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Haverroth EJ, Rimer IM, Oliveira LA, de Lima LGA, Cesarino I, Martins SCV, McAdam SAM, Cardoso AA. Gradients in embolism resistance within stems driven by secondary growth in herbs. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38644584 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The stems of some herbaceous species can undergo basal secondary growth, leading to a continuum in the degree of woodiness along the stem. Whether the formation of secondary growth in the stem base results in differences in embolism resistance between the base and the upper portions of stems is unknown. We assessed the embolism resistance of leaves and the basal and upper portions of stems simultaneously within the same individuals of two divergent herbaceous species that undergo secondary growth in the mature stem bases. The species were Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Senecio minimus (fireweed). Basal stem in mature plants of both species displayed advanced secondary growth and greater resistance to embolism than the upper stem. This also resulted in significant vulnerability segmentation between the basal stem and the leaves in both species. Greater embolism resistance in the woodier stem base was found alongside decreases in the pith-to-xylem ratio, increases in the proportion of secondary xylem, and increases in lignin content. We show that there can be considerable variation in embolism resistance across the stem in herbs and that this variation is linked to the degree of secondary growth present. A gradient in embolism resistance across the stem in herbaceous plants could be an adaptation to ensure reproduction or basal resprouting during episodes of drought late in the lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Haverroth
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ian M Rimer
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Leonardo A Oliveira
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leydson G A de Lima
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, Avenida Professor Lucio Martins Rodrigues, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, Avenida Professor Lucio Martins Rodrigues, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Amanda A Cardoso
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Pasta S, Gristina AS, Scuderi L, Fazan L, Marcenò C, Guarino R, Perraudin V, Kozlowski G, Garfì G. Conservation of Ptilostemon greuteri (Asteraceae), an endemic climate relict from Sicily (Italy): State of knowledge after the discovery of a second population. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
Insular woodiness (IW)-the evolutionary transition from herbaceousness toward woodiness on islands-is one of the most iconic features of island floras. Since pioneering work by Darwin and Wallace, a number of drivers of IW have been proposed, such as 1) competition for sunlight requiring plants with taller and stronger woody stems and 2) drought favoring woodiness to safeguard root-to-shoot water transport. Alternatively, IW may be the indirect result of increased lifespan related to 3) a favorable aseasonal climate and/or 4) a lack of large native herbivores. However, information on the occurrence of IW is fragmented, hampering tests of these potential drivers. Here, we identify 1,097 insular woody species on 375 islands and infer at least 175 evolutionary transitions on 31 archipelagos, concentrated in six angiosperm families. Structural equation models reveal that the insular woody species richness on oceanic islands correlates with a favorable aseasonal climate, followed by increased drought and island isolation (approximating competition). When continental islands are also included, reduced herbivory pressure by large native mammals, increased drought, and island isolation are most relevant. Our results illustrate different trajectories leading to rampant convergent evolution toward IW and further emphasize archipelagos as natural laboratories of evolution, where similar abiotic or biotic conditions replicated evolution of similar traits.
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Onyenedum JG, Pace MR. The role of ontogeny in wood diversity and evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2331-2355. [PMID: 34761812 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) explores the link between developmental patterning and phenotypic change through evolutionary time. In this review, we highlight the scientific advancements in understanding xylem evolution afforded by the evo-devo approach, opportunities for further engagement, and future research directions for the field. We review evidence that (1) heterochrony-the change in rate and timing of developmental events, (2) homeosis-the ontogenetic replacement of features, (3) heterometry-the change in quantity of a feature, (4) exaptation-the co-opting and repurposing of an ancestral feature, (5) the interplay between developmental and capacity constraints, and (6) novelty-the emergence of a novel feature, have all contributed to generating the diversity of woods. We present opportunities for future research engagement, which combine wood ontogeny within the context of robust phylogenetic hypotheses, and molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce G Onyenedum
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Marcelo R Pace
- Department of Botany, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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Hooft van Huysduynen A, Janssens S, Merckx V, Vos R, Valente L, Zizka A, Larter M, Karabayir B, Maaskant D, Witmer Y, Fernández‐Palacios JM, de Nascimento L, Jaén‐Molina R, Caujapé Castells J, Marrero‐Rodríguez Á, del Arco M, Lens F. Temporal and palaeoclimatic context of the evolution of insular woodiness in the Canary Islands. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12220-12231. [PMID: 34522372 PMCID: PMC8427628 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insular woodiness (IW), referring to the evolutionary transition from herbaceousness toward woodiness on islands, has arisen more than 30 times on the Canary Islands (Atlantic Ocean). One of the IW hypotheses suggests that drought has been a major driver of wood formation, but we do not know in which palaeoclimatic conditions the insular woody lineages originated. Therefore, we provided an updated review on the presence of IW on the Canaries, reviewed the palaeoclimate, and estimated the timing of origin of woodiness of 24 insular woody lineages that represent a large majority of the insular woody species diversity on the Canaries. Our single, broad-scale dating analysis shows that woodiness in 60%-65% of the insular woody lineages studied originated within the last 3.2 Myr, during which Mediterranean seasonality (yearly summer droughts) became established on the Canaries. Consequently, our results are consistent with palaeoclimatic aridification as a potential driver of woodiness in a considerable proportion of the insular woody Canary Island lineages. However, the observed pattern between insular woodiness and palaeodrought during the last couple of million years could potentially have emerged as a result of the typically young age of the native insular flora, characterized by a high turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Janssens
- Meise Botanic GardenMeiseBelgium
- Department of BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Vincent Merckx
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rutger Vos
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Luis Valente
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander Zizka
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)LeipzigGermany
| | | | | | | | - Youri Witmer
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - José María Fernández‐Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Research GroupInstituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de CanariasUniversidad de La Laguna (ULL)La LagunaSpain
| | - Lea de Nascimento
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Research GroupInstituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de CanariasUniversidad de La Laguna (ULL)La LagunaSpain
| | - Ruth Jaén‐Molina
- Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo”‐Unidad Asociada al CSIC (Cabildo de Gran Canaria)Las Palmas de Gran CanariaSpain
| | - Juli Caujapé Castells
- Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo”‐Unidad Asociada al CSIC (Cabildo de Gran Canaria)Las Palmas de Gran CanariaSpain
| | - Águedo Marrero‐Rodríguez
- Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo”‐Unidad Asociada al CSIC (Cabildo de Gran Canaria)Las Palmas de Gran CanariaSpain
| | - Marcelino del Arco
- Departamento de BotánicaEcología y Fisiología VegetalUniversidad de La Laguna (ULL)La LagunaSpain
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Plant SciencesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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6
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Frankiewicz KE, Banasiak Ł, Oskolski AA, Magee AR, Alsarraf M, Trzeciak P, Spalik K. Derived woodiness and annual habit evolved in African umbellifers as alternative solutions for coping with drought. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:383. [PMID: 34416875 PMCID: PMC8377965 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major trends in angiosperm evolution was the shift from woody to herbaceous habit. However, reversals known as derived woodiness have also been reported in numerous, distantly related clades. Among theories evoked to explain the factors promoting the evolution of derived woodiness are moderate climate theory and cavitation theory. The first assumes that woody habit evolves in response to mild climate allowing for prolonged life span, which in turn leads to bigger and woodier bodies. The second sees woodiness as a result of natural selection for higher cavitation resistance in seasonally dry environments. Here, we compare climatic niches of woody and herbaceous, mostly southern African, umbellifers from the Lefebvrea clade to assess whether woody taxa in fact occur in markedly drier habitats. We also calibrate their phylogeny to estimate when derived woodiness evolved. Finally, we describe the wood anatomy of selected woody and herbaceous taxa to see if life forms are linked to any particular wood traits. RESULTS The evolution of derived woodiness in chamaephytes and phanerophytes as well as the shifts to short-lived annual therophytes in the Lefebvrea clade took place at roughly the same time: in the Late Miocene during a trend of global climate aridification. Climatic niches of woody and herbaceous genera from the Cape Floristic Region overlap. There are only two genera with distinctly different climatic preferences: they are herbaceous and occur outside of the Cape Floristic Region. Therefore, studied herbs have an overall climatic niche wider than their woody cousins. Woody and herbaceous species do not differ in qualitative wood anatomy, which is more affected by stem architecture and, probably, reproductive strategy than by habit. CONCLUSIONS Palaeodrought was likely a stimulus for the evolution of derived woodiness in the Lefebvrea clade, supporting the cavitation theory. The concurrent evolution of short-lived annuals withering before summer exemplifies an alternative solution to the same problem of drought-induced cavitation. Changes of the life form were most likely neither spurred nor precluded by any qualitative wood traits, which in turn are more affected by internode length and probably also reproductive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil E Frankiewicz
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Banasiak
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexei A Oskolski
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Prof. Popov 2, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anthony R Magee
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
- Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Rhodes Drive, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Mohammad Alsarraf
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Trzeciak
- Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Spalik
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
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Silva MDS, Funch LS, da Silva LB, Cardoso D. A phylogenetic and functional perspective on the origin and evolutionary shifts of growth ring anatomical markers in seed plants. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:842-876. [PMID: 33385187 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We reconstruct the evolutionary changes in different anatomical markers in order to understand the evolution and functional aspects of growth rings during the diversification of seed plants (spermatophytes), one of the largest and most diverse lineages of the tree of life. We carried out a wide revision of the anatomy of secondary xylem in spermatophytes and reconstructed the evolution of the different anatomical markers in a time-calibrated phylogeny. By embodying a functionally and evolutionarily significant concept in growth rings we reveal a new panorama for their frequency and show how common they are in diverse lineages of tropical plants. In this context, the principal anatomical markers of growth rings are identified in the evolutionary history of plants and their association with climate-related ecological characteristics. We discuss the function of these anatomical markers, especially for thick-walled and/or radially flattened latewood fibres, fibre zone and dilated rays. Despite the high evolutionary lability of the anatomical markers evidenced by our analyses, they appear to represent deep homologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Dos S Silva
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal e Identificação de Madeiras - LAVIM, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, Campus de Ondina, 147, Salvador, BA, 40.170-290, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Universitária, s/n, Feira de Santana, BA, 44.031-460, Brazil
| | - Ligia S Funch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Universitária, s/n, Feira de Santana, BA, 44.031-460, Brazil
| | - Lazaro B da Silva
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal e Identificação de Madeiras - LAVIM, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, Campus de Ondina, 147, Salvador, BA, 40.170-290, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada à Gestão Ambiental, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, Campus de Ondina, 147, Salvador, BA, 40.170-290, Brazil
| | - Domingos Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Universitária, s/n, Feira de Santana, BA, 44.031-460, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, Campus de Ondina, 147, Salvador, BA, 40.170-290, Brazil
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8
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Combination of Sanger and target-enrichment markers supports revised generic delimitation in the problematic 'Urera clade' of the nettle family (Urticaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 158:107008. [PMID: 33160040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Urera Gaudich, s.l. is a pantropical genus comprising c. 35 species of trees, shrubs, and vines. It has a long history of taxonomic uncertainty, and is repeatedly recovered as polyphyletic within a poorly resolved complex of genera in the Urticeae tribe of the nettle family (Urticaceae). To provide generic delimitations concordant with evolutionary history, we use increased taxonomic and genomic sampling to investigate phylogenetic relationships among Urera and associated genera. A cost-effective two-tier genome-sampling approach provides good phylogenetic resolution by using (i) a taxon-dense sample of Sanger sequence data from two barcoding regions to recover clades of putative generic rank, and (ii) a genome-dense sample of target-enrichment data for a subset of representative species from each well-supported clade to resolve relationships among them. The results confirm the polyphyly of Urera s.l. with respect to the morphologically distinct genera Obetia, Poikilospermum and Touchardia. Afrotropic members of Urera s.l. are recovered in a clade sister to the xerophytic African shrubs Obetia; and Hawaiian ones with Touchardia, also from Hawaii. Combined with distinctive morphological differences between Neotropical and African members of Urera s.l., these results lead us to resurrect the previously synonymised name Scepocarpus Wedd. for the latter. The new species epiphet Touchardia oahuensis T.Wells & A.K. Monro is offered as a replacement name for Touchardia glabra non H.St.John, and subgenera are created within Urera s.s. to account for the two morphologically distinct Neotropical clades. This new classification minimises taxonomic and nomenclatural disruption, while more accurately reflecting evolutionary relationships within the group.
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9
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Frankiewicz KE, Oskolski A, Banasiak Ł, Fernandes F, Reduron J, Reyes‐Betancort J, Szczeparska L, Alsarraf M, Baczyński J, Spalik K. Parallel evolution of arborescent carrots (Daucus) in Macaronesia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:394-412. [PMID: 32147817 PMCID: PMC7155066 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Despite intensive research, the pathways and driving forces behind the evolution of derived woodiness on oceanic islands remain obscure. The genus Daucus comprises mostly herbs (therophytes, hemicryptophytes) with few rosette treelets (chamaephytes) endemic to various Macaronesian archipelagos, suggesting their independent evolution. To elucidate the evolutionary pathways to derived woodiness, we examined phylogenetic relationships and the habit and secondary xylem evolution in Daucus and related taxa. METHODS Sixty taxa were surveyed for molecular markers, life history, and habit traits. Twenty-one species were considered for wood anatomical characters. A dated phylogeny was estimated using Bayesian methods. The evolution of selected traits was reconstructed using parsimony and maximum likelihood. RESULTS Daucus dispersed independently to the Canary Islands (and subsequently to Madeira), Cape Verde, and the Azores in the late Miocene and Pleistocene. Life span, reproductive strategy, and life form were highly homoplastic; the ancestor of Daucus was probably a monocarpic, biennial hemicryptophyte. Rosette treelets evolved independently in the Canarian-Madeiran lineage and in Cape Verde, the latter within the last 0.13 Myr. Treelets and hemicryptophytes did not differ in wood anatomy. Pervasive axial parenchyma in wood occurred more often in polycarpic rather than monocarpic species. CONCLUSIONS Life span and life form in Daucus are evolutionarily labile and may change independently of wood anatomy, which is related to plant reproductive strategy rather than to life form. Insular woodiness may evolve rapidly (as demonstrated in D. bischoffii), and in Daucus, it does not seem to be an adaptation to lower the risk of xylem embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil E. Frankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionInstitute of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawBiological and Chemical Research CentreŻwirki i Wigury 10102‐089WarsawPoland
| | - Alexei Oskolski
- Department of Botany and Plant BiotechnologyUniversity of JohannesburgPO Box 524, Auckland Park2006JohannesburgSouth Africa
- Botanical MuseumKomarov Botanical InstituteProf. Popov 2197376St. PetersburgRussia
| | - Łukasz Banasiak
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionInstitute of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawBiological and Chemical Research CentreŻwirki i Wigury 10102‐089WarsawPoland
| | - Francisco Fernandes
- Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da NaturezaQuinta Vila Passos, R. Alferes Veiga Pestana 159054‐505Funchal, MadeiraPortugal
| | | | | | - Liliana Szczeparska
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionInstitute of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawBiological and Chemical Research CentreŻwirki i Wigury 10102‐089WarsawPoland
| | - Mohammed Alsarraf
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionInstitute of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawBiological and Chemical Research CentreŻwirki i Wigury 10102‐089WarsawPoland
| | - Jakub Baczyński
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionInstitute of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawBiological and Chemical Research CentreŻwirki i Wigury 10102‐089WarsawPoland
| | - Krzysztof Spalik
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionInstitute of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawBiological and Chemical Research CentreŻwirki i Wigury 10102‐089WarsawPoland
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Nürk NM, Atchison GW, Hughes CE. Island woodiness underpins accelerated disparification in plant radiations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:518-531. [PMID: 30883788 PMCID: PMC6766886 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of secondary (insular) woodiness and the rapid disparification of plant growth forms associated with island radiations show intriguing parallels between oceanic islands and tropical alpine sky islands. However, the evolutionary significance of these phenomena remains poorly understood and the focus of debate. We explore the evolutionary dynamics of species diversification and trait disparification across evolutionary radiations in contrasting island systems compared with their nonisland relatives. We estimate rates of species diversification, growth form evolution and phenotypic space saturation for the classical oceanic island plant radiations - the Hawaiian silverswords and Macaronesian Echium - and the well-studied sky island radiations of Lupinus and Hypericum in the Andes. We show that secondary woodiness is associated with dispersal to islands and with accelerated rates of species diversification, accelerated disparification of plant growth forms and occupancy of greater phenotypic trait space for island clades than their nonisland relatives, on both oceanic and sky islands. We conclude that secondary woodiness is a prerequisite that could act as a key innovation, manifest as the potential to occupy greater trait space, for plant radiations on island systems in general, further emphasizing the importance of combinations of clade-specific traits and ecological opportunities in driving adaptive radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai M. Nürk
- Department of Plant SystematicsBayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Guy W. Atchison
- Department of Systematic & Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 1078008ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Colin E. Hughes
- Department of Systematic & Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 1078008ZurichSwitzerland
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11
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Dória LC, Meijs C, Podadera DS, Del Arco M, Smets E, Delzon S, Lens F. Embolism resistance in stems of herbaceous Brassicaceae and Asteraceae is linked to differences in woodiness and precipitation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:1-14. [PMID: 30590483 PMCID: PMC6676380 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant survival under extreme drought events has been associated with xylem vulnerability to embolism (the disruption of water transport due to air bubbles in conduits). Despite the ecological and economic importance of herbaceous species, studies focusing on hydraulic failure in herbs remain scarce. Here, we assess the vulnerability to embolism and anatomical adaptations in stems of seven herbaceous Brassicaceae species occurring in different vegetation zones of the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, and merged them with a similar hydraulic-anatomical data set for herbaceous Asteraceae from Tenerife. METHODS Measurements of vulnerability to xylem embolism using the in situ flow centrifuge technique along with light and transmission electron microscope observations were performed in stems of the herbaceous species. We also assessed the link between embolism resistance vs. mean annual precipitation and anatomical stem characters. KEY RESULTS The herbaceous species show a 2-fold variation in stem P50 from -2.1 MPa to -4.9 MPa. Within Hirschfeldia incana and Sisymbrium orientale, there is also a significant stem P50 difference between populations growing in contrasting environments. Variation in stem P50 is mainly explained by mean annual precipitation as well as by the variation in the degree of woodiness (calculated as the proportion of lignified area per total stem area) and to a lesser extent by the thickness of intervessel pit membranes. Moreover, mean annual precipitation explains the total variance in embolism resistance and stem anatomical traits. CONCLUSIONS The degree of woodiness and thickness of intervessel pit membranes are good predictors of embolism resistance in the herbaceous Brassicaceae and Asteraceae species studied. Differences in mean annual precipitation across the sampling sites affect embolism resistance and stem anatomical characters, both being important characters determining survival and distribution of the herbaceous eudicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Chacon Dória
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- For correspondence. E-mail:
| | - Cynthia Meijs
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcelino Del Arco
- Department of Plant Biology (Botany), La Laguna University, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Tomasello S, Stuessy TF, Oberprieler C, Heubl G. Ragweeds and relatives: Molecular phylogenetics of Ambrosiinae (Asteraceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 130:104-114. [PMID: 30292693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ambrosiinae are one of the most distinct subtribes in the Heliantheae alliance (Asteraceae), mainly due to specialization toward wind pollination. Taxa of the subtribe are principally native to the Americas, although some species have attained a cosmopolitan distribution. Members of subtribe Engelmanniinae are considered close to Ambrosiinae, due to shared morphological traits. However, the placement of Ambrosiinae within the Heliantheae alliance has not yet been corroborated by phylogenetic analyses. In the present study, we test the circumscription of subtribe Ambrosiinae and examine relationships among its genera. We used sequence information from three plastid (psbA-trnH, trnQ-rps16 and trnL-F) and two nuclear (ITS and D35) marker regions. Phylogenetic inference analyses were conducted, applying Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML). Subtribe Ambrosiinae is found monophyletic or nearly so in all analyses. The genera Dugesia and Rojasianthe (previously considered part of subtribe Engelmanniinae) in some cases cluster together with Ambrosiinae; these genera are clearly not part of Engelmanniinae. Within Ambrosiinae, the genera Parthenium and Parthenice occupy basal positions, whereas members of the genus Ambrosia are the most derived representatives of the subtribe. Previous subdivision of Ambrosiinae into "Iveae" (members having androgynous capitula and free achenes) and "Ambrosieae" (genera with unisexual heads and achenes enclosed in burs) is not corroborated. Results also allow consideration of relationships among species and subgeneric groups within Parthenium, Iva, and Ambrosia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Tomasello
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU) and GeoBio-Center (LMU), Munich, Germany.
| | - Tod F Stuessy
- Herbarium and Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, USA; Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Oberprieler
- Evolutionary and Systematic Botany Group, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Günther Heubl
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU) and GeoBio-Center (LMU), Munich, Germany
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Dória LC, Podadera DS, Arco M, Chauvin T, Smets E, Delzon S, Lens F. Insular woody daisies (
Argyranthemum,
Asteraceae) are more resistant to drought‐induced hydraulic failure than their herbaceous relatives. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C. Dória
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Diego S. Podadera
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em EcologiaUNICAMP Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcelino Arco
- Department of Plant Biology (Botany)La Laguna University La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Thibaud Chauvin
- PIAFINRAUniversity of Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand France
- AGPFINRA Orléans Olivet Cedex France
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden University Leiden The Netherlands
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Schwallier R, Gravendeel B, de Boer H, Nylinder S, van Heuven BJ, Sieder A, Sumail S, van Vugt R, Lens F. Evolution of wood anatomical characters in Nepenthes and close relatives of Caryophyllales. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:1179-1193. [PMID: 28387789 PMCID: PMC5604564 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nepenthes attracts wide attention with its spectacularly shaped carnivorous pitchers, cultural value and horticultural curiosity. Despite the plant's iconic fascination, surprisingly little anatomical detail is known about the genus beyond its modified leaf tip traps. Here, the wood anatomical diversity of Nepenthes is explored. This diversity is further assessed with a phylogenetic framework to investigate whether the wood characters within the genus are relevant from an evolutionary or ecological perspective, or rather depend on differences in developmental stages, growth habits, substrates or precipitation. METHODS Observations were performed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Ancestral states of selected wood and pith characters were reconstructed using an existing molecular phylogeny for Nepenthes and a broader Caryophyllales framework. Pairwise comparisons were assessed for possible relationships between wood anatomy and developmental stages, growth habits, substrates and ecology. KEY RESULTS Wood anatomy of Nepenthes is diffuse porous, with mainly solitary vessels showing simple, bordered perforation plates and alternate intervessel pits, fibres with distinctly bordered pits (occasionally septate), apotracheal axial parenchyma and co-occurring uni- and multiseriate rays often including silica bodies. Precipitation and growth habit (stem length) are linked with vessel density and multiseriate ray height, while soil type correlates with vessel diameter, vessel element length and maximum ray width. For Caryophyllales as a whole, silica grains, successive cambia and bordered perforation plates are the result of convergent evolution. Peculiar helical sculpturing patterns within various cell types occur uniquely within the insectivorous clade of non-core Caryophyllales. CONCLUSIONS The wood anatomical variation in Nepenthes displays variation for some characters dependent on soil type, precipitation and stem length, but is largely conservative. The helical-banded fibre-sclereids that mainly occur idioblastically in pith and cortex are synapomorphic for Nepenthes , while other typical Nepenthes characters evolved convergently in different Caryophyllales lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Schwallier
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2300 AJ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo de Boer
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
- The Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephan Nylinder
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Frescativägen 40, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anton Sieder
- University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, 1010 Wien, Austria
| | - Sukaibin Sumail
- Sabah Park Herbarium, PO Box 6, Kinabalu Park, Kundasang, Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Rogier van Vugt
- Hortus Botanicus of Leiden University, Rapenburg 73, 2311 GJ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Arévalo R, van Ee BW, Riina R, Berry PE, Wiedenhoeft AC. Force of habit: shrubs, trees and contingent evolution of wood anatomical diversity using Croton (Euphorbiaceae) as a model system. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:563-579. [PMID: 28065919 PMCID: PMC5458714 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Wood is a major innovation of land plants, and is usually a central component of the body plan for two major plant habits: shrubs and trees. Wood anatomical syndromes vary between shrubs and trees, but no prior work has explicitly evaluated the contingent evolution of wood anatomical diversity in the context of these plant habits. Methods Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to test for contingent evolution of habit, habitat and wood anatomy in the mega-diverse genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae), across the largest and most complete molecular phylogeny of the genus to date. Key Results Plant habit and habitat are highly correlated, but most wood anatomical features correlate more strongly with habit. The ancestral Croton was reconstructed as a tree, the wood of which is inferred to have absent or indistinct growth rings, confluent-like axial parenchyma, procumbent ray cells and disjunctive ray parenchyma cell walls. The taxa sampled showed multiple independent origins of the shrub habit in Croton , and this habit shift is contingent on several wood anatomical features (e.g. similar vessel-ray pits, thick fibre walls, perforated ray cells). The only wood anatomical trait correlated with habitat and not habit was the presence of helical thickenings in the vessel elements of mesic Croton . Conclusions Plant functional traits, individually or in suites, are responses to multiple and often confounding contexts in evolution. By establishing an explicit contingent evolutionary framework, the interplay between habit, habitat and wood anatomical diversity was dissected in the genus Croton . Both habit and habitat influence the evolution of wood anatomical characters, and conversely, the wood anatomy of lineages can affect shifts in plant habit and habitat. This study hypothesizes novel putatively functional trait associations in woody plant structure that could be further tested in a variety of other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Arévalo
- Center for Wood Anatomy Research, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Benjamin W. van Ee
- University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez Herbarium, Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00680, Puerto Rico
| | - Ricarda Riina
- Real Jardín Botánico, RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul E. Berry
- University of Michigan, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department and Herbarium, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Alex C. Wiedenhoeft
- Center for Wood Anatomy Research, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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16
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Davin N, Edger PP, Hefer CA, Mizrachi E, Schuetz M, Smets E, Myburg AA, Douglas CJ, Schranz ME, Lens F. Functional network analysis of genes differentially expressed during xylogenesis in soc1ful woody Arabidopsis plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:376-90. [PMID: 26952251 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many plant genes are known to be involved in the development of cambium and wood, but how the expression and functional interaction of these genes determine the unique biology of wood remains largely unknown. We used the soc1ful loss of function mutant - the woodiest genotype known in the otherwise herbaceous model plant Arabidopsis - to investigate the expression and interactions of genes involved in secondary growth (wood formation). Detailed anatomical observations of the stem in combination with mRNA sequencing were used to assess transcriptome remodeling during xylogenesis in wild-type and woody soc1ful plants. To interpret the transcriptome changes, we constructed functional gene association networks of differentially expressed genes using the STRING database. This analysis revealed functionally enriched gene association hubs that are differentially expressed in herbaceous and woody tissues. In particular, we observed the differential expression of genes related to mechanical stress and jasmonate biosynthesis/signaling during wood formation in soc1ful plants that may be an effect of greater tension within woody tissues. Our results suggest that habit shifts from herbaceous to woody life forms observed in many angiosperm lineages could have evolved convergently by genetic changes that modulate the gene expression and interaction network, and thereby redeploy the conserved wood developmental program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Davin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick P Edger
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Charles A Hefer
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, PO Box X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Mathias Schuetz
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 6270 University boulevard, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation Section, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 box 2435, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, PO Box X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Carl J Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael E Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Minelli A. Species diversity vs. morphological disparity in the light of evolutionary developmental biology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:781-94. [PMID: 26346718 PMCID: PMC4845798 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two indicators of a clade's success are its diversity (number of included species) and its disparity (extent of morphospace occupied by its members). Many large genera show high diversity with low disparity, while others such as Euphorbia and Drosophila are highly diverse but also exhibit high disparity. The largest genera are often characterized by key innovations that often, but not necessarily, coincide with their diagnostic apomorphies. In terms of their contribution to speciation, apomorphies are either permissive (e.g. flightlessness) or generative (e.g. nectariferous spurs). SCOPE Except for Drosophila, virtually no genus among those with the highest diversity or disparity includes species currently studied as model species in developmental genetics or evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). An evo-devo approach is, however, potentially important to understand how diversity and disparity could rapidly increase in the largest genera currently accepted by taxonomists. The most promising directions for future research and a set of key questions to be addressed are presented in this review. CONCLUSIONS From an evo-devo perspective, the evolution of clades with high diversity and/or disparity can be addressed from three main perspectives: (1) evolvability, in terms of release from previous constraints and of the presence of genetic or developmental conditions favouring multiple parallel occurrences of a given evolutionary transition and its reversal; (2) phenotypic plasticity as a facilitator of speciation; and (3) modularity, heterochrony and a coupling between the complexity of the life cycle and the evolution of diversity and disparity in a clade. This simple preliminary analysis suggests a set of topics that deserve priority for scrutiny, including the possible role of saltational evolution in the origination of high diversity and/or disparity, the predictability of morphological evolution following release from a former constraint, and the extent and the possible causes of a positive correlation between diversity and disparity and the complexity of the life cycle.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Buerki
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
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