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Rossi R, Jannini TB, Ciocca G, Cipriani C, Socci V, Pacitti F, Di Lorenzo G. Attachment and resilience as mediators or moderators in the relationship between trauma and psychotic-like experiences. Schizophr Res 2023; 258:36-44. [PMID: 37473666 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large body of evidence has established a tight relation between traumatic experiences (TEs) and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). Nevertheless, more comprehensive models involving multiple interactions of serial or parallel mediations and moderations still need to be elucidated. Among the many potential mediators or moderators, insecure attachment and resilience play a key role in the association of stress with PLEs. Hence, we aim to explore the complex pathways that lead from different types of TEs to PLEs, involving attachment and resilience modeled as mediators or moderators. METHODS One thousand ten high school students completed the International Trauma Exposure Measure (ITEM), the 11-item Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA-11), the 16-item Prodromal Questionnaire (iPQ-16), and the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ). A path analysis was conducted to assess mediation and moderation. RESULTS The final model showed that the impact of childhood TEs on PLEs was mediated by a pathway through anxious-insecure attachment styles (i.e., fearful and preoccupied, respectively, 8.75 % and 8.53 % of the total effect) and personal resilience resources. Conversely, the avoidant-insecure attachment was associated with lower interpersonal resilience (b = 0.14 [0.08, 0.20]), which in turn moderated the impact of recent TEs on PLEs (interaction term b = 0.34 [0.21, 0.47]). CONCLUSIONS Our model examines a complex model that includes factors buffering the effect of traumatic experiences on PLEs. Our results highlight the importance of insecure-anxious attachment to personal resilience resources and of insecure-avoidant attachment to interpersonal resilience as potential targets for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Rossi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso B Jannini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Ciocca
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cipriani
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Socci
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Pacitti
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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2
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Toutountzidis D, Gale TM, Irvine K, Sharma S, Laws KR. Childhood trauma and schizotypy in non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270494. [PMID: 35767584 PMCID: PMC9242513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of early life adversities and psychosis symptoms is well documented in clinical populations; however, whether this relationship also extends into subclinical psychosis remains unclear. In particular, are early life adversities associated with increased levels of schizotypal personality traits in non-clinical samples? We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations between early life adversities and psychometrically defined schizotypal traits in non-clinical samples. The review followed PRISMA guidelines. The search using PubMed, Web of Science and EBSCO databases identified 1,609 articles in total. Twenty-five studies (N = 15,253 participants) met eligibility criteria for the review. An assessment of study quality showed that fewer than half of all studies were rated as methodologically robust. Meta-analyses showed that all forms of childhood abuse (emotional, physical and sexual) and neglect (emotional and physical) were significantly associated with psychometric schizotypy. The association of schizotypy traits with childhood emotional abuse (r = .33: 95%CI .30 to .37) was significantly larger than for all other form of abuse or neglect. Meta-regression analyses showed that the physical abuse-schizotypy relationship was stronger in samples with more women participants; and the sexual abuse-schizotypy relationship was stronger in younger samples. The current review identifies a dose-response relationship between all forms of abuse/neglect and schizotypy scores in non-clinical samples; however, a stronger association emerged for emotional abuse. More research is required to address the relationship of trauma types and specific symptom types. Future research should also address the under-representation of men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamantis Toutountzidis
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Tim M. Gale
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Research and Development Department, Hertfordshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Irvine
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Shivani Sharma
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R. Laws
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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3
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McNally P, Irvine M, Taggart L, Shevlin M, Keesler J. Exploring the knowledge base of trauma and trauma informed care of staff working in community residential accommodation for adults with an intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2022; 35:1162-1173. [PMID: 35474388 PMCID: PMC9545611 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Taking a trauma informed care approach has demonstrated positive outcomes for services for people in the general population. Given the increased vulnerability to psychological trauma for adults with an intellectual disability, this study explores what residential staff know about trauma and trauma informed care. Methods Thirty‐two staffs representing three staff groups: direct care staff; managers; and specialist practitioners, were interviewed using semi‐structured interviews, which were analysed following a structured framework. Findings Each staff group held different perspectives in their knowledge of trauma and trauma informed care. Limitations were noted in staffs' knowledge of trauma, implementation of evidence‐based supports, and access to specialist services for adults with an intellectual disability. All participants highlighted their training needs regarding trauma. Conclusion Increased training on recognising and responding to trauma is needed among community staff supporting those with a trauma history if organisations are to move towards trauma informed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paddy McNally
- Institute of Nursing and Health Science, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Mandy Irvine
- Psychological Therapies Department, South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Dundonald, UK
| | - Laurence Taggart
- Institute of Nursing and Health Science, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Mark Shevlin
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - John Keesler
- School of Social Work, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Clarke S, Hanna D, Davidson S, Shannon C, Mulholland C. The association between sleep quality and attenuated psychotic symptoms. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:837-848. [PMID: 32672874 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine if poor sleep makes a unique contribution in predicting the likelihood of experiencing six or more attenuated psychotic symptoms and associated distress, after examining and controlling for sociodemographic factors, depression and drug/alcohol use. METHOD An online survey was conducted using Amazon's online crowdsourcing service Mechanical Turk (MTurk). The sample was 1013 adults (18 to 36 years) from the general population in the United States. The survey consisted of the Prodromal Questionnaire 16 (PQ-16), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Patient Health Questionnaire 9, the Drug Abuse Screening Test 10 and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Regression analyses were performed with the PQ-16 as the dependent variable, and sleep quality as the predictor variable, holding constant sociodemographic variables, depression, and alcohol/drug abuse. RESULTS 37% of the sample endorsed six or more PQ-16 items, which may be suggestive of an at-risk mental state, with sleep disturbance significantly increasing the likelihood (Odds ratio 2.09 < .001) of endorsing six or more PQ-16 items. After controlling for sociodemographic variables, depression and drug/alcohol abuse, poor sleep quality made a unique contribution of 5.8% of the variance accounted for in level of distress experienced by attenuated psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSION Effective treatment of sleep disturbance may reduce the likelihood ofexperiencing attenuated psychotic symptoms and associated distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Clarke
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Donncha Hanna
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Ciarán Shannon
- Holywell Hospital, Northern Health & Social Care Trust, Antrim, UK
| | - Ciaran Mulholland
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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5
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Adewuya AO, Wright K, Njokanma F. Psychotic like experiences among Nigerian school adolescents: Findings from the Lagos Schools Emotional and Behavioral Health Survey. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:906-913. [PMID: 32881400 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to explore the presence of psychotic like experience (PLE) symptoms and evaluate for the possible socio-demographic, family, school and mental health variables associated with clinically significant PLE symptoms in Nigeria school adolescent. METHODS A total of 9441 adolescents from 47 secondary schools in Lagos Nigeria completed questionnaire detailing sociodemographic, family and school related variables. Mental health was assessed with the Mini International Diagnostic Interview for children and adolescents (MINI-KID). PLE was assessed using the 16-item version of Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16). RESULTS The mean age in years was 15.6 (SD 1.5) and 50.4% were females. The mean PQ-16 score was 2.18 (SD 2.38) with 95% CI 2-15-2.21. A total of 2878 (30.5%) adolescents had no PLE symptoms while 990 (10.5%) had clinically significant PLE symptoms. The most experienced symptoms were "déjà vu" (35.5%) and loss of interest (29.6%). The variables independently associated with clinically significant PLE symptoms were "having no close friend in school" (OR 2.66, 95% CI 2.08-3.41), "often beaten by parents" (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.67-2.34) "from a polygamous family" (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.49-2.18), and "diagnosis of depression" (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.09-1.63). CONCLUSION We have shown that PLE symptoms are relatively common in non-help seeking Nigerian school adolescents and that personal and family factors are significantly associated. Longitudinal studies will be needed to chart the path of symptoms and determinants of distress, help seeking and development of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun O Adewuya
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.,Centre for Mental Health Research and Initiative (CEMHRI), Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kilelomo Wright
- Department of Community Health and Primary Health Care, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Fidelis Njokanma
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
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6
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LoPilato AM, Zhang Y, Pike M, Addington J, Bearden CE, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Seidman L, Perkins DO, Tsuang MT, Woods SW, Walker EF. Associations between childhood adversity, cognitive schemas and attenuated psychotic symptoms. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:818-827. [PMID: 32770658 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Childhood Adversity (CA) is strongly linked to psychotic-like symptoms across the clinical spectrum, though the mechanisms underlying these associations remain poorly understood. Negative cognitive schemas are associated with both CA exposure and psychotic symptoms, highlighting the possibility that cognitive schemas may be a key risk pathway. The purpose of this study was to determine whether negative cognitive schemas mediate the association between CA and specific attenuated psychotic symptoms in a large sample of clinical-high risk youth. Given the variability in experiences that encompass CA (eg, abuse, neglect and poverty) and attenuated psychotic symptoms (eg, suspiciousness and perceptual abnormalities), we also tested whether these associations differ by CA type (threat vs deprivation) and attenuated positive psychotic symptom domain. METHODS Data were collected from 531 clinical-high risk youth between 12 and 35 years of age (mean = 18.80, SD = 4.21) who completed a clinical assessment that included the Structured Interview of Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS), Childhood Trauma and Abuse scale and questionnaires on cognitive schemas and depressive symptoms. RESULTS No direct effects of threat or deprivation exposure on any of the psychotic symptom domains were found. However, there was a unique indirect effect of threat, but not deprivation, on delusional thinking and suspiciousness through negative cognitive schemas about others. CONCLUSION Cognitive vulnerability in the form of negative schemas about others may be one mechanism linking childhood threat experiences and attenuated psychotic symptoms. The results underscore the importance of targeting negative schemas in interventions to mitigate psychosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M LoPilato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yinghao Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Madeline Pike
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behaviour, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Larry Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Scott W Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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7
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Tang W, Xu D, Yang Y, Xu J. Psychotic-like experiences in Chinese children and adolescents: The effect of earthquake exposure, maltreatment and negative life events. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:536-546. [PMID: 32500658 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are common in adolescents who have experienced or are experiencing trauma. However, the potential relationships between exposure to a major earthquake, negative life events or maltreatment and PLEs in Chinese adolescents are poorly understood. Therefore, this study explored the prevalence of PLEs and the psychosocial correlates in adolescent earthquake survivors. METHODS A total of 6132 adolescents from 11 primary and high schools in the areas most severely affected by the Ya'an earthquake completed questionnaires on earthquake exposure, maltreatment, negative life events and PLEs, which included paranoid ideation and psychoticism. RESULTS It was found that earthquake exposure significantly contributed to the PLEs, child maltreatment explained a significant amount of the PLE variances, emotional abuse had the most important PLE role and negative life events also explained a large amount of the PLE variances, of which interpersonal difficulties and academic pressure had the greatest effects. CONCLUSIONS Interventions should seek to reduce parental emotional abuse, reduce academic performance pressure, improve interpersonal skills and resolve interpersonal difficulties, and specific interventions should target children and adolescents exposed to the earthquake to prevent PLEs, schizophrenia or other mental illnesses arising from multiple traumas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Tang
- Centre for Educational and Health Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Emergency Management and Post-Disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dun Xu
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-Disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanchun Yang
- Mental Health Center, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuping Xu
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-Disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Stickley A, Waldman K, Sumiyoshi T, Narita Z, Shirama A, Shin JI, Oh H. Childhood physical neglect and psychotic experiences: Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:256-262. [PMID: 32048480 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Childhood adversities have been linked to an increased risk for psychosis. However, as yet, there has been comparatively little research on the effects of neglect. This study examined the association between childhood physical neglect and psychotic experiences (PEs) in a general population sample. METHODS Data were analysed from 2308 individuals collected during the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Information on lifetime PEs was collected with the WHO-CIDI Psychosis Screen. Respondents also reported on five forms of childhood neglect (went hungry, went without necessities, went unsupervised, lacked medical care, chores too difficult/dangerous). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations. RESULTS In models adjusted for sociodemographic and psychiatric disorder variables, aggregated physical neglect scores (continuous/dichotomized) were associated with significantly increased odds for any lifetime PEs. All individual forms of neglect except went without necessities (odds ratio [OR]: 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.98-1.50) were significantly associated with PEs with ORs ranging from 1.28 (95% CI: 1.08-1.51, went unsupervised) to 1.53 (95% CI: 1.19-1.97, went without medical care). In models that were further adjusted for co-occurring forms of neglect and childhood physical abuse, doing chores that were too difficult/dangerous continued to be associated with significantly increased odds for PEs (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03-1.61). CONCLUSIONS Childhood physical neglect is associated with significantly increased odds for PEs in the general population. Screening for childhood adversities and PEs among potential patients may be important for the early detection of individuals at high risk for psychosis, as well as for formulating comprehensive and effective treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stickley
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Stockholm Center for Health and Social Change (SCOHOST), Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kyle Waldman
- Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zui Narita
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aya Shirama
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hans Oh
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, California
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9
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McNally P, Taggart L, Shevlin M. Trauma experiences of people with an intellectual disability and their implications: A scoping review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2021; 34:927-949. [PMID: 33772975 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with an intellectual disability are more vulnerable to psychological trauma compared with the general population. The aim of this scoping review was to identify the current status of the literature on trauma that is specific to the experiences of adults with an intellectual disability, living in community settings. METHODS A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley (International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2005, 8, 19) framework. Forty-one international papers were reviewed spanning 2000-2020, and their quality assessed using the MMAT. FINDINGS (1) Aggressive behaviours can be symptoms of trauma, (2) there are appropriate assessment tools for the impact of trauma, (3) evidence-based interventions for trauma may be effective, and (4) factors associated with disability can be experienced as traumatic. CONCLUSION There is a growing body of literature highlighting assessment needs and potential interventions for people with an intellectual disability who have experienced psychological trauma. Further research is needed to develop trauma-informed pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paddy McNally
- Institute of Nursing and Health Science, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
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10
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Bomysoad RN, Francis LA. Associations between parental incarceration and youth mental health conditions: The mitigating effects of adolescent resilience and positive coping strategies. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Fernandez AM, Rice TR, Post SG. We should address residential relocation to improve patient care. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:1496-1499. [PMID: 33015919 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Moving, or residential relocation, occurs frequently in childhood and adolescence as well as in adulthood, yet little scientific consensus exists on its impact upon health outcomes. This paper summarises the available literature on this broad topic and explores the currently known factors of importance surrounding residential relocation. There is already evidence to support an increased risk of suicidal ideation, psychiatric disorders including substance use disorders, functional impairments and future general medical health impairments in children, adolescents and adults with histories of residential relocation. Intrapersonal factors, such as personality type and the availability of coping skills, as well as interpersonal factors, such as family composition and system strengths, attenuate risk and are integral to additionally assess. While there is support for the contribution of residential relocation in the onset of youth psychopathology that warrant consideration of residential relocation in the standard assessment of a patient, further studies are needed to better explore this factor in select populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Fernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Timothy R Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephen G Post
- Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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12
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Fernández-León S, Rodríguez-Testal JF, Gutiérrez-López ML, Senín-Calderón C. Interpersonal Violence and Psychotic-Like Experiences: The Mediation of Ideas of Reference, Childhood Memories, and Dissociation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4587. [PMID: 32630582 PMCID: PMC7345491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between the accumulation of situations involving interpersonal violence (IV) and psychotic-like experiences. This study explored whether IV is related to aberrant salience (AS), using a sequential mediation model that included memories of relationship with parents (submission, devaluation, and threat; Early Life Experiences Scale (ELES)), ideas of reference (IR), and dissociative symptoms (absorption and depersonalization), and whether the patient/nonpatient condition moderated this effect. The sample was made of 401 participants (including 43 patients with psychotic disorders) aged 18 to 71 years (Mage = 30.43; SD = 11.19). Analysis of a serial multiple mediator model revealed that IR, ELES, absorption, and depersonalization fully mediated the effect of IV on AS, explaining 39% of the variance, regardless of the patient/nonpatient condition. The indirect paths, which place IR and dissociation (especially absorption, the variable to which the IR and ELES lead) in a primordial position for being related to AS, are discussed. This continuum model could be useful for understanding processes related to the onset of psychosis unmoderated by the patient/nonpatient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fernández-León
- Clinical Mental Health Management Unit, Hospital Juan Ramón Jiménez, 21005 Huelva, Spain;
| | - Juan F. Rodríguez-Testal
- Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment Department, University of Seville, 41018 Seville, Spain
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13
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Rossi R, Socci V, Gregori E, Talevi D, Collazzoni A, Pacitti F, Stratta P, Rossi A, Di Lorenzo G. ResilienCity: Resilience and Psychotic-Like Experiences 10 Years After L'Aquila Earthquake. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:77. [PMID: 32180736 PMCID: PMC7059251 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An earthquake hit the city of L'Aquila in central Italy in 2009, leaving the city completely destroyed and 309 casualties. Unexpectedly, lower rates of psychotic experiences in persons affected by the earthquake compared to non-affected persons were found 10 months after the earthquake. The very long-term impact of a natural disaster on the prevalence of psychotic experiences deserves more in-depth detailing. The Authors examined resilience and psychotic experiences in a university student sample of 494. No effect of direct exposure to the earthquake (odds ratio = 0.64, 95%CI [0.37, 1.11]), material damages (odds ratio = 0.86, 95%CI [0.60, 1.23]), psychological suffering (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% CI [0.83, 1.36]), or global impact severity (odds ratio = 0.92, 95%CI [0.76, 1.12]) on psychotic experiences was detected. Resilience levels did not differ between affected and non-affected persons. Resilience showed a strong protective effect on psychotic experiences (odds ratio=0.38, 95% CI [0.28, 0.51]. The protective effect of the RSA factor "Perception of Self" was significantly stronger in individuals affected by the earthquake compared to non-affected subjects. Being affected by an earthquake is not a risk factor for psychotic experiences in a university student sample, as no direct effect of the earthquake was detected after 10 years after the event. Resilience is confirmed as a strong protective factor for psychotic experiences irrespectively of large collective traumatic events. Extension of these results to a general population sample could provide interesting insights into recovery from natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Rossi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Socci
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gregori
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Dalila Talevi
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alberto Collazzoni
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Pacitti
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Stratta
- Department of Mental Health, ASL1 Abruzzo, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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14
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Modelling resilience in adolescence and adversity: a novel framework to inform research and practice. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:316. [PMID: 31772187 PMCID: PMC6879584 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent conceptualisations of resilience have advanced the notion that it is a dynamic and multifaceted construct. However, its adaptive components, especially those forged by adversity, have not been fully realised, and its neurobiological and psychosocial underpinnings are yet to be meaningfully integrated. In part, this is because a developmental perspective is often neglected in the formulation of resilience. In this review, we consider the findings of resilience research, with a specific emphasis on the developmental period of adolescence. To bridge the gaps in our current understanding, we propose a model of resilience that is predicated on experiencing adversity. Specifically, our model provides a sophisticated insight into the components of resilience, which, together with intrinsic features, involves facilitation of, and skill acquisition via strengthening processes we term tempering and fortification. The model also points to the potential trajectories of adversity-driven resilience and forms the basis of a framework that allows for individual variance in resilience, and the identification of both neurobiological and psychosocial targets for prevention and therapeutic interventions.
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15
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The relationship between childhood trauma, dopamine release and dexamphetamine-induced positive psychotic symptoms: a [ 11C]-(+)-PHNO PET study. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:287. [PMID: 31712556 PMCID: PMC6848217 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood trauma is a risk factor for psychosis. Amphetamine increases synaptic striatal dopamine levels and can induce positive psychotic symptoms in healthy individuals and patients with schizophrenia. Socio-developmental hypotheses of psychosis propose that childhood trauma and other environmental risk factors sensitize the dopamine system to increase the risk of psychotic symptoms, but this remains to be tested in humans. We used [11C]-(+)-PHNO positron emission tomography to measure striatal dopamine-2/3 receptor (D2/3R) availability and ventral striatal dexamphetamine-induced dopamine release in healthy participants (n = 24). The relationships between dexamphetamine-induced dopamine release, dexamphetamine-induced positive psychotic symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and childhood trauma using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were assessed using linear regression and mediation analyses, with childhood trauma as the independent variable, dexamphetamine-induced dopamine release as the mediator variable, and dexamphetamine-induced symptoms as the dependent variable. There was a significant interaction between childhood trauma and ventral striatal dopamine release in predicting dexamphetamine-induced positive psychotic symptoms (standardized β = 1.83, p = 0.003), but a mediation analysis was not significant (standardized β = -0.18, p = 0.158). There were no significant effects of dopamine release and childhood trauma on change in negative (p = 0.280) or general PANSS symptoms (p = 0.061), and there was no relationship between ventral striatal baseline D2/3R availability and positive symptoms (p = 0.368). This indicates childhood trauma and dopamine release interact to influence the induction of positive psychotic symptoms. This is not consistent with a simple sensitization hypothesis, but suggests that childhood trauma moderates the cognitive response to dopamine release to make psychotic experiences more likely.
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16
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van Dammen L, Bush NR, de Rooij SR, Mol BWJ, Groen H, Hoek A, Roseboom TJ. Childhood adversity and women's cardiometabolic health in adulthood: associations with health behaviors, psychological distress, mood symptoms, and personality. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2019; 19:102. [PMID: 31337378 PMCID: PMC6652022 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-019-0797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested whether childhood adversity is associated with poor cardiometabolic health in adulthood among a sample of overweight or obese Dutch women of reproductive age. Health behaviors, psychological distress, mood symptoms, or personality traits were included as potential mediators. METHODS Data came from a follow-up visit (N = 115), carried out in 2016/2017, of a randomized controlled lifestyle intervention trial in 577 obese infertile women. The associations between total adversity exposure score and cardiometabolic health were tested with regression models. Sleep, smoking and eating behavior, symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, and personality traits were potential mediators. RESULTS Childhood adversity scores were not associated with cardiometabolic outcomes but were associated with poorer sleep quality score (M = 7.2 (SD = 3.5) for those with ≥2 types of events versus 4.8 (2.9) for those with no events; p = 0.022), higher external eating score (26.4 (8.7) versus 21.8 (10.3); p = 0.038), higher perceived stress score (17.1 (6.8) versus 12.3 (4.5); p = 0.016), post-traumatic stress score (1.9 (1.5) versus 0.6 (1.1); p < 0.001), and lower agreeableness score (28.2 (4.2) versus 30.3 (3.1); p = 0.035). CONCLUSION Childhood adversity was associated with poorer health behaviors including sleep and eating behavior, and more stress-related symptoms, but not with women's cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte van Dammen
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. .,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Developmental Medicine, Center for Health and Community, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susanne R de Rooij
- Departments of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Willem J Mol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henk Groen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Hoek
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa J Roseboom
- Departments of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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