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Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi M, Yazdanparast S, Mikanik F, Izadpanah A, Parkhideh S, Shahbaz Ghasabeh A, Roshandel E, Hajifathali A, Gharehbaghian A. Cytokine-Induced Memory-Like NK Cells: Emerging strategy for AML immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115718. [PMID: 37857247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease developed from the malignant expansion of myeloid precursor cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The implementation of intensive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has improved outcomes associated with AML, but relapse, along with suboptimal outcomes, is still a common scenario. In the past few years, exploring new therapeutic strategies to optimize treatment outcomes has occurred rapidly. In this regard, natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy has attracted clinical interest due to its critical role in immunosurveillance and their capabilities to target AML blasts. NK cells are cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells that mediate anti-viral and anti-tumor responses by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and directly inducing cytotoxicity. Although NK cells are well known as short-lived innate immune cells with non-specific responses that have limited their clinical applications, the discovery of cytokine-induced memory-like (CIML) NK cells could overcome these challenges. NK cells pre-activated with the cytokine combination IL-12/15/18 achieved a long-term life span with adaptive immunity characteristics, termed CIML-NK cells. Previous studies documented that using CIML-NK cells in cancer treatment is safe and results in promising outcomes. This review highlights the current application, challenges, and opportunities of CIML-NK cell-based therapy in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Yazdanparast
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mikanik
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Izadpanah
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Parkhideh
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Shahbaz Ghasabeh
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Roshandel
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Hajifathali
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Gharehbaghian
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Majewska-Szczepanik M, Kowalczyk P, Askenase PW, Szczepanik M. Natural killer cell-mediated contact dermatitis-like reaction induced by treatment with TLR3 ligand poly(I:C). Contact Dermatitis 2023; 89:230-240. [PMID: 37463838 PMCID: PMC10530359 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poly(I:C) is recognised by endosomal Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and activates cytotoxic CD8(+) lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. It has been shown that the viral TLR3 agonist induces robust and long-lasting T-cell-mediated responses. In addition, TLR3 modulates the contact hypersensitivity reaction. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether poly(I:C) injection can induce NK-mediated hapten reactivity in mice. METHODS Mice were treated with poly(I:C), and their response to dinitrofluorobenzene hapten was measured by assessing ear swelling and serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production. Adoptive cell transfer and cell sorting were used to investigate the mechanism of the reaction, and the phenotype of poly(I:C)-activated liver NK cells was determined by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS The results showed that poly(I:C) administration increased ear swelling, serum IFN-γ levels and the response to hapten in both immunocompetent and T- and B-cell-deficient mice. Only liver poly(I:C)-activated DX5(+) NK cells were able to transfer reactivity to hapten into a naive recipient. Induction of liver NK cells after poly(I:C) administration was TLR3/TRIF- and IFN-γ-dependent, interleukin 12-independent, and not modulated by MyD88. CONCLUSION This study provides new insights into how poly(I:C) stimulates NK-mediated reactivity to hapten and suggests that liver NK cells may modulate the immune response to non-pathogenic factors during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Majewska-Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Paulina Kowalczyk
- Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland
| | - Philip W Askenase
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland
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Lizana-Vasquez GD, Torres-Lugo M, Dixon R, Powderly JD, Warin RF. The application of autologous cancer immunotherapies in the age of memory-NK cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1167666. [PMID: 37205105 PMCID: PMC10185894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy has revolutionized the oncology field, yielding improved results against hematological and solid malignancies. NK cells have become an attractive alternative due to their capacity to activate upon recognition of "stress" or "danger" signals independently of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) engagement, thus making tumor cells a perfect target for NK cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy even as an allogeneic solution. While this allogeneic use is currently favored, the existence of a characterized memory function for NK cells ("memory-like" NK cells) advocates for an autologous approach, that would benefit from the allogeneic setting discoveries, but with added persistence and specificity. Still, both approaches struggle to exert a sustained and high anticancer effect in-vivo due to the immunosuppressive tumor micro-environment and the logistical challenges of cGMP production or clinical deployment. Novel approaches focused on the quality enhancement and the consistent large-scale production of highly activated therapeutic memory-like NK cells have yielded encouraging but still unconclusive results. This review provides an overview of NK biology as it relates to cancer immunotherapy and the challenge presented by solid tumors for therapeutic NKs. After contrasting the autologous and allogeneic NK approaches for solid cancer immunotherapy, this work will present the current scientific focus for the production of highly persistent and cytotoxic memory-like NK cells as well as the current issues with production methods as they apply to stress-sensitive immune cells. In conclusion, autologous NK cells for cancer immunotherapy appears to be a prime alternative for front line therapeutics but to be successful, it will be critical to establish comprehensives infrastructures allowing the production of extremely potent NK cells while constraining costs of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby D. Lizana-Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
- Cancer Research Clinic, Carolina BioOncology Institute (CBOI), Huntersville, NC, United States
| | - Madeline Torres-Lugo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - R. Brent Dixon
- Cancer Research Clinic, Carolina BioOncology Institute (CBOI), Huntersville, NC, United States
- Human Applications Lab (HAL) - BioCytics, Huntersville, NC, United States
| | - John D. Powderly
- Cancer Research Clinic, Carolina BioOncology Institute (CBOI), Huntersville, NC, United States
- Human Applications Lab (HAL) - BioCytics, Huntersville, NC, United States
| | - Renaud F. Warin
- Cancer Research Clinic, Carolina BioOncology Institute (CBOI), Huntersville, NC, United States
- Human Applications Lab (HAL) - BioCytics, Huntersville, NC, United States
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Aviles-Padilla K, Angelo LS, Fan D, Paust S. CXCR6 + and NKG2C + Natural Killer Cells Are Distinct With Unique Phenotypic and Functional Attributes Following Bone Marrow Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886835. [PMID: 35844621 PMCID: PMC9277058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a life-threatening complication in transplant patients. Natural Killer (NK) cells are the first lymphocyte lineage to reconstitute following an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Amongst them, NK cell Group 2 isoform C/Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C, member 2 (NKG2C)-expressing NK cells contribute significantly to patient protection upon HCMV reactivation. NKG2C+ NK cells are capable of immunological memory, albeit NK cell memory is not restricted to them. Hepatic C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 6 (CXCR6)-expressing NK cells also mediate memory responses in mice and humans. Small numbers of them circulate and can thus be studied in peripheral blood samples. We hypothesize that NKG2C+ and CXCR6+ NK cell subsets are distinct. To test our hypothesis, we used multi-parametric flow cytometry to determine the phenotypes and effector functions of CD56bright vs. CD56dim and NKG2C+ vs. CXCR6+ human NK cell subsets in the peripheral blood (PB) of pediatric transplant recipients monthly while monitoring patients for HCMV reactivation. Interestingly, we did not find any NKG2C+CXCR6+ NK cells in the transplant recipients' peripheral blood, suggesting that NKG2C+ and CXCR6+ NK cells are distinct. Also, NKG2C-CXCR6- NK cells, rather than NKG2C+ NK cells, made up most NK cells post-transplant, even in transplant recipients with HCMV viremia. In contrast to NKG2C+ NK cells, CXCR6+ NK cells appeared phenotypically less differentiated but were highly proliferative and produced IFN-γ and TNF α . Our findings contribute to our understanding of post-transplant NK cell development and its implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Aviles-Padilla
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laura S. Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dwight Fan
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,The Developing Investigative Scholar’s Program (DISP), Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital and Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,The Developing Investigative Scholar’s Program (DISP), Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital and Rice University, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Silke Paust,
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Angelo LS, Hogg GD, Abeynaike S, Bimler L, Vargas-Hernandez A, Paust S. Phenotypic and Functional Plasticity of CXCR6+ Peripheral Blood NK Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:810080. [PMID: 35173710 PMCID: PMC8841448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.810080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cells are comprised of phenotypic subsets, whose potentially unique functions remain largely unexplored. C-X-C-motif-chemokine-receptor-6 (CXCR6)+ NK cells have been identified as phenotypically immature tissue-resident NK cells in mice and humans. A small fraction of peripheral blood (PB)-NK cells also expresses CXCR6. However, prior reports about their phenotypic and functional plasticity are conflicting. In this study, we isolated, expanded, and phenotypically and functionally evaluated CXCR6+ and CXCR6– PB-NK cells, and contrasted results to bulk liver and spleen NK cells. We found that CXCR6+ and CXCR6– PB-NK cells preserved their distinct phenotypic profiles throughout 14 days of in vitro expansion (“day 14”), after which phenotypically immature CXCR6+ PB-NK cells became functionally equivalent to CXCR6– PB-NK cells. Despite a consistent reduction in CD16 expression and enhanced expression of the transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes), day 14 CXCR6+ PB-NK cells had superior antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) compared to CXCR6– PB-NK cells. Further, bulk liver NK cells responded to IL-15, but not IL-2 stimulation, with STAT-5 phosphorylation. In contrast, bulk splenic and PB-NK cells robustly responded to both cytokines. Our findings may allow for the selection of superior NK cell subsets for infusion products increasingly used to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Graham D. Hogg
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shawn Abeynaike
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lynn Bimler
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alexander Vargas-Hernandez
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Silke Paust,
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Kowalczyk P, Majewska-Szczepanik M, Strzępa A, Biała D, Szczepanik M. Diet-induced obesity aggravates NK cell-mediated contact hypersensitivity reaction in Rag1 -/- mice. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:307-316. [PMID: 33899952 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that natural killer (NK) cells mediate contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reaction. Many reports are showing that obesity promotes several inflammatory diseases. It was shown that diet-induced obesity (DIO) aggravates classical T cell-mediated CHS in mice. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity modulates antigen-specific NK cell-mediated response. METHODS We evaluated the effect of DIO on NK cell-mediated CHS reaction using a model of dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced CHS in Rag1-/- mice. RESULTS Rag1-/- mice fed HFD for 8 but not for 4 weeks developed aggravated CHS reaction determined by ear swelling measurement when compared to animals kept on normal diet (ND) prior to DNFB sensitization. The obese Rag1-/- mice presented the adipose tissue inflammation. Furthermore, in vitro analysis showed that feeding with HFD significantly increases interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-12p70 and decreases adiponectin concentration in liver mononuclear cell (LMNC) culture supernatants. The flow cytometry analysis of LMNC revealed that HFD treatment prior to DNFB sensitization increases the percentage of NK1.1+ IFN-γ+ cell population and affects the development and maturation of NK1.1+ cells. CONCLUSIONS In summary, current results suggest that the DIO significantly modulates the local and systemic inflammatory response, contributing to exacerbation of the CHS response mediated by liver NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kowalczyk
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Majewska-Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Strzępa
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominika Biała
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Martin SF, Esser PR. Innate Immune Mechanisms in Contact Dermatitis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 268:297-310. [PMID: 34173865 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergies are highly prevalent hypersensitivity responses to usually harmless substances. They are mediated by the immune system which causes pathologic responses such as type I (rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic asthma, atopy) or type IV hypersensitivity (allergic contact dermatitis). The different types of allergy are mediated by effector and memory T cells and, in the case of type I hypersensitivity, B cells. A prerequisite for the activation of these cells of the adaptive immune system is the activation of the innate immune system. The resulting inflammation is essential not only for the initiation but also for the elicitation and maintenance of allergies. Great progress has been made in the elucidation of the cellular and molecular pathomechanisms underlying allergen-induced inflammation. It is now recognized that the innate immune system in concert with tissue stress and damage responses orchestrates inflammation. This should enable the development of novel mechanism-based anti-inflammatory treatment strategies as well as of animal-free in vitro assays for the identification and potency classification of contact allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Forschergruppe Allergologie, Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Philipp R Esser
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Forschergruppe Allergologie, Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Freiburg, Germany.
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Wight A, Parsons BD, Rahim MMA, Makrigiannis AP. A Central Role for Ly49 Receptors in NK Cell Memory. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 204:2867-2875. [PMID: 32423924 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the study of NK cells was transformed by the discovery of three ways these "innate" immune cells display adaptive immune behavior, including the ability to form long-lasting, Ag-specific memories of a wide variety of immunogens. In this review, we examine these types of NK cell memory, highlighting their unique features and underlying similarities. We explore those similarities in depth, focusing on the role that Ly49 receptors play in various types of NK cell memory. From this Ly49 dependency, we will build a model by which we understand the three types of NK cell memory as aspects of what is ultimately the same adaptive immune process, rather than separate facets of NK cell biology. We hope that a defined model for NK cell memory will empower collaboration between researchers of these three fields to further our understanding of this surprising and clinically promising immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wight
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Brendon D Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; and
| | - Mir Munir A Rahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Andrew P Makrigiannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; and
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Kujur W, Murillo O, Adduri RSR, Vankayalapati R, Konduru NV, Mulik S. Memory like NK cells display stem cell like properties after Zika virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009132. [PMID: 33370392 PMCID: PMC7793296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells have been shown to display adaptive traits such as memory formation akin to T and B lymphocytes. Here we show that Zika virus infection induces memory like NK cells that express CD27. Strikingly, these cells exhibit stem-like features that include expansion capacity, self-renewal pathway, differentiation into effector cells, longer telomeres and gene signature associated with hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) progenitors. This subset shared transcriptional and epigenetic changes with memory CD8 T cells, stem cells and stem like T cells. These NK cells with memory and stem cell features, which we term "NK memory stem cells", demonstrated greater antiviral potential than CD27- or naïve CD27+ NK when adoptively transferred to Zika infected mice. Our results also suggest a role for the transcription factor TCF-1 in memory and stemness features of this NK subset. This study defines a unique TCF1hi CD27+ NK subset with memory capacity and stem cell features that play a role in antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weshely Kujur
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States of America
| | - Oscar Murillo
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States of America
| | - Raju S. R. Adduri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States of America
| | - Nagarjun V. Konduru
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States of America
| | - Sachin Mulik
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Polidoro MA, Mikulak J, Cazzetta V, Lleo A, Mavilio D, Torzilli G, Donadon M. Tumor microenvironment in primary liver tumors: A challenging role of natural killer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4900-4918. [PMID: 32952338 PMCID: PMC7476172 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i33.4900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, several studies have been focused on elucidate the role of tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer development and progression. Within TME, cells from adaptive and innate immune system are one of the main abundant components. The dynamic interactions between immune and cancer cells lead to the activation of complex molecular mechanisms that sustain tumor growth. This important cross-talk has been elucidate for several kind of tumors and occurs also in patients with liver cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Liver is well-known to be an important immunological organ with unique microenvironment. Here, in normal conditions, the rich immune-infiltrating cells cooperate with non-parenchymal cells, such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells, favoring self-tolerance against gut antigens. The presence of underling liver immunosuppressive microenvironment highlights the importance to dissect the interaction between HCC and iCCA cells with immune infiltrating cells, in order to understand how this cross-talk promotes tumor growth. Deeper attention is, in fact, focused on immune-based therapy for these tumors, as promising approach to counteract the intrinsic anti-tumor activity of this microenvironment. In this review, we will examine the key pathways underlying TME cell-cell communications, with deeper focus on the role of natural killer cells in primary liver tumors, such as HCC and iCCA, as new opportunities for immune-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Anna Polidoro
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Cazzetta
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Lleo
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Torzilli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milan, Italy
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Donadon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milan, Italy
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes specialized in immune surveillance against tumors and infections. To reach their optimal functional status, NK cells must undergo a process of maturation from immature to mature NK cells. Genetically modified mice, as well as in vivo and in vitro NK cell differentiation assays, have begun to reveal the landscape of the regulatory network involved in NK cell maturation, in which a balance of cytokine signaling pathways leads to an optimal coordination of transcription factor activity. An increased understanding of NK cell maturation will greatly promote the development and application of NK cell-based clinical therapy. Thus, in this review, we summarize the dynamics of NK cell maturation, describe recently identified factors involved in the regulation of the NK cell maturation process, including cytokines and transcription factors, and discuss the importance of NK cell maturation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuefu Wang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Nikzad R, Angelo LS, Aviles-Padilla K, Le DT, Singh VK, Bimler L, Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Vendrame E, Ranganath T, Simpson L, Haigwood NL, Blish CA, Akbar AN, Paust S. Human natural killer cells mediate adaptive immunity to viral antigens. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/35/eaat8116. [PMID: 31076527 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat8116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses are defined as antigen sensitization-dependent and antigen-specific responses leading to establishment of long-lived immunological memory. Although natural killer (NK) cells have traditionally been considered cells of the innate immune system, mounting evidence in mice and nonhuman primates warrants reconsideration of the existing paradigm that B and T cells are the sole mediators of adaptive immunity. However, it is currently unknown whether human NK cells can exhibit adaptive immune responses. We therefore tested whether human NK cells mediate adaptive immunity to virally encoded antigens using humanized mice and human volunteers. We found that human NK cells displayed vaccination-dependent, antigen-specific recall responses in vitro, when isolated from livers of humanized mice previously vaccinated with HIV-encoded envelope protein. Furthermore, we discovered that large numbers of cytotoxic NK cells with a tissue-resident phenotype were recruited to sites of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) skin test antigen challenge in VZV-experienced human volunteers. These NK-mediated recall responses in humans occurred decades after initial VZV exposure, demonstrating that NK memory in humans is long-lived. Our data demonstrate that human NK cells exhibit adaptive immune responses upon vaccination or infection. The existence of human memory NK cells may allow for the development of vaccination-based approaches capable of establishing potent NK-mediated memory functions contributing to host protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Nikzad
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura S Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Aviles-Padilla
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Duy T Le
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vipul K Singh
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lynn Bimler
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Elena Vendrame
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thanmayi Ranganath
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Simpson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Silke Paust
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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14
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Shah SV, Manickam C, Ram DR, Kroll K, Itell H, Permar SR, Barouch DH, Klatt NR, Reeves RK. CMV Primes Functional Alternative Signaling in Adaptive Δg NK Cells but Is Subverted by Lentivirus Infection in Rhesus Macaques. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2766-2774.e3. [PMID: 30517864 PMCID: PMC6372106 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite burgeoning evidence demonstrating the adaptive properties of natural killer (NK) cells, mechanistic data explaining these phenomena are lacking. Following antibody sensitization, NK cells lacking the Fc receptor (FcR) signaling chain (Δg) acquire adaptive features, including robust proliferation, multi-functionality, rapid killing, and mobilization to sites of virus exposure. Using the rhesus macaque model, we demonstrate the systemic distribution of Δg NK cells expressing memory features, including downregulated Helios and Eomes. Furthermore, we find that Δg NK cells abandon typical γ-chain/Syk in lieu of CD3ζ-Zap70 signaling. FCγRIIIa (CD16) density, mucosal homing, and function are all coupled to this alternate signaling, which in itself requires priming by rhesus cytomegalovirus (rhCMV). Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections further expand gut-homing adaptive NK cells but result in pathogenic suppression of CD3ζ-Zap70 signaling and function. Herein, we provide a mechanism of virus-dependent alternative signaling that may explain the acquisition of adaptive features by primate NK cells and could be targeted for future vaccine or curative therapies. Gamma-chain-deficient adaptive NK cells are robust mediators of antiviral immunity via ADCC. Shah et al. demonstrate using macaque models that acquisition of these features requires previous priming with CMV infection and involves alternative signaling via CD3zeta but is actively suppressed by lentivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spandan V Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel R Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyle Kroll
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hannah Itell
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nichole R Klatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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15
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Putz EJ, Putz AM, Boettcher A, Charley S, Sauer M, Palmer M, Phillips R, Hostetter J, Loving CL, Cunnick JE, Tuggle CK. Successful development of methodology for detection of hapten-specific contact hypersensitivity (CHS) memory in swine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223483. [PMID: 31596901 PMCID: PMC6785115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hapten contact hypersensitivity (CHS) elicits a well-documented inflammation response that can be used to illustrate training of immune cells through hapten-specific CHS memory. The education of hapten-specific memory T cells has been well-established, recent research in mice has expanded the “adaptive” characteristic of a memory response from solely a function of the adaptive immune system, to innate cells as well. To test whether similar responses are seen in a non-rodent model, we used hapten-specific CHS to measure the ear inflammation response of outbred pigs to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), oxazolone (OXA), or vehicle controls. We adapted mouse innate memory literature protocols to the domestic pig model. Animals were challenged up to 32 days post initial sensitization exposure to the hapten, and specific ear swelling responses to this challenge were significant for 7, 21, and 32 days post-sensitization. We established hapten-specific CHS memory exists in a non-rodent model. We also developed a successful protocol for demonstrating these CHS responses in a porcine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Putz
- Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - A. M. Putz
- Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - A. Boettcher
- Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - S. Charley
- Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - M. Sauer
- Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - M. Palmer
- USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - R. Phillips
- Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology Science, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - J. Hostetter
- Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology Science, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - C. L. Loving
- USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - J. E. Cunnick
- Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - C. K. Tuggle
- Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Wang X, Tian Z, Peng H. Tissue-resident memory-like ILCs: innate counterparts of T RM cells. Protein Cell 2019; 11:85-96. [PMID: 31286412 PMCID: PMC6954904 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-019-0647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are defined as lymphocytes that lack RAG recombinase and do not express diverse antigen receptors; however, recent studies have revealed the adaptive features of ILCs. Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)- and cytokine-induced memory natural killer (NK) cells circulate in the blood and are referred to as conventional memory NK cells. In contrast, virus- and hapten-induced memory NK cells, hapten-induced memory ILC1s, and cytokine-induced memory-like ILC2s exhibit long-term residency in the liver or lung, and are referred to as tissue-resident memory ILCs. Considering their similar migration patterns and memory potential, tissue-resident memory ILCs could be regarded as innate counterparts of resident memory T (TRM) cells. Both tissue-resident memory ILCs and TRM cells share common characteristics in terms of dynamics, phenotype, and molecular regulation. The emergence of ILC memory expands the basic biology of ILCs and prompts us to re-examine their functions in disease progression. This review discusses the evidence supporting tissue-resident memory NK cells and other memory ILC subsets, compares them with TRM cells, and highlights key unsolved questions in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China. .,Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China. .,Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China. .,Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
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17
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Mikulak J, Bruni E, Oriolo F, Di Vito C, Mavilio D. Hepatic Natural Killer Cells: Organ-Specific Sentinels of Liver Immune Homeostasis and Physiopathology. Front Immunol 2019; 10:946. [PMID: 31114585 PMCID: PMC6502999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is considered a preferential tissue for NK cells residency. In humans, almost 50% of all intrahepatic lymphocytes are NK cells that are strongly imprinted in a liver-specific manner and show a broad spectrum of cellular heterogeneity. Hepatic NK (he-NK) cells play key roles in tuning liver immune response in both physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, there is a pressing need to comprehensively characterize human he-NK cells to better understand the related mechanisms regulating their effector-functions within the dynamic balance between immune-tolerance and immune-surveillance. This is of particular relevance in the liver that is the only solid organ whose parenchyma is constantly challenged on daily basis by millions of foreign antigens drained from the gut. Therefore, the present review summarizes our current knowledge on he-NK cells in the light of the latest discoveries in the field of NK cell biology and clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Bruni
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Oriolo
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Di Vito
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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18
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Angelo LS, Bimler LH, Nikzad R, Aviles-Padilla K, Paust S. CXCR6 + NK Cells in Human Fetal Liver and Spleen Possess Unique Phenotypic and Functional Capabilities. Front Immunol 2019; 10:469. [PMID: 30941128 PMCID: PMC6433986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident Natural Killer (NK) cells vary in phenotype according to tissue origin, but are typically CD56bright, CXCR6+, and CD69+. NK cells appear very early in fetal development, but little is known about when markers of tissue residency appear during gestation and whether the expression of these markers, most notably the chemokine receptor CXCR6, are associated with differences in functional capability. Using multi-parametric flow cytometry, we interrogated fetal liver and spleen NK cells for the expression of a multitude of extracellular markers associated with NK cell maturation, differentiation, and migration. We analyzed total NK cells from fetal liver and spleen and compared them to their adult liver and spleen counterparts, and peripheral blood (PB) NK. We found that fetal NK cells resemble each other and their adult counterparts more than PB NK. Maturity markers including CD16, CD57, and KIR are lower in fetal NK cells than PB, and markers associated with an immature phenotype are higher in fetal liver and spleen NK cells (NKG2A, CD94, and CD27). However, T-bet/EOMES transcription factor profiles are similar amongst fetal and adult liver and spleen NK cells (T-bet−/EOMES+) but differ from PB NK cells (T-bet+EOMES−). Further, donor-matched fetal liver and spleen NK cells share similar patterns of expression for most markers as a function of gestational age. We also performed functional studies including degranulation, cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays. Fetal liver and spleen NK cells displayed limited cytotoxic effector function in chromium release assays but produced copious amounts of TNFα and IFNγ, and degranulated efficiently in response to stimulation with PMA/ionomycin. Further, CXCR6+ NK cells in fetal liver and spleen produce more cytokines and degranulate more robustly than their CXCR6− counterparts, even though CXCR6+ NK cells in fetal liver and spleen possess an immature phenotype. Major differences between CXCR6− and + NK cell subsets appear to occur later in development, as a distinct CXCR6+ NK cell phenotype is much more clearly defined in PB. In conclusion, fetal liver and spleen NK cells share similar phenotypes, resemble their adult counterparts, and already possess a distinct CXCR6+ NK cell population with discrete functional capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Angelo
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lynn H Bimler
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,The Immunology Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rana Nikzad
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Aviles-Padilla
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,The Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,The Immunology Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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19
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Littwitz-Salomon E, Nguyen T, Schimmer S, Dittmer U. Friend retrovirus infection induces the development of memory-like natural killer cells. Retrovirology 2018; 15:68. [PMID: 30292240 PMCID: PMC6174066 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, NK cells belong to the innate immune system and eliminate virus-infected cells through their germline-encoded receptors. However, NK cells were recently reported to possess memory-like functions that were predominantly provided by hepatic NK cells. Memory properties were mainly documented in contact hypersensitivity models or during cytomegalovirus infections. However, the precise role and the physiologic importance of memory-like NK cells during retroviral infections are still under investigation. Here, we show that Friend retrovirus (FV) infection of mice induced a population of phenotypically memory-like NK cells at 28 days post infection. Upon secondary antigen encounter, these NK cells showed an increased production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ and TNFα as well as the death ligand FasL in comparison to naïve NK cells. Furthermore, we found an augmented elimination of antigen-matched but not antigen-mismatched target cells by these memory-like NK cells. In adoptive cell transfer experiments, equal antiviral activities of splenic and hepatic memory-like NK cells during the late phase of acute FV infection were found. Our results strongly imply the existence and antiviral activity of spleen and liver memory-like NK cells in FV infection, which efficiently respond upon secondary exposure to retroviral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simone Schimmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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20
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Cooper MA, Fehniger TA, Colonna M. Is There Natural Killer Cell Memory and Can It Be Harnessed by Vaccination? Vaccination Strategies Based on NK Cell and ILC Memory. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029512. [PMID: 29254976 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies over the last decade have decisively shown that innate immune natural killer (NK) cells exhibit enhanced long-lasting functional responses following a single activation event. With the increased recognition of memory and memory-like properties of NK cells, questions have arisen with regard to their ability to effectively mediate vaccination responses in humans. Moreover, recently discovered innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) could also potentially exhibit memory-like functions. Here, we review different forms of NK cell memory, and speculate about the ability of these cells and ILCs to meaningfully contribute to vaccination responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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21
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Neely HR, Mazo IB, Gerlach C, von Andrian UH. Is There Natural Killer Cell Memory and Can It Be Harnessed by Vaccination? Natural Killer Cells in Vaccination. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029488. [PMID: 29254978 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have historically been considered to be a part of the innate immune system, exerting a rapid response against pathogens and tumors in an antigen (Ag)-independent manner. However, over the past decade, evidence has accumulated suggesting that at least some NK cells display certain characteristics of adaptive immune cells. Indeed, NK cells can learn and remember encounters with a variety of Ags, including chemical haptens and viruses. Upon rechallenge, memory NK cells mount potent recall responses selectively to those Ags. This phenomenon, traditionally termed "immunological memory," has been reported in mice, nonhuman primates, and even humans and appears to be concentrated in discrete NK cell subsets. Because immunological memory protects against recurrent infections and is the central goal of active vaccination, it is crucial to define the mechanisms and consequences of NK cell memory. Here, we summarize the different kinds of memory responses that have been attributed to specific NK cell subsets and discuss the possibility to harness NK cell memory for vaccination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold R Neely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Irina B Mazo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Carmen Gerlach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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22
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Critical role for the Ly49 family of class I MHC receptors in adaptive natural killer cell responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11579-11584. [PMID: 30249666 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722374115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive natural killer (NK) cell memory represents a new frontier in immunology. Work over the last decade has discovered and confirmed the existence of NK cells with antigen-specific memories, which had previously been considered a unique property of T and B cells. These findings have shown that antigen-specific NK cells gain their specificity without the use of RAG proteins, representing a novel mechanism for generating antigen specificity, but the details of this mechanism have remained a mystery. We have discovered that members of the Ly49 family of surface receptors are critically involved in both the sensitization and the challenge phases of an NK cell memory response, as is antigen presentation from their binding partner, the class I MHC. Moreover, we demonstrate that the Ly49-interacting component of a presented antigen dictates the specificity of the NK cell memory response, implicating Ly49 receptors themselves in antigen-specific recognition. Finally, we demonstrate that adaptive NK cell memories can protect against an otherwise lethal melanoma without T cell or B cell support. These findings offer insight into the mechanism behind NK cell antigen specificity and demonstrate the clinical potential of this adaptive immune cell.
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23
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Beaulieu AM. Memory responses by natural killer cells. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:1087-1096. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ri0917-366r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M. Beaulieu
- Center for Immunity and InflammationNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers Biomedical and Health SciencesRutgers—The State University of New Jersey Newark New Jersey USA
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular GeneticsNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers Biomedical and Health SciencesRutgers—The State University of New Jersey Newark New Jersey USA
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24
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Rapp M, Wiedemann GM, Sun JC. Memory responses of innate lymphocytes and parallels with T cells. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:343-355. [PMID: 29808388 PMCID: PMC6054893 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are classified as innate immune cells, given their ability to rapidly respond and kill transformed or virally infected cells without prior sensitization. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that NK cells also exhibit many characteristics similar to cells of the adaptive immune system. Analogous to T cells, NK cells acquire self-tolerance during development, express antigen-specific receptors, undergo clonal-like expansion, and can become long-lived, self-renewing memory cells with potent effector function providing potent protection against reappearing pathogens. In this review, we discuss the requirements for memory NK cell generation and highlight the similarities with the formation of memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Rapp
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1462, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gabriela M Wiedemann
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1462, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1462, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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25
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Rasid O, Cavaillon JM. Compartment diversity in innate immune reprogramming. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:156-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Holder KA, Comeau EM, Grant MD. Origins of natural killer cell memory: special creation or adaptive evolution. Immunology 2018; 154:38-49. [PMID: 29355919 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The few initial formative studies describing non-specific and apparently spontaneous activity of natural killer (NK) cells have since multiplied into thousands of scientific reports defining their unique capacities and means of regulation. Characterization of the array of receptors that govern NK cell education and activation revealed an unexpected relationship with the major histocompatibility molecules that NK cells originally became well known for ignoring. Proceeding true to form, NK cells continue to up-end archetypal understanding of their ever-expanding capabilities. Discovery that the NK cell repertoire is extremely diverse and can be reshaped by particular viruses into unique subsets of adaptive NK cells challenges, or at least broadens, the definition of immunological memory. This review provides an overview of studies identifying adaptive NK cells, addressing the origins of NK cell memory and introducing the heretical concept of NK cells with extensive antigenic specificity. Whether these newly apparent properties reflect adaptive utilization of known NK cell attributes and receptors or a specially creative allocation from an undefined receptor array remains to be fully determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Holder
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Programme, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Emilie M Comeau
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Programme, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michael D Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Programme, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
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27
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Feldreich N, Ringden O, Emtestam L. Photochemotherapy and Graft-versus-Leukemia Reaction in Acute Leukemia: Tumor Immunity and Survival Are Dependent on Timing of Photochemotherapy of the Skin. Dermatology 2017; 233:303-313. [PMID: 29232687 DOI: 10.1159/000484138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cure of acute leukemia after transplantation is mediated by the grafted cells. We investigated the graft-versus-leukemia effect (GVL) in patients with cutaneous acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) treated with photochemotherapy (psoralen and ultraviolet light type A). METHOD Forty-seven patients with acute leukemia were followed 5,000 days after transplantation to assess survival and GVL by multivariate analysis. The primary predictor was time to treatment of cutaneous acute GVHD by photochemotherapy separated into treatment start during the first week of acute GVHD versus after the first week of acute GVHD. RESULTS Photochemotherapy started after the first week of acute GVHD predicted GVL with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.94 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.67-9.33, p = 0.0018) and survival with preserved GVL with an HR of 2.63 (95% CI 1.30-5.32, p = 0.007). The effects on GVL and survival with preserved GVL were present regardless of whether the patients were transplanted in remission or relapse (p < 0.05). Chronic GVHD came earlier in the group that started photochemotherapy after 1 week of acute GHVD, but chronic GVHD did not increase the GVL. CONCLUSION The timing of photochemotherapy after cutaneous acute GVHD may direct the GVL and predict long-term leukemia-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Feldreich
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Abstract
Classically, natural killer (NK) cells have been defined by nonspecific innate killing of virus-infected and tumor cells. However, burgeoning evidence suggests that the functional repertoire of NK cells is far more diverse than has been previously appreciated, thus raising the possibility that there may be unexpected functional specialization and even adaptive capabilities among NK cell subpopulations. Some of the first evidence that NK cells respond in an antigen-specific fashion came from experiments revealing that subpopulations of murine NK cells were able to respond to a specific murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) protein and that in the absence of T and B cells, murine NK cells also mediated adaptive immune responses to a secondary challenge with specific haptens. These data have been followed by demonstrations of NK cell memory of viruses and viral antigens in mice and primates. Herein, we discuss different forms of NK cell antigen specificity and how these responses may be tuned to specific viral pathogens, and we provide assessment of the current literature that may explain molecular mechanisms of the novel phenomenon of NK cell memory.
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29
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Peng H, Tian Z. Natural Killer Cell Memory: Progress and Implications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1143. [PMID: 28955346 PMCID: PMC5601391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is a cardinal feature of adaptive immunity. Although natural killer (NK) cells have long been considered short-lived innate lymphocytes that respond rapidly to transformed and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization, accumulating evidence has recently shown that NK cells develop long-lasting and antigen-specific memory to haptens and viruses. Additionally, cytokine stimulation alone can induce memory-like NK cells with longevity and functional competence, leading to emerging interest in harnessing NK cell memory for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the evidence of NK cell memory in different settings, summarize recent advances in mechanisms driving the formation of NK cell memory, and discuss the therapeutic potential of NK cells with memory-like properties in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Institute of Immunology, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Paul S, Lal G. The Molecular Mechanism of Natural Killer Cells Function and Its Importance in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1124. [PMID: 28955340 PMCID: PMC5601256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that show strong cytolytic function against physiologically stressed cells such as tumor cells and virus-infected cells. NK cells show a broad array of tissue distribution and phenotypic variability. NK cells express several activating and inhibitory receptors that recognize the altered expression of proteins on target cells and control the cytolytic function. NK cells have been used in several clinical trials to control tumor growth. However, the results are encouraging only in hematological malignancies but not very promising in solid tumors. Increasing evidence suggests that tumor microenvironment regulate the phenotype and function of NK cells. In this review, we discussed the NK cell phenotypes and its effector function and impact of the tumor microenvironment on effector and cytolytic function of NK cells. We also summarized various NK cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies used in the past and the possibilities to improve the function of NK cell for the better clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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31
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Memory responses of natural killer cells. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:11-19. [PMID: 28863960 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have traditionally been classified as a cellular component of the innate immune system, given their ability to rapidly produce effector cytokines and kill infected or transformed cells without prior exposure. More recently, NK cells have been shown to possess features of adaptive immunity such as clonal expansion, longevity, and robust recall responses. NK cell memory can be broadly divided into two categories: antigen-specific and antigen-independent. In the first case, exposure to certain viral or hapten stimuli endows NK cells with antigen-specific immunological memory, similar to T and B cells. In the second case, exposure of NK cells to specific cytokine milieus can imprint long-lasting changes on effector functions, resulting in antigen-independent memory-like NK cells. In this review, we discuss the various conditions that promote generation of these two categories of memory NK cells, and the mechanistic requirements underlying these processes.
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32
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Powell EJ, Cunnick JE, Tuggle CK. SCID pigs: An emerging large animal NK model. JOURNAL OF RARE DISEASES RESEARCH & TREATMENT 2017; 2:1-6. [PMID: 29152615 PMCID: PMC5690567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency (SCID) is defined as the lack or impairment of an adaptive immune system. Although SCID phenotypes are characteristically absent of T and B cells, many such SCID cellular profiles include the presence of NK cells. In human SCID patients, functional NK cells may impact the engraftment success of life saving procedures such as bone marrow transplantation. However, in animal models, a T cell-, B cell-, NK cell+ environment provides a valuable tool for asking specific questions about the extent of the innate immune system function as well as emerging NK targeted therapies against cancer. Physiologically and immunologically the pig is more similar to the human than common rodent research animals. This review discusses why the T- B- NK+ SCID pig may offer a more relevant model for development of human SCID patient therapies as well as provide an opportunity for systematic exploration of the role of NK cells in artiodactyl immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis J Powell
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Joan E Cunnick
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Christopher K Tuggle
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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33
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Müller L, Aigner P, Stoiber D. Type I Interferons and Natural Killer Cell Regulation in Cancer. Front Immunol 2017; 8:304. [PMID: 28408907 PMCID: PMC5374157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are known to mediate antitumor effects against several tumor types and have therefore been commonly used in clinical anticancer treatment. However, how IFN signaling exerts its beneficial effects is only partially understood. The clinically relevant activity of type I IFNs has been mainly attributed to their role in tumor immune surveillance. Different mechanisms have been postulated to explain how type I IFNs stimulate the immune system. On the one hand, they modulate innate immune cell subsets such as natural killer (NK) cells. On the other hand, type I IFNs also influence adaptive immune responses. Here, we review evidence for the impact of type I IFNs on immune surveillance against cancer and highlight the role of NK cells therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Müller
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Aigner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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34
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Wałajtys-Rode E, Dzik JM. Monocyte/Macrophage: NK Cell Cooperation-Old Tools for New Functions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:73-145. [PMID: 28455707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage and natural killer (NK) cells are partners from a phylogenetic standpoint of innate immune system development and its evolutionary progressive interaction with adaptive immunity. The equally conservative ways of development and differentiation of both invertebrate hemocytes and vertebrate macrophages are reviewed. Evolutionary conserved molecules occurring in macrophage receptors and effectors have been inherited by vertebrates after their common ancestor with invertebrates. Cytolytic functions of mammalian NK cells, which are rooted in immune cells of invertebrates, although certain NK cell receptors (NKRs) are mammalian new events, are characterized. Broad heterogeneity of macrophage and NK cell phenotypes that depends on surrounding microenvironment conditions and expression profiles of specific receptors and activation mechanisms of both cell types are discussed. The particular tissue specificity of macrophages and NK cells, as well as their plasticity and mechanisms of their polarization to different functional subtypes have been underlined. The chapter summarized studies revealing the specific molecular mechanisms and regulation of NK cells and macrophages that enable their highly specific cross-cooperation. Attention is given to the evolving role of human monocyte/macrophage and NK cell interaction in pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reaction-based disorders, including autoimmunity, as well as in cancer surveillance and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3 Str, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta M Dzik
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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35
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Fehniger TA, Cooper MA. Harnessing NK Cell Memory for Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:877-888. [PMID: 27773685 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to their ability to kill cancer cells and produce proinflammatory cytokines, natural killer (NK) cells have long been of clinical interest for their antitumor properties. The recent discovery of NK cell memory demonstrates that NK cell functions, and potentially antitumor responses, can be enhanced long term. Following nonspecific activation with the cytokines IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 or in response to antigens or cytomegalovirus (CMV), human and mouse NK cells exhibit stable, enhanced functional responses with phenotypic and molecular changes. Here we review mechanisms driving the differentiation of NK cell memory-like properties, evidence for antitumor activity, and the challenges and opportunities in harnessing memory-like NK cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Fehniger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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36
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Holmes TD, Bryceson YT. Natural killer cell memory in context. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:368-76. [PMID: 27354353 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune memory has traditionally been considered a hallmark of vertebrate T and B lymphocytes. However, given the advantage in mounting quicker and more robust responses to recurrent infection, it is unsurprising that alternative strategies of memory are found in various immune cells throughout the evolutionary tree. In this context, a variety of NK cell memory subsets have recently been identified. Mouse models of cytomegalovirus infection have been instrumental in revealing the kinetics and molecular mechanisms of long-lived NK cell memory. Moreover, murine liver-resident memory NK cell subsets have been identified that potentially harbour antigen-specificity. Phenotypic counter-parts have recently been characterised in the human liver, adding to the mounting evidence suggesting that a spectrum of NK cell memory subsets exist in primates. These include cytomegalovirus-associated peripheral blood NK cell expansions that in humans have been shown to harbour epigenetic alterations that impact cellular phenotype and function. Here we discuss some general mechanisms of non-classical immune memory. We highlight themes of commonality that may yield clues to the molecular mechanisms of NK cell memory, whilst emphasising some outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Holmes
- Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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37
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van den Boorn JG, Jakobs C, Hagen C, Renn M, Luiten RM, Melief CJM, Tüting T, Garbi N, Hartmann G, Hornung V. Inflammasome-Dependent Induction of Adaptive NK Cell Memory. Immunity 2016; 44:1406-21. [PMID: 27287410 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monobenzone is a pro-hapten that is exclusively metabolized by melanocytes, thereby haptenizing melanocyte-specific antigens, which results in cytotoxic autoimmunity specifically against pigmented cells. Studying monobenzone in a setting of contact hypersensitivity (CHS), we observed that monobenzone induced a long-lasting, melanocyte-specific immune response that was dependent on NK cells, yet fully intact in the absence of T- and B cells. Consistent with the concept of "memory NK cells," monobenzone-induced NK cells resided in the liver and transfer of these cells conferred melanocyte-specific immunity to naive animals. Monobenzone-exposed skin displayed macrophage infiltration and cutaneous lymph nodes showed an inflammasome-dependent influx of macrophages with a tissue-resident phenotype, coinciding with local NK cell activation. Indeed, macrophage depletion or the absence of the NLRP3 inflammasome, the adaptor protein ASC or interleukin-18 (IL-18) abolished monobenzone CHS, thereby establishing a non-redundant role for the NLRP3 inflammasome as a critical proinflammatory checkpoint in the induction of hapten-dependent memory NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper G van den Boorn
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christopher Jakobs
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Hagen
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Renn
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rosalie M Luiten
- Department for Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; ISA Pharmaceuticals, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Tüting
- Department for Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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38
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Epigenetic Regulation of Adaptive NK Cell Diversification. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:451-461. [PMID: 27160662 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were previously considered to represent short-lived, innate lymphocytes. However, mouse models have revealed expansion and persistence of differentiated NK cell subsets in response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, paralleling antigen-specific T cell differentiation. Congruently, analyses of humans have uncovered CMV-associated NK cell subsets characterized by epigenetic diversification processes that lead to altered target cell specificities and functional capacities. Here, focusing on responses to viruses, we review similarities and differences between mouse and human adaptive NK cells, identifying molecular analogies that may be key to transcriptional reprogramming and functional alterations. We discuss possible molecular mechanisms underlying epigenetic diversification and hypothesize that processes driving epigenetic diversification may represent a more widespread mechanism for fine-tuning and optimization of cellular immunity.
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39
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Ehling S, Roßbach K, Dunston SM, Stark H, Bäumer W. Allergic inflammation is augmented via histamine H4 receptor activation: The role of natural killer cells in vitro and in vivo. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 83:106-15. [PMID: 27155791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural Killer cells (NK cells) are identified as pivotal mediators in allergic skin diseases and accumulate in lesions of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. Histamine levels are increased in these lesions and histamine is involved in chemotaxis in dendritic cells and NK cells. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if the histamine H4 receptor (H4R) mediates NK cell chemotaxis and whether it influences interplay between NK cells and dendritic cells during the early phase of allergic inflammation. METHODS Chemotactic function of the H4R as well as the influence of the H4R on the cytokine profile of an NK cell-dendritic cell co-culture was studied in vitro. The effect of H4R activation on NK cell migration, NK cell-dendritic cell interaction and cytokine levels in the skin was further characterized in the murine TDI model of allergic dermatitis. Additionally, the impact of the H4R on dermal NK cells was determined in the ovalbumin (OVA)- induced allergic dermatitis model, comparing wild type and H4R knockout mice. RESULTS The selective H4R agonist ST-1006 induced NK cell chemotaxis in vitro, which was inhibited with the H4R antagonist JNJ7777120. In vivo, mice treated with TDI plus ST-1006 topically onto the ear, showed significantly enhanced ear swelling and an increased number of NK cells compared to just allergen challenged ears. CCL17 levels in the ear were also significantly increased 8h after allergen challenge. Histology revealed that the main source for increased CCL17 were dendritic cells. These effects could be blocked using the H4R antagonist JNJ7777120. In the chronic model of allergic dermatitis, OVA induced NK cell migration into lesional skin sites. The number of NK cells was lower in OVA-sensitized H4R knockout mice compared to wild type mice. CONCLUSIONS These results identify the H4R as a new target controlling NK cell migration and NK cell-dendritic cell interaction in the skin during early allergic inflammation. These results further suggest that blocking the H4R in the skin might be beneficial in diseases like AD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CCL17/metabolism
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Histamine/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Ovalbumin
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H4
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/metabolism
- Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ehling
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Kristine Roßbach
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stanley M Dunston
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, NC, USA.
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Bäumer
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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40
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Grandclément C, Pick H, Vogel H, Held W. NK Cells Respond to Haptens by the Activation of Calcium Permeable Plasma Membrane Channels. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151031. [PMID: 26963818 PMCID: PMC4786276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells mediate innate immunity to infected and transformed cells. Yet, NK cells can also mount hapten-specific recall responses thereby contributing to contact hypersensitivity (CHS). However, since NK cells lack antigen receptors that are used by the adaptive immune system to recognize haptens, it is not clear if NK cells respond directly to haptens and, if so, what mediates these responses. Here we show that among four haptens the two that are known to induce NK cell-dependent CHS trigger the rapid influx of extracellular Ca2+ into NK cells and lymphocyte cell lines. Thus lymphocytes can respond to haptens independent of antigen presentation and antigen receptors. We identify the Ca2+-permeable cation channel TRPC3 as a component of the lymphocyte response to one of these haptens. These data suggest that the response to the second hapten is based on a distinct mechanism, consistent with the capacity of NK cells to discriminate haptens. These findings raise the possibility that antigen-receptor independent activation of immune cells contributes to CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Grandclément
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Horst Vogel
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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41
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have historically been considered short-lived cytolytic cells that can rapidly respond against pathogens and tumors in an antigen-independent manner and then undergo cell death. Recently, however, NK cells have been shown to possess traits of adaptive immunity and can acquire immunological memory in a manner similar to that of T and B cells. In this review, we discuss evidence of NK cell memory and the mechanisms involved in the generation and survival of these innate lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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42
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Cerwenka A, Lanier LL. Natural killer cell memory in infection, inflammation and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:112-23. [PMID: 26806484 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory can be defined as a quantitatively and qualitatively enhanced immune response upon rechallenge. For natural killer (NK) cells, two main types of memory exist. First, similarly to T cells and B cells, NK cells can exert immunological memory after encounters with stimuli such as haptens or viruses, resulting in the generation of antigen-specific memory NK cells. Second, NK cells can remember inflammatory cytokine milieus that imprint long-lasting non-antigen-specific NK cell effector function. The basic concepts derived from studying NK cell memory provide new insights about innate immunity and could lead to novel strategies to improve treatments for infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid Cerwenka
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center/D080, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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The Roles of CXCL16 and CXCR6 in Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Reeves RK, Li H, Jost S, Blass E, Li H, Schafer JL, Varner V, Manickam C, Eslamizar L, Altfeld M, von Andrian UH, Barouch DH. Antigen-specific NK cell memory in rhesus macaques. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:927-32. [PMID: 26193080 PMCID: PMC4545390 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have traditionally been considered nonspecific components of innate immunity, but recent studies have shown features of antigen-specific memory in mouse NK cells. However, it has remained unclear whether this phenomenon also exists in primates. We found that splenic and hepatic NK cells from SHIV(SF162P3)-infected and SIV(mac251)-infected macaques specifically lysed Gag- and Env-pulsed dendritic cells in an NKG2-dependent fashion, in contrast to NK cells from uninfected macaques. Moreover, splenic and hepatic NK cells from Ad26-vaccinated macaques efficiently lysed antigen-matched but not antigen-mismatched targets 5 years after vaccination. These data demonstrate that robust, durable, antigen-specific NK cell memory can be induced in primates after both infection and vaccination, and this finding could be important for the development of vaccines against HIV-1 and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Haiying Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Stephanie Jost
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Eryn Blass
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Hualin Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jamie L. Schafer
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Valerie Varner
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Leila Eslamizar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich H. von Andrian
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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Hendricks DW, Min-Oo G, Lanier LL. Sweet Is the Memory of Past Troubles: NK Cells Remember. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 395:147-71. [PMID: 26099194 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important in host defense against tumors and microbial pathogens. Recent studies indicate that NK cells share many features with the adaptive immune system, and like B cells and T cells, NK cells can acquire immunological memory. Here, we review evidence for NK cell memory and the molecules involved in the generation and maintenance of these self-renewing NK cells that provide enhanced protection of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah W Hendricks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0414, USA
| | - Gundula Min-Oo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0414, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0414, USA.
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Watzl C, Urlaub D, Fasbender F, Claus M. Natural killer cell regulation - beyond the receptors. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:87. [PMID: 25374665 PMCID: PMC4191275 DOI: 10.12703/p6-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that are important for early and effective immune responses against infections and cancer. In the last 40 years, many receptors, their corresponding ligands and signaling pathways that regulate NK cell functions have been identified. However, we now know that additional processes, such as NK cell education, differentiation and also the formation of NK cell memory, have a great impact on the reactivity of these cells. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about these modulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Watzl
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund Germany
| | - Doris Urlaub
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund Germany
| | - Frank Fasbender
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund Germany
| | - Maren Claus
- IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund Germany
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Brizić I, Lenac Roviš T, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. MCMV avoidance of recognition and control by NK cells. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:641-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Mills CD, Ley K. M1 and M2 macrophages: the chicken and the egg of immunity. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:716-26. [PMID: 25138714 DOI: 10.1159/000364945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this perspective is to describe a critical advance in understanding how immune responses work. Macrophages are required for all animal life: 'Inhibit' type macrophages in all animals (called M1) can rapidly kill pathogens, and are thus the primary host defense, and 'Heal' type macrophages (M2) routinely repair and maintain tissue integrity. Macrophages perform these activities in all animals without T cells, and also in T cell-deficient vertebrates. Although adaptive immunity can amplify macrophage polarization, the long-held notion that macrophages need to be 'activated' or 'alternatively activated' by T cells is incorrect; indeed, immunology has had it backward. M1/M2-type macrophages necessarily direct T cells toward Th1- or Th2-like activities, respectively. That such macrophage-innate activities are the central directing element in immune responses is a dramatic change in understanding how immune systems operate. Most important, this revelation is opening up whole new approaches to immunotherapy. For example, many modern diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis, may not display 'foreign' antigens. However, there are clear imbalances in M1/M2-type responses. Correcting such innate imbalances can result in better health. Macrophages are the chicken and the egg of immunity.
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Hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity, autoimmune reactions, and tumor regression: plausibility of mediating antitumor immunity. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:175265. [PMID: 24949488 PMCID: PMC4052058 DOI: 10.1155/2014/175265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Haptens are small molecule irritants that bind to proteins and elicit an immune response. Haptens have been commonly used to study allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) using animal contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models. However, extensive research into contact hypersensitivity has offered a confusing and intriguing mechanism of allergic reactions occurring in the skin. The abilities of haptens to induce such reactions have been frequently utilized to study the mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to induce autoimmune-like responses such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and to elicit viral wart and tumor regression. Hapten-induced tumor regression has been studied since the mid-1900s and relies on four major concepts: (1) ex vivo haptenation, (2) in situ haptenation, (3) epifocal hapten application, and (4) antigen-hapten conjugate injection. Each of these approaches elicits unique responses in mice and humans. The present review attempts to provide a critical appraisal of the hapten-mediated tumor treatments and offers insights for future development of the field.
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