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Zhang L, Lin W, Sardans J, Li X, Hui D, Yang Z, Wang H, Lin H, Wang Y, Guo J, Peñuelas J, Yang Y. Soil warming-induced reduction in water content enhanced methane uptake at different soil depths in a subtropical forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171994. [PMID: 38561130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Global warming can significantly impact soil CH4 uptake in subtropical forests due to changes in soil moisture, temperature sensitivity of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB), and shifts in microbial communities. However, the specific effects of climate warming and the underlying mechanisms on soil CH4 uptake at different soil depths remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a soil warming experiment (+4 °C) in a natural forest. From August 2020 to October 2021, we measured soil temperature, soil moisture, and CH4 uptake rates at four different soil depths: 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm. Additionally, we assessed the soil MOB community structure and pmoA gene (with qPCR) at the 0-10 and 10-20 cm depths. Our findings revealed that warming significantly enhanced soil net CH4 uptake rate by 12.28 %, 29.51 %, and 61.05 % in the 0-10, 20-40, and 40-60 cm soil layers, respectively. The warming also led to reduced soil moisture levels, with more pronounced reductions observed at the 20-40 cm depth compared to the 0-20 cm depth. At the 0-10 cm depth, warming increased the relative abundance of upland soil cluster α (a type of MOB) and decreased the relative abundance of Methylocystis, but it did not significantly increase the pmoA gene copies. Our structural equation model analysis indicated that warming directly regulated soil CH4 uptake rate through the decrease in soil moisture, rather than through changes in the pmoA gene and MOB community structure at the 0-20 cm depth. In summary, our results demonstrate that warming enhances soil CH4 uptake at different depths, with soil moisture playing a crucial role in this process. Under warming conditions, the drier soil pores allow for better CH4 penetration, thereby promoting more efficient activity of MOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Weisheng Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Fujian normal University, Sanming 365002, China.
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Zhijie Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Fujian normal University, Sanming 365002, China
| | - Haizhen Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yufang Wang
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jianfen Guo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Fujian normal University, Sanming 365002, China.
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Fujian normal University, Sanming 365002, China
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Li H, Lin L, Peng Y, Hao Y, Li Z, Li J, Yu M, Li X, Lu Y, Gu W, Zhang B. Biochar's dual role in greenhouse gas emissions: Nitrogen fertilization dependency and mitigation potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170293. [PMID: 38286282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Biochar was popularly used for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in vegetable production, but using biochar does not necessarily guarantee a reduction in GHG emissions. Herein, it's meaningful to elucidate the intricate interplay among biochar properties, soil characteristics, and GHG emissions in vegetable production to provide valuable insights for informed and effective mitigation strategies. Therefore, in current research, a meta-analysis of 43 publications was employed to address these issues. The boost-regression analysis results indicated that the performance of biochar in inhibiting N2O emissions was most affected by the N application rate both in high and low N application conditions. Besides, biochar had dual roles and showed well performance in reducing GHG emissions under low N input (≤300 kg N ha-1), while having the opposite effect during high N input (>300 kg N ha-1). Specifically, applying biochar under low N fertilization input could obviously reduce soil N2O emissions, CO2 emissions, and CH4 emissions by 18.7 %, 17.9 %, and 16.9 %, respectively. However, the biochar application under high N fertilization input significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil N2O emissions, CO2 emissions, and CH4 emissions by 39.7 %, 43.0 %, and 27.7 %, respectively. Except for the N application rate, the soil pH, SOC, biochar C/N ratio, biochar pH, and biochar pyrolysis temperature are also the key factors affecting the control of GHG emissions in biochar-amended soils. The findings of this study will contribute to deeper insights into the potential application of biochar in regulating GHG under consideration of N input, offering scientific evidence and guidance for sustainable agriculture management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhao Li
- Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetable, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 258000, China
| | - Liwen Lin
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yutao Peng
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yongzhou Hao
- Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetable, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 258000, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetable, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetable, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Min Yu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 258000, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 258000, China
| | - Yusheng Lu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenjie Gu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Baige Zhang
- Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetable, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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3
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Chen Y, Han M, Qin W, Hou Y, Zhang Z, Zhu B. Effects of whole-soil warming on CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes in an alpine grassland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17033. [PMID: 38273530 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Global climate warming could affect the methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) fluxes between soils and the atmosphere, but how CH4 and N2 O fluxes respond to whole-soil warming is unclear. Here, we for the first time investigated the effects of whole-soil warming on CH4 and N2 O fluxes in an alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau, and also studied the effects of experimental warming on CH4 and N2 O fluxes across terrestrial ecosystems through a global-scale meta-analysis. The whole-soil warming (0-100 cm, +4°C) significantly elevated soil N2 O emission by 101%, but had a minor effect on soil CH4 uptake. However, the meta-analysis revealed that experimental warming did not significantly alter CH4 and N2 O fluxes, and it may be that most field warming experiments could only heat the surface soils. Moreover, the warming-induced higher plant litter and available N in soils may be the main reason for the higher N2 O emission under whole-soil warming in the alpine grassland. We need to pay more attention to the long-term response of greenhouse gases (including CH4 and N2 O fluxes) from different soil depths to whole-soil warming over year-round, which could help us more accurately assess and predict the ecosystem-climate feedback under realistic warming scenarios in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengguang Han
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkuan Qin
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Hou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Qinghai Haibei National Field Research Station of Alpine Grassland Ecosystem, and Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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4
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Fry EL, Ashworth D, Allen KAJ, Chardon NI, Rixen C, Björkman MP, Björk RG, Stålhandske T, Molau M, Locke-King B, Cantillon I, McDonald C, Liu H, De Vries FT, Ostle NJ, Singh BK, Bardgett RD. Vegetation type, not the legacy of warming, modifies the response of microbial functional genes and greenhouse gas fluxes to drought in Oro-Arctic and alpine regions. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad145. [PMID: 37951295 PMCID: PMC10673709 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate warming and summer droughts alter soil microbial activity, affecting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Arctic and alpine regions. However, the long-term effects of warming, and implications for future microbial resilience, are poorly understood. Using one alpine and three Arctic soils subjected to in situ long-term experimental warming, we simulated drought in laboratory incubations to test how microbial functional-gene abundance affects fluxes in three GHGs: carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. We found that responses of functional gene abundances to drought and warming are strongly associated with vegetation type and soil carbon. Our sites ranged from a wet, forb dominated, soil carbon-rich systems to a drier, soil carbon-poor alpine site. Resilience of functional gene abundances, and in turn methane and carbon dioxide fluxes, was lower in the wetter, carbon-rich systems. However, we did not detect an effect of drought or warming on nitrous oxide fluxes. All gene-GHG relationships were modified by vegetation type, with stronger effects being observed in wetter, forb-rich soils. These results suggest that impacts of warming and drought on GHG emissions are linked to a complex set of microbial gene abundances and may be habitat-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L Fry
- School of Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Ashworth
- School of Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley A J Allen
- School of Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Isabelle Chardon
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Flüelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Centre CERC, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Mats P Björkman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 100 405 30 Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 100 405 30 Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert G Björk
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 100 405 30 Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 100 405 30 Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Stålhandske
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 100 405 30 Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathias Molau
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 100 405 30 Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brady Locke-King
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Cantillon
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona McDonald
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Bourke Street, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Bourke Street, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Franciska T De Vries
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nick J Ostle
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Brajesh K Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Bourke Street, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Bourke Street, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard D Bardgett
- School of Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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5
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Kilpeläinen J, Domisch T, Lehto T, Piirainen S, Silvennoinen R, Repo T. Separating the effects of air and soil temperature on silver birch. Part I. Does soil temperature or resource competition determine the timing of root growth? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2480-2501. [PMID: 35939338 PMCID: PMC9743011 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aboveground parts of boreal forest trees mostly grow earlier, and the roots later, in the growing season. We aimed to experimentally test whether the extrinsic driver of soil temperature or the intrinsic driver (resource competition between plant parts) is a more important control for the root and shoot growth of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings. Sixteen two-year-old seedlings were grown in controlled environment rooms for two simulated growing seasons (GS1, GS2). In GS1, all the seedlings were acclimatized under the same conditions, but in GS2, the soil temperature treatments were: (i) constant 10 °C (Cool); (ii) constant 18 °C (Warm); (iii) early growing season at 10 °C, switched to 18 °C later (Early Cool Late Warm, ECLW) and (iv) early growing season 18 °C, switched to 10 °C later (Early Warm Late Cool, EWLC). The treatments did not affect growth allocation between shoots and roots. Warm soil benefitted shoot elongation as it slowed down in EWLC and accelerated in ECLW after the soil temperature switch. However, whole-tree biomasses were similar to Cool and the seedlings grew largest in Warm. Phenology was not strongly affected by soil temperature, and root and shoot growth did not usually peak simultaneously. Short root mortality increased strongly in ECLW and decreased in EWLC after the soil temperature switch. Long root longevity was not significantly affected but long root growth ceased earliest in ECLW. Soil warming increased foliar nutrient contents. Growth dynamics were not solely driven by soil temperature, but resource competition also played a significant role. The study showed the importance of soil temperature for fine root dynamics not only through root growth but also via root mortality, as soil warming increased mortality even more than growth. Soil temperature has complex effects on tree and soil functioning, which further affects carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems that have a climate feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Kilpeläinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Timo Domisch
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tarja Lehto
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Piirainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | | | - Tapani Repo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
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Ghani MU, Kamran M, Ahmad I, Arshad A, Zhang C, Zhu W, Lou S, Hou F. Alfalfa-grass mixtures reduce greenhouse gas emissions and net global warming potential while maintaining yield advantages over monocultures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157765. [PMID: 35926624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving forage productivity with lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from limited grassland has been a hotspot of interest in global agricultural production. In this study, we analyzed the effects of grasses (tall fescue, smooth bromegrass), legume (alfalfa), and alfalfa-grass (alfalfa + smooth bromegrass and alfalfa + tall fescue) mixtures on GHG emissions, net global warming potential (Net GWP), yield-based greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI), soil chemical properties and forage productivity in cultivated grassland in northwest China during 2020-2021. Our results demonstrated that alfalfa-grass mixtures significantly improved forage productivity. The highest total dry matter yield (DMY) during 2020 and 2021 was obtained from alfalfa-tall fescue (11,311 and 13,338 kg ha-1) and alfalfa-smooth bromegrass mixtures (10,781 and 12,467 kg ha-1). The annual cumulative GHG emissions from mixtures were lower than alfalfa monoculture. Alfalfa-grass mixtures significantly reduced GHGI compared with the grass or alfalfa monocultures. Furthermore, results indicated that grass, alfalfa and alfalfa-grass mixtures differentially affected soil chemical properties. Lower soil pH and C/N ratio were recorded in alfalfa monoculture. Alfalfa and mixtures increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) contents. Importantly, alfalfa-grass mixtures are necessary for improving forage productivity and mitigating the GHG emissions in this region. In conclusion, the alfalfa-tall fescue mixture lowered net GWP and GHGI in cultivated grassland while maintaining high forage productivity. These advanced agricultural practices could contribute to the development of climate-sustainable grassland production in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Ghani
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Adnan Arshad
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Wanhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Shanning Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China.
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Gao J, Zhou W, Liu Y, Sha L, Song Q, Lin Y, Yu G, Zhang J, Zheng X, Fang Y, Grace J, Zhao J, Xu J, Gui H, Sinclair F, Zhang Y. Litter-derived nitrogen reduces methane uptake in tropical rainforest soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157891. [PMID: 35952876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Litter comprises a major nutrient source when decomposed via soil microbes and functions as subtract that limits gas exchange between soil and atmosphere, thereby restricting methane (CH4) uptake in soils. However, the impact and inherent mechanism of litter and its decomposition on CH4 uptake in soils remains unknown in forest. Therefore, to declare the mechanisms of litter input and decomposition effect on the soil CH4 flux in forest, this study performed a litter-removal experiment in a tropical rainforest, and investigated the effects of litter input and decomposition on the CH4 flux among forest ecosystems through a literature review. Cumulative annual CH4 flux was -3.30 kg CH4-C ha-1 y-1. The litter layer decreased annual accumulated CH4 uptake by 8% which greater in the rainy season than the dry season in the tropical rainforest. Litter decomposition and the input of carbon and nitrogen in litter biomass reduced CH4 uptake significantly and the difference in CH4 flux between treatment with litter and without litter was negatively associated with N derived from litter input. Based on the literature review about litter effect on soil CH4 around world forests, the effect of litter dynamics on CH4 uptake was regulated by litter-derived nitrogen input and the amount soil inorganic nitrogen content. Our results suggest that nitrogen input via litter decomposition, which increased with temperature, caused a decline in CH4 uptake by forest soils, which could weaken the contribution of the forest in mitigating global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China; School of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China; Xishuangbanna Station for Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem Studies, Chinese Ecosystem Research Net, Mengla, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China; Xishuangbanna Station for Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem Studies, Chinese Ecosystem Research Net, Mengla, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Yuntong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China; School of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China; Xishuangbanna Station for Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem Studies, Chinese Ecosystem Research Net, Mengla, China
| | - Liqing Sha
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China; Xishuangbanna Station for Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem Studies, Chinese Ecosystem Research Net, Mengla, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qinghai Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China; Xishuangbanna Station for Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem Studies, Chinese Ecosystem Research Net, Mengla, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Youxing Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Guirui Yu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xunhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yunting Fang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - John Grace
- School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Junbin Zhao
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Soil Quality, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien 8, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, China
| | - Heng Gui
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Fergus Sinclair
- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yiping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China; Xishuangbanna Station for Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem Studies, Chinese Ecosystem Research Net, Mengla, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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8
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Yang J, Jia X, Ma H, Chen X, Liu J, Shangguan Z, Yan W. Effects of warming and precipitation changes on soil GHG fluxes: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154351. [PMID: 35259374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations resulting from human activities lead to climate change, including global warming and changes of precipitation patterns worldwide, which in turn would have profound effects on soil GHG emissions. Nonetheless, the impact of the combination of warming and precipitation changes on all three major biogenic GHGs (CO2, CH4 and N2O) has not been synthesized, to build a global synthesis. In this study, we conducted a global meta-analysis concerning the effects of warming and precipitation changes and their interactions on soil GHG fluxes and explored the potential factors by synthesizing 39 published studies worldwide. Across all studies, combination of warming and increased precipitation showed more significant effect on CO2 emissions (24.0%) than the individual effect of warming (8.6%) and increased precipitation (20.8%). Additionally, warming increased N2O emissions (28.3%), and decreased precipitation reduced CO2 (-8.5%) and N2O (-7.1%) emissions, while the combination of warming and decreased precipitation also showed negative effects on CO2 (-7.6%) and N2O (-14.6%) emissions. The interactive effects of warming and precipitation changes on CO2 emissions were usually additive, whereas CO2 and N2O emissions were dominated by synergistic effects under warming and decreased precipitation. Moreover, climate, biome, duration, and season of manipulations also affected soil GHG fluxes as well. Furthermore, we also found the threshold effects of changes in soil temperature and moisture on CO2 and N2O emissions under warming and precipitation changes. The findings indicate that both warming and precipitation changes substantially affect GHG emissions and highlight the urgent need to study the effect of the combination of warming and precipitation changes on C and N cycling under ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Hongze Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhouping Shangguan
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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9
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Wang X, Hu HB, Zheng X, Deng WB, Chen JY, Zhang S, Cheng C. Will climate warming of terrestrial ecosystem contribute to increase soil greenhouse gas fluxes in plot experiment? A global meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154114. [PMID: 35231511 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the main manifestations of global climate change is its profound impact on the emission of greenhouse gases from terrestrial soil. Numerous field warming experiments have explored the effects of different temperature rise intensities and durations on soil greenhouse gas fluxes in the growing season of different terrestrial ecosystems. However, the results were inconsistent due to the variations in vegetation, soil, and climatic conditions in different ecosystems. In the present work, we carried meta-analysis to synthesize 99 datasets from 52 field warming experiments in growing seasons of terrestrial ecosystems to evaluate the response of soil greenhouse gas fluxes to global warming. The results showed that warming greatly stimulated soil CO2 in temperate forest and farmland by 12.64% and 25.57%, respectively, significantly increased soil N2O emissions in grassland (27.23%), farmland (44.33%), and shrubland (223.36%), and increased soil CH4 uptake by 57.81% in grasslands. However, no significant impact on the greenhouse gas fluxes in other ecosystems was observed. Generally, short-and medium-term (≤ 3 years) warming can promote soil greenhouse gas fluxes. Also, low temperature and low-medium temperature (≤ 2 °C) significantly promoted N2O emission and CH4 absorption, and medium temperature (2-4 °C) considerably assisted CO2 flux, but high temperature (> 4 °C) had no significant effect on greenhouse gas flux. Our results demonstrated that soil greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems during the growing season do not increase linearly with the increasing climate warming, and it is still uncertain whether there is acclimatization to long-term climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hai-Bo Hu
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wen-Bin Deng
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jian-Yu Chen
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Can Cheng
- Co-Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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10
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Zhang K, Li M, Yan Z, Li M, Kang E, Yan L, Zhang X, Li Y, Wang J, Yang A, Niu Y, Kang X. Changes in precipitation regime lead to acceleration of the N cycle and dramatic N 2O emission. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152140. [PMID: 34864035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are sensitive to climate change. The precipitation regime in this region has undergone major changes, "repackaging" precipitation from more frequent, smaller events to less frequent, larger events. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important indicator of responses to global change in alpine meadow ecosystems. However, little information is available describing the mechanisms driving the response of N2O emissions to changes in the precipitation regime. In this study, a manipulative field experiment was conducted to investigate N2O flux, soil properties, enzyme activity, and gene abundance in response to severe and moderate changes in precipitation regime over two years. Severe changes in precipitation regime led to a 12.6-fold increase in N2O fluxes (0.0068 ± 0.0018 mg m-2 h-1) from Zoige alpine meadows relative to natural conditions (0.0005 ± 0.0029 mg m-2 h-1). In addition, severe changes in precipitation regime significantly suppressed the activities of leucine amino peptidase (LAP) and peroxidase (PEO), affected ecoenzymatic stoichiometry, and increased the abundances of gdhA, narI and nirK genes, which significantly promoted organic nitrogen (N) decomposition, denitrification, and anammox processes. The increase in abundance of these genes could be ascribed to changes in the abundance of several dominant bacterial taxa (i.e., Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria) as a result of the altered precipitation regime. Decreases in nitrate and soil moisture caused by severe changes in precipitation may exacerbate N limitation and water deficit, lead to a suppression of soil enzyme activity, and change the structure of microorganism community. The N cycle of the alpine meadow ecosystem may accelerate by increasing the abundance of key N functional genes. This would, in turn, lead to increased N2O emission. This study provided insights into how precipitation regimes changes affect N cycling, and may also improve prediction of N2O fluxes in response to changes in precipitation regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerou Zhang
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba, 624500, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhongqing Yan
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba, 624500, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba, 624500, Sichuan, China
| | - Enze Kang
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba, 624500, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba, 624500, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba, 624500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba, 624500, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba, 624500, Sichuan, China
| | - Ao Yang
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba, 624500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuechuan Niu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoming Kang
- Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China; Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba, 624500, Sichuan, China.
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11
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Wang B, Chen Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Yue K, Wang X, Ma Y, Chen J, Sun M, Chen Z, Wu Q. Differential effects of altered precipitation regimes on soil carbon cycles in arid versus humid terrestrial ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:6348-6362. [PMID: 34478579 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Changes in precipitation regimes have significant effects on soil carbon (C) cycles; however, these effects may vary in arid versus humid areas. Additionally, the corresponding details of soil C cycles in response to altered precipitation regimes have not been well documented. Here, a meta-analysis was performed using 845 pairwise observations (control vs. increased or decreased precipitation) from 214 published articles to quantify the responses of the input process of exogenous C, the contents of various forms of C in soil, and the soil-atmosphere C fluxes relative to increased or decreased precipitation. The results showed that the effects of altered precipitation regimes did not differ between rainfall and snowfall. Increased precipitation significantly enhanced the soil C inputs, pools and outputs by 18.17%, 18.50%, and 21.04%, respectively, while decreased precipitation led to a significant decline in these soil C parameters by 10.18%, 9.96%, and 17.98%, respectively. The effects of increased precipitation on soil C cycles were more significant in arid areas (where mean annual precipitation, MAP <500 mm), but the effects of decreased precipitation were more significant in humid areas (where MAP ≥500 mm), indicating that the original MAP partially determined the responses of the soil C cycles to altered precipitation regimes. This study implies that for the same of precipitation variation, soil C cycles respond at different magnitudes: not only should the direction (decrease vs. increase) be counted but also the region (arid vs. humid) should be considered. These results deepened our understanding on regional differentiation in soil C cycles under climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yali Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Yue
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingchang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuandan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Zhou X, Zhang M, Krause SMB, Bu X, Gu X, Guo Z, Jia Z, Zhou X, Wang X, Chen X, Wang Y. Soil aeration rather than methanotrophic community drives methane uptake under drought in a subtropical forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148292. [PMID: 34153757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Little information is available about the effects of drought on soil methane (CH4) uptake and the underlying feedback of the soil microbial community in forest biomes. More importantly, a meta-analysis of the current literature on this topic revealed that there are virtually no data available in subtropical forests. To fill the abovementioned knowledge gap, we carried out a 3-year investigation of in situ CH4 efflux under drought in a subtropical forest, and found that drought significantly increased soil CH4 uptake (P < 0.001). However, drought did not change oxidation potentials and abundances of methanotrophs, and similar methanotrophic communities were observed between the drought and ambient control sites based on metagenomic sequencing analysis. Active methanotrophic communities were dominated by the genus Methylosinus based on DNA stable-isotope probing analysis. Structural equation model analysis indicated that direct drought-derived pathway, i.e., increasing soil aerations, outweighs the indirect pathway, i.e., altering methanotrophic communities and activities, and plays a predominant role in driving soil CH4 uptake in forest ecosystems. To our knowledge, our work is the first study to investigate the effects of drought on in situ CH4 efflux and the underlying microbial mechanisms in subtropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Zhou
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sascha M B Krause
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xuelei Bu
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinyun Gu
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhiying Guo
- Soil Subcenter of Chinese Ecological Research Network, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Zhongjun Jia
- Soil Subcenter of Chinese Ecological Research Network, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xihua Wang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanfen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Martins CSC, Nazaries L, Delgado‐Baquerizo M, Macdonald CA, Anderson IC, Singh BK. Rainfall frequency and soil water availability regulate soil methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from a native forest exposed to elevated carbon dioxide. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Loïc Nazaries
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Manuel Delgado‐Baquerizo
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos Químicos y Naturales Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla Spain
| | - Catriona A. Macdonald
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Ian C. Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Brajesh K. Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
- Global Centre for Land‐Based Innovation Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
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14
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Studying greenhouse gas emissions through interactions between phospholipid fatty acid content and soil properties of alpine grassland soil in Northern Tibet, China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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15
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Effects of Soil Moisture and Temperature on Microbial Regulation of Methane Fluxes in a Poplar Plantation. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12040407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Improved mechanistic understanding of soil methane (CH4) exchange responses to shifts in soil moisture and temperature in forest ecosystems is pivotal to reducing uncertainty in estimates of the soil-atmospheric CH4 budget under climate change. We investigated the mechanism behind the effects of soil moisture and temperature shifts on soil CH4 fluxes under laboratory conditions. Soils from the Huai River Basin in China, an area that experiences frequent hydrological shifts, were sampled from two consecutive depths (0–20 and 20–50 cm) and incubated for 2 weeks under different combinations of soil moisture and temperature. Soils from both depths showed an increase in soil moisture and temperature-dependent cumulative CH4 fluxes. CH4 production rates incubated in different moisture and temperature in surface soil ranged from 1.27 to 2.18 ng g−1 d−1, and that of subsurface soil ranged from 1.18 to 2.34 ng g−1 d−1. The Q10 range for soil CH4 efflux rates was 1.04–1.37. For surface soils, the relative abundance and diversity of methanotrophs decreased with moisture increase when incubated at 5 °C, while it increased with moisture increase when incubated at 15 and 30 °C. For subsurface soils, the relative abundance and diversity of methanotrophs in all samples decreased with moisture increase. However, there was no significant difference in the diversity of methanogens between the two soil depths, while the relative abundance of methanogens in both depths soils increased with temperature increase when incubated at 150% water-filled pore space (WFPS). Microbial community composition exhibited large variations in post incubation samples except for one treatment based on the surface soils incubated at 15 °C, which showed a decrease in the total and unique species number of methanotrophs with moisture increase. In contrast, the unique species number of methanogens in surface soils increased with moisture increase. The analysis of distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) showed that soil pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), NO3−-N, and NH4+-N mainly performed a significant effect on methanotrophs community composition when incubated at 60% WFPS, while they performed a significant effect on methanogens community composition when incubated at 150% WFPS. Overall, our findings emphasized the vital function of soil hydrology in triggering CH4 efflux from subtropical plantation forest soils under future climate change.
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16
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Van Nuland ME, Smith DP, Bhatnagar JM, Stefanski A, Hobbie SE, Reich PB, Peay KG. Warming and disturbance alter soil microbiome diversity and function in a northern forest ecotone. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5849001. [PMID: 32472932 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The response to global change by soil microbes is set to affect important ecosystem processes. These impacts could be most immediate in transitional zones, such as the temperate-boreal forest ecotone, yet previous work in these forests has primarily focused on specific subsets of microbial taxa. Here, we examined how bacterial and fungal communities respond to simulated above- and below-ground warming under realistic field conditions in closed and open canopy treatments in Minnesota, USA. Our results show that warming and canopy disturbance shifted bacterial and fungal community structure as dominant bacterial and fungal groups differed in the direction and intensity of their responses. Ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal communities with greater connectivity (higher prevalence of strongly interconnected taxa based on pairwise co-occurrence relationships) were more resistant to compositional change. Warming effects on soil enzymes involved in the hydrolytic and oxidative liberation of carbon from plant cell walls and nutrients from organic matter were most strongly linked to fungal community responses, although community structure-function relationships differed between fungal guilds. Collectively, these findings indicate that warming and disturbance will influence the composition and function of microbial communities in the temperate-boreal ecotone, and fungal responses are particularly important to understand for predicting future ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dylan P Smith
- University of California, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Artur Stefanski
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, 2753, NSW Australia
| | - Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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17
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Zhang Y, Zhang N, Yin J, Zhao Y, Yang F, Jiang Z, Tao J, Yan X, Qiu Y, Guo H, Hu S. Simulated warming enhances the responses of microbial N transformations to reactive N input in a Tibetan alpine meadow. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 141:105795. [PMID: 32413623 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alpine ecosystems worldwide are characterized with high soil organic carbon (C) and low mineral nitrogen (N). Climate warming has been predicted to stimulate microbial decomposition and N mineralization in these systems. However, experimental results are highly variable, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the effects of warming, N input, and their combination on soil N pools and N-cycling microbes in a field manipulation experiment. Special attention was directed to the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea, and their mediated N-cycling processes (transformation rates and N2O emissions) in the third plant growing season after the treatments were initiated. Nitrogen input (12 g m-2 y-1) alone significantly increased soil mineral N pools and plant N uptake, and stimulated the growth of AOB and N2O emissions in the late growing season. While warming (by 1.4 °C air temperature) alone did not have significant effects on most parameters, it amplified the effects of N input on soil N concentrations and AOB abundance, eliciting a chain reaction that increased nitrification potential (+83%), soil NO3--N (+200%), and N2O emissions (+412%) across the whole season. Also, N input reduced AOB diversity but increased the dominance of genus Nitrosospira within the AOB community, corresponding to the increased N2O emissions. These results showed that a small temperature increase in soil may significantly enhance N losses through NO3- leaching and N2O emissions when mineral N becomes available. These findings suggest that interactions among global change factors may predominantly affect ammonia-oxidizing microbes and their mediated N-cycling processes in alpine ecosystems under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Yin
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yexin Zhao
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongquan Jiang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinjin Tao
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuebin Yan
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunpeng Qiu
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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18
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The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment. Nature 2020; 580:227-231. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Biocrusts Modulate Responses of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Soil Fluxes to Simulated Climate Change in a Mediterranean Dryland. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Li L, Zheng Z, Wang W, Biederman JA, Xu X, Ran Q, Qian R, Xu C, Zhang B, Wang F, Zhou S, Cui L, Che R, Hao Y, Cui X, Xu Z, Wang Y. Terrestrial N 2 O emissions and related functional genes under climate change: A global meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:931-943. [PMID: 31554024 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions from soil contribute to global warming and are in turn substantially affected by climate change. However, climate change impacts on N2 O production across terrestrial ecosystems remain poorly understood. Here, we synthesized 46 published studies of N2 O fluxes and relevant soil functional genes (SFGs, that is, archaeal amoA, bacterial amoA, nosZ, narG, nirK and nirS) to assess their responses to increased temperature, increased or decreased precipitation amounts, and prolonged drought (no change in total precipitation but increase in precipitation intervals) in terrestrial ecosystem (i.e. grasslands, forests, shrublands, tundra and croplands). Across the data set, temperature increased N2 O emissions by 33%. However, the effects were highly variable across biomes, with strongest temperature responses in shrublands, variable responses in forests and negative responses in tundra. The warming methods employed also influenced the effects of temperature on N2 O emissions (most effectively induced by open-top chambers). Whole-day or whole-year warming treatment significantly enhanced N2 O emissions, but daytime, nighttime or short-season warming did not have significant effects. Regardless of biome, treatment method and season, increased precipitation promoted N2 O emission by an average of 55%, while decreased precipitation suppressed N2 O emission by 31%, predominantly driven by changes in soil moisture. The effect size of precipitation changes on nirS and nosZ showed a U-shape relationship with soil moisture; further insight into biotic mechanisms underlying N2 O emission response to climate change remain limited by data availability, underlying a need for studies that report SFG. Our findings indicate that climate change substantially affects N2 O emission and highlights the urgent need to incorporate this strong feedback into most climate models for convincing projection of future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Zhenzhen Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Wang
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Department of Environment and Science, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Joel A Biederman
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Xingliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Qinwei Ran
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyan Qian
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Shutong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhen Cui
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxiao Che
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanbin Hao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyong Cui
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Yanfen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
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21
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Prosser JI, Hink L, Gubry-Rangin C, Nicol GW. Nitrous oxide production by ammonia oxidizers: Physiological diversity, niche differentiation and potential mitigation strategies. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:103-118. [PMID: 31638306 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of ammonia to nitrite by bacteria and archaea is responsible for global emissions of nitrous oxide directly and indirectly through provision of nitrite and, after further oxidation, nitrate to denitrifiers. Their contributions to increasing N2 O emissions are greatest in terrestrial environments, due to the dramatic and continuing increases in use of ammonia-based fertilizers, which have been driven by requirement for increased food production, but which also provide a source of energy for ammonia oxidizers (AO), leading to an imbalance in the terrestrial nitrogen cycle. Direct N2 O production by AO results from several metabolic processes, sometimes combined with abiotic reactions. Physiological characteristics, including mechanisms for N2 O production, vary within and between ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) and comammox bacteria and N2 O yield of AOB is higher than in the other two groups. There is also strong evidence for niche differentiation between AOA and AOB with respect to environmental conditions in natural and engineered environments. In particular, AOA are favored by low soil pH and AOA and AOB are, respectively, favored by low rates of ammonium supply, equivalent to application of slow-release fertilizer, or high rates of supply, equivalent to addition of high concentrations of inorganic ammonium or urea. These differences between AOA and AOB provide the potential for better fertilization strategies that could both increase fertilizer use efficiency and reduce N2 O emissions from agricultural soils. This article reviews research on the biochemistry, physiology and ecology of AO and discusses the consequences for AO communities subjected to different agricultural practices and the ways in which this knowledge, coupled with improved methods for characterizing communities, might lead to improved fertilizer use efficiency and mitigation of N2 O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Prosser
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Linda Hink
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Graeme W Nicol
- Laboratoire Ampère, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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22
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Short-Term Response of the Soil Microbial Abundances and Enzyme Activities to Experimental Warming in a Boreal Peatland in Northeast China. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is likely to influence the soil microorganisms and enzyme activity and alter the carbon and nitrogen balance of peatland ecosystems. To investigate the difference in sensitivities of carbon and nitrogen cycling microorganisms and enzyme activity to warming, we conducted three-year warming experiments in a boreal peatland. Our findings demonstrated that both mcrA and nirS gene abundance in shallow soil and deep soil exhibited insensitivity to warming, while shallow soil archaea 16S rRNA gene and amoA gene abundance in both shallow soil and deep soil increased under warming. Soil pmoA gene abundance of both layers, bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundance in shallow soil, and nirK gene abundance in deep soil decreased due to warming. The decreases of these gene abundances would be a result of losing labile substrates because of the competitive interactions between aboveground plants and underground soil microorganisms. Experimental warming inhibited β-glucosidase activity in two soil layers and invertase activity in deep soil, while it stimulated acid phosphatase activity in shallow soil. Both temperature and labile substrates regulate the responses of soil microbial abundances and enzyme activities to warming and affect the coupling relationships of carbon and nitrogen. This study provides a potential microbial mechanism controlling carbon and nitrogen cycling in peatland under climate warming.
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