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da Silva FN, Zimath PL, do Amaral TA, Martins JRN, Rafacho A. Coadministration of olanzapine causes minor impacts on the diabetogenic outcomes induced by dexamethasone treatment in rats. Life Sci 2023; 322:121660. [PMID: 37011876 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Investigate whether the coadministration of olanzapine exacerbates the diabetogenic effects of dexamethasone, two agents used in the antiemetic cocktails indicated to mitigate the adverse effects of chemotherapy. MAIN METHODS Adult Wistar rats (both sexes) were treated daily with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, body mass (b.m.), intraperitoneal (i.p.)) with or without olanzapine (10 mg/kg, b.m., orogastric (o.g.)) for 5 consecutive days. During and at the end of the treatment, we evaluated biometric data and parameters involving glucose and lipid metabolism. KEY FINDINGS Dexamethasone treatment resulted in glucose and lipid intolerance, higher plasma insulin and triacylglycerol levels, higher content of hepatic glycogen and fat, and higher islet mass in both sexes. These changes were not exacerbated by concomitant treatment with olanzapine. However, coadministration of olanzapine worsened the weight loss and plasma total cholesterol in males, while in females resulted in lethargy, higher plasma total cholesterol, and higher hepatic triacylglycerol release. SIGNIFICANCE Coadministration of olanzapine does not exacerbate any diabetogenic dexamethasone effect on glucose metabolism and exerts a minor impact on the lipid homeostasis of rats. Our data favor the addition of olanzapine in the antiemetic cocktail considering the low incidence of metabolic adverse effects for the period and dosage analyzed in male and female rats.
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2
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Nishiyama M, Iwasaki Y, Makino S. Animal Models of Cushing's Syndrome. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6761324. [PMID: 36240318 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome is characterized by unique clinical features and comorbidities, and progress in the analysis of its genetic pathogenesis has been achieved. Moreover, prescribed glucocorticoids are also associated with exogenous Cushing's syndrome. Several animal models have been established to explore the pathophysiology and develop treatments for Cushing's syndrome. Here, we review recent studies reporting animal models of Cushing's syndrome with different features and complications induced by glucocorticoid excess. Exogenous corticosterone (CORT) administration in drinking water is widely utilized, and we found that CORT pellet implantation in mice successfully leads to a Cushing's phenotype. Corticotropin-releasing hormone overexpression mice and adrenal-specific Prkar1a-deficient mice have been developed, and AtT20 transplantation methods have been designed to examine the medical treatments for adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. We also review recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced complications using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Nishiyama
- Health Care Center, Kochi University, Kochi city, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwasaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka city, Mie 510-0293Japan
| | - Shinya Makino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Gyomeikan Hospital, Osaka city, Osaka 554-0012Japan
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3
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Dexamethasone-Induced Adipose Tissue Redistribution and Metabolic Changes: Is Gene Expression the Main Factor? An Animal Model of Chronic Hypercortisolism. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092328. [PMID: 36140428 PMCID: PMC9496558 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypercortisolism has been associated with the development of several metabolic alterations, mostly caused by the effects of chronic glucocorticoid (GC) exposure over gene expression. The metabolic changes can be partially explained by the GC actions on different adipose tissues (ATs), leading to central obesity. In this regard, we aimed to characterize an experimental model of iatrogenic hypercortisolism in rats with significant AT redistribution. Male Wistar rats were distributed into control (CT) and GC-treated, which received dexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.5 mg/kg/day) by an osmotic minipump, for 4 weeks. GC-treated rats reproduced several characteristics observed in human hypercortisolism/Cushing’s syndrome, such as HPA axis inhibition, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation, and AT redistribution. There was an increase in the mesenteric (meWAT), perirenal (prWAT), and interscapular brown (BAT) ATs mass, but a reduction of the retroperitoneal (rpWAT) mass compared to CT rats. Overexpressed lipolytic and lipogenic gene profiles were observed in white adipose tissue (WAT) of GC rats as BAT dysfunction and whitening. The AT remodeling in response to GC excess showed more importance than the increase of AT mass per se, and it cannot be explained just by GC regulation of gene transcription.
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Tholen S, Patel R, Agas A, Kovary KM, Rabiee A, Nicholls HT, Bielczyk-Maczyńska E, Yang W, Kraemer FB, Teruel MN. Flattening of circadian glucocorticoid oscillations drives acute hyperinsulinemia and adipocyte hypertrophy. Cell Rep 2022; 39:111018. [PMID: 35767959 PMCID: PMC9391061 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of circadian glucocorticoid oscillations in Cushing's disease and chronic stress results in obesity and adipocyte hypertrophy, which is believed to be a main source of the harmful effects of obesity. Here, we recapitulate stress due to jet lag or work-life imbalances by flattening glucocorticoid oscillations in mice. Within 3 days, mice achieve a metabolic state with persistently high insulin, but surprisingly low glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream, that precedes a more than 2-fold increase in brown and white adipose tissue mass within 3 weeks. Transcriptomic and Cd36-knockout mouse analyses show that hyperinsulinemia-mediated de novo fatty acid synthesis and Cd36-mediated fatty acid uptake drive fat mass increases. Intriguingly, this mechanism by which glucocorticoid flattening causes acute hyperinsulinemia and adipocyte hypertrophy is unexpectedly beneficial in preventing high levels of circulating fatty acids and glucose for weeks, thus serving as a protective response to preserve metabolic health during chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tholen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roma Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and the Gale and Ira Drukier Institute of Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Agnieszka Agas
- Department of Biochemistry and the Gale and Ira Drukier Institute of Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle M Kovary
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Atefeh Rabiee
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hayley T Nicholls
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ewa Bielczyk-Maczyńska
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wenting Yang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mary N Teruel
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry and the Gale and Ira Drukier Institute of Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Lesovaya EA, Chudakova D, Baida G, Zhidkova EM, Kirsanov KI, Yakubovskaya MG, Budunova IV. The long winding road to the safer glucocorticoid receptor (GR) targeting therapies. Oncotarget 2022; 13:408-424. [PMID: 35198100 PMCID: PMC8858080 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (Gcs) are widely used to treat inflammatory diseases and hematological malignancies, and despite the introduction of novel anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer biologics, the use of inexpensive and effective Gcs is expected to grow. Unfortunately, chronic treatment with Gcs results in multiple atrophic and metabolic side effects. Thus, the search for safer glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-targeted therapies that preserve therapeutic potential of Gcs but result in fewer adverse effects remains highly relevant. Development of selective GR agonists/modulators (SEGRAM) with reduced side effects, based on the concept of dissociation of GR transactivation and transrepression functions, resulted in limited success, and currently focus has shifted towards partial GR agonists. Additional approach is the identification and inhibition of genes associated with Gcs specific side effects. Others and we recently identified GR target genes REDD1 and FKBP51 as key mediators of Gcs-induced atrophy, and selected and validated candidate molecules for REDD1 blockage including PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors. In this review, we summarized classic and contemporary approaches to safer GR-mediated therapies including unique concept of Gcs combination with REDD1 inhibitors. We discussed protective effects of REDD1 inhibitors against Gcs–induced atrophy in skin and bone and underlined the translational potential of this combination for further development of safer and effective Gcs-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Lesovaya
- Deparment of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Oncology, I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
| | - Daria Chudakova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gleb Baida
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ekaterina M. Zhidkova
- Deparment of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill I. Kirsanov
- Deparment of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, Moscow, Russia
- Deparment of General Medical Practice, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marianna G. Yakubovskaya
- Deparment of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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de Souza JA, da Silva MC, de Souza Ferraz Junior JC, de Souza FL, de Souza SL. Maternal separation in the light or dark phase of the circadian cycle has different effects on the corticosterone levels and anxiety-like behavior in male adult rats. Physiol Behav 2022; 247:113725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Coadministration of sitagliptin or metformin has no major impact on the adverse metabolic outcomes induced by dexamethasone treatment in rats. Life Sci 2021; 286:120026. [PMID: 34627773 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Glucocorticoids (GC) in excess cause glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia due to their diabetogenic actions. Conceptually, antidiabetic drugs should attenuate these side effects. Thus, we evaluated whether the coadministration of metformin or sitagliptin (or both) with dexamethasone could attenuate GC-induced adverse effects on metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male rats were treated for 5 consecutive days with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, body mass (bm), intraperitoneally). Additional groups were coadministered with metformin (300 mg/kg, bm, by oral gavage (og)) or sitagliptin (20 mg/kg, bm, og) or with both compounds in combination. The day after the last treatments, rats were submitted to glucose tolerance tests, pyruvate tolerance test, and euthanized for biometric, biochemical, morphologic, and molecular analyses. KEY FINDINGS Dexamethasone treatment resulted in reduced body mass and food intake, increased blood glucose and plasma insulin, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, pyruvate intolerance, and increased hepatic content of glycogen and fat. Sitagliptin coadministration improved glucose tolerance compared with the control group, an effect paralleled with higher levels of active GLP-1 during an oral GTT. Overall, sitagliptin or metformin coadministration did not prevent any of the dexamethasone-induced metabolic disturbances. SIGNIFICANCE Coadministration of sitagliptin or metformin result in no major improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism altered by dexamethasone treatment in male adult rats.
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8
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Chronic glucocorticoid treatment induces hepatic lipid accumulation and hyperinsulinaemia in part through actions on AgRP neurons. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13776. [PMID: 34215821 PMCID: PMC8253818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely prescribed anti-inflammatory medicines, but their use can lead to metabolic side-effects. These may occur through direct actions of GCs on peripheral organs, but could also be mediated by the hypothalamic AgRP neurons, which can increase food intake and modify peripheral metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of chronic treatment with the GC corticosterone (Cort, 75 μg/ml in drinking water) in mice lacking the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) on AgRP neurons. Female AgRP-GR KO mice had delayed onset of Cort-induced hyperphagia. However, AgRP-GR KO had little impact on the increased body weight or adiposity seen with 3 weeks Cort treatment. Cort caused hepatic steatosis in control mice, but in Cort treated female AgRP-GR KO mice there was a 25% reduction in liver lipid content and lower plasma triglycerides. Additionally, Cort treatment led to hyperinsulinaemia, but compared to controls, Cort-treated AgRP-GR KO mice had both lower fasting insulin levels and lower insulin levels during a glucose tolerance test. In conclusion, these data indicate that GCs do act through AgRP neurons to contribute, at least in part, to the adverse metabolic consequences of chronic GC treatment.
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9
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Molecular Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020623. [PMID: 33435513 PMCID: PMC7827500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex under the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis control, one of the major neuro-endocrine systems of the organism. These hormones are involved in tissue repair, immune stability, and metabolic processes, such as the regulation of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Globally, GCs are presented as ‘flight and fight’ hormones and, in that purpose, they are catabolic hormones required to mobilize storage to provide energy for the organism. If acute GC secretion allows fast metabolic adaptations to respond to danger, stress, or metabolic imbalance, long-term GC exposure arising from treatment or Cushing’s syndrome, progressively leads to insulin resistance and, in fine, cardiometabolic disorders. In this review, we briefly summarize the pharmacological actions of GC and metabolic dysregulations observed in patients exposed to an excess of GCs. Next, we describe in detail the molecular mechanisms underlying GC-induced insulin resistance in adipose tissue, liver, muscle, and to a lesser extent in gut, bone, and brain, mainly identified by numerous studies performed in animal models. Finally, we present the paradoxical effects of GCs on beta cell mass and insulin secretion by the pancreas with a specific focus on the direct and indirect (through insulin-sensitive organs) effects of GCs. Overall, a better knowledge of the specific action of GCs on several organs and their molecular targets may help foster the understanding of GCs’ side effects and design new drugs that possess therapeutic benefits without metabolic adverse effects.
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Impairment of glucose metabolism is commonly encountered in Cushing's syndrome. It is the source of significant morbidity and mortality even after successful treatment of Cushing's. This review is to understand the recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus from excess cortisol. RECENT FINDINGS In-vitro studies have led to significant advancement in understanding the molecular effects of cortisol on glucose metabolism. Some of these findings have been translated with human data. There is marked reduction in insulin action and glucose disposal with a concomitant, insufficient increase in insulin secretion. Cortisol has a varied effect on adipose tissue, with increased lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue in the extremities, and increased lipogenesis in visceral and subcutaneous truncal adipose tissue. SUMMARY Cushing's syndrome results in marked impairment in insulin action and glucose disposal resulting in hyperglycemia. Further studies are required to understand the effect on incretin secretion and action, gastric emptying, and its varied effect on adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Sharma
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
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11
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García-Eguren G, Sala-Vila A, Giró O, Vega-Beyhart A, Hanzu FA. Long-term hypercortisolism induces lipogenesis promoting palmitic acid accumulation and inflammation in visceral adipose tissue compared with HFD-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E995-E1003. [PMID: 32315213 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00516.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) play critical roles in adipose tissue metabolism. Here, we compare in a mouse model the effects of chronic glucocorticoid excess and diet-induced obesity on white adipose tissue mass and distribution, by focusing on visceral adipose tissue (VAT) fatty acid composition changes, the role of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and the inflammatory state. We used a noninvasive mouse model of hypercortisolism to compare GC-induced effects on adipose tissue with diet-induced obesity [high-fat diet (HFD) 45%] and control mice after 10 wk of treatment. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and VAT mass and distribution were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI). Fatty acid composition in VAT was analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Gene expression of key enzymes involved in DNL was analyzed in liver and VAT. Macrophage infiltration markers and proinflammatory cytokines were measured by gene expression in VAT. HFD or GC treatment induced similar fat mass expansion with comparable distribution between SAT and VAT depots. However, in VAT, GCs induce DNL, higher palmitic acid (PA), macrophage infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine levels, accompanied by systemic nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) elevation, hyperinsulinemia, and higher homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels compared with diet-induced obesity. Thus, chronic hypercortisolism induces DNL and fatty acid composition changes toward increased SFA and reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in VAT, promoting macrophage recruitment and proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting a worse cardiometabolic profile even compared with HFD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oriol Giró
- Group of Endocrine Disorders, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Felicia A Hanzu
- Group of Endocrine Disorders, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Hill JL, Solomon MB, Nguyen ET, Caldwell JL, Wei Y, Foster MT. Glucocorticoids regulate adipose tissue protein concentration in a depot- and sex-specific manner. Stress 2020; 23:243-247. [PMID: 31441358 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1658736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical findings indicate that glucocorticoids (GC) induce lipid accumulation in visceral depots, while inhibiting lipid stores from subcutaneous depots. Whereas some suggest that this is due to adipose depot specific concentration of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) or 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1), others demonstrate these events emerge from increases in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) from macrophages within distinct depots. Regardless of the mechanisms, most of these studies occur in males and thus lack evaluation of sex differences. Here, we examined the impact of 2-week corticosterone (CORT) (3 mg/kg/day) or saline treatment on GR, 11β-HSD1 and IL-1β protein concentration in intra-abdominal (epididymal/parametrial, and visceral) and subcutaneous (inguinal) depots in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. The objective was to examine if factors that regulate GC-induced adipose depot metabolism and distribution, differ between males and females. CORT inhibited, but did not decrease, body weight gain in both sexes. 11β-HSD1 was similar between the sexes in all adipose depots. CORT increased IL-1β in both sexes only in gonadal adipose tissue. Overall, males had greater GR protein concentration in all adipose depots, whereas females had more IL-1β in intra-abdominal adipose depots. Given the male-biased increase in intra-abdominal GR protein concentration, the data suggest that males may be more prone to CORT-induced increases in visceral obesity, which may have implications for increased risk for metabolic diseases. Overall, the data suggest that the effects of GC signaling in adipose tissue are multifaceted, dependent on sex, and the inherent adipocyte characteristics.Lay summaryResearch supports that glucocorticoids (GC) induce visceral adipose tissue accumulation, however few studies have examined if these GC-mediated outcomes are similar between males and females. This study investigates if female rats differentially respond to corticosterone treatment. Results indicate that male rats may have an increased susceptibility to CORT-induced accumulation of visceral adipose tissue compared with females, which may have implication for sex-specific risk for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Hill
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matia B Solomon
- Department of Psychology Experimental Psychology Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Nguyen
- Department of Psychology Experimental Psychology Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jody L Caldwell
- Department of Psychology Experimental Psychology Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yuren Wei
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michelle T Foster
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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13
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Stopa LRS, de Souza CF, Santos GF, Martins AB, Ferreira RN, de Andrade FG, Leite CM, Zaia DA, Zaia CTB, Uchoa ET. Sex differences in glucocorticoids-induced anabolic effects in rats. Physiol Behav 2019; 209:112587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Yang L, Yang J, Pan T, Zhong X. Liraglutide increases bone formation and inhibits bone resorption in rats with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:1125-1131. [PMID: 30955181 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effects of liraglutide on bone metabolism markers in rat models with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP), including the effects on bone mass, bone tissue microstructure, bone biomechanics, and bone turnover markers. METHOD Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (n = 10) was intramuscularly injected with an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride, the dexamethasone group (n = 10) was intramuscularly injected with dexamethasone at 1 mg/kg (twice a week) to induce GIOP, the dexamethasone plus liraglutide group (n = 10) was subcutaneously injected with liraglutide at 200 μg/kg daily, simultaneously. The bilateral femurs and the fifth lumbar vertebrae were collected after 12 weeks to perform micro-computed tomography and bone biomechanical examinations. Also, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin (OC) were tested. RESULTS The bone mineral density (BMD), bone microstructure, and bone biomechanical markers reduced significantly in the dexamethasone group compared with the control group. The bone resorption indicators (TRACP and CTX-I) increased, while the bone formation indicators (ALP and OC) decreased. After liraglutide treatment, BMD, bone microstructure, and bone biomechanical markers improved significantly. Moreover, TRACP and CTX-I decreased significantly, while ALP and OC increased compared with the dexamethasone group. CONCLUSIONS Liraglutide improved BMD, bone microstructure, and bone strength and reversed GIOP, primarily through the reduction of bone resorption and promotion of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, People's Republic of China
| | - J Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, People's Republic of China
| | - T Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, People's Republic of China
| | - X Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Maternal betaine protects rat offspring from glucocorticoid-induced activation of lipolytic genes in adipose tissue through modification of DNA methylation. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1707-1716. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Mousovich‐Neto F, Matos MS, Costa ACR, Melo Reis RA, Atella GC, Miranda‐Alves L, Carvalho DP, Ketzer LA, Corrêa da Costa VM. Brown adipose tissue remodelling induced by corticosterone in male Wistar rats. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:514-528. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felippe Mousovich‐Neto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Marina Souza Matos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Anna Carolina Rego Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Melo Reis
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Georgia Correa Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Leandro Miranda‐Alves
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Denise P. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Luisa Andrea Ketzer
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa UFRJ‐Xerém em Biologia Campus Duque de Caxias Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Vânia Maria Corrêa da Costa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brasil
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17
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Uchoa ET, Stopa LR, de Souza CF, Santos GF, Martins AB, Ferreira RN, de Andrade FG, Leite CM, Zaia DA, Zaia CTB. WITHDRAWN: Sex differences in glucocorticoids-induced anabolic effects on energy balance. Steroids 2019:S0039-128X(19)30023-6. [PMID: 30738073 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor and publisher. The publisher regrets that an error occurred which led to the premature publication of this paper. This error bears no reflection on the article or its authors. The publisher apologizes to the authors and the readers for this unfortunate error.
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18
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Do TTH, Marie G, Héloïse D, Guillaume D, Marthe M, Bruno F, Marion B. Glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance is related to macrophage visceral adipose tissue infiltration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:150-162. [PMID: 30145227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is frequently present in patients with glucocorticoid (GC) excess (Cushing's syndrome) or treated with high doses of GCs. Furthermore, others similarities between metabolic syndrome (visceral obesity, elevated blood glucose levels, dyslipidemia) and Cushing's syndrome suggest that GCs could play a role in obesity-linked complications. Here we reported that long-term corticosterone (CORT) exposure in mice induced weight gain, dyslipidemia as well as hyperglycaemia and systemic insulin resistance. CORT-treated mice exhibited an increased 11β-Hsd1 expression and corticosterone levels in fat depots but a specific upregulation of glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase only in gonadal adipose tissue, suggesting that GC could act differentially on various fat depots. Despite fat accumulation in all depots, an increased expression of adipogenic (Pparγ, C/ebpα) and lipogenic (Acc, Fas) key genes was restricted to gonadal adipose tissue. Hypertrophied adipocytes observed in both visceral and subcutaneous depots also resulted from reduced lipolytic activity due to CORT treatment. Surprisingly, GC treatment promoted macrophage infiltration (F4/80, Cd68) within all adipose tissues along with predominant M2-like macrophage phenotype, and can directly act on macrophages to induce this phenotype. Moreover, macrophage infiltration preceded mass gain and adipocyte hypertrophy. Of note, specific macrophage depletion in gonadal fat preferentially reduced the M2-like macrophage content, and partially restored insulin sensitivity in mice with GC-induced obesity and insulin resistance. These data provide evidence that GCs act on adipose tissue in a depot-dependent manner and that gonadal adipose macrophages are key effectors of GC-associated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thu Huong Do
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Garcia Marie
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Dalle Héloïse
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Dorothée Guillaume
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Moldes Marthe
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Fève Bruno
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, F-75012, Paris, France.
| | - Buyse Marion
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Pharmacy, Saint-Antoine Hospital, F-75012, Paris, France; University Paris-South, EA4123, F-92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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19
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Lee YS, Lee C, Jun HS. Infrequent Feeding of Restricted Amounts of Food Induces Stress and Adipose Tissue Inflammation, Contributing to Impaired Glucose Metabolism. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1667-1675. [PMID: 30588190 PMCID: PMC6299402 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.28503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Food restriction has been recommended as an effective strategy for body weight loss. However, food restriction can alter biological rhythms and leads to physiological stress. However, relatively little is known about the physiological impact of different methods of food restriction. Therefore, we investigated whether different schedules of restricted food intake induce physiological stress and then contribute to glucose metabolism disorder. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high fat diet (60% fat) for 8 weeks and then randomly divided into three groups: the control group was continuously fed the high fat diet; the two food restriction groups were fed 50% of food consumed by the control mice with one group (FR1) being fed the full amount once a day and the other group (FR2) being fed the same total amount as FR1 twice a day for 3 days. We found increased body weight loss, the serum triglyceride levels, the expression of lipolysis-related genes, and serum corticosterone levels in the FR1 group compared with the FR2 group. The immune cell population infiltrating the adipose tissue and the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and toll-like receptor (TLR-4) mRNA were increased in the FR1 group compared with the control. To determine whether long-term dietary manipulation is associated with metabolic disorders, mice were fed a restricted diet for 3 days alternating with an unrestricted diet for the following 4 days and this was repeated for 8 weeks. The alternating FR1 group showed impaired glucose tolerance compared with the alternating FR2 group. These results indicate that infrequent feeding of restricted amounts of food could induce stress hormones, lipolysis, adipose tissue immune cell infiltration and inflammation, which in turn may promote glucose metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840 Korea
| | - Changmi Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840 Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840 Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840 Korea.,Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon, 405-760 Korea
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20
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Báez-Ruiz A, Guerrero-Vargas NN, Cázarez-Márquez F, Sabath E, Basualdo MDC, Salgado-Delgado R, Escobar C, Buijs RM. Food in synchrony with melatonin and corticosterone relieves constant light disturbed metabolism. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:167-178. [PMID: 28851750 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Circadian disruption is associated with metabolic disturbances such as hepatic steatosis (HS), obesity and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that HS, resulting from constant light (LL) exposure is due to an inconsistency between signals related to food intake and endocrine-driven suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) outputs. Indeed, exposing rats to LL induced locomotor, food intake and hormone arrhythmicity together with the development of HS. We investigated whether providing temporal signals such as 12-h food availability or driving a corticosterone plus melatonin rhythm could restore rhythmicity and prevent the metabolic disturbances under LL conditions in male rats. Discrete metabolic improvements under these separate treatments stimulated us to investigate whether the combination of hormone treatment together with mealtime restriction (12-h food during four weeks) could prevent the metabolic alterations. LL exposed arrhythmic rats, received daily administration of corticosterone (2.5 µg/kg) and melatonin (2.5 mg/kg) in synchrony or out of synchrony with their 12-h meal. HS and other metabolic alterations were importantly ameliorated in LL-exposed rats receiving hormonal treatment in synchrony with 12-h restricted mealtime, while treatment out of phase with meal time did not. Interestingly, liver bile acids, a major indication for HS, were only normalized when animals received hormones in synchrony with food indicating that disrupted bile acid metabolism might be an important mechanism for the HS induction under LL conditions. We conclude that food-elicited signals, as well as hormonal signals, are necessary for liver synchronization and that HS arises when there is conflict between food intake and the normal pattern of melatonin and corticosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Báez-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology and Cellular BiologyBiomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México
- Department of Cellular PhysiologyFaculty of Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Department of Physiology and Cellular BiologyBiomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México
- Department of AnatomyFaculty of Medicine, UNAM, DF, México
| | | | - Elizabeth Sabath
- Department of Physiology and Cellular BiologyBiomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México
| | | | | | | | - Ruud M Buijs
- Department of Physiology and Cellular BiologyBiomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México
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21
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Chronic low-dose glucocorticoid treatment increases subcutaneous abdominal fat, but not visceral fat, of male Wistar rats. Life Sci 2017; 190:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Li L, Yang G, Liao G, Mei J, Li L, Wang C, Yuan Y, Shi Y, Liu J, Zhong Z, Cheng J, Lu Y, Clarke IJ, Chen Y. Glucocorticoid treatment facilitates development of a metabolic syndrome in ovariectomized Macaca Mulatta fed a high fat diet. Steroids 2017; 128:105-113. [PMID: 28988119 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by a cluster of key features, which include abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of elevated glucocorticoid levels on the development of MetS in middle-aged female rhesus monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) after ovariectomy. Six female ovariectomized rhesus monkeys (9-13years) were randomly assigned to either a control group (normal diet, n=3) or a group in which MetS was facilitated (n=3). The MetS group fed with HFD (15% fat) and received oral prednisone acetate treatment (50mg/day). After 24months, the GCs treatment was withdrawn with continuation of high-fat feeding for a further 12months. After 24months, the MetS group displayed a significant increase in body weight and abdominal circumference. Additionally, the MetS animals displayed abnormal serum lipids, insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Histology of liver biopsies indicated marked accumulation of lipid droplets in hepatocytes of MetS animals. Withdrawal of GCs treatment led to recovery from above-mentioned metabolic disorders. Whereas GCs treatment increased leptin expression, it lowered expression of adiponectin and other factors in adipose tissue. Expression of Hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase-1 and glucose transporter type-4 in the livers of MetS animals were reduced. We conclude that in the context of high fat diet, high levels of exogenous GCs contribute to the development of MetS in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Animal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Guangneng Liao
- Animal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Obstetrics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Chengshi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yujia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yujun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhihui Zhong
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Building 13F, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Younan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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23
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Scaroni C, Zilio M, Foti M, Boscaro M. Glucose Metabolism Abnormalities in Cushing Syndrome: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Management. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:189-219. [PMID: 28368467 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An impaired glucose metabolism, which often leads to the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM), is a common complication of chronic exposure to exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) excess and plays an important part in contributing to morbidity and mortality in patients with Cushing syndrome (CS). This article reviews the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of changes in glucose metabolism associated with hypercortisolism, addressing both the pathophysiological aspects and the clinical and therapeutic implications. Chronic hypercortisolism may have pleiotropic effects on all major peripheral tissues governing glucose homeostasis. Adding further complexity, both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms are directly induced by GCs in a context-specific and cell-/organ-dependent manner. In this paper, the discussion focuses on established and potential pathologic molecular mechanisms that are induced by chronically excessive circulating levels of GCs and affect glucose homeostasis in various tissues. The management of patients with CS and DM includes treating their hyperglycemia and correcting their GC excess. The effects on glycemic control of various medical therapies for CS are reviewed in this paper. The association between DM and subclinical CS and the role of screening for CS in diabetic patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Scaroni
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Zilio
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Genèva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Boscaro
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padua, Italy
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24
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Mueller KM, Hartmann K, Kaltenecker D, Vettorazzi S, Bauer M, Mauser L, Amann S, Jall S, Fischer K, Esterbauer H, Müller TD, Tschöp MH, Magnes C, Haybaeck J, Scherer T, Bordag N, Tuckermann JP, Moriggl R. Adipocyte Glucocorticoid Receptor Deficiency Attenuates Aging- and HFD-Induced Obesity and Impairs the Feeding-Fasting Transition. Diabetes 2017; 66:272-286. [PMID: 27650854 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are important regulators of systemic energy metabolism, and aberrant GC action is linked to metabolic dysfunctions. Yet, the extent to which normal and pathophysiological energy metabolism depend on the GC receptor (GR) in adipocytes remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that adipocyte GR deficiency in mice significantly impacts systemic metabolism in different energetic states. Plasma metabolomics and biochemical analyses revealed a marked global effect of GR deficiency on systemic metabolite abundance and, thus, substrate partitioning in fed and fasted states. This correlated with a decreased lipolytic capacity of GR-deficient adipocytes under postabsorptive and fasting conditions, resulting from impaired signal transduction from β-adrenergic receptors to adenylate cyclase. Upon prolonged fasting, the impaired lipolytic response resulted in abnormal substrate utilization and lean mass wasting. Conversely, GR deficiency attenuated aging-/diet-associated obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy, and liver steatosis. Systemic glucose tolerance was improved in obese GR-deficient mice, which was associated with increased insulin signaling in muscle and adipose tissue. We conclude that the GR in adipocytes exerts central but diverging roles in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis depending on the energetic state. The adipocyte GR is indispensable for the feeding-fasting transition but also promotes adiposity and associated metabolic disorders in fat-fed and aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin Hartmann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Vettorazzi
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mandy Bauer
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lea Mauser
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabine Amann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid Jall
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Fischer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Magnes
- HEALTH Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalie Bordag
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBmed GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Jan P Tuckermann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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25
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García-Luna C, Soberanes-Chávez P, de Gortari P. Prepuberal light phase feeding induces neuroendocrine alterations in adult rats. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:15-28. [PMID: 27729464 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Feeding patterns are important factors in obesity evolvement. Time-restricted feeding schedules (tRF) during resting phase change energy homeostasis regulation, disrupting the circadian release of metabolism-regulating hormones, such as leptin, insulin and corticosterone and promoting body weight gain. Thyroid (HPT) and adrenal (HPA) axes exhibit a circadian regulation and are involved in energy expenditure, thus studying their parameters in tRF paradigms will elucidate their role in energy homeostasis impairments under such conditions. As tRF in young animals is poorly studied, we subjected prepuberal rats to a tRF either in light (LPF) or in darkness phase (DPF) and analyzed HPT and HPA response when they reach adulthood, as well as their arcuate (ARC) and paraventricular (PVN) hypothalamic nuclei neurons' sensitivity to leptin in subsets of 10-week-old animals after fasting and with i.p. leptin treatment. LPF group showed high body weight and food intake, along with increased visceral fat pads, corticosterone, leptin and insulin serum levels, whereas circulating T4 decreased. HPA axis hyperactivity was demonstrated by their high PVN Crf mRNA expression; the blunted activity of HPT axis, by the decreased hypophysiotropic PVN Trh mRNA expression. Trh impaired expression to the positive energy balance in LPF, accounted for their ARC leptin resistance, evinced by an increased Npy and Socs3 mRNA expression. We concluded that the hyperphagia of prepuberal LPF animals could account for the HPA axis hyperactivity and for the HPT blocked function due to the altered ARC leptin signaling and impaired NPY regulation on PVN TRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C García-Luna
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchMolecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P Soberanes-Chávez
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchMolecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P de Gortari
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchMolecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
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26
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Battiston FG, Dos Santos C, Barbosa AM, Sehnem S, Leonel ECR, Taboga SR, Anselmo-Franci JA, Lima FB, Rafacho A. Glucose homeostasis in rats treated with 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide is not worsened by dexamethasone treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:170-181. [PMID: 27264932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
4-vinilcyclohexene diepoxide (4-VCD) causes premature ovarian failure and may result in estrogen deficiency, characterizing the transition to estropause in rodents (equivalent to menopause in women). Estropause/menopause is associated with metabolic derangements such as glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are known to exert diabetogenic effects. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether rats with premature ovarian failure are more prone to the diabetogenic effects of GC. For this, immature female rats received daily injections of 4-VCD [160mg/kg body weight (b.w.), intraperitoneally (i.p.)] for 15 consecutive days, whereas control rats received vehicle. After 168days of the completion of 4-VCD administration, rats were divided into 4 groups: CTL-received daily injections of saline (1mL/kg, b.w., i.p.) for 5days; DEX-received daily injections of dexamethasone (1mg/kg, b.w., i.p.) for 5days; VCD-treated as CTL group; VCD+DEX-treated as DEX group. Experiments and euthanasia occurred one day after the last dexamethasone injection. 4-VCD-treated rats exhibited ovary hypotrophy and reduced number of preantral follicles (p<0.05). Premature ovarian failure had no impact on the body weight gain or food intake, but both were reduced by the effects of dexamethasone. The increase in blood glucose, plasma insulin and triacylglycerol levels as well as the reduction in insulin sensitivity caused by dexamethasone treatment was not exacerbated in the VCD+DEX group of rats. Premature ovarian failure did change neither the hepatic content of glycogen and triacylglycerol nor the glycerol release from perigonadal adipose tissue. Glucose intolerance was observed in the VCD group after an ipGTT (p<0.05), but not after an oral glucose challenge. Glucose intolerance and compensatory pancreatic β-cell mass caused by GC were not modified by ovarian failure in the VCD+DEX group. We conclude that reduced ovarian function has no major implications on the diabetogenic effects promoted by GC treatment, indicating that other factors related to aging may make rats more vulnerable to GC side effects on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle Garghetti Battiston
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Amanda Marreiro Barbosa
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Sibele Sehnem
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista-IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista-IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Janete A Anselmo-Franci
- Department of Morphology, Center of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Barbosa Lima
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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Wu T, Jiang J, Yang L, Li H, Zhang W, Chen Y, Zhao B, Kong B, Lu P, Zhao Z, Zhu J, Fu Z. Timing of glucocorticoid administration determines severity of lipid metabolism and behavioral effects in rats. Chronobiol Int 2016; 34:78-92. [PMID: 27791398 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1238831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a group of steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal glands in circadian cycles, and the dysregulation of GC signaling has been suggested to cause metabolic syndrome. Even though prolonged GC exposure is associated with serious side effects such as metabolic syndrome and central nervous system disorders, the use of GCs in anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapies has been continuously rising. Meanwhile, the exact mechanisms by which GCs can influence the lipid metabolism as well as behavior and how they are affected by time remain unknown. In this study, the effects of two different long-term GC dosing regimens on lipid metabolism and behavior were investigated. Male Wistar rats received daily administrations of the GC dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DEX, 0.5 mg/kg body weight) at either ZT0 (Dex0) or ZT12 (Dex12). After 6 weeks of treatment, DEX-treated rats, especially those treated at ZT0, had higher hepatic lipid accumulation and serum triglyceride levels and less locomotor activity than did control rats. In addition, serum levels of corticosterone, 5-hydroxy tryptamine and norepinephrine were decreased in the Dex0 group but not in the Dex12 group compared to the control group. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the chronic administration of GCs at ZT0 upregulated genes related to glycolysis and lipid synthesis and downregulated genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver more remarkably than administration at ZT12. Both DEX-treated groups displayed severely altered expression patterns of the core clock genes Bmal1 and Per2 in the liver and in fat. In addition, the expression of glutamate aspartate transporter, glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamate transporter-1, astrocyte-related genes important for maintaining nervous system functions, was drastically decreased in the hippocampus of DEX-treated rats, especially when DEX was given at ZT0. In conclusion, our findings confirm that the severity of side effects, indicated by altered lipid metabolism and behavioral activity, depends on the timing of GC administration and is associated with the degree of glucocorticoid receptor dysfunction after dosing at disparate time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- a College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Zhejiang , China
| | - Jianguo Jiang
- a College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Zhejiang , China
| | - Luna Yang
- a College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Zhejiang , China
| | - Haifeng Li
- b Children's Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Zhejiang , China
| | - Wanjing Zhang
- a College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Zhejiang , China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- a College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Zhejiang , China
| | - Binggong Zhao
- a College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Zhejiang , China
| | - Boda Kong
- a College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Zhejiang , China
| | - Ping Lu
- a College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Zhejiang , China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- a College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Zhejiang , China
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- a College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Zhejiang , China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- a College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Zhejiang , China
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Li YC, Liu YM, Shen JD, Chen JJ, Pei YY, Fang XY. Resveratrol Ameliorates the Depressive-Like Behaviors and Metabolic Abnormalities Induced by Chronic Corticosterone Injection. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101341. [PMID: 27754387 PMCID: PMC6274283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic glucocorticoid exposure is known to cause depression and metabolic disorders. It is critical to improve abnormal metabolic status as well as depressive-like behaviors in patients with long-term glucocorticoid therapy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of resveratrol on the depressive-like behaviors and metabolic abnormalities induced by chronic corticosterone injection. Male ICR mice were administrated corticosterone (40 mg/kg) by subcutaneous injection for three weeks. Resveratrol (50 and 100 mg/kg), fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) and pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) were given by oral gavage 30 min prior to corticosterone administration. The behavioral tests showed that resveratrol significantly reversed the depressive-like behaviors induced by corticosterone, including the reduced sucrose preference and increased immobility time in the forced swimming test. Moreover, resveratrol also increased the secretion of insulin, reduced serum level of glucose and improved blood lipid profiles in corticosterone-treated mice without affecting normal mice. However, fluoxetine only reverse depressive-like behaviors, and pioglitazone only prevent the dyslipidemia induced by corticosterone. Furthermore, resveratrol and pioglitazone decreased serum level of glucagon and corticosterone. The present results indicated that resveratrol can ameliorate depressive-like behaviors and metabolic abnormalities induced by corticosterone, which suggested that the multiple effects of resveratrol could be beneficial for patients with depression and/or metabolic syndrome associated with long-term glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Ya-Min Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Ji-Duo Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Jun-Jie Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yang-Yi Pei
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Abstract
In response to stress, the central nervous system initiates a signaling cascade, which leads to the production of glucocorticoids (GCs). GCs act through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to coordinate the appropriate cellular response with the primary goal of mobilizing the storage forms of carbon precursors to generate a continuous glucose supply for the brain. Although GCs are critical for maintaining energy homeostasis, excessive GC stimulation leads to a number of undesirable side effects, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, fatty liver, obesity, and muscle wasting leading to severe metabolic dysfunction. Summarized below are the diverse metabolic roles of glucocorticoids in energy homeostasis and dysregulation, focusing specifically on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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30
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McManus B, Korpela R, O'Connor P, Schellekens H, Cryan JF, Cotter PD, Nilaweera KN. Compared to casein, bovine lactoferrin reduces plasma leptin and corticosterone and affects hypothalamic gene expression without altering weight gain or fat mass in high fat diet fed C57/BL6J mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:53. [PMID: 26649066 PMCID: PMC4672495 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies in both humans and rodents have examined the use of lactoferrin as a dietary solution to weight gain and visceral fat accretion and have shown promising results in the short term (up to 7 weeks). This study examined the effects of giving lactoferrin over a longer period of time. Methods For 13 weeks, male C57/BL6J mice were given a diet containing 10 % kJ fat and 20 % kJ casein (LFD) or a diet with 45 % kJ fat and either 20 % kJ casein (HFD) or 20 % kJ lactoferrin (HFD + Lac). Physiological, metabolic, and biochemical parameters were investigated. Gene expression was investigated by Real-Time PCR and microarray. All data was assessed using t-test, ANOVA or ANCOVA. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was used to interpret microarray data and assess the impact on gene sets with common biological roles. Results By the end of the trial, HFD + Lac fed mice did not alter energy balance, body composition, bodyweight, or weight gain when compared to the HFD group. Notably, there were no changes in subcutaneous or epididymal adipose leptin mRNA levels between high fat diet groups, however plasma leptin was significantly reduced in the HFD + Lac compared to HFD group (P < 0.05) suggesting reduced leptin secretion. Global microarray analysis of the hypothalamus indicate an overall reduction in gene sets associated with feeding behaviour (P < 0.01) and an up-regulation of gene sets associated with retinol metabolism in the HFD + Lac group compared to the HFD group (P < 0.01). Genes in the latter catergory have been shown to impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Notably, plasma corticosterone levels in the HFD + Lac group were reduced compared to the HFD fed mice (P < 0.05). Conclusions The data suggests that prolonged feeding of full-length dietary lactoferrin, as part of a high fat diet, does not have a beneficial impact on weight gain when compared to casein. However, its impact on leptin secretion and accompanying changes in hypothalamic gene expression may underlie how this dietary protein alters plasma corticosterone. The lactoferrin fed mouse model could be used to identify leptin and corticosterone regulated genes in the hypothalamus without the confounding effects of body weight change. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-015-0049-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina McManus
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland ; Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology, Medical Nutrition Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Korpela
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology, Medical Nutrition Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula O'Connor
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriet Schellekens
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland ; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Barbosa AM, Francisco PDC, Motta K, Chagas TR, Dos Santos C, Rafacho A, Nunes EA. Fish oil supplementation attenuates changes in plasma lipids caused by dexamethasone treatment in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:382-90. [PMID: 26939043 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid that may alter glucose and lipid homeostasis when administered in high doses or for long periods of time. Omega-3 fatty acids, present in fish oil (FO), can be used as potential modulators of intermediary glucose and lipid metabolism. Herein, we evaluate the effects of FO supplementation (1 g·kg(-1) body weight (BW)) on glucose and lipid metabolism in rats treated with dexamethasone (0.5 mg·kg(-1) BW) for 15 days. Adult male Wistar rats were distributed among 4 groups: control (saline, 1 mL·kg(-1) BW and mineral oil, 1 g·kg(-1) BW), DEX (dexamethasone and mineral oil), FO (fish oil and saline), and DFO (fish oil and dexamethasone). Dexamethasone and saline were administered intraperitoneally, and fish oil and mineral oil were administered by gavage. We evaluated functional and molecular parameters of lipid and glycemic profiles at 8 days and at the end of treatment. FO supplementation increased hepatic docosahexaenoic acid (DEX: 5.6% ± 0.7%; DFO: 10.5% ± 0.8%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (DEX: 0.3% ± 0.0%; DFO: 1.3% ± 0.1%) contents and attenuated the increase of plasma triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in DFO rats compared with DEX rats. These effects seem not to depend on hepatic expression of insulin receptor substrate 1, protein kinase B, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. There was no effect of supplementation on body weight loss, fasting glycemia, and glucose tolerance in rats treated with dexamethasone. In conclusion, we show that FO supplementation for 15 days attenuates the dyslipidemia induced by dexamethasone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Marreiro Barbosa
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,b Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Center of Health Sciences, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Cássia Francisco
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Katia Motta
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Thayz Rodrigues Chagas
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Dos Santos
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Everson Araújo Nunes
- a Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,b Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Center of Health Sciences, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Oliveira AC, Andreotti S, Chimin P, Sertié RAL, Farias TDSM, Torres-Leal FL, de Proença ARG, Campaña AB, D'Avila LSP, Oliveira KA, Lima FB. Neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mothers promotes metabolic programming of adipose tissue in male rat offspring. Life Sci 2015; 136:151-6. [PMID: 26144624 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy can lead to fetal changes, like macrosomia or obesity in adultlife. Experimentalmodels of diabetes have been studied to evaluate the consequences of offspring lipidmetabolism. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic changes in adipose tissue of offspring of streptozotocininduced diabetic mothers during neonatal period. MAIN METHODS Diabetes was induced in female rats by streptozotocin administration on 5th day of life. In adulthood, female rats were bred with control male rats. Male puppies were sacrificed on 12th week of life and epididymal (EP) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose fat pads were excised and weighted. Adipocytes were isolated and evaluated for basal and insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake, oxidation of glucose into CO2, and incorporationof glucose into lipids and lipolytic capacity. KEY FINDINGS Bodyweight, EP fat padweight and diameter of adipocytes fromoffspring of diabeticmothers were increased in comparison to offspring of control mothers. EP adipocytes from offspring of diabetic mothers presented increased basal and insulin stimulated glucose uptake in comparison to control ones. Similar pattern was observed for glucose oxidation into CO2 and incorporation into lipids. However, significant difference in lipolytic capacity in vitrowas not observed. Protein content of GLUT4, insulin receptor and acetyl-CoA carboxylase was significantly increased in EP fat pad of offspring of diabetic mothers in relation to control group. SIGNIFICANCE Metabolic programming occurred in the adipose tissue of offspring of diabetic mothers, increasing its capacity to store lipids with no changes in lipolytic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariclécio C Oliveira
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Andreotti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Chimin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogério A L Sertié
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita da S M Farias
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco L Torres-Leal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Brazil
| | - André R G de Proença
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda B Campaña
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Keciany A Oliveira
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Fábio B Lima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Regnier SM, Kirkley AG, Ye H, El-Hashani E, Zhang X, Neel BA, Kamau W, Thomas CC, Williams AK, Hayes ET, Massad NL, Johnson DN, Huang L, Zhang C, Sargis RM. Dietary exposure to the endocrine disruptor tolylfluanid promotes global metabolic dysfunction in male mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:896-910. [PMID: 25535829 PMCID: PMC4330315 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental endocrine disruptors are implicated as putative contributors to the burgeoning metabolic disease epidemic. Tolylfluanid (TF) is a commonly detected fungicide in Europe, and previous in vitro and ex vivo work has identified it as a potent endocrine disruptor with the capacity to promote adipocyte differentiation and induce adipocytic insulin resistance, effects likely resulting from activation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling. The present study extends these findings to an in vivo mouse model of dietary TF exposure. After 12 weeks of consumption of a normal chow diet supplemented with 100 parts per million TF, mice exhibited increased body weight gain and an increase in total fat mass, with a specific augmentation in visceral adipose depots. This increased adipose accumulation is proposed to occur through a reduction in lipolytic and fatty acid oxidation gene expression. Dietary TF exposure induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and metabolic inflexibility, while also disrupting diurnal rhythms of energy expenditure and food consumption. Adipose tissue endocrine function was also impaired with a reduction in serum adiponectin levels. Moreover, adipocytes from TF-exposed mice exhibited reduced insulin sensitivity, an effect likely mediated through a specific down-regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 expression, mirroring effects of ex vivo TF exposure. Finally, gene set enrichment analysis revealed an increase in adipose glucocorticoid receptor signaling with TF treatment. Taken together, these findings identify TF as a novel in vivo endocrine disruptor and obesogen in mice, with dietary exposure leading to alterations in energy homeostasis that recapitulate many features of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Regnier
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition (S.M.R., R.M.S.), Pritzker School of Medicine (S.M.R., R.M.S.), Kovler Diabetes Center (H.Y., E.E.-H., X.Z., C.C.T., N.L.M., R.M.S.), Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine (A.G.K., B.A.N.), Department of Pathology (D.N.J.), Center for Research Informatics (L.H., C.Z.), and University of Chicago (S.M.R., A.G.K., H.Y., E.E.-H., X.Z., B.A.N., W.K., C.C.T., N.L.M., D.N.J., L.H., C.Z., R.M.S.), Chicago, Illinois 60637; Kennedy-King College (A.K.W.), Chicago, Illinois 60621; and Walter Payton College Preparatory High School (E.T.H.), Chicago, Illinois 60610
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Laryea G, Muglia L, Arnett M, Muglia LJ. Dissection of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by gene targeting in mice. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:150-64. [PMID: 25256348 PMCID: PMC4342273 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Negative feedback regulation of glucocorticoid (GC) synthesis and secretion occurs through the function of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) at sites in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as well as in brain regions such as the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and sympathetic nervous system. This function of GRs in negative feedback coordinates basal glucocorticoid secretion and stress-induced increases in secretion that integrate GC production with the magnitude and duration of the stressor. This review describes the effects of GR loss along major sites of negative feedback including the entire brain, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the pituitary. In genetic mouse models, we evaluate circadian regulation of the HPA axis, stress-stimulated neuroendocrine response and behavioral activity, as well as the integrated response of organism metabolism. Our analysis provides information on contributions of region-specific GR-mediated negative feedback to provide insight in understanding HPA axis dysregulation and the pathogenesis of psychiatric and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Laryea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Lisa Muglia
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Melinda Arnett
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, ML 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
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35
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dos Santos C, Ferreira FBD, Gonçalves-Neto LM, Taboga SR, Boschero AC, Rafacho A. Age- and gender-related changes in glucose homeostasis in glucocorticoid-treated rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:867-78. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The disruption to glucose homeostasis upon glucocorticoid (GC) treatment in adult male rats has not been fully characterized in older rats or in females. Thus, we evaluated the age- and gender-related changes in glucose homeostasis in GC-treated rats. We injected male and female rats at 3 months and 12 months of age with either dexamethasone (1.0 mg/kg body mass, intraperitoneally) or saline, daily for 5 days. All of the GC-treated rats had decreased body mass and food intake, and adrenal hypotrophy. Increased glycemia was observed in all of the GC-treated groups and only the 3-month-old female rats were not glucose intolerant. Dexamethasone treatment resulted in hyperinsulinemia and hypertriacylglyceridemia in all of the GC-treated rats. The glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was higher in all of the dexamethasone-treated animals, but it was less pronounced in the older animals. The β-cell mass was increased in the younger male rats treated with dexamethasone. We conclude that dexamethasone treatment induces glucose intolerance in both the 3- and 12-month-old male rats as well as hyperinsulinemia and augmented GSIS. Three-month-old female rats are protected from glucose intolerance caused by GC, whereas 12-month-old female rats developed the same complications that were present in 3- and 12-month-old male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Francielle Batista D. Ferreira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Luiz M. Gonçalves-Neto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Boschero
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
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Wen M, Cui J, Xu J, Xue Y, Wang J, Xue C, Wang Y. Effects of dietary sea cucumber saponin on the gene expression rhythm involved in circadian clock and lipid metabolism in mice during nighttime-feeding. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70:801-8. [PMID: 25059722 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-014-0349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, clock rhythms exist not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is entrained by light/dark (LD) cycles, but also in most peripheral tissues. Recent studies have revealed that most physiology and behavior are subject to well-controlled daily oscillations; similarly, metabolic state influences the diurnal rhythm too. Previous studies have indicated that dietary sea cucumber saponin (SCS) could improve glucose and lipid metabolism of rodent. However, whether SCS could affect the expression of clock genes, which is involved in lipid metabolism, is unknown at present. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of SCS on the clock and clock-controlled genes involved in lipid metabolism. ICR male mice were divided into a control and SCS group mice (add 0.03% sea cucumber saponin to regular chow) and were fed at night (2030-0830 hours). After 2 weeks, clock genes expression in brain and liver, blood glucose, hormones, and lipid metabolic markers were analyzed. The results showed that dietary SCS caused alteration in rhythms and/or amplitudes of clock genes was more significant in brain than in liver. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), together with their target genes carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) showed marked changes in rhythm and/or amplitude in SCS group mice. These results suggested that SCS could affect the daily expression patterns of clock genes in brain and liver tissues, and alter the clock-controlled genes involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
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Rodrigues SC, Pantaleão LC, Nogueira TC, Gomes PR, Albuquerque GG, Nachbar RT, Torres-Leal FL, Caperuto LC, Lellis-Santos C, Anhê GF, Bordin S. Selective regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism by the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in late-pregnant rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1146-56. [PMID: 25163923 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00513.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays an essential role in maternal metabolic adaptation during late pregnancy. With regard to lipid metabolism, increased secretion of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is characteristic of late pregnancy. Despite this well-described metabolic plasticity, the molecular changes underlying the hepatic adaptation to pregnancy remain unclear. As AMPK is a key intracellular energy sensor, we investigated whether this protein assumes a causal role in the hepatic adaptation to pregnancy. Pregnant Wistar rats were treated with vehicle or AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide) for 5 days starting at gestational day 14. At the end of treatment, the rats were subjected to an intraperitoneal pyruvate tolerance test and in situ liver perfusion with pyruvate. The livers were processed for Western blot analysis, quantitative PCR, thin-layer chromatography, enzymatic activity, and glycogen content measurements. Blood biochemical profiles were also assessed. We found that AMPK and ACC phosphorylation were reduced in the livers of pregnant rats in parallel with a reduced level of hepatic gluconeogenesis of pyruvate. This effect was accompanied by both a reduction in the levels of hepatic triglycerides (TG) and an increase in circulating levels of TG. Treatment with AICAR restored hepatic levels of TG to those observed in nonpregnant rats. Additionally, AMPK activation reduced the upregulation of genes related to VLDL synthesis and secretion observed in the livers of pregnant rats. We conclude that the increased secretion of hepatic TG in late pregnancy is concurrent with a transcriptional profile that favors VLDL production. This transcriptional profile results from the reduction in hepatic AMPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Pantaleão
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane C Nogueira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia R Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela G Albuquerque
- School of Education, Sciences, Arts and Humanities, University of Grande Rio, Grande Rio, Brazil
| | - Renato T Nachbar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco L Torres-Leal
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Health Science Center, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - Camilo Lellis-Santos
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Gabriel F Anhê
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Silvana Bordin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;
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Vienberg SG, Björnholm M. Chronic glucocorticoid treatment increases de novo lipogenesis in visceral adipose tissue. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:257-9. [PMID: 24666590 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. G. Vienberg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research; Copenhagen University; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Björnholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery; Integrative Physiology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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