Synchrotron-based SR-IMS and DRIFT Molecular Spectroscopy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 56:910-8. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.733895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Chiappone A, Nair J, Gerbaldi C, Zeno E, Bongiovanni R. Flexible and high performing polymer electrolytes obtained by UV-induced polymer–cellulose grafting. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07299e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Yu P, Xin H, Ban Y, Zhang X. Interactive association between biopolymers and biofunctions in carinata seeds as energy feedstock and their coproducts (carinata meal) from biofuel and bio-oil processing before and after biodegradation: current advanced molecular spectroscopic investigations. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4039-4047. [PMID: 24773576 DOI: 10.1021/jf405809m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in biofuel and bio-oil processing technology require huge supplies of energy feedstocks for processing. Very recently, new carinata seeds have been developed as energy feedstocks for biofuel and bio-oil production. The processing results in a large amount of coproducts, which are carinata meal. To date, there is no systematic study on interactive association between biopolymers and biofunctions in carinata seed as energy feedstocks for biofuel and bioethanol processing and their processing coproducts (carinata meal). Molecular spectroscopy with synchrotron and globar sources is a rapid and noninvasive analytical technique and is able to investigate molecular structure conformation in relation to biopolymer functions and bioavailability. However, to date, these techniques are seldom used in biofuel and bioethanol processing in other research laboratories. This paper aims to provide research progress and updates with molecular spectroscopy on the energy feedstock (carinata seed) and coproducts (carinata meal) from biofuel and bioethanol processing and show how to use these molecular techniques to study the interactive association between biopolymers and biofunctions in the energy feedstocks and their coproducts (carinata meal) from biofuel and bio-oil processing before and after biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal Science, Tianjin Agricultural University , 22 Jinjin Road, Tianjin 300384, China
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26
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Kirtania K, Tanner J, Kabir KB, Rajendran S, Bhattacharya S. In situ synchrotron IR study relating temperature and heating rate to surface functional group changes in biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 151:36-42. [PMID: 24189382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Three types of woody biomass were investigated under pyrolysis condition to observe the change in the surface functional groups by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique with increasing temperature under two different (5 and 150°C/min) heating rates. The experiments were carried out in situ in the infrared microscopy beamline (IRM) of the Australian Synchrotron. The capability of the beamline made it possible to focus on single particles to obtain low noise measurements without mixing with KBr. At lower heating rate, the surface functional groups were completely removed by 550°C. In case of higher heating rate, a delay was observed in losing the functional groups. Even at a high temperature, significant number of functional groups was retained after the higher heating rate experiments. This implies that at considerably high heating rates typical of industrial reactors, more functional groups will remain on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawnish Kirtania
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Yu P. Microprobing the molecular spatial distribution and structural architecture of feed-type sorghum seed tissue (Sorghum Bicolor L.) using the synchrotron radiation infrared microspectroscopy technique. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2011; 18:790-801. [PMID: 21862861 PMCID: PMC3161819 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049511023727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum seed (Sorghum bicolor L.) has unique degradation and fermentation behaviours compared with other cereal grains such as wheat, barley and corn. This may be related to its cell and cell-wall architecture. The advanced synchrotron radiation infrared microspectroscopy (SR-IMS) technique enables the study of cell or living cell biochemistry within cellular dimensions. The objective of this study was to use the SR-IMS imaging technique to microprobe molecular spatial distribution and cell architecture of the sorghum seed tissue comprehensively. High-density mapping was carried out using SR-IMS on beamline U2B at the National Synchrotron Light Source (Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY, USA). Molecular images were systematically recorded from the outside to the inside of the seed tissue under various chemical functional groups and their ratios [peaks at ∼1725 (carbonyl C=O ester), 1650 (amide I), 1657 (protein secondary structure α-helix), 1628 (protein secondary structure β-sheet), 1550 (amide II), 1515 (aromatic compounds of lignin), 1428, 1371, 1245 (cellulosic compounds in plant seed tissue), 1025 (non-structural CHO, starch granules), 1246 (cellulosic material), 1160 (CHO), 1150 (CHO), 1080 (CHO), 930 (CHO), 860 (CHO), 3350 (OH and NH stretching), 2960 (CH(3) anti-symmetric), 2929 (CH(2) anti-symmetric), 2877 (CH(3) symmetric) and 2848 cm(-1) (CH(2) asymmetric)]. The relative protein secondary structure α-helix to β-sheet ratio image, protein amide I to starch granule ratio image, and anti-symmetric CH(3) to CH(2) ratio image were also investigated within the intact sorghum seed tissue. The results showed unique cell architecture, and the molecular spatial distribution and intensity in the sorghum seed tissue (which were analyzed through microprobe molecular imaging) were generated using SR-IMS. This imaging technique and methodology has high potential and could be used for scientists to develop specific cereal grain varieties with targeted food and feed quality, and can also be used to monitor the degree of grain maturity, grain damage, the fate of organic contaminants and the effect of chemical treatment on plant and grain seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiang Yu
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Yu P. Plant-based food and feed protein structure changes induced by gene-transformation, heating and bio-ethanol processing: A synchrotron-based molecular structure and nutrition research program. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:1535-45. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Liu N, Yu P. Characterization of the microchemical structure of seed endosperm within a cellular dimension among six barley varieties with distinct degradation kinetics, using ultraspatially resolved synchrotron-based infrared microspectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:7801-10. [PMID: 20524612 PMCID: PMC4465227 DOI: 10.1021/jf101233n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Barley varieties have similar chemical composition but exhibit different rumen degradation kinetics and nutrient availability. These biological differences may be related to molecular, structural, and chemical makeup among the seed endosperm tissue. No detailed study was carried out. The objectives of this study were: (1) to use a molecular spectroscopy technique, synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (SFTIRM), to determine the microchemical-structural features in seed endosperm tissue of six developed barley varieties; (2) to study the relationship among molecular-structural characteristics, degradation kinetics, and nutrient availability in six genotypes of barley. The results showed that inherent microchemical-structural differences in the endosperm among the six barley varieties were detected by the synchrotron-based analytical technique, SFTIRM, with the univariate molecular spectral analysis. The SFTIRM spectral profiles differed (P < 0.05) among the barley samples in terms of the peak ratio and peak area and height intensities of amides I (ca. 1650 cm(-1)) and II (ca. 1550 cm(-1)), cellulosic compounds (ca. 1240 cm(-1)), CHO component peaks (the first peak at the region ca. 1184-1132 cm(-1), the second peak at ca. 1132-1066 cm(-1), and the third peak at ca. 1066-950 cm(-1)). With the SFTIRM technique, the structural characteristics of the cereal seeds were illuminated among different cultivars at an ultraspatial resolution. The structural differences of barley seeds may be one reason for the various digestive behaviors and nutritive values in ruminants. The results show weak correlations between the functional groups' spectral data (peak area, height intensities, and ratios) and rumen biodegradation kinetics (rate and extent of nutrient degradation). Weak correlations may indicate that limited variations of these six barley varieties might not be sufficient to interpret the relationship between spectroscopic information and the nutrient value of barley grain, although significant differences in biodegradation kinetics were observed. In conclusion, the studies demonstrated the potential of ultraspatially resolved synchrotron based technology (SFTIRM) to reveal the structural and chemical makeup within cellular and subcellular dimensions without destruction of the inherent structure of cereal grain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Corresponding author. College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 6D10 Agriculture Building, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8. Tel: +1 306 966 4132.
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Ibáñez AJ, Scharte J, Bones P, Pirkl A, Meldau S, Baldwin IT, Hillenkamp F, Weis E, Dreisewerd K. Rapid metabolic profiling of Nicotiana tabacum defence responses against Phytophthora nicotianae using direct infrared laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and principal component analysis. PLANT METHODS 2010; 6:14. [PMID: 20534155 PMCID: PMC2904756 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful defence of tobacco plants against attack from the oomycete Phytophthora nicotianae includes a type of local programmed cell death called the hypersensitive response. Complex and not completely understood signaling processes are required to mediate the development of this defence in the infected tissue. Here, we demonstrate that different families of metabolites can be monitored in small pieces of infected, mechanically-stressed, and healthy tobacco leaves using direct infrared laser desorption ionization orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The defence response was monitored for 1 - 9 hours post infection. RESULTS Infrared laser desorption ionization orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry allows rapid and simultaneous detection in both negative and positive ion mode of a wide range of naturally occurring primary and secondary metabolites. An unsupervised principal component analysis was employed to identify correlations between changes in metabolite expression (obtained at different times and sample treatment conditions) and the overall defence response.A one-dimensional projection of the principal components 1 and 2 obtained from positive ion mode spectra was used to generate a Biological Response Index (BRI). The BRI obtained for each sample treatment was compared with the number of dead cells found in the respective tissue. The high correlation between these two values suggested that the BRI provides a rapid assessment of the plant response against the pathogen infection. Evaluation of the loading plots of the principal components (1 and 2) reveals a correlation among three metabolic cascades and the defence response generated in infected leaves. Analysis of selected phytohormones by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry verified our findings. CONCLUSION The described methodology allows for rapid assessment of infection-specific changes in the plant metabolism, in particular of phenolics, alkaloids, oxylipins, and carbohydrates. Moreover, potential novel biomarkers can be detected and used to predict the quality of plant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo J Ibáñez
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Judith Scharte
- Institute of Botany, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Bones
- Institute of Botany, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Pirkl
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Franz Hillenkamp
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Engelbert Weis
- Institute of Botany, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Walker AM, Yu P, Christensen CR, Christensen DA, McKinnon JJ. Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopic analysis of the effects of cereal type and variety within a type of grain on structural makeup in relation to rumen degradation kinetics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6871-6878. [PMID: 19588991 DOI: 10.1021/jf901461u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to use Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) to determine structural makeup (features) of cereal grain endosperm tissue and to reveal and identify differences in protein and carbohydrate structural makeup between different cereal types (corn vs barley) and between different varieties within a grain (barley CDC Bold, CDC Dolly, Harrington, and Valier). Another objective was to investigate how these structural features relate to rumen degradation kinetics. The items assessed included (1) structural differences in protein amide I to nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC, starch) intensity and ratio within cellular dimensions; (2) molecular structural differences in the secondary structure profile of protein, alpha-helix, beta-sheet, and their ratio; (3) structural differences in NSC to amide I ratio profile. From the results, it was observed that (1) comparison between grain types [corn (cv. Pioneer 39P78) vs barley (cv. Harrington)] showed significant differences in structural makeup in terms of NSC, amide I to NSC ratio, and rumen degradation kinetics (degradation ratio, effective degradability of dry matter, protein and NSC) (P < 0.05); (2) comparison between varieties within a grain (barley varieties) also showed significant differences in structural makeup in terms of amide I, NSC, amide I to NSC ratio, alpha-helix and beta-sheet protein structures, and rumen degradation kinetics (effective degradability of dry matter, protein, and NSC) (P < 0.05); (3) correlation analysis showed that the amide I to NSC ratio was strongly correlated with rumen degradation kinetics in terms of the degradation rate (R = 0.91, P = 0.086) and effective degradability of dry matter (R = 0.93, P = 0.071). The results suggest that with the FTIRM technique, the structural makeup differences between cereal types and between different varieties within a type of grain could be revealed. These structural makeup differences were related to the rate and extent of rumen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Walker
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
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Biochemical, mechanical, and spectroscopic analyses of genetically engineered flax fibers producing bioplastic (poly-β-hydroxybutyrate). Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:1489-98. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yu P, Block HC, Doiron K. Understanding the differences in molecular conformation of carbohydrate and protein in endosperm tissues of grains with different biodegradation kinetics using advanced synchrotron technology. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 71:1837-1844. [PMID: 18757232 PMCID: PMC5503207 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Conventional "wet" chemical analyses rely heavily on the use of harsh chemicals and derivatization, thereby altering native seed structures leaving them unable to detect any original inherent structures within an intact tissue sample. A synchrotron is a giant particle accelerator that turns electrons into light (million times brighter than sunlight) which can be used to study the structure of materials at the molecular level. Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform IR microspectroscopy (SR-FTIRM) has been developed as a rapid, direct, non-destructive and bioanalytical technique. This technique, taking advantage of the brightness of synchrotron light and a small effective source size, is capable of exploring the molecular chemistry within the microstructures of a biological tissue without the destruction of inherent structures at ultraspatial resolutions within cellular dimensions. This is in contrast to traditional 'wet' chemical methods, which, during processing for analysis, often result in the destruction of the intrinsic structures of feeds. To date there has been very little application of this technique to the study of plant seed tissue in relation to nutrient utilization. The objective of this study was to use novel synchrotron radiation-based technology (SR-FTIRM) to identify the differences in the molecular chemistry and conformation of carbohydrate and protein in various plant seed endosperms within intact tissues at cellular and subcellular level from grains with different biodegradation kinetics. Barley grain (cv. Harrington) with a high rate (31.3%/h) and extent (78%), corn grain (cv. Pioneer) with a low rate (9.6%/h) and extent of (57%), and wheat grain (cv. AC Barrie) with an intermediate rate (23%/h) and extent (72%) of ruminal DM degradation were selected for evaluation. SR-FTIRM evaluations were performed at the National Synchrotron Light Source at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (Brookhaven, NY). The molecular structure spectral analysis involved the fingerprint regions of ca. 1720-1485 cm(-1) (attributed to protein amide I C=O and C-N stretching; amide II N-H bending and C-N stretching), ca. 1650-950 cm(-1) (non-structural CHO starch in endosperms), and ca. 1185-800 cm(-1) (attributed to total CHO C-O stretching vibrations) together with agglomerative hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses. Analyses involving the protein amide I features consistently identified differences between all three grains. Other analyses involving carbohydrate features were able to differentiate between wheat and barley but failed however to differentiate between wheat and corn. These results suggest that SR-FTIRM plus the multivariate analyses can be used to identify spectral features associated with the molecular structure of endosperm from grains with different biodegradation kinetics, especially in relation to protein structure. The Novel synchrotron radiation-based bioanalytical technique provides a new approach for plant seed structural molecular studies at ultraspatial resolution and within intact tissue in relation to nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yu
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Yu P, Doiron K, Liu D. Shining light on the differences in molecular structural chemical makeup and the cause of distinct degradation behavior between malting- and feed-type barley using synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy: a novel approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:3417-3426. [PMID: 18410114 DOI: 10.1021/jf800015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to use advanced synchrotron-sourced FTIR microspectroscopy (SFTIRM) as a novel approach to identify the differences in protein and carbohydrate molecular structure (chemical makeup) between these two varieties of barley and illustrate the exact causes for their significantly different degradation kinetics. Items assessed included (1) molecular structural differences in protein amide I to amide II intensities and their ratio within cellular dimensions, (2) molecular structural differences in protein secondary structure profile and their ratios, and (3) molecular structural differences in carbohydrate component peak profile. Our hypothesis was that molecular structure (chemical makeup) affects barley quality, fermentation, and degradation behavior in both humans and animals. Using SFTIRM, the protein and carbohydrate molecular structural chemical makeup of barley was revealed and identified. The protein molecular structural chemical makeup differed significantly between the two varieties of barleys. No difference in carbohydrate molecular structural chemical makeup was detected. Harrington was lower than Valier in protein amide I, amide II, and protein amide I to amide II ratio, while Harrington was relatively higher in model-fitted protein alpha-helix and beta-sheet, but lower in the others (beta-turn and random coil). These results indicated that it is the molecular structure of protein (chemical makeup) that may play a major role in the different degradation kinetics between the two varieties of barleys (not the molecular structure of carbohydrate). It is believed that use of the advanced synchrotron technology will make a significant step and an important contribution to research in examining the molecular structure (chemical makeup) of plant, feed, and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiang Yu
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8.
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Miller LM, Smith RJ, Carr GL. Technical Report: The Diversity of Infrared Programs at the NSLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/08940880701631369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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