1
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Moulatlet GM, Dáttilo W, Villalobos F. Species-level drivers of avian centrality within seed-dispersal networks across different levels of organisation. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:2126-2137. [PMID: 37454385 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Bird-plant seed-dispersal networks are structural components of ecosystems. The role of bird species in seed-dispersal networks (from less [peripheral] to more connected [central]), determines the interaction patterns and their ecosystem services. These roles may be driven by morphological and functional traits as well as evolutionary, geographical and environmental properties acting at different spatial extents. It is still unknown if such drivers are equally important in determining species centrality at different network levels, from individual local networks to the global meta-network representing interactions across all local networks. Using 308 networks covering five continents and 11 biogeographical regions, we show that at the global meta-network level species' range size was the most important driver of species centrality, with more central species having larger range sizes, which would facilitate the interaction with a higher number of plants and thus the maintenance of seed-dispersal interactions. At the local network level, body mass was the only driver with a significant effect, implying that local factors related to resource availability are more important at this level of network organisation than those related to broad spatial factors such as range sizes. This could also be related to the mismatch between species-level traits, which do not consider intraspecific variation, and the local networks that can depend on such variation. Taken together, our results show that the drivers determining species centrality are relative to the levels of network organisation, suggesting that prediction of species functional roles in seed-dispersal interactions requires combined local and global approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
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2
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Peña R, Schleuning M, Miñarro M. M, García D. Variable relationships between trait diversity and avian ecological functions in agroecosystems. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Peña
- Depto. Biología de Organismos y Sistemas (Universidad de Oviedo) and Instituto Mixto de Investigación en Biodiversidad (IMIB, CSIC‐Universidad de Oviedo‐Principado de Asturias) Oviedo Spain
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F) Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Marcos Miñarro M.
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA) Villaviciosa Asturias Spain
| | - Daniel García
- Depto. Biología de Organismos y Sistemas (Universidad de Oviedo) and Instituto Mixto de Investigación en Biodiversidad (IMIB, CSIC‐Universidad de Oviedo‐Principado de Asturias) Oviedo Spain
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3
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Stewart PS, Voskamp A, Santini L, Biber MF, Devenish AJM, Hof C, Willis SG, Tobias JA. Global impacts of climate change on avian functional diversity. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:673-685. [PMID: 35199917 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to drive geographical range shifts, leading to fluctuations in species richness (SR) worldwide. However, the effect of these changes on functional diversity (FD) remains unclear, in part because comprehensive species-level trait data are generally lacking at global scales. Here, we use morphometric and ecological traits for 8268 bird species to estimate the impact of climate change on avian FD. We show that future bird assemblages are likely to undergo substantial shifts in trait structure, with a magnitude of change greater than predicted from SR alone, and a direction of change varying according to geographical location and trophic guild. For example, our models predict that FD of insect predators will increase at higher latitudes with concurrent losses at mid-latitudes, whereas FD of seed dispersing birds will fluctuate across the tropics. Our findings highlight the potential for climate change to drive continental-scale shifts in avian FD with implications for ecosystem function and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Stewart
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Alke Voskamp
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luca Santini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (CNR-IRET), Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - Matthias F Biber
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany.,Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Christian Hof
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany.,Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
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4
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Arkajyoti Mukherjee, Bandyopadhyay A, Pal S, Mukhopadhyay SK. Foraging Habitats and Foraging Techniques of Five Wintering Anatidae Waterfowl in Light of Genetic Distances. RUSS J ECOL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413622010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Feng X, Merow C, Liu Z, Park DS, Roehrdanz PR, Maitner B, Newman EA, Boyle BL, Lien A, Burger JR, Pires MM, Brando PM, Bush MB, McMichael CNH, Neves DM, Nikolopoulos EI, Saleska SR, Hannah L, Breshears DD, Evans TP, Soto JR, Ernst KC, Enquist BJ. How deregulation, drought and increasing fire impact Amazonian biodiversity. Nature 2021; 597:516-521. [PMID: 34471291 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity contributes to the ecological and climatic stability of the Amazon Basin1,2, but is increasingly threatened by deforestation and fire3,4. Here we quantify these impacts over the past two decades using remote-sensing estimates of fire and deforestation and comprehensive range estimates of 11,514 plant species and 3,079 vertebrate species in the Amazon. Deforestation has led to large amounts of habitat loss, and fires further exacerbate this already substantial impact on Amazonian biodiversity. Since 2001, 103,079-189,755 km2 of Amazon rainforest has been impacted by fires, potentially impacting the ranges of 77.3-85.2% of species that are listed as threatened in this region5. The impacts of fire on the ranges of species in Amazonia could be as high as 64%, and greater impacts are typically associated with species that have restricted ranges. We find close associations between forest policy, fire-impacted forest area and their potential impacts on biodiversity. In Brazil, forest policies that were initiated in the mid-2000s corresponded to reduced rates of burning. However, relaxed enforcement of these policies in 2019 has seemingly begun to reverse this trend: approximately 4,253-10,343 km2 of forest has been impacted by fire, leading to some of the most severe potential impacts on biodiversity since 2009. These results highlight the critical role of policy enforcement in the preservation of biodiversity in the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Feng
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Cory Merow
- Eversource Energy Center and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Zhihua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Daniel S Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Patrick R Roehrdanz
- The Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Brian Maitner
- Eversource Energy Center and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Erica A Newman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Arizona Institutes for Resilience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brad L Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Hardner & Gullison Associates, Amherst, NH, USA
| | - Aaron Lien
- Arizona Institutes for Resilience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph R Burger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Arizona Institutes for Resilience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mathias M Pires
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Brando
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA.,Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Mark B Bush
- Insitute for Global Ecology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Crystal N H McMichael
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danilo M Neves
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Efthymios I Nikolopoulos
- Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lee Hannah
- The Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - David D Breshears
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tom P Evans
- School of Geography, Development and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - José R Soto
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kacey C Ernst
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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6
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Remeš V, Remešová E, Friedman NR, Matysioková B, Rubáčová L. Functional diversity of avian communities increases with canopy height: From individual behavior to continental-scale patterns. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11839-11851. [PMID: 34522345 PMCID: PMC8427649 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetation complexity is an important predictor of animal species diversity. Specifically, taller vegetation should provide more potential ecological niches and thus harbor communities with higher species richness and functional diversity (FD). Resource use behavior is an especially important functional trait because it links species to their resource base with direct relevance to niche partitioning. However, it is unclear how exactly the diversity of resource use behavior changes with vegetation complexity. To address this question, we studied avian FD in relation to vegetation complexity along a continental-scale vegetation gradient. We quantified foraging behavior of passerine birds in terms of foraging method and substrate use at 21 sites (63 transects) spanning 3,000 km of woodlands and forests in Australia. We also quantified vegetation structure on 630 sampling points at the same sites. Additionally, we measured morphological traits for all 111 observed species in museum collections. We calculated individual-based, abundance-weighted FD in morphology and foraging behavior and related it to species richness and vegetation complexity (indexed by canopy height) using structural equation modeling, rarefaction analyses, and distance-based metrics. FD of morphology and foraging methods was best predicted by species richness. However, FD of substrate use was best predicted by canopy height (ranging 10-30 m), but only when substrates were categorized with fine resolution (17 categories), not when categorized coarsely (8 categories). These results suggest that, first, FD might increase with vegetation complexity independently of species richness, but whether it does so depends on the studied functional trait. Second, patterns found might be shaped by how finely we categorize functional traits. More complex vegetation provided larger "ecological space" with more resources, allowing the coexistence of more species with disproportionately more diverse foraging substrate use. We suggest that the latter pattern was driven by nonrandom accumulation of functionally distinct species with increasing canopy height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Remeš
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of OrnithologyFaculty of SciencePalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
- Department of EcologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Eva Remešová
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of OrnithologyFaculty of SciencePalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Nicholas R. Friedman
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of OrnithologyFaculty of SciencePalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
- Environmental Informatics SectionOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOnna‐sonJapan
| | - Beata Matysioková
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of OrnithologyFaculty of SciencePalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Lucia Rubáčová
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of OrnithologyFaculty of SciencePalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of Natural ScienceComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
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7
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Habitat Quality and Social Behavioral Association Network in a Wintering Waterbirds Community. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13116044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Migratory waterbirds concentrated in freshwater ecosystems in mosaic environments rely on quality habitats for overwintering. At West Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve (WDLNNR), China, land-use change and hydrology alternation are compounding factors that have affected important wintering areas for migratory waterbirds. Presently, changes in the hydrology and landscape have reshaped natural wintering habitats and their availability, though the impact of hydrological management on habitat selection of wintering waterbirds is largely unknown. In this study, we classified differentially managed habitats and calculated their area using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to evaluate suitable habitat availability over the study period (2016–2017 and 2017–2018 wintering periods). We then used social behavioral association network (SBAN) model to compare habitat quality through species-species social interactions and species-habitat associations in lakes with different hydrological management. The results indicated that social interactions between and within species structured wintering waterbirds communities, which could be dominated by one or more species, while dominant species control the activities of other co-existing species. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests indicated significant differences in SBAN metrics between lakes (p = 0.0237) and habitat (p < 0.0001) levels. Specifically, lakes with managed hydrology were preferred by more species. The managed lakes had better habitat quality in terms of significantly higher habitat areas (p < 0.0001) and lower habitat transitions (p = 0.0113). Collectively, our findings suggest that proper hydrological management can provide continuous availability of quality habitats, especially mudflats and shallow waters, for a stable SBAN to ensure a wintering waterbirds community with more sympatric species in a dynamic environment.
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8
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Targeting Conservation Actions at Species Threat Response Thresholds. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 36:216-226. [PMID: 33293193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Given the failure of the world's governments to improve the status of biodiversity by 2020, a new strategic plan for 2030 is being developed. In order to be successful, a step-change is needed to not just simply halt biodiversity loss, but to bend the curve of biodiversity loss to stable or increasing species' populations. Here, we propose a framework that quantifies species' responses across gradients of threat intensity to implement more efficient and better targeted conservation actions. Our framework acknowledges the variation in threat intensities as well as the differences among species in their capacity to respond, and is implemented at a relevant scale for national and international policy-making.
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9
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Adorno BFCB, Barros FM, Cezar Ribeiro M, Silva VX, Hasui É. Landscape heterogeneity shapes bird phylogenetic responses at forest–matrix interfaces in Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio M. Barros
- CPEA (Consultoria, Planejamento e Estudos Ambientais) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Milton Cezar Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Ecologia Espacial e Conservação (LEEC) Departamento de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Vinícius X. Silva
- Instituto de Ciências da NaturezaUniversidade Federal de Alfenas Alfenas Brazil
| | - Érica Hasui
- Instituto de Ciências da NaturezaUniversidade Federal de Alfenas Alfenas Brazil
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10
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Jarzyna MA, Quintero I, Jetz W. Global functional and phylogenetic structure of avian assemblages across elevation and latitude. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:196-207. [PMID: 33124188 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mountain systems are exceptionally species rich, yet the associated elevational gradients in functional and phylogenetic diversity and their consistency across latitude remain little understood. Here, we document how avian functional and phylogenetic diversity and structure vary along all major elevational gradients worldwide and uncover strong latitudinal differences. Assemblages in warm tropical lowlands and cold temperate highlands are marked by high functional overdispersion and distinctiveness, whereas tropical highlands and temperate lowlands appear strongly functionally clustered and redundant. We additionally find strong geographic variation in the interplay of phylogenetic and functional structure, with strongest deviations between the two in temperate highlands. This latitudinal and elevational variation in assemblage functional structure is underpinned by nuanced shifts in the position, shape and composition of multivariate trait space. We find that, independent of latitude, high-elevation assemblages emerge as exceptionally susceptible to functional change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Jarzyna
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, 300 Aronoff Laboratory, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, 1760 Neil Avenue, 175 Pomerene Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ignacio Quintero
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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11
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Barnagaud J, Geniez P, Cheylan M, Crochet P. Climate overrides the effects of land use on the functional composition and diversity of Mediterranean reptile assemblages. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Yves Barnagaud
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE‐PSL, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Philippe Geniez
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE‐PSL, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Marc Cheylan
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE‐PSL, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Pierre‐André Crochet
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
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12
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Pinto‐Ledezma JN, Villalobos F, Reich PB, Catford JA, Larkin DJ, Cavender‐Bares J. Testing Darwin’s naturalization conundrum based on taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional dimensions of vascular plants. ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús N. Pinto‐Ledezma
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Red de Biología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya 91070Xalapa Veracruz México
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota 1530 Cleveland Avenue Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales 2753 Australia
| | - Jane A. Catford
- Department of Geography King’s College London Strand London WC2B 4BG UK
| | - Daniel J. Larkin
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota 135 Skok Hall, 2003 Upper Buford Circle Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Jeannine Cavender‐Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
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13
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Zhang Q, Holyoak M, Goodale E, Liu Z, Shen Y, Liu J, Zhang M, Dong A, Zou F. Trait-environment relationships differ between mixed-species flocking and nonflocking bird assemblages. Ecology 2020; 101:e03124. [PMID: 32564355 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypotheses about the mechanisms of community assembly suggest that biotic and abiotic filters constrain species establishment through selection on their functional traits. It is unclear how differences in traits influence the niche dimensions of closely related bird species when they coexist in spatiotemporally heterogeneous environments. Further, it is necessary to take into account their participation in mixed-species flocks, social systems that can include both competition and facilitation. For 6 yr, we conducted counts of forest bird species and took measurements of environmental variables along an elevational gradient in the Nanling Mountains, China. To disentangle different deterministic and historical/stochastic processes between flocking and nonflocking bird assemblages, we first compared phylogenetic and functional structure, and community-weighted mean trait values (CWM). We further assessed elevational variations in trait-environment relationships. We found that the flocking and nonflocking bird assemblages were structured by environmental gradients in contrasting ways. The nonflocking assemblage showed a strong change from over-dispersed to clustered community structure with increasing elevations, consistent with the strong selective pressures of a harsh environment (i.e., environmental filtering). The nonflocking assemblage also displayed significant trait-environment relationships in bivariate correlations and multivariate ordination space, including specific morphological and foraging traits that are linked to vegetation characteristics (e.g., short trees at high elevations). By contrast, flocking birds were more resilient to habitat change with elevation, with relatively consistent community membership, and showed fewer trait-environment associations. CWM of traits that are known to be associated with species' propensity to join mixed-species flocks, including small body size and broad habitat specificity, were linked to the flocking assemblage consistently across the elevational gradient. Collectively, our trait-based analyses provide strong evidence that trait-environment relationships differ between flocking and nonflocking bird assemblages. Besides serving as bellwethers of changing environments, emergent properties of flock systems may increase the resilience of animal communities undergoing environmental change. Mixed-species flocks present an ideal model with which to explore cooccurrence of closely related species, because habitat filtering may be buffered, and the patterns observed are therefore the outcomes of species interactions including both competition and facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Marcel Holyoak
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Eben Goodale
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhifa Liu
- Nanling National Nature Reserve, Shaoguan, 512727, China
| | - Yong Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Anqiang Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Fasheng Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260, China
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14
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Sato E, Kusumoto B, Şekercioğlu ÇH, Kubota Y, Murakami M. The influence of ecological traits and environmental factors on the co‐occurrence patterns of birds on islands worldwide. Ecol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Sato
- Faculty of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Buntarou Kusumoto
- Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Richmond UK
- Faculty of Science University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan
| | - Çağan H. Şekercioğlu
- Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
- College of Sciences Koç University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yasuhiro Kubota
- Faculty of Science University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan
- Marine and Terrestrial Field Ecology, Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan
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15
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Geheber AD. Contemporary and Historical Species Relationships Reveal Assembly Mechanism Intricacies among Co-occurring Darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae). COPEIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-18-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Geheber
- University of Central Missouri, School of Natural Sciences, W.C. Morris 111, Warrensburg, Missouri 64093;
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16
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Velasco JA, Poe S, González-Salazar C, Flores-Villela O. Solitary ecology as a phenomenon extending beyond insular systems: exaptive evolution in Anolis lizards. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190056. [PMID: 31113308 PMCID: PMC6548730 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms driving phenotypic evolution have been of interest to biologists since Darwin. Ecological release-wherein adaptive evolution occurs following relaxation of constraining selective pressures-and environmental filtering-wherein exaptive traits allow colonization of a new area-have been studied in several insular cases. Anolis lizards, which may exist in solitude or sympatry with multiple congeners, are an excellent system for evaluating whether ecological release and environmental filtering are associated with phenotypic shifts across phylogenetic and geographical scales. Insular solitary Anolis exhibit phenotypic differentiation in body size and sexual size dimorphism-SSD-through exaptive and adaptive evolution, respectively. But, the generality of these effects has not yet been addressed. Here, we analyse the evolution of body size and SSD relative to sympatry in mainland Anolis. We found that mainland species co-occurring with few congeners exhibit uniform body size and greater SSD relative to other random mainland assemblages, consistent with the insular solitary pattern. The locations of evolutionary shifts for both traits do not coincide with evolutionary transitions to decreased levels of sympatry. These results are consistent with exaptive environmental filtering but not adaptive ecological release. Future studies should be conducted at local scales to evaluate the role of these factors in the evolution of solitary existence in mainland and island species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián A. Velasco
- Museo de Zoología ‘Alfonso L. Herrera’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Steven Poe
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Constantino González-Salazar
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad C3, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, CBS Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, Estado de México 52006, Mexico
| | - Oscar Flores-Villela
- Museo de Zoología ‘Alfonso L. Herrera’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Pinto-Ledezma JN, Jahn AE, Cueto VR, Diniz-Filho JAF, Villalobos F. Drivers of Phylogenetic Assemblage Structure of the Furnariides, a Widespread Clade of Lowland Neotropical Birds. Am Nat 2018; 193:E41-E56. [PMID: 30720362 DOI: 10.1086/700696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Species co-occurrence in local assemblages is shaped by distinct processes at different spatial and temporal scales. Here we focus on historical explanations and examine the phylogenetic structure of local assemblages of the Furnariides clade (Aves: Passeriformes), assessing the influence of diversification rates on the assembly and species co-occurrence within those assemblages. Using 120 local assemblages across Bolivia and Argentina and a nearly complete phylogeny for the clade, we analyzed assemblage phylogenetic structure, applying a recently developed model (DAMOCLES, or dynamic assembly model of colonization, local extinction, and speciation) accounting for the historical processes of speciation, colonization, and local extinction. We also evaluated how diversification rates determine species co-occurrence. We found that the assembly of Furnariides assemblages can be explained largely by speciation, colonization, and local extinction without invoking current local species interactions. Phylogenetic structure of open habitat assemblages mainly showed clustering, characterized by faster rates of colonization and local extinction than in forest habitats, whereas forest habitat assemblages were congruent with the model's equal rates expectation, thus highlighting the influence of habitat preferences on assembly and co-occurrence patterns. Our results suggest that historical processes are sufficient to explain local assemblage phylogenetic structure, while there is little evidence for species ecological interactions in avian assemblage diversity and composition.
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18
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Penone C, Kerbiriou C, Julien JF, Marmet J, Le Viol I. Body size information in large-scale acoustic bat databases. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5370. [PMID: 30155347 PMCID: PMC6110253 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Citizen monitoring programs using acoustic data have been useful for detecting population and community patterns. However, they have rarely been used to study broad scale patterns of species traits. We assessed the potential of acoustic data to detect broad scale patterns in body size. We compared geographical patterns in body size with acoustic signals in the bat species Pipistrellus pipistrellus. Given the correlation between body size and acoustic characteristics, we expected to see similar results when analyzing the relationships of body size and acoustic signals with climatic variables. Methods We assessed body size using forearm length measurements of 1,359 bats, captured by mist nets in France. For acoustic analyses, we used an extensive dataset collected through the French citizen bat survey. We isolated each bat echolocation call (n = 4,783) and performed automatic measures of signals, including the frequency of the flattest part of the calls (characteristic frequency). We then examined the relationship between forearm length, characteristic frequencies, and two components resulting from principal component analysis for geographic (latitude, longitude) and climatic variables. Results Forearm length was positively correlated with higher precipitation, lower seasonality, and lower temperatures. Lower characteristic frequencies (i.e., larger body size) were mostly related to lower temperatures and northern latitudes. While conducted on different datasets, the two analyses provided congruent results. Discussion Acoustic data from citizen science programs can thus be useful for the detection of large-scale patterns in body size. This first analysis offers a new perspective for the use of large acoustic databases to explore biological patterns and to address both theoretical and applied questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Penone
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Kerbiriou
- CESCO UMR7204 MNHN-UPMC-CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Paris, France.,Marine Station, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Concarneau, France
| | - Jean-François Julien
- CESCO UMR7204 MNHN-UPMC-CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Julie Marmet
- CESCO UMR7204 MNHN-UPMC-CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Le Viol
- Marine Station, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Concarneau, France.,CESCO UMR7204 MNHN-UPMC-CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
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19
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He X, Luo K, Brown C, Lin L. A taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic perspective on the community assembly of passerine birds along an elevational gradient in southwest China. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2712-2720. [PMID: 29531688 PMCID: PMC5838049 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating multiple facets of biodiversity to describe spatial and temporal distribution patterns is one way of revealing the mechanisms driving community assembly. We assessed the species, functional, and phylogenetic composition and structure of passerine bird communities along an elevational gradient both in wintering and breeding seasons in the Ailao Mountains, southwest China, in order to identify the dominant ecological processes structuring the communities and how these processes change with elevation and season. Our research confirms that the highest taxonomic diversity, and distinct community composition, was found in the moist evergreen broadleaf forest at high elevation in both seasons. Environmental filtering was the dominant force at high elevations with relatively cold and wet climatic conditions, while the observed value of mean pairwise functional and phylogenetic distances of low elevation was constantly higher than expectation in two seasons, suggested interspecific competition could play the key role at low elevations, perhaps because of relative rich resource result from complex vegetation structure and human-induced disturbance. Across all elevations, there was a trend of decreasing intensity of environmental filtering whereas increasing interspecific competition from wintering season to breeding season. This was likely due to the increased resource availability but reproduction-associated competition in the summer months. In general, there is a clear justification for conservation efforts to protect entire elevational gradients in the Ailao Mountains, given the distinct taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic compositions and also elevational migration pattern in passerine bird communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Kang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Calum Brown
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU) Garmisch-Partenkirchen Germany
| | - Luxiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Yunnan China
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20
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Che X, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Quan Q, Møller A, Zou F. Phylogenetic and Functional Structure of Wintering Waterbird Communities Associated with Ecological Differences. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1232. [PMID: 29352197 PMCID: PMC5775246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological differences may be related to community component divisions between Oriental (west) and Sino-Japanese (east) realms, and such differences may result in weak geographical breaks in migratory species that are highly mobile. Here, we conducted comparative phylogenetic and functional structure analyses of wintering waterbird communities in southern China across two realms and subsequently examined possible climate drivers of the observed patterns. An analysis based on such highly migratory species is particularly telling because migration is bound to reduce or completely eliminate any divergence between communities. Phylogenetic and functional structure of eastern communities showed over-dispersion while western communities were clustered. Basal phylogenetic and functional turnover of western communities was significant lower than that of eastern communities. The break between eastern and western communities was masked by these two realms. Geographic patterns were related to mean temperature changes and temperature fluctuations, suggesting that temperature may filter waterbird lineages and traits, thus underlying geographical community divisions. These results suggest phylogenetic and functional divisions in southern China, coinciding with biogeography. This study shows that temperature fluctuations constitute an essential mechanism shaping geographical divisions that have largely gone undetected previously, even under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Che
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization,Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization,Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization,Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization,Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Quan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization,Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anders Møller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Fasheng Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization,Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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The role of environment, dispersal and competition in explaining reduced co-occurrence among related species. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185493. [PMID: 29099852 PMCID: PMC5669447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of ecological assemblages depends on a variety of factors including environmental filtering, biotic interactions and dispersal limitation. By evaluating the phylogenetic pattern of assemblages, we gain insight into the relative contribution of these mechanisms to generating observed assemblages. We address some limitations in the field of community phylogenetics by using simulations, biologically relevant null models, and cost distance analysis to evaluate simultaneous mechanisms leading to observed patterns of co-occurrence. Building from past studies of phylogenetic community structure, we applied our approach to hummingbird assemblages in the Northern Andes. We compared the relationship between relatedness and co-occurrence among predicted assemblages, based on estimates of suitable habitat and dispersal limitation, and observed assemblages. Hummingbird co-occurrence peaked at intermediate relatedness and decreased when a closely-related species was present. This result was most similar to simulations that included simultaneous effects of phylogenetic conservatism and repulsion. In addition, we found older sister taxa were only weakly more separated by geographic barriers, suggesting that time since dispersal is unlikely to be the sole factor influencing co-occurrence of closely related species. Our analysis highlights the role of multiple mechanisms acting simultaneously, and provides a hypothesis for the potential importance of competition at regional scales.
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Abstract
Climate change triggers poleward shifts in species distribution leading to changes in biogeography. In the marine environment, fish respond quickly to warming, causing community-wide reorganizations, which result in profound changes in ecosystem functioning. Functional biogeography provides a framework to address how ecosystem functioning may be affected by climate change over large spatial scales. However, there are few studies on functional biogeography in the marine environment, and none in the Arctic, where climate-driven changes are most rapid and extensive. We investigated the impact of climate warming on the functional biogeography of the Barents Sea, which is characterized by a sharp zoogeographic divide separating boreal from Arctic species. Our unique dataset covered 52 fish species, 15 functional traits, and 3,660 stations sampled during the recent warming period. We found that the functional traits characterizing Arctic fish communities, mainly composed of small-sized bottom-dwelling benthivores, are being rapidly replaced by traits of incoming boreal species, particularly the larger, longer lived, and more piscivorous species. The changes in functional traits detected in the Arctic can be predicted based on the characteristics of species expected to undergo quick poleward shifts in response to warming. These are the large, generalist, motile species, such as cod and haddock. We show how functional biogeography can provide important insights into the relationship between species composition, diversity, ecosystem functioning, and environmental drivers. This represents invaluable knowledge in a period when communities and ecosystems experience rapid climate-driven changes across biogeographical regions.
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23
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Clark NJ, Clegg SM, Sam K, Goulding W, Koane B, Wells K. Climate, host phylogeny and the connectivity of host communities govern regional parasite assembly. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Clark
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - Sonya M. Clegg
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology; Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Katerina Sam
- Biology Centre CAS; Faculty of Science; Institute of Entomology and University of South Bohemia; Branisovska Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - William Goulding
- The Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group; School of Earth and Environmental Science; University of Queensland; St Lucia Qld Australia
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program; Queensland Museum; South Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Bonny Koane
- The New Guinea Binatang Research Centre; Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Konstans Wells
- Environmental Futures Research Institute; School of Environment; Griffith University; Nathan Qld Australia
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Ulrich W, Banks-Leite C, De Coster G, Habel JC, Matheve H, Newmark WD, Tobias JA, Lens L. Environmentally and behaviourally mediated co-occurrence of functional traits in bird communities of tropical forest fragments. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Ulrich
- Chair of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus Univ.; Toruń Poland
| | - Cristina Banks-Leite
- Dept of Life Sciences; Silwood Park; Imperial College London UK
- Dept of Ecology; Biosciences Inst., Univ. of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Greet De Coster
- Dept of Life Sciences; Silwood Park; Imperial College London UK
- Dept of Ecology; Biosciences Inst., Univ. of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luc Lens
- Dept of Biology; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
- Dept of Zoology; National Museums of Kenya; Nairobi Kenya
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25
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Kissling WD. Has frugivory influenced the macroecology and diversification of a tropical keystone plant family? RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.3.e14944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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26
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Villalobos F, Carotenuto F, Raia P, Diniz-Filho JAF. Phylogenetic fields through time: temporal dynamics of geographical co-occurrence and phylogenetic structure within species ranges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150220. [PMID: 26977061 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species co-occur with different sets of other species across their geographical distribution, which can be either closely or distantly related. Such co-occurrence patterns and their phylogenetic structure within individual species ranges represent what we call the species phylogenetic fields (PFs). These PFs allow investigation of the role of historical processes--speciation, extinction and dispersal--in shaping species co-occurrence patterns, in both extinct and extant species. Here, we investigate PFs of large mammalian species during the last 3 Myr, and how these correlate with trends in diversification rates. Using the fossil record, we evaluate species' distributional and co-occurrence patterns along with their phylogenetic structure. We apply a novel Bayesian framework on fossil occurrences to estimate diversification rates through time. Our findings highlight the effect of evolutionary processes and past climatic changes on species' distributions and co-occurrences. From the Late Pliocene to the Recent, mammal species seem to have responded in an individualistic manner to climate changes and diversification dynamics, co-occurring with different sets of species from different lineages across their geographical ranges. These findings stress the difficulty of forecasting potential effects of future climate changes on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Villalobos
- Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II/UFG, CxP 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Francesco Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino 10, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Raia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino 10, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - José Alexandre F Diniz-Filho
- Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II/UFG, CxP 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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27
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Geheber AD, Geheber PK. The effect of spatial scale on relative influences of assembly processes in temperate stream fish assemblages. Ecology 2016; 97:2691-2704. [PMID: 27859111 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how biotic and abiotic processes influence community assembly is a fundamental aim in ecology. Although spatial scales at which communities are studied may affect the relative importance of such assembly processes, spatial influences on community assembly have not been thoroughly addressed. We tested how spatial scale affects inferences of habitat filtering and competitive exclusion assembly processes in darter (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) assemblages across four temperate stream systems. We predicted competitive exclusion would influence assembly in fine-scale assemblages, and habitat filtering would be more influential as spatial scale increased. Moreover, we assumed that habitat heterogeneity would increase with scale, and consequently alleviate direct competitive exclusion acting at finer scales. Using a framework that incorporated genetic relatedness, morphological traits, and habitat use among co-occurring darter species, we identified ecological and evolutionary patterns of structure, which allowed us to elucidate processes of assembly. Based on phylogenetic structure, assemblages showed an increase in habitat filtering (i.e., increased phylogenetic clustering) as we scaled up from fine to intermediate assemblages; however, we found mixed signals for habitat filtering and competitive exclusion at the broadest spatial scale. While habitat filtering was found to have an overall high relative importance during assembly, we also found influence of competitive exclusion processes based on limited morphological similarity among co-occurring species. Our results generally support an increased influence of habitat filtering processes in broader scale assemblages. Moreover, we suggest that habitat filtering and competitive exclusion processes act simultaneously during assembly, although the relative influence of each process may be spatial-scale dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Geheber
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Philip Keel Geheber
- Department of English, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
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Abstract
Diet is commonly assumed to affect the evolution of species, but few studies have directly tested its effect at macroevolutionary scales. Here we use Bayesian models of trait-dependent diversification and a comprehensive dietary database of all birds worldwide to assess speciation and extinction dynamics of avian dietary guilds (carnivores, frugivores, granivores, herbivores, insectivores, nectarivores, omnivores and piscivores). Our results suggest that omnivory is associated with higher extinction rates and lower speciation rates than other guilds, and that overall net diversification is negative. Trait-dependent models, dietary similarity and network analyses show that transitions into omnivory occur at higher rates than into any other guild. We suggest that omnivory acts as macroevolutionary sink, where its ephemeral nature is retrieved through transitions from other guilds rather than from omnivore speciation. We propose that these dynamics result from competition within and among dietary guilds, influenced by the deep-time availability and predictability of food resources. Diet is known to influence speciation, but much less is known about how this process operates at macroevolutionary scales. Using a global dietary database of birds, Burin et al. show that omnivory is associated with higher extinction and lower speciation rates compared to other guilds.
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González-Maya JF, Víquez-R LR, Arias-Alzate A, Belant JL, Ceballos G. Spatial patterns of species richness and functional diversity in Costa Rican terrestrial mammals: implications for conservation. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José F. González-Maya
- Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 70-275 México DF 04510 Mexico
- Proyecto de Conservación de Aguas y Tierras; ProCAT Colombia/Internacional; Carrera 13 No. 96-82 Of. 205 Bogotá Colombia
| | - Luis R. Víquez-R
- Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 70-275 México DF 04510 Mexico
| | - Andrés Arias-Alzate
- Instituto de Biología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 70-275 México DF 04510 Mexico
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory; Forest and Wildlife Research Center; Mississippi State University; Mississippi MS USA
| | - Gerardo Ceballos
- Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Apartado Postal 70-275 México DF 04510 Mexico
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30
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Marshall L, Carvalheiro LG, Aguirre‐Gutiérrez J, Bos M, de Groot GA, Kleijn D, Potts SG, Reemer M, Roberts S, Scheper J, Biesmeijer JC. Testing projected wild bee distributions in agricultural habitats: predictive power depends on species traits and habitat type. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4426-36. [PMID: 26664689 PMCID: PMC4667819 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Species distribution models (SDM) are increasingly used to understand the factors that regulate variation in biodiversity patterns and to help plan conservation strategies. However, these models are rarely validated with independently collected data and it is unclear whether SDM performance is maintained across distinct habitats and for species with different functional traits. Highly mobile species, such as bees, can be particularly challenging to model. Here, we use independent sets of occurrence data collected systematically in several agricultural habitats to test how the predictive performance of SDMs for wild bee species depends on species traits, habitat type, and sampling technique. We used a species distribution modeling approach parametrized for the Netherlands, with presence records from 1990 to 2010 for 193 Dutch wild bees. For each species, we built a Maxent model based on 13 climate and landscape variables. We tested the predictive performance of the SDMs with independent datasets collected from orchards and arable fields across the Netherlands from 2010 to 2013, using transect surveys or pan traps. Model predictive performance depended on species traits and habitat type. Occurrence of bee species specialized in habitat and diet was better predicted than generalist bees. Predictions of habitat suitability were also more precise for habitats that are temporally more stable (orchards) than for habitats that suffer regular alterations (arable), particularly for small, solitary bees. As a conservation tool, SDMs are best suited to modeling rarer, specialist species than more generalist and will work best in long-term stable habitats. The variability of complex, short-term habitats is difficult to capture in such models and historical land use generally has low thematic resolution. To improve SDMs' usefulness, models require explanatory variables and collection data that include detailed landscape characteristics, for example, variability of crops and flower availability. Additionally, testing SDMs with field surveys should involve multiple collection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Marshall
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of GeographyUniversity of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Luísa G. Carvalheiro
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Integrative and Comparative BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUnited Kingdom
- Departamento de EcologiaInstituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade de BrasíliaBrasília70910‐900Brasil
| | - Jesús Aguirre‐Gutiérrez
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystems Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Merijn Bos
- Louis Bolk InstituutDriebergenThe Netherlands
| | | | - David Kleijn
- Alterra – Wageningen URWageningenThe Netherlands
- Resource Ecology GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Simon G. Potts
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental ResearchSchool of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUnited Kingdom
| | - Menno Reemer
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- European Invertebrate Survey Kenniscentrum Insecten – The NetherlandsLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Stuart Roberts
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental ResearchSchool of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jacobus C. Biesmeijer
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystems Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Reif J, Hořák D, Krištín A, Kopsová L, Devictor V. Linking habitat specialization with species' traits in European birds. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Reif
- Inst. for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ. in Prague; Czech Republic
- Dept of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science; Palacký Univ. in Olomouc; Czech Republic
| | - David Hořák
- Dept of Ecology, Faculty of Science; Charles Univ. in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Anton Krištín
- Inst. of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Zvolen Slovakia
| | - Lenka Kopsová
- Dept of Ecology, Faculty of Science; Charles Univ. in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Devictor
- UMR 5554 CNRS-UM, Inst. des Sciences de l'Evolution, Univ. Montpellier; FR-34095 Montpellier cedex 05 France
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Pigot AL, Etienne RS. A new dynamic null model for phylogenetic community structure. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:153-63. [PMID: 25560516 PMCID: PMC4674968 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenies are increasingly applied to identify the mechanisms structuring ecological communities but progress has been hindered by a reliance on statistical null models that ignore the historical process of community assembly. Here, we address this, and develop a dynamic null model of assembly by allopatric speciation, colonisation and local extinction. Incorporating these processes fundamentally alters the structure of communities expected due to chance, with speciation leading to phylogenetic overdispersion compared to a classical statistical null model assuming equal probabilities of community membership. Applying this method to bird and primate communities in South America we show that patterns of phylogenetic overdispersion – often attributed to negative biotic interactions – are instead consistent with a species neutral model of allopatric speciation, colonisation and local extinction. Our findings provide a new null expectation for phylogenetic community patterns and highlight the importance of explicitly accounting for the dynamic history of assembly when testing the mechanisms governing community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L Pigot
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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Kissling WD, Dalby L, Fløjgaard C, Lenoir J, Sandel B, Sandom C, Trøjelsgaard K, Svenning JC. Establishing macroecological trait datasets: digitalization, extrapolation, and validation of diet preferences in terrestrial mammals worldwide. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:2913-30. [PMID: 25165528 PMCID: PMC4130448 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological trait data are essential for understanding the broad-scale distribution of biodiversity and its response to global change. For animals, diet represents a fundamental aspect of species’ evolutionary adaptations, ecological and functional roles, and trophic interactions. However, the importance of diet for macroevolutionary and macroecological dynamics remains little explored, partly because of the lack of comprehensive trait datasets. We compiled and evaluated a comprehensive global dataset of diet preferences of mammals (“MammalDIET”). Diet information was digitized from two global and cladewide data sources and errors of data entry by multiple data recorders were assessed. We then developed a hierarchical extrapolation procedure to fill-in diet information for species with missing information. Missing data were extrapolated with information from other taxonomic levels (genus, other species within the same genus, or family) and this extrapolation was subsequently validated both internally (with a jack-knife approach applied to the compiled species-level diet data) and externally (using independent species-level diet information from a comprehensive continentwide data source). Finally, we grouped mammal species into trophic levels and dietary guilds, and their species richness as well as their proportion of total richness were mapped at a global scale for those diet categories with good validation results. The success rate of correctly digitizing data was 94%, indicating that the consistency in data entry among multiple recorders was high. Data sources provided species-level diet information for a total of 2033 species (38% of all 5364 terrestrial mammal species, based on the IUCN taxonomy). For the remaining 3331 species, diet information was mostly extrapolated from genus-level diet information (48% of all terrestrial mammal species), and only rarely from other species within the same genus (6%) or from family level (8%). Internal and external validation showed that: (1) extrapolations were most reliable for primary food items; (2) several diet categories (“Animal”, “Mammal”, “Invertebrate”, “Plant”, “Seed”, “Fruit”, and “Leaf”) had high proportions of correctly predicted diet ranks; and (3) the potential of correctly extrapolating specific diet categories varied both within and among clades. Global maps of species richness and proportion showed congruence among trophic levels, but also substantial discrepancies between dietary guilds. MammalDIET provides a comprehensive, unique and freely available dataset on diet preferences for all terrestrial mammals worldwide. It enables broad-scale analyses for specific trophic levels and dietary guilds, and a first assessment of trait conservatism in mammalian diet preferences at a global scale. The digitalization, extrapolation and validation procedures could be transferable to other trait data and taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilm Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Dalby
- Section for Wildlife Ecology and Section for Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Grenåvej 14, DK-8410, Rønde, Denmark
| | - Camilla Fløjgaard
- Section for Wildlife Ecology and Section for Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Grenåvej 14, DK-8410, Rønde, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- Unité de Recherche Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN, FRE 3498 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne 1 Rue des Louvels, F-80037, Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114, DK-08000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christopher Sandom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - Kristian Trøjelsgaard
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114, DK-08000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Tsirogiannis C, Sandel B. Computing the skewness of the phylogenetic mean pairwise distance in linear time. Algorithms Mol Biol 2014; 9:15. [PMID: 25093036 PMCID: PMC4105894 DOI: 10.1186/1748-7188-9-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The phylogenetic Mean Pairwise Distance (MPD) is one of the most popular measures for computing the phylogenetic distance between a given group of species. More specifically, for a phylogenetic tree and for a set of species R represented by a subset of the leaf nodes of , the MPD of R is equal to the average cost of all possible simple paths in that connect pairs of nodes in R. Among other phylogenetic measures, the MPD is used as a tool for deciding if the species of a given group R are closely related. To do this, it is important to compute not only the value of the MPD for this group but also the expectation, the variance, and the skewness of this metric. Although efficient algorithms have been developed for computing the expectation and the variance the MPD, there has been no approach so far for computing the skewness of this measure. Results In the present work we describe how to compute the skewness of the MPD on a tree optimally, in Θ(n) time; here n is the size of the tree . So far this is the first result that leads to an exact, let alone efficient, computation of the skewness for any popular phylogenetic distance measure. Moreover, we show how we can compute in Θ(n) time several interesting quantities in , that can be possibly used as building blocks for computing efficiently the skewness of other phylogenetic measures. Conclusions The optimal computation of the skewness of the MPD that is outlined in this work provides one more tool for studying the phylogenetic relatedness of species in large phylogenetic trees. Until now this has been infeasible, given that traditional techniques for computing the skewness are inefficient and based on inexact resampling.
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