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Computer Image Analysis Reveals C-Myc as a Potential Biomarker for Discriminating between Keratoacanthoma and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3168503. [PMID: 36051475 PMCID: PMC9427316 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3168503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The distinction between Keratoacanthoma (KA) and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC) is critical yet usually challenging to discriminate clinically and histopathologically. One approach to differentiate KA from cSCC is through assessing the immunohistochemical staining patterns of the three indicators, β-catenin, C-Myc, and CyclinD1, which are critical molecules that play important roles in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Ki-67, as a proliferation biomarker for human tumor cells, was also assessed as an additional potential marker for differentiating KA from cSCC. In this report, these four indicators were analyzed in 42 KA and 30 cSCC cases with the use of the computer automated image analysis system. Computer automated image analysis is a time-based and cost-effective method of determining IHC staining in KA and cSCC samples. We found that C-Myc staining was predominantly localized in the nuclei of basal cells within KA patients, whereas cSCC staining was predominantly localized in the nuclei of diffuse cells. This C-Myc staining pattern has a sensitivity of 78.6% and a specificity of 66.7% for identifying KA. Moreover, positive rates of distinct expression patterns of C-Myc and Ki-67 may also serve as a means to clinically distinguish KA from cSCC. Taken together, our results suggest that these markers, in particular C-Myc, may be useful in differentiating KA from cSCC.
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Liu M, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xin C, Ma J, Xu S, Wang X, Gao J, Zhang X, Yang S. Non‑invasive proteome‑wide quantification of skin barrier‑related proteins using label‑free LC‑MS/MS analysis. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2227-2235. [PMID: 32186761 PMCID: PMC7115193 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of epidermal proteins are closely related to skin barrier function, the abnormalities of which can lead to specific skin diseases. These proteins must be quantified to further investigate the changes in the skin barrier between healthy and disease states. However, the non-invasive and proteome-wide quantification of skin proteins without any labelling steps remains a challenge. In this study, 3M medical adhesive tapes were used to obtain skin samples from volunteers. Proteins were extracted from fresh skin samples and digested with trypsin. Each tryptic peptide was analysed in three replicates using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis and label-free quantification. The data were searched against the Human Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) to match with known proteins. Using this method, 1,157 skin proteins recorded in the UniProt were quantified. A total of 50 identical proteins were identified in the three replicate analyses of all samples with no significant differences in abundance. The results provided an objective metric for further study of skin ageing and various skin diseases. Specifically, the non-invasive proteome-wide method used in this study can be applied to future studies of skin diseases related to barrier destruction by monitoring the changes in the levels of epidermal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yaochi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Cong Xin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Shuangjun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jinping Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Rudnicka L, Kwiatkowska M, Rakowska A, Czuwara J, Olszewska M. Alopecia areata. How not to miss Satoyoshi syndrome? J Dermatol 2014; 41:951-6. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Neuropeptides; Mossakowski Medical Research Centre; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Adriana Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Joanna Czuwara
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
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Anderson-Dockter H, Clark T, Iwamoto S, Lu M, Fiore D, Falanga JK, Falanga V. Diagnostic utility of cytokeratin 17 immunostaining in morpheaform basal cell carcinoma and for facilitating the detection of tumor cells at the surgical margins. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38:1357-66. [PMID: 22691048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morpheaform subtype of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) often presents a diagnostic histological challenge, and its true margin may be difficult to determine with accuracy. This tumor may also be difficult to distinguish from other adnexal neoplasms having a benign clinical course. Previous work has shown that cytokeratin 17 (CK17 or K17) expression is high in BCC. OBJECTIVE To confirm the expression of K17 across the subtypes of superficial, nodular and morpheaform BCC variants and to compare K17 expression in each of these subtypes of BCC with that in two other adnexal neoplasms. METHODS Tissue specimens from each tumor category were randomly collected, immunolabeled, and scored for K17 expression according to intensity and extent of immunostaining. RESULTS Our results indicate that K17 is a useful marker in the identification and outlining of BCC. Moreover, in morpheaform BCC, K17 immunostaining clearly detected individual tumor cells well away from the dermal tumor strands that otherwise seemed nonmalignant according to hematoxylin and eosin staining alone. In addition, the expression of K17 in morpheaform BCC is capable (100% of specimens; p < .001) of distinguishing this tumor from desmoplastic trichoepithelioma. CONCLUSION We propose that K17 immunostaining could improve the diagnostic and surgical management of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Anderson-Dockter
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Cancer, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island 02908, USA
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Arnault JP, Mateus C, Escudier B, Tomasic G, Wechsler J, Hollville E, Soria JC, Malka D, Sarasin A, Larcher M, André J, Kamsu-Kom N, Boussemart L, Lacroix L, Spatz A, Eggermont AM, Druillennec S, Vagner S, Eychène A, Dumaz N, Robert C. Skin Tumors Induced by Sorafenib; Paradoxic RAS–RAF Pathway Activation and Oncogenic Mutations of HRAS, TP53, and TGFBR1. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:263-72. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jeon HC, Choi M, Paik SH, Ahn CH, Park HS, Cho KH. Treatment of keratoacanthoma with 5% imiquimod cream and review of the previous report. Ann Dermatol 2011; 23:357-61. [PMID: 21909208 PMCID: PMC3162267 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2011.23.3.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoacanthoma (KA) is a benign epidermal tumor, characterized by rapid and abundant growth, a tendency toward spontaneous regression and histopathologic similarity to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Because KA can be easily misdiagnosed as SCC, surgery is considered the treatment of choice. Recently, regression of KAs following application of 5% imiquimod cream (Aldara®) has been reported. We present 4 cases of KA treated with topical imiquimod, applied 3 to 4 times a week. Obvious improvement was observed after 4 to 6 weeks of application and the lesions were almost cleared leaving scars after 9 to 11 weeks. These results show that topical imiquimod can be an effective option for the conservative management of KA as previously reported. We also suggest that lesions treated with imiquimod cream should be considered for biopsy to judge histopathological remission after 5 to 8 weeks of application to shorten the duration of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Chan Jeon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tang T, Tang JY, Li D, Reich M, Callahan CA, Fu L, Yauch RL, Wang F, Kotkow K, Chang KS, Shpall E, Wu A, Rubin LL, Marsters JC, Epstein EH, Caro I, de Sauvage FJ. Targeting superficial or nodular Basal cell carcinoma with topically formulated small molecule inhibitor of smoothened. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3378-87. [PMID: 21558397 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inappropriate activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway in skin is critical for the development of basal cell carcinomas (BCC). We have investigated the anti-BCC efficacy of topically-applied CUR61414, an inhibitor of the Hh signal transduction molecule Smoothened. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In preclinical studies, we used a depilatory model to evaluate the ability of topical formulations of CUR61414 to repress Hh responsive cells found at the base of hair follicles in normal skin. We also tested the in vivo effects of topical CUR61414 on murine BCCs developed in Ptch1 (+/-) K14-CreER2 p53 fl/fl mice. In a phase I clinical study, we evaluated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a multidose regimen of CUR61414 (0.09%, 0.35%, 1.1%, and 3.1%) applied topically to human superficial or nodular BCCs for up to 28 days. RESULTS In mice, topical CUR61414 significantly inhibited skin Hh signaling, blocked the induction of hair follicle anagen, and shrank existing BCCs. However, we observed no clinical activity of this formulation in human superficial or nodular BCCs in a phase I clinical study. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight some of the challenges of translating preclinical experience into successful human results for a topical anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Tang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Commandeur S, de Gruijl FR, Willemze R, Tensen CP, El Ghalbzouri A. An in vitro three-dimensional model of primary human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:849-56. [PMID: 19469895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) represent a substantial clinical problem because of increases, frequent recurrences and successive de novo tumors, especially in organ transplant recipients. To improve upon the current surgical and other non-selective therapies, a validated organotypic in vitro model of primary human SCC needs to be developed. Such a model will have obvious advantages over current cell line and animal based approaches, and may render the latter partly obsolete. In a first approach, an explant technique of primary SCC biopsies onto dermal constructs was used to emulate tumor expansion in an in vitro model. Histological analysis revealed the formation of nests of squamous cells, mimicking an invasive morphological feature of primary SCC. Immunohistochemical analysis comprised an array of markers characteristic of keratinocyte (hyper) proliferation (K6, K16, K17 and Ki67), differentiation (K1, K10 and involucrin), basement membrane (collagen types IV and VII, integrins alpha(6) and beta(4) and laminin 332) and SCC (K4, K13 and Axl). The generated human SCC models displayed disturbed differentiation and keratins associated with hyperproliferation, but a low frequency of Ki67 positive cells. Basement membrane composition of the in vitro SCC model resembled that of normal skin. These results show for the first time that in vitro modelling of three-dimensional growth of primary cutaneous human SCC is feasible. This model may provide a platform to develop refined preventive and curative treatments and thereby gain understanding of SCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Commandeur
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Masui Y, Komine M, Kadono T, Ishiura N, Maekawa T, Ihn H, Kikuchi K, Tamaki K. Proliferating tricholemmal cystic carcinoma: a case containing differentiated and dedifferentiated parts. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 35 Suppl 1:55-8. [PMID: 18544060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 46-year-old man had a cystic mass on the right side of his scalp. Histological examination revealed a cystic dermal nodule composed of relatively circumscribed lobules of proliferating squamous epithelium, with atypical mitoses and dyskeratotic cells of invasive structure, which was diagnosed as proliferating tricholemmal cystic carcinoma (PTCC). Most of the cyst was composed of thick layers of highly proliferating, atypical, dedifferentiated epithelium (dedifferentiated part), which was attached to a highly proliferative but mildly differentiated part. A completely differentiated, tricholemmal cyst (TC)-like part was also attached to the main cyst, which supports the idea of PTCC beginning in a pre-existing TC. The dedifferentiated and mildly differentiated parts exhibited a high frequency of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells both in the basal and the suprabasal layers, while PCNA staining was almost negative in the TC-like part. Expression of cytokeratin (CK)10 and CK16 suggested disturbed epidermal differentiation in dedifferentiated part, while TC-like part showed well-differentiated trichilemmal epithelium and the mildly differentiated part was in the middle of these two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Masui
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Bhawan J, Bansal C, Whren K, Schwertschlag U. K16 expression in uninvolved psoriatic skin: a possible marker of pre-clinical psoriasis. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 31:471-6. [PMID: 15239676 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2004.0220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND K16, a type I keratin, is upregulated in hyperproliferative states including psoriasis. It has been used as a marker of psoriasis and its expression is upregulated in relapsing psoriasis and downregulating in resolving. We evaluated non-lesional psoriatic skin for K16 expression. METHODS Sixty-seven non-lesional and lesional skin samples from patients with psoriasis and normal skin from 19 non-psoriatic patients were studied by immunohistochemistry on frozen sections with K16. RESULTS Seventeen of 19 normal skin samples showed staining of basal cells in the deeper part of the rete ridges. Sixty-two non-lesional psoriatic skin samples showed intense basal staining of K16. Of the remaining five non-lesional samples, diffuse intense suprabasal staining in one, pan-epidermal staining in two, and no staining was seen in two samples. Suprabasal (37), diffuse (14), sandwich (12), and basal (3) pattern staining were seen in psoriatic skin. One psoriatic skin sample did not show any expression. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that K16 expression is also observed in non-lesional psoriatic skin and may serve as a marker of preclinical psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jag Bhawan
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratoacanthoma (KA) is an extraordinary entity. Once considered a benign neoplasm that resembled a highly malignant one (pseudomalignancy), it is now viewed in an opposite light as a cancer that resembles a benign neoplasm (pseudobenignity). OBJECTIVE The goal was to delineate the malignant potential of this neoplasm based on the author's experience and a review of recent data and research and to emphasize the KA as a possible part of an autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome, the Muir-Torre syndrome. METHODS This is a review of the literature. RESULTS In this work, the KA is reviewed with recent advances emphasized. CONCLUSION KA is an abortive malignancy that rarely progresses into an invasive SCC. The KA may serve as a marker for the important autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome, the Muir-Torre syndrome, as a result of a defective DNA mismatch repair gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Birgitte Lane
- Cancer Research UK, Cell Structure Research Group, University of Dundee School of Life Sciences, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
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Katagata Y, Takeda H, Ishizawa T, Hozumi Y, Kondo S. Occurrence and comparison of the expressed keratins in cultured human fibroblasts, endothelial cells and their sarcomas. J Dermatol Sci 2002; 30:1-9. [PMID: 12354414 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(02)00039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated keratin (K) expression in cultured fibroblasts, endothelial cells and their sarcomas by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy techniques. Although the fibroblast and endothelial cell lines were derived from mesenchyme, we confirmed Ks in both cell lines. The K in two cultured cell lines consisted of K14 and K16, together with vimentin. In addition to the above Ks, K5 and K8/K17 were comprised in each cell line, respectively. On the other hand, the cultured fibrosarcomas contained K8 and K18 in addition to the Ks present in the cultured fibroblasts, except K17. Moreover, cultured angiosarcomas showed the same Ks expression as those of the cultured fibrosarcomas, except vimentin. However, electron microscopy showed that the extremely thin fiber-like substances existed or at least did not form filamentous structures in four cultured cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohtaro Katagata
- Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Bousquet O, Coulombe PA. Les kératines : un autre regard sur la biologie de la peau. Med Sci (Paris) 2002. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200218145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Komine M, Okinaga M, Takeda F, Nashiro K, Kikuchi K, Murakami T, Soma Y, Tamaki K. Patterns of basal cell keratin 14 expression in Bowen's disease: a possible marker for tumour progression. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145:223-8. [PMID: 11531783 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bowen's disease is a well-established in situ malignancy of the epidermis. The keratin expression in Bowen's disease has been studied in many reports. However, the patterns of keratin (K) 14 expression in each case have not been closely examined. OBJECTIVES To investigate if the pattern of expression of K14 has a relationship with tumour progression, we analysed the expression patterns of K14 in relation to the nature of tumour cells, comparing tumour cells in direct contact with the dermis, tumour cells separated from the dermis, and tumour cells invading into the dermis. METHODS Twenty-seven tissue sections from 22 patients were stained with anti-K14 antibody, as well as with antilaminin and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining to evaluate the conditions of the basement membrane. Staining patterns of K10 and integrin beta1, and their relationships with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 staining patterns, were also examined. RESULTS Tumour cells with no, or with obscured, basement membranes always showed positive staining for K14, while those with continuous (intact) basement membranes usually did not. Of 10 sections showing dermal involvement of Bowen's disease, five were K14 positive and five were K14 negative. All of these K14-positive sections with dermal involvement showed negative or obscured laminin and PAS staining. Most of the sections having K14-negative tumour cells with dermal involvement showed K14-positive lining cells with continuous staining with laminin and PAS-positive basement membranes. K10 was reciprocally expressed with K14 in most of the sections. Integrin beta1 was expressed in the basal layers of non-tumour epidermal cells, but not in tumour cells. Ki-67 and PCNA were expressed at high frequencies in tumour cells, clearly demarcating tumour cells from non-tumour cells. CONCLUSIONS Tumour cells separated from the dermis by lining cells were K14 negative with PAS- and laminin-positive basement membranes around them; tumour cells without lining cells were K14 positive with or without continuous basement membranes. K14 expression may be a marker of tumour progression in Bowen's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Komine
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Branch Hospital, 3-28-6 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8688, Japan
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Gibbs S, Silva Pinto AN, Murli S, Huber M, Hohl D, Ponec M. Epidermal growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor differentially regulate epidermal migration, growth, and differentiation. Wound Repair Regen 2000; 8:192-203. [PMID: 10886810 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2000.00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Various growth factors such as epidermal growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor have been reported to promote wound closure and epidermal regeneration. In the present study epidermis reconstructed on de-epidermized dermis was used to investigate the effects of epidermal growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor on keratinocyte proliferation, migration and differentiation. Our results show that epidermal growth factor supplemented cultures share many of the features which are observed during regeneration of wounded epidermis: a thickening of the entire epidermis, an enhanced rate of proliferation and migration, and an increase in keratin 6, keratin 16, skin-derived antileukoproteinase, involucrin and transglutaminase 1 expression. The increase in transglutaminase 1 protein is accompanied by an increase in the amount of active transglutaminase 1 enzyme. Surprisingly no increase in keratin 17 is observed. Prolonging the culture period for more than two weeks results in rapid senescence and aging of the cultures. In contrast, keratinocyte growth factor supplemented cultures have a tissue architecture that is similar to healthy native epidermis and remains unchanged for at least 4 weeks of air-exposure. The rate of proliferation and the expression of keratins 6, 16 and 17, skin-derived antileukoproteinase, involucrin and transglutaminase 1 is similar to that found in healthy epidermis and furthermore keratinocyte migration does not occur. When the culture medium is supplemented with a combination of keratinocyte growth factor and a low concentration of epidermal growth factor, skin-derived antileukoproteinase, involucrin and keratins 6, 16 and 17 expression is similar to that found in cultures supplemented with keratinocyte growth factor alone and in healthy epidermis. Only high transglutaminase 1 expression remains similar to that observed in cultures supplemented with epidermal growth factor alone. Our results show that the regulation of keratinocyte growth, migration and differentiation depends on the availability of these growth factors. Epidermal growth factor may play a dominant early role in wound healing by stimulating keratinocyte proliferation and migration while keratinocyte growth factor may play a role later in the repair process by stabilizing epidermal turnover and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology,Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
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Wojcik SM, Imakado S, Seki T, Longley MA, Petherbridge L, Bundman DS, Bickenbach JR, Rothnagel JA, Roop DR. Expression of MK6a dominant-negative and C-terminal mutant transgenes in mice has distinct phenotypic consequences in the epidermis and hair follicle. Differentiation 1999; 65:97-112. [PMID: 10550543 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1999.6520097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mouse keratin 6a (MK6a) is constitutively expressed in a single cell layer of the outer root sheath (ORS) of hair follicles, but its synthesis can be induced in interfollicular epidermis including the basal cell layer in response to perturbing stimuli. A basally inducible human K6 (HK6) isoform has not been described, and it is not clear which of the known HK6 isoforms is expressed in the ORS. In this study we show that expression of a dominant-negative MK6a construct (Delta2B-P) in the interfollicular epidermis caused severe blistering and neonatal lethality, suggesting that mutations in a yet to be identified basally expressed HK6 isoform might result in a severe blistering phenotype. Surviving Delta2B-P animals showed transgene expression only in isolated epidermal cells and not in all cells of the ORS, but nevertheless developed severe alopecia. Expression of two different C-terminal mutant transgenes also caused alopecia while a third C-terminal mutant had no phenotypic conse- quences. Electron microscopy revealed that Delta2B-P expression resulted in the collapse of keratin filaments, while destruction of hair follicles in the two phenotypic C-terminal mutant lines occurred in the absence of filament abnormalities. The latter finding indicates that the innermost ORS cells are uniquely sensitive to expression of even slightly altered K6 proteins, suggesting that mutations affecting an HK6 isoform expressed in this cell layer could result in alopecia in humans as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wojcik
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S, Aschauer H, Schmook FP, Jensen JM, Meingassner JG, Proksch E. Expression of epidermal keratins and the cornified envelope protein involucrin is influenced by permeability barrier disruption. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:517-23. [PMID: 9740250 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we have shown that experimental permeability barrier disruption leads to an increase in epidermal lipid and DNA synthesis. Here we investigate whether barrier disruption also influences keratins and cornified envelope proteins as major structural keratinocyte proteins. Cutaneous barrier disruption was achieved in hairless mouse skin by treatments with acetone +/- occlusion, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or tape-stripping. As a chronic model for barrier disruption, we used essential fatty acid deficient mice. Epidermal keratins were determined by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblots, and anti-keratin antibodies in biopsy samples. In addition, the expression of the cornified envelope proteins loricrin and involucrin after barrier disruption was determined by specific antibodies in human skin. Acute as well as chronic barrier disruption resulted in the induction of the expression of keratins K6, K16, and K17. Occlusion after acute disruption led to a slight reduction of keratin K6 and K16 expression. Expression of basal keratins K5 and K14 was reduced after both methods of barrier disruption. Suprabasal keratin K10 expression was increased after acute barrier disruption and K1 as well as K10 expression was increased after chronic barrier disruption. Loricrin expression in mouse and in human skin was unchanged after barrier disruption. In contrast, involucrin expression, which was restricted to the granular and upper spinous layers in normal human skin, showed an extension to the lower spinous layers 24 h after acetone treatment. In summary, our results document that acute or chronic barrier disruption leads to expression of keratins K6, K16, and K17 and to a premature expression of involucrin. We suggest that the coordinated regulation of lipid, DNA, keratin, and involucrin synthesis is critical for epidermal permeability barrier function.
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Yoshikawa K, Katagata Y, Kondo S. Biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses of keratin expression in basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Sci 1998; 17:15-23. [PMID: 9651824 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(97)00065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently we demonstrated that the keratin 17 (K17) content exceeded the K16 content in most follicular tumors, in comparison with non-follicular epithelial skin tumours by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), densitometry and immunohistochemistry. At present the origin of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is unknown. So, based on the above results, we studied keratin expression in eight cases of BCC, in order to analyze tumor differentiation by both biochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Biochemically, using 2-DE and immunoblotting, stratified epithelial keratins K5/K14 and large amounts of K17 were present in all cases. Simple epithelial keratins K8 and K19 were expressed in all and half of the cases, respectively. However, hyperproliferative associated keratins (K6/K16) and keratinized keratins (K1/K10) were detected in only a few cases. Immunohistochemical studies using frozen sections with chain-specific antikeratin monoclonal antibodies against K1, K7, K8, K10, K14, K16, K17, K18 and K19 showed that BCC tumor cells reacted positively with antibodies against K8, K14, K17 and K19, but did not react, or were rarely positive with K1, K7, K10, K16 and K18 antibodies. Predominant expression of K17 and the frequent expression of K8 and K19, with little K6/K16 and K1/K10 expression are the characteristic features of BCC, suggesting that BCC is differentiated towards undifferentiated follicular epithelia, most probably hair bulge cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan
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Wawersik M, Paladini RD, Noensie E, Coulombe PA. A proline residue in the alpha-helical rod domain of type I keratin 16 destabilizes keratin heterotetramers. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:32557-65. [PMID: 9405470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.51.32557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I keratins 14 (K14) and 16 (K16) are distinct in their assembly properties and their expression pattern despite a high degree of sequence identity. Understanding K16 function and regulation is of interest, given its strong induction in keratinocytes located at the wound edge after injury to stratified epithelia. We reported previously that, compared with K14, K16 forms unstable heterotetramers with either K5 or K6 as the type II keratin pairing partner (Paladini, R. D., Takahashi, K., Bravo, N. S., and Coulombe, P. A. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 132, 381-397). We show here that yet another related type I keratin, K17, forms stable heterotetramers with a variety of type II keratins, further accentuating the unique nature of K16. Analysis of chimeric K14-K16 proteins in a heterotetramer formation assay indicated that the instability determinant resides in a 220-amino acid segment within the alpha-helical rod domain of K16. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Pro188, an amino acid residue located in subdomain 1B of the rod, accounts quantitatively for the instability of K16-containing heterotetramers under denaturing conditions. In vitro polymerization studies suggest that the presence of Pro188 correlates with a reduction in assembly efficiency. In addition to their implications for the stable conformation of the keratin heterotetramers, these findings suggest that the tetramer-forming properties of K16 may influence its partitioning between the soluble and polymer pools, and hence contribute to its regulation in epithelial cells under resting and wound repair conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wawersik
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Takahashi K, Coulombe PA. Defining a region of the human keratin 6a gene that confers inducible expression in stratified epithelia of transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:11979-85. [PMID: 9115262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.18.11979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the epidermis and other stratified epithelia triggers a repair response involving the rapid induction of several genes, including keratin 6 (K6). The signaling pathways and mechanisms presiding over this induction in keratinocytes at the wound edge remain to be defined. We reported previously that of the multiple genes encoding K6 isoforms in human, K6a is dominant in skin epithelia (Takahashi, K., Paladini, R., Coulombe, P. A. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18581-18592). Using bacterial LacZ as a reporter gene in transgenic mice, we show that the proximal 5.2 kilobases of 5'-upstream sequence from the K6a gene fails to direct sustained expression in any adult tissue, including those where K6 is constitutively expressed (e.g. hair follicle, nail, oral mucosa, tongue, esophagus, forestomach). In contrast, the proximal 960 base pairs of 5'-upstream sequence suffice to mediate an induction of beta-galactosidase expression in a near-correct spatial and temporal fashion after injury to epidermis and other stratified epithelia. Transgene expression also occurs following topical application of phorbol esters, all-trans-retinoic acid, or 2-4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene, all known to induce K6 expression in skin. Our data show that critical regulatory sequences for this inducibility are located between -960 and -550 bp in the 5'-upstream sequence of K6a and that their activity is influenced by enhancer element(s) located between -2500 and -5200 base pairs. These findings have important implications for the control of gene expression after injury to stratified epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takahashi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Paladini RD, Takahashi K, Bravo NS, Coulombe PA. Onset of re-epithelialization after skin injury correlates with a reorganization of keratin filaments in wound edge keratinocytes: defining a potential role for keratin 16. J Cell Biol 1996; 132:381-97. [PMID: 8636216 PMCID: PMC2120730 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.132.3.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to stratified epithelia causes a strong induction of keratins 6 (K6) and 16 (K16) in post-mitotic keratinocytes located at the wound edge. We show that induction of K6 and K16 occurs within 6 h after injury to human epidermis. Their subsequent accumulation in keratinocytes correlates with the profound reorganization of keratin filaments from a pan-cytoplasmic distribution to one in which filaments are aggregated in a juxtanuclear location, opposite to the direction of cell migration. This filament reorganization coincides with additional cytoarchitectural changes and the onset of re-epithelialization after 18 h post-injury. By following the assembly of K6 and K16 in vitro and in cultured cells, we find that relative to K5 and K14, a well-characterized keratin pair that is constitutively expressed in epidermis, K6 and K16 polymerize into short 10-nm filaments that accumulate near the nucleus, a property arising from K16. Forced expression of human K16 in skin keratinocytes of transgenic mice causes a retraction of keratin filaments from the cell periphery, often in a polarized fashion. These results imply that K16 may not have a primary structural function akin to epidermal keratins. Rather, they suggest that in the context of epidermal wound healing, the function of K16 could be to promote a reorganization of the cytoplasmic array of keratin filaments, an event that precedes the onset of keratinocyte migration into the wound site.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Paladini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Coulombe PA, Bravo NS, Paladini RD, Nguyen D, Takahashi K. Overexpression of human keratin 16 produces a distinct skin phenotype in transgenic mouse skin. Biochem Cell Biol 1995; 73:611-8. [PMID: 8714680 DOI: 10.1139/o95-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytokeratin 16 (K16; 48 kDa) is constitutively expressed in postmitotic keratinocytes in a variety of stratified epithelial tissues, but it is best known for the marked enhancement of its expression in stratified squamous epithelia showing hyperproliferation or abnormal differentiation. Of particular interest to us, K16 is strongly induced at the wound edge after injury to the epidermis, and its accumulation correlates spatially and temporally with the onset of reepithelialization. To examine the properties of K16 in its natural cellular context, we introduced a wild-type human K16 gene into the germ line of transgenic mice. Several transgenic lines were established and characterized. Under most conditions, the human K16 transgene is regulated tissue specifically in the skin of transgenic mice. Animals that feature low levels of transgene expression are indistinguishable from controls during the first 6-8 months of life. In contrast, transgenic animals expressing the transgene at higher levels develop skin lesions at 1 week after birth, coinciding with the emergence of fur. At a cellular level, alterations begin with the reorganization of keratin filaments and are first seen at the level of the hair follicle outer root sheath (ORS), where K16 expression is known to occur constitutively. The lesions then progressively spread to involve the proximal epidermis, with which the ORS is contiguous. Elevated transgene expression is associated with a marked thickening of these two epithelia, along with altered keratinocyte cytoarchitecture and aberrant keratinization but no keratinocyte lysis. The implications of this phenotype for epithelial differentiation, human genodermatoses, and wound healing in skin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Coulombe
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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