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Liu X, Zhou Z, Zeng WN, Zeng Q, Zhang X. The role of toll-like receptors in orchestrating osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells and osteoimmunology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1277686. [PMID: 37941898 PMCID: PMC10629627 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1277686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoimmunology is a concept involving molecular and cellular crosstalk between the skeletal and immune systems. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are widely expressed both on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), the hematopoietic cells, and immune cells in the osteogenic microenvironment for bone development or repair. TLRs can sense both exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from microorganisms, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) derived from normal cells subjected to injury, inflammation, or cell apoptosis under physiological or pathological conditions. Emerging studies reported that TLR signaling plays an important role in bone remodeling by directly impacting MSC osteogenic differentiation or osteoimmunology. However, how to regulate TLR signaling is critical and remains to be elucidated to promote the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and new bone formation for bone tissue repair. This review outlines distinct TLR variants on MSCs from various tissues, detailing the impact of TLR pathway activation or inhibition on MSC osteogenic differentiation. It also elucidates TLR pathways' interplay with osteoclasts, immune cells, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from MSCs. Furthermore, we explore biomaterial-based activation to guide MSCs' osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, understanding TLRs' role in this context has significant implications for advancing bone regeneration and repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Liu
- Orthopedic Research Institution, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongke Zhou
- Orthopedic Research Institution, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Nan Zeng
- Orthopedic Research Institution, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterials & Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices & NMPA Research Base of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterials & Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices & NMPA Research Base of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Wang J, Yao M, Zou J, Ding W, Sun M, Zhuge Y, Gao F. pH-Sensitive Nanoparticles for Colonic Delivery Anti-miR-301a in Mouse Models of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2797. [PMID: 37887947 PMCID: PMC10610125 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Though the anti-miR-301a (anti-miR) is a promising treatment strategy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the degradability and the poor targeting of the intestine are a familiar issue. This study aimed to develop a multifunctional oral nanoparticle delivery system loaded with anti-miR for improving the targeting ability and the therapeutic efficacy. The HA-CS/ES100/PLGA nanoparticles (HCeP NPs) were prepared using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLGA), enteric material Eudragit®S100 (ES100), chitosan (CS), and hyaluronic acid (HA). The toxicity of nanoparticles was investigated via the Cell Counting Kit-8, and the cellular uptake and inflammatory factors of nanoparticles were further studied. Moreover, we documented the colon targeting and pharmacodynamic properties of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles with uniform particle size exhibited pH-sensitive release, favorable gene protection, and storage stability. Cytology experiments showed that anti-miR@HCeP NPs improved the cellular uptake through HA and reduced pro-inflammatory factors. Administering anti-miR@HCeP NPs orally to IBD mice markedly reduced their pro-inflammatory factors levels and disease activity indices. We also confirmed that anti-miR@HCeP NPs mostly accumulated in the colon site, and effectively repaired the intestinal barrier, as well as relieved intestinal inflammation. The above nanoparticle is a candidate of the treatment for IBD due to its anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongming Branch of Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 202157, China
| | - Min Yao
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Jiafeng Zou
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Wenxing Ding
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Mingyue Sun
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Ying Zhuge
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Feng Gao
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (M.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.D.); (M.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Optogenetics and Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Genome-wide post-transcriptional regulation of bovine mammary gland response to Streptococcus uberis. J Appl Genet 2022; 63:771-782. [PMID: 36066834 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-022-00722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as post-transcriptionally regulators of gene expression have been shown to be critical regulators to fine-tuning immune responses, besides their criteria for being an ideal biomarker. The regulatory role of miRNAs in responses to most mastitis-causing pathogens is not well understood. Gram-positive Streptococcus uberis (Str. uberis), the leading pathogen in dairy herds, cause both clinical and subclinical infections. In this study, a system biology approach was used to better understand the main post-transcriptional regulatory functions and elements of bovine mammary gland response to Str. uberis infection. Publicly available miRNA-Seq data containing 50 milk samples of the ten dairy cows (five controls and five infected) were retrieved for this current research. Functional enrichment analysis of predicted targets revealed that highly confident responsive miRNAs (4 up- and 19 downregulated) mainly regulate genes involved in the regulation of transcription, apoptotic process, regulation of cell adhesion, and pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. Time series analysis showed that six gene clusters significantly differed in comparisons between Str. uberis-induced samples with controls. Additionally, other bioinformatic analysis, including upstream network analysis, showed essential genes, including TP53 and TGFB1 and some small molecules, including glucose, curcumin, and LPS, commonly regulate most of the downregulated miRNAs. Upregulated miRNAs are commonly controlled by the most important genes, including IL1B, NEAT1, DICER1 enzyme and small molecules including estradiol, tamoxifen, estrogen, LPS, and epigallocatechin. Our study used results of next-generation sequencing to reveal key miRNAs as the main regulator of gene expression responses to a Gram-positive bacterial infection. Furthermore, by gene regulatory network (GRN) analysis, we can introduce the common upregulator transcription factor of these miRNAs. Such milk-based miRNA signature(s) would facilitate risk stratification for large-scale prevention programs and provide an opportunity for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.
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4
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Tang Z, Yang C, He Z, Deng Z, Li X. Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:741-755. [PMID: 35509687 PMCID: PMC9008318 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating incident that induces neuronal loss and dysfunction. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) has been reported to exhibit a neuroprotective role after SCI. In this study, the effect and molecular mechanisms of NGR1 in models of SCI were further investigated. Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC-12) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish a cell model of SCI-like condition. The changes of proinflammatory cytokines and associated proteins were analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting. A rat model of SCI was established. Nissl staining were used to observe the morphological characteristics of spinal cord tissues. reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the expression of miR-301a andKrüppel-like factor 7 (KLF7). Our results showed that NGR1 alleviated LPS-triggered apoptosis and inflammation in PC-12 cells. MiR-301a was upregulated in LPS-stimulated PC-12 cells and was downregulated by NGR1 treatment. MiR-301a overexpression reversed the effect of NGR1 in LPS-treated PC-12 cells. KLF7 was verified to be targeted by miR-301a. NGR1 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in LPS-treated PC-12 cells by inhibiting miR-301a and upregulating KLF7. Moreover, blocking wingless/integrated (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling eliminated the protective effect of NGR1 against SCI in vitro and in vivo. Overall, NGR1 could reduce inflammation and apoptosis and promote functional recovery of SCI rats by activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha 410013 , Hunan , China
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Changsha , Kaifu District , Changsha 410005 , Hunan , China
| | - Zhengwen He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha 410013 , Hunan , China
| | - Zhiyong Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha 410013 , Hunan , China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Changsha , No. 311, Yingpan Road, Kaifu District , Changsha 410005 , Hunan , China
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The Role of microRNAs in the Mammary Gland Development, Health, and Function of Cattle, Goats, and Sheep. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7040078. [PMID: 34940759 PMCID: PMC8708473 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is an integral and therefore complex structural element of mammalian nutrition. Therefore, it is simple to conclude that lactation, the process of producing milk, is as complex as the mammary gland, the organ responsible for this biochemical activity. Nutrition, genetics, epigenetics, disease pathogens, climatic conditions, and other environmental variables all impact breast productivity. In the last decade, the number of studies devoted to epigenetics has increased dramatically. Reports are increasingly describing the direct participation of microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, in the regulation of mammary gland development and function. This paper presents a summary of the current state of knowledge about the roles of miRNAs in mammary gland development, health, and functions, particularly during lactation. The significance of miRNAs in signaling pathways, cellular proliferation, and the lipid metabolism in agricultural ruminants, which are crucial in light of their role in the nutrition of humans as consumers of dairy products, is discussed.
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Li Z, Ma Y, Zhou F, Jia X, Zhan J, Tan H, Wang X, Yang T, Liu Q. Identification of MicroRNA-Potassium Channel Messenger RNA Interactions in the Brain of Rats With Post-traumatic Epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:610090. [PMID: 33597846 PMCID: PMC7882489 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.610090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dysregulated expression of microRNAs and potassium channels have been reported for their contributions to seizure onset. However, the microRNA–potassium channel gene interactions in traumatic brain injury-induced post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) remain unknown. Methods: PTE was induced in male rats by intracranial injection with ferrous chloride (0.1 mol/L, 1 μl/min) at the right frontal cortex. Electroencephalography was recorded at 60 min, as well as day 1, 7, and 30, and the behavioral seizures were assessed before injection and at different time points after injection. Rats were killed on day 30 after injection. The right frontal cortex samples were collected and subjected to high throughput messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA sequencing. A network of differentially expressed potassium channel mRNAs and microRNAs was constructed using OryCun2.0 and subjected to Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. The differential mRNA and microRNA expressions were verified using quantitative real-time-PCR. The microRNA–mRNA was subject to the Pearson correlation analysis. Results: A PTE rat model was successfully established, as evidenced by behavioral seizures and epileptiform discharges on electroencephalography in PTE rats compared with sham rats. Among the 91 mRNAs and 40 microRNAs that were significantly differentially expressed in the PTE rat brain, 4 mRNAs and 10 microRNAs were associated with potassium channels. Except for potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 2, the other three potassium channel mRNAs were negatively correlated with seven microRNAs. These microRNA–mRNA pairs were enriched in annotations and pathways related to neuronal ion channels and neuroinflammation. Quantitative real-time-PCR and correlation analysis verified negative correlations in miR-449a-5p-KCNH2, miR-98-5p-KCNH2, miR-98-5p-KCNK15, miR-19b-3p-KCNK15, and miR-301a-3p-KCNK15 pairs. Conclusion: We identified microRNA–potassium channel mRNA interactions associated with PTE, providing potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, Beijing, China
| | - Yixun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, Beijing, China
| | - Fengjuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, Beijing, China
| | - Huachao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Hubei University of Police, Wuhan, China
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7
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Kurte M, Vega-Letter AM, Luz-Crawford P, Djouad F, Noël D, Khoury M, Carrión F. Time-dependent LPS exposure commands MSC immunoplasticity through TLR4 activation leading to opposite therapeutic outcome in EAE. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:416. [PMID: 32988406 PMCID: PMC7520958 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been recognized for their regenerative and anti-inflammatory capacity which makes them very attractive to cell therapy, especially those ones to treat inflammatory and autoimmune disease. Two different immune-phenotypes have been described for MSCs depending on which Toll-like receptor (TLR) is activated. MSC1 is endowed with a pro-inflammatory phenotype following TLR4 activation with LPS. On the other hand, anti-inflammatory MSC2 is induced by the activation of TLR3 with Poly(I:C). High immunoplasticity of MSCs is a matter of concern in cell-based therapies. In this study, we investigated whether a single stimulus can induce both types of MSCs through a differential activation of TLR4 with LPS. Methods MSCs were activated with LPS following a short exposure of 1-h (MSCs-LPS1h) or long-time exposure for 48 h (MSCs-LPS48h), and then, we evaluated the biological response in vitro, the immunosuppressive capacity of MSCs in vitro, and the therapeutic potential of MSCs in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model. Results Our results showed that 1-h LPS exposure induced a MSC1 phenotype. Indeed, MSCs-LPS1h expressed low levels of NO/iNOS and decreased immunosuppressive capacity in vitro without therapeutic effect in the EAE model. In contrast, MSCs-LPS48h achieved a MSC2-like phenotype with significant increase in the immunosuppressive capacity on T cell proliferation in vitro, together with an improved in the therapeutic effect and higher Treg, compared to unstimulated MSCs. Furthermore, we determine through the MSCs-TLR4KO that the expression of TLR4 receptor is essential for MSCs’ suppressive activity since TLR4 deletion was associated with a diminished suppressive effect in vitro and a loss of therapeutic effect in vivo. Conclusions We demonstrate that MSCs display a high immunoplasticity commanded by a single stimulus, where LPS exposure time regulated the MSC suppressive effect leading into either an enhanced or an impairment therapeutic activity. Our results underscore the importance of phenotype conversion probably related to the TLR4 expression and activation, in the design of future clinical protocols to treat patients with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Kurte
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Vega-Letter
- Cells for Cells, Regenero, Av. Álvaro del Portillo 12.455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Danièle Noël
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Cells for Cells, Regenero, Av. Álvaro del Portillo 12.455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. .,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Flavio Carrión
- Programa de Inmunología Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12496 Lo Barnechea, Santiago, Chile.
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Neuroprotective Influence of miR-301a Inhibition in Experimental Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Rat Models Through Targeting NDRG2. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:144-152. [PMID: 30895440 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to find out the potential influence of miR-301a in an experimental cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) rat model through targeting NDRG2. Rats with cerebral I/R injury were constructed and classified into model, miR-301a inhibitor, miR-301a mimic, NC (negative control), siNDRG2, NDRG2, and miR-301a inhibitor + si-NDRG2 groups, as well as another sham group. Cerebral infarct volume and cell apoptosis were observed by TTC staining and TUNEL staining. The targeting relationship between miR-301a and NDRG2 was verified by luciferase assay. ELISA, qRT-PCR, and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of related molecules. Compared with sham group, rats in the model group had elevated neurological function score and infarct volume; meanwhile, the cell apoptosis rate and inflammatory response were also increased with enhanced expression of miR-301a and NDRG2 (all P < 0.05). These changes were worsened in the miR-301a mimic and si-NDRG2 groups. Conversely, those rats in the miR-301a inhibitor and NDRG2 groups presented increased NDRG2, and at the same time, other above concerning factors also exhibited opposite tendencies (all P < 0.05). Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed that NDRG2 was a target gene of miR-301a, and si-NDRG2 could reverse the neuroprotective effect of miR-301a inhibitor in rats with cerebral I/R injury. Inhibiting miR-301a has a neuroprotective effect on rats with cerebral I/R injury to ameliorate cell apoptosis and inflammatory response through possibly targeting NDRG2.
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Hardeland R. Aging, Melatonin, and the Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051223. [PMID: 30862067 PMCID: PMC6429360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and various age-related diseases are associated with reductions in melatonin secretion, proinflammatory changes in the immune system, a deteriorating circadian system, and reductions in sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) activity. In non-tumor cells, several effects of melatonin are abolished by inhibiting SIRT1, indicating mediation by SIRT1. Melatonin is, in addition to its circadian and antioxidant roles, an immune stimulatory agent. However, it can act as either a pro- or anti-inflammatory regulator in a context-dependent way. Melatonin can stimulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators, but also, under different conditions, it can suppress inflammation-promoting processes such as NO release, activation of cyclooxygenase-2, inflammasome NLRP3, gasdermin D, toll-like receptor-4 and mTOR signaling, and cytokine release by SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype), and amyloid-β toxicity. It also activates processes in an anti-inflammatory network, in which SIRT1 activation, upregulation of Nrf2 and downregulation of NF-κB, and release of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 are involved. A perhaps crucial action may be the promotion of macrophage or microglia polarization in favor of the anti-inflammatory phenotype M2. In addition, many factors of the pro- and anti-inflammatory networks are subject to regulation by microRNAs that either target mRNAs of the respective factors or upregulate them by targeting mRNAs of their inhibitor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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10
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Croston TL, Lemons AR, Beezhold DH, Green BJ. MicroRNA Regulation of Host Immune Responses following Fungal Exposure. Front Immunol 2018; 9:170. [PMID: 29467760 PMCID: PMC5808297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal bioaerosols are ubiquitous in the environment and human exposure can result in a variety of health effects ranging from systemic, subcutaneous, and cutaneous infections to respiratory morbidity including allergy, asthma, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Recent research has focused on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) following fungal exposure and is overlooked, yet important, group of regulators capable of influencing fungal immune responses through a variety of cellular mechanisms. These small non-coding ribose nucleic acids function to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and have been shown to participate in multiple disease pathways including cancer, heart disease, apoptosis, as well as immune responses to microbial hazards and occupational allergens. Recent animal model studies have characterized miRNAs following the exposure to inflammatory stimuli. Studies focused on microbial exposure, including bacterial infections, as well as exposure to different allergens have shown miRNAs, such as miR-21, miR-146, miR-132, miR-155, and the let-7 family members, to be involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Interestingly, the few studies have assessed that the miRNA profiles following fungal exposure have identified the same critical miRNAs that have been characterized in other inflammatory-mediated and allergy-induced experimental models. Review of available in vitro, animal and human studies of exposures to Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Stachybotrys chartarum identified several miRNAs that were shared between responses to these species including miR-125 a/b (macrophage polarization/activation), miR-132 [toll-like receptor (TLR)2-mediated signaling], miR-146a (TLR mediated signaling, alternative macrophage activation), and miR-29a/b (natural killer cell function, C-leptin signaling, inhibition of Th1 immune response). Although these datasets provide preliminary insight into the role of miRNAs in fungal exposed models, interpretation of miRNA datasets can be challenging for researchers. To assist in navigating this rapidly evolving field, the aim of this review is to describe miRNAs in the framework of host recognition mechanisms and provide initial insight into the regulatory pathways in response to fungal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Croston
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Angela R Lemons
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Donald H Beezhold
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Brett J Green
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, United States
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11
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Hussain T, Zhao D, Shah SZA, Wang J, Yue R, Liao Y, Sabir N, Yang L, Zhou X. MicroRNA 27a-3p Regulates Antimicrobial Responses of Murine Macrophages Infected by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by Targeting Interleukin-10 and TGF-β-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Binding Protein 2. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1915. [PMID: 29375563 PMCID: PMC5768609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) persistently survive and replicate in mononuclear phagocytic cells by adopting various strategies to subvert host immune response. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) upregulation via inhibition of macrophage bactericidal activity is a critical step for MAP survival and pathogenesis within the host cell. Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 signaling cascade plays a crucial role in the elevation of IL-10 and progression of MAP pathogenesis. The contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their influence on the activation of macrophages during MAP pathogenesis are still unclear. In the current study, we found that miRNA-27a-3p (miR-27a) expression is downregulated during MAP infection both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, miR-27a is also downregulated in toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-stimulated murine macrophages (RAW264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophage). ELISA and real-time qRT-PCR results confirm that overexpression of miR-27a inhibited MAP-induced IL-10 production in macrophages and upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, while miR-27a inhibitor counteracted these effects. Luciferase reporter assay results revealed that IL-10 and TGF-β-activated protein kinase 1 binding protein 2 (TAB 2) are potential targets of miR-27a. In addition, we demonstrated that miR-27a negatively regulates TAB 2 expression and diminishes TAB 2-dependent p38/JNK phosphorylation, ultimately downregulating IL-10 expression in MAP-infected macrophages. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-27a significantly inhibited the intracellular survival of MAP in infected macrophages. Our data show that miR-27a augments antimicrobial activities of macrophages and inhibits the expression of IL-10, demonstrating that miR-27a regulates protective innate immune responses during MAP infection and can be exploited as a novel therapeutic target in the control of intracellular pathogens, including paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hussain
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichao Yue
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Naveed Sabir
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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12
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Luoreng ZM, Wang XP, Mei CG, Zan LS. Comparison of microRNA Profiles between Bovine Mammary Glands Infected with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:87-99. [PMID: 29483828 PMCID: PMC5821052 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.22498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in regulating innate and adaptive immunity in humans and animals. Infection with E. coli or S. aureus can cause inflammation of the mammary glands, which results in significant economic losses in dairy cattle. However, the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in response to E. coli or S. aureus infection in bovine mammary glands have not been thoroughly explored. To discover the differential expression of miRNA in bovine mammary gland challenged with E. coli or S. aureus, we performed miRNA sequencing on tissue samples. A total of 1838 miRNAs were identified, including 580 known-miRNAs (included in the miRbase database) and 1258 predicted novel miRNAs. The miRNA expression patterns indicated that, compared with control samples, 279 miRNAs and 305 miRNAs were differentially expressed miRNAs (DIE-miRNA) in S. aureus and E. coli infected tissues, respectively. Moreover, the results of comparison the DIE-miRNAs between the E. coli and S. aureus infected groups showed that 197 DIE-miRNAs are identical, 108 DIE-miRNAs are specific to the E. coli group, and 82 DIE-miRNAs are specific to the S. aureus group. Many DIE-miRNAs, such as bta-miR-144, bta-miR-451 and bta-miR-7863, might be the useful biomarkers of mastitis caused by E. coli and S. aureus. In addition, target genes of the DIE-miRNAs were predicted. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these DIE-miRNAs are likely involved in many immune signaling pathways, including the Toll-like receptor signaling pathways, MAPK signaling pathway, cell adhesion molecules, TGF-β signaling pathway, leukocyte trans endothelial migration, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and chemokine signaling pathways. This study has provided supportive evidence that miRNAs may serve as diagnostic biomarkers of mastitis in dairy cows, and suggests potentially of effective strategies to combat mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Ma Luoreng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Beef Cattle Improvement Centre, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoology in Hunan Higher Education, College of Life Science, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde Hunan, China
| | - Xing-Ping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Beef Cattle Improvement Centre, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoology in Hunan Higher Education, College of Life Science, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde Hunan, China
| | - Chu-Gang Mei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Beef Cattle Improvement Centre, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin-Sen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, National Beef Cattle Improvement Centre, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, China
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13
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Fakhry M, Skafi N, Fayyad-Kazan M, Kobeissy F, Hamade E, Mebarek S, Habib A, Borghol N, Zeidan A, Magne D, Fayyad-Kazan H, Badran B. Characterization and assessment of potential microRNAs involved in phosphate-induced aortic calcification. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4056-4067. [PMID: 28776684 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Medial artery calcification, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD), is known as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Hyperphosphatemia associated with CKD is a strong stimulator of vascular calcification but the molecular mechanisms regulating this process remain not fully understood. We showed that calcification was induced after exposing Sprague-Dawley rat aortic explants to high inorganic phosphate level (Pi , 6 mM) as examined by Alizarin red and Von Kossa staining. This calcification was associated with high Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNAP) activity, vascular smooth muscle cells de-differentiation, manifested by downregulation of smooth muscle 22 alpha (SM22α) protein expression which was assessed by immunoblot analysis, immunofluorescence, and trans-differentiation into osteo-chondrocyte-like cells revealed by upregulation of Runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), TNAP, osteocalcin, and osteopontin mRNA levels which were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. To unravel the possible mechanism(s) involved in this process, microRNA (miR) expression profile, which was assessed using TLDA technique and thereafter confirmed by individual qRT-PCR, revealed differential expression 10 miRs, five at day 3 and 5 at day 6 post Pi treatment versus control untreated aortas. At day 3, miR-200c, -155, 322 were upregulated and miR-708 and 331 were downregulated. After 6 days of treatment, miR-328, -546, -301a were upregulated while miR-409 and miR-542 were downregulated. Our results indicate that high Pi levels trigger aortic calcification and modulation of certain miRs. These observations suggest that mechanisms regulating aortic calcification might involve miRs, which warrant further investigations in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Fakhry
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.,Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, University of Lyon 1, Bâtiment Raulin, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Najwa Skafi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.,Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, University of Lyon 1, Bâtiment Raulin, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Mohammad Fayyad-Kazan
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Eva Hamade
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, University of Lyon 1, Bâtiment Raulin, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Aida Habib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, and the Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nada Borghol
- Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, University of Lyon 1, Bâtiment Raulin, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Cardiovascular Physiology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - David Magne
- Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, University of Lyon 1, Bâtiment Raulin, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Hussein Fayyad-Kazan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
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14
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Evaluation of Selected MicroRNAs Expression in Remission Phase of Multiple Sclerosis and Their Potential Link to Cognition, Depression, and Disability. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 63:275-282. [PMID: 29043654 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating data suggests that miRNAs might play a major role in neuroinflammatory processes. Therefore, our study aimed to first estimate the levels of miR-155, miR-326, and miR-301a in serum of RR-MS patients in the remission phase and then compare the levels of the examined miRNAs at different times after relapse. In this study, 36 RR-MS patients in the remission phase took part. We analyzed two subgroups of RR-MS: one, 1 to 2 months after completing steroid treatment during relapse (post-acute; n = 13) and the other, over 2 years without any relapse (stable; n = 23). Moreover, we made correlations between these biochemical results and clinical parameters of cognitive impairment, depression, and disability. The obtained results presented downregulation of miR-155 and miR-301a (in 94% and 51% samples, respectively) and overexpression of miR-326 (in 72% samples) in RR-MS patients. Moreover, we observed a positive correlation between the relative expression of miRNAs and BDI (Beck Depression Index) for miR-326 (rho = 0.385459, p = 0.022210; Spearman's rank correlation) and miR-301a (rho = 0.435131, p = 0.008991; Spearman rank correlation). We also observed the differences in expression levels between the post-acute and stable phases of RR-MS. The expression levels of miR-301a and miR155 were higher in the post-acute vs. stable phase of remission (2.385 vs. 0.524 and 0.594 vs. 0.147; respectively). Our study, for the first time, presents miRNA expression differences in two stages of remission: post-acute and stable.
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15
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Chen H, Qi J, Bi Q, Zhang S. Suppression of miR-301a alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory injury in ATDC5 chondrogenic cells by targeting Sirt1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:8991-9000. [PMID: 31966769 PMCID: PMC6965447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is one of the most common joint diseases and is characterized by joint inflammation. MicroRNAs (miRNA) play an important role in osteoarthritis. In this study, we examined the role of miR-301a in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated murine chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. LPS at 10 µg/mL concentration was used to induce inflammatory injury in chondrogenic cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to measure cell viability and flow cytometry was used to measure cell apoptosis. Effect of miR-301a on concentrations of inflammatory cytokines was measured using ELISA, and on mRNA expressions was measured using qRT-PCR. The miR-301 target was identified by luciferase reporter assay. Western blot analysis was used to measure the expressions of apoptotic proteins, Sirt1, and PI3K/AKT and NF-κB pathways proteins. Treatment with LPS decreased cell viability, and increased apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) level, and miR-301a expression. Overexpression of miR-301a aggravated the effects of LPS on the chondrogenic cells and the inflammatory cytokines by negatively regulating Sirt1 expression. Sirt1 was identified as a target of miR-301. Suppression of miR-301a showed the opposite effects. Western blot showed that suppression of miR-301a increased the expression of PI3K/AKT and NF-κB pathways proteins. Suppression of miR-301a expression alleviated LPS-induced chondrogenic cell injury by upregulating Sirt1 and activating the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityYiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Provincial People’s HospitalXi’an 710068, China
| | - Qing Bi
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s HospitalHangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200090, China
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16
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Malvisi M, Palazzo F, Morandi N, Lazzari B, Williams JL, Pagnacco G, Minozzi G. Responses of Bovine Innate Immunity to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection Revealed by Changes in Gene Expression and Levels of MicroRNA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164461. [PMID: 27760169 PMCID: PMC5070780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis in cattle is a chronic granulomatous gastroenteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratubercolosis (MAP) which is endemic worldwide. In dairy herds, it is responsible for huge economic losses. However, current diagnostic methods do not detect subclinical infection making control of the disease difficult. The identification of MAP infected animals during the sub-clinical phase of infection would play a key role in preventing the dissemination of the pathogen and in reducing transmission. Gene expression and circulating microRNA (miRNA) signatures have been proposed as biomarkers of disease both in the human and veterinary medicine. In this paper, gene expression and related miRNA levels were investigated in cows positive for MAP, by ELISA and culture, in order to identify potential biomarkers to improve diagnosis of MAP infection. Three groups, each of 5 animals, were used to compare the results of gene expression from positive, exposed and negative cows. Overall 258 differentially expressed genes were identified between unexposed, exposed, but ELISA negative and positive groups which were involved in biological functions related to inflammatory response, lipid metabolism and small molecule biochemistry. Differentially expressed miRNA was also found among the three groups: 7 miRNAs were at a lower level and 2 at a higher level in positive animals vs unexposed animals, while 5 and 3 miRNAs were respectively reduced and increased in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs 6 have been previously described as immune-response related and two were novel miRNAs. Analysis of the miRNA levels showed correlation with expression of their target genes, known to be involved in the immune process. This study suggests that miRNA expression is affected by MAP infection and play a key role in tuning the host response to infection. The miRNA and gene expression profiles may be biomarkers of infection and potential diagnostic of MAP infection earlier than the current ELISA based diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Malvisi
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Fiorentina Palazzo
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Lazzari
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi, Italy
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - John L. Williams
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi, Italy
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Giulio Pagnacco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulietta Minozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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17
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Cao Z, Xia Z, Zhou Y, Yang X, Hao H, Peng N, Liu S, Zhu Y. Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase 1 potentiates RLR-induced NF-κB signaling by targeting MAVS complex. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33557. [PMID: 27629939 PMCID: PMC5024325 DOI: 10.1038/srep33557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA virus infections are detected by the RIG-I family of receptors, which signal through the adaptor molecule mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS). MAVS then recruits the adaptor’s tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 3 and TRAF6, which in turn activate IRF3 and NF-κB, respectively, to induce interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory responses. Here we show that the biotin-containing enzyme methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (MCCC1) enhances virus-induced, MAVS-mediated IFN and inflammatory cytokine expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway. MCCC1 knockdown strongly inhibits induction of IFNs and inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, MCCC1 shows extensive antiviral activity toward RNA viruses, including influenza A virus, human enterovirus 71, and vesicular stomatitis virus. Here, we have elucidated the mechanism underlying MCCC1-mediated inhibition of viral replication. MCCC1 interacts with MAVS and components of the MAVS signalosome and contributes to enhanced production of type I IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines by promoting phosphorylation of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex and NF-κB inhibitor-α (IκBα), as well as NF-κB nuclear translocation. This process leads to activation of IFNs and cytokine expression and subsequent activation of IFN-stimulated genes, including double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR and myxovirus resistance protein 1. These findings demonstrate that MCCC1 plays an essential role in virus-triggered, MAVS-mediated activation of NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhangchuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yaqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nanfang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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18
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Luo J, Feng XX, Luo C, Wang Y, Li D, Shu Y, Wang SS, Qin J, Li YC, Zou JM, Tian DA, Zhang GM, Feng ZH. 14,15-EET induces the infiltration and tumor-promoting function of neutrophils to trigger the growth of minimal dormant metastases. Oncotarget 2016; 7:43324-43336. [PMID: 27270316 PMCID: PMC5190026 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltrating neutrophils are known to promote in the development of tumor. However, it is unclear whether and how neutrophils are involved in triggering the growth of dormant metastases. Here we show that 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-EET) can trigger the growth of dormant micrometastases by inducing neutrophilic infiltration and converting neutrophil function. 14,15-EET triggered neutrophil infiltration in metastatic lesions by activating STAT3 and JNK pathways to induce the expression of human IL-8 and murine CXCL15 in corresponding tumor cells. The continuous expression of hIL-8/mCXCL15 was maintained by the sustained and enhanced activation of JNK pathway. 14,15-EET up-regulated miR-155 expression by activating STAT3 and JNK pathways. miR-155 in turn down-regulated the expression of SHIP1 and DET1, thus augmenting the activation of JNK and c-Jun. Moreover, the function of neutrophils was converted from tumor-suppressing to tumor-promoting by 14,15-EET in vivo. By inducing the production of G-CSF/IL-6 in vivo, 14,15-EET induced the enhancement of STAT3 activation in neutrophils to increase MMP-9 expression and decrease TRAIL expression. Neutrophil-derived MMP-9 was required for 14,15-EET to induce angiogenesis during the growth of dormant micrometastases. Depleting neutrophils or inhibiting hIL-8/mCXCL15 up-regulation resulted in the failure of 14,15-EET to promote the development of micrometastases. These findings reveal a mechanism through which the infiltration and tumor-promoting function of neutrophils could be induced to trigger the growth of dormant metastases, which might be a driving force for the tumor recurrence based on dormant metastases.
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MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- MCF-7 Cells
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Neoplasm Micrometastasis/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/pathology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Up-Regulation
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xia Feng
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hongshan, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Chao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiu-Ming Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - De-An Tian
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hongshan, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Mei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo-Hua Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuhan University, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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19
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Nagaraju GP, Madanraj AS, Aliya S, Rajitha B, Alese OB, Kariali E, Alam A, El-Rayes BF. MicroRNAs as biomarkers and prospective therapeutic targets in colon and pancreatic cancers. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:97-104. [PMID: 26537581 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon and pancreatic cancers have high mortality rates due to early metastasis prior to the onset of symptoms. Screening tests for colorectal cancer are invasive and expensive. No effective screening is available for pancreatic cancer. Identification of biomarkers for early detection in both of these cancers is being extensively researched. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding molecule biomarkers that regulate cancers. Measurement of miRNAs in pancreatic fluid or blood could be a preferred non-invasive screening method. The regulation of colon and pancreatic cancers by miRNA is complex. miRNA play a central role in inflammation, invasiveness, and tumor progression in these two cancers, as well as regulation of the NF-κB pathway. miRNA's evolving role in screening is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365 Clifton RD NE, Office 3025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Appiya Santharam Madanraj
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, 12 LE1 9HN
| | - Sheik Aliya
- Department of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500085, India
| | - Balney Rajitha
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365 Clifton RD NE, Office 3025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Olatunji Boladale Alese
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365 Clifton RD NE, Office 3025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ekamber Kariali
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur, Odisha, 768019, India
| | - Afroz Alam
- Department of Microbiology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365 Clifton RD NE, Office 3025, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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20
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Pandit H, Zhang W, Li Y, Agle S, Li X, Li SP, Cui G, Li Y, Martin RCG. Manganese superoxide dismutase expression is negatively associated with microRNA-301a in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:481-6. [PMID: 26384137 PMCID: PMC4670085 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression has been found to be low in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Previously, we have reported that microRNA-301a (miR-301a) was found being upregulated via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) feedback loop in human PDAC. In this study, we investigate whether the miR-301a expression level is associated with MnSOD expression in human PDAC. We established a xenograft PDAC mouse model using transfected PanC-1 cells (miR-301a antisense or scrambled control) to investigate tumor growth and the interaction between MnSOD and miR-301a. The animal study indicated that miR-301a antisense transfection could significantly decrease the growth rate of inoculated PDAC cells, and this decrease in tumor growth rate is associated with increased MnSOD expression. To evaluate the MnSOD-miR-301a correlation in human PDAC, we have analyzed a total of 60 PDAC specimens, along with 20 normal pancreatic tissue (NPT) specimens. Human specimens confirmed a significant decrease of MnSOD expression in PDAC specimens (0.88±0.38) compared with NPT control (2.45±0.76; P<0.05), whereas there was a significant increase in miR-301a levels in PDAC specimens (0.89±0.28) compared with NPT control (0.25±0.41; P<0.05). We conclude that MnSOD expression is negatively associated with miR-301a levels in PDAC tissues, and lower miR-301a levels are associated with increased MnSOD expression and inhibition of PDAC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshul Pandit
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Weizhong Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Steven Agle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xuanyi Li
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Su Ping Li
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Guozhen Cui
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic/NB40, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Robert C G Martin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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21
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Rother S, Bartels M, Schweda AT, Resch K, Pallua N, Nourbakhsh M. NF‐κB‐repressing factor phosphorylation regulates transcription elongation
via
its interactions with 5'→3' exoribonuclease 2 and negative elongation factor. FASEB J 2015; 30:174-85. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-270256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Rother
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Myriam Bartels
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | | | - Klaus Resch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Norbert Pallua
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn CenterRheinisch‐Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
| | - Mahtab Nourbakhsh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn CenterRheinisch‐Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University HospitalAachenGermany
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22
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Ma X, Yan F, Deng Q, Li F, Lu Z, Liu M, Wang L, Conklin DJ, McCracken J, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A, Li Y. Modulation of tumorigenesis by the pro-inflammatory microRNA miR-301a in mouse models of lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Cell Discov 2015; 1:15005. [PMID: 27462406 PMCID: PMC4860842 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer and colorectal cancer account for over one-third of all cancer deaths in the United States. MicroRNA-301a (miR-301a) is an activator of both nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Stat3, and is overexpressed in both deadly malignancies. In this work, we show that genetic ablation of miR-301a reduces Kras-driven lung tumorigenesis in mice. And miR-301a deficiency protects animals from dextran sodium sulfate-induced colon inflammation and colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis. We also demonstrate that miR-301a deletion in bone marrow-derived cells attenuates tumor growth in the colon carcinogenesis model. Our findings ascertain that one microRNA—miR-301a—activates two major inflammatory pathways (NF-κB and Stat3) in vivo, generating a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that facilitates tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Qipan Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Fenge Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zhongxin Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Central Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan , Wuhan, China
| | - Mofang Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Municipal People's Hospital, Jinan University of Medical Sciences , Shenzhen, China
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY, USA
| | - James McCracken
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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23
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Epigenetic response in mice mastitis: Role of histone H3 acetylation and microRNA(s) in the regulation of host inflammatory gene expression during Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Epigenetics 2014; 6:12. [PMID: 25075227 PMCID: PMC4114167 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is renewed interest towards understanding the host-pathogen interaction in the light of epigenetic modifications. Although epithelial tissue is the major site for host-pathogen interactions, there is handful of studies to show how epithelial cells respond to pathogens. Bacterial infection in the mammary gland parenchyma induces local and subsequently systemic inflammation that results in a complex disease called mastitis. Globally Staphylococcus aureus is the single largest mastitis pathogen and the infection can ultimately result in either subclinical or chronic and sometimes lifelong infection. Results In the present report we have addressed the differential inflammatory response in mice mammary tissue during intramammary infection and the altered epigenetic context induced by two closely related strains of S. aureus, isolated from field samples. Immunohistochemical and immunoblotting analysis showed strain specific hyperacetylation at histone H3K9 and H3K14 residues. Global gene expression analysis in S. aureus infected mice mammary tissue revealed a selective set of upregulated genes that significantly correlated with the promoter specific, histone H3K14 acetylation. Furthermore, we have identified several differentially expressed known miRNAs and 3 novel miRNAs in S. aureus infected mice mammary tissue by small RNA sequencing. By employing these gene expression data, an attempt has been made to delineate the gene regulatory networks in the strain specific inflammatory response. Apparently, one of the isolates of S. aureus activated the NF-κB signaling leading to drastic inflammatory response and induction of immune surveillance, which could possibly lead to rapid clearance of the pathogen. The other strain repressed most of the inflammatory response, which might help in its sustenance in the host tissue. Conclusion Taken together, our studies shed substantial lights to understand the mechanisms of strain specific differential inflammatory response to S. aureus infection during mastitis. In a broader perspective this study also paves the way to understand how certain bacteria can evade the immune surveillance and cause sustained infection while others are rapidly cleared from the host body.
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