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Owsienko D, Goppelt L, Hierl K, Schäfer L, Croy I, Loos HM. Body odor samples from infants and post-pubertal children differ in their volatile profiles. Commun Chem 2024; 7:53. [PMID: 38514840 PMCID: PMC10957943 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Body odors change during development, and this change influences the interpersonal communication between parents and their children. The molecular basis for this chemical communication has not been elucidated yet. Here, we show by combining instrumental and sensory analyses that the qualitative odorant composition of body odor samples is similar in infants (0-3 years) and post-pubertal children (14-18 years). The post-pubertal samples are characterized by higher odor dilution factors for carboxylic acids and by the presence of 5α-androst-16-en-3-one and 5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol. In addition to the olfaction-guided approach, the compounds 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one (6MHO), geranyl acetone (GA) and squalene (SQ) were quantified. Both age groups have similar concentrations of 6MHO and GA, whereas post-pubertal children tend to have higher concentration of SQ. In conclusion, sexual maturation coincides with changes to body odor chemical composition. Whether those changes explain differences in parental olfactory perception needs to be determined in future studies with model odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Owsienko
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Goppelt
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Hierl
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Laura Schäfer
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Helene M Loos
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany.
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2
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Yang S, Müller T, Wang N, Bekö G, Zhang M, Merizak M, Wargocki P, Williams J, Licina D. Influence of Ventilation on Formation and Growth of 1-20 nm Particles via Ozone-Human Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4704-4715. [PMID: 38326946 PMCID: PMC10938884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Ozone reaction with human surfaces is an important source of ultrafine particles indoors. However, 1-20 nm particles generated from ozone-human chemistry, which mark the first step of particle formation and growth, remain understudied. Ventilation and indoor air movement could have important implications for these processes. Therefore, in a controlled-climate chamber, we measured ultrafine particles initiated from ozone-human chemistry and their dependence on the air change rate (ACR, 0.5, 1.5, and 3 h-1) and operation of mixing fans (on and off). Concurrently, we measured volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and explored the correlation between particles and gas-phase products. At 25-30 ppb ozone levels, humans generated 0.2-7.7 × 1012 of 1-3 nm, 0-7.2 × 1012 of 3-10 nm, and 0-1.3 × 1012 of 10-20 nm particles per person per hour depending on the ACR and mixing fan operation. Size-dependent particle growth and formation rates increased with higher ACR. The operation of mixing fans suppressed the particle formation and growth, owing to enhanced surface deposition of the newly formed particles and their precursors. Correlation analyses revealed complex interactions between the particles and VOCs initiated by ozone-human chemistry. The results imply that ventilation and indoor air movement may have a more significant influence on particle dynamics and fate relative to indoor chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yang
- Human-Oriented
Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Müller
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nijing Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Environmental
and Resource Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Human-Oriented
Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Marouane Merizak
- Human-Oriented
Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Environmental
and Resource Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Energy,
Environment and Water Research Center, The
Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented
Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Qu Y, Xie D, Liu Y. Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Human Occupants in a Student Office: Dependence on Ozone Concentration. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2024; 4:3-11. [PMID: 38250339 PMCID: PMC10797682 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Human occupants themselves constitute an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments through breath and dermal emissions. In order to quantify VOC emissions from occupants under real-world settings, previous indoor observational studies often determined emission factors (i.e., average emission rates per person). However, the values obtained across these studies exhibited large variability, and the causes of this variability still need to be understood. Herein we report 10-day real-time VOC measurements in a university student office, using a proton transfer reaction-quadrupole interface-time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A method was developed to identify VOCs of primary human origin and to quantify the corresponding emission factors, accounting for the dynamically changing occupancy level and ventilation rate in the assessed office. We found that the emission factors of many dermally emitted VOCs strongly increased as the ozone concentration increased from <3 to 10-15 ppb. These VOCs include geranyl acetone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), and C10-C12 saturated aldehydes, which align with characteristic first-generation ozonolysis products of skin oil. The strongest increase occurred for 6-MHO, from 113 to 337 μg/h/p. In comparison, acetone and isoprene, which are primarily emitted from human breath, varied little with the ozone level. In light of this finding, we conducted an integrated analysis of emission factors reported in the literature for two frequently reported species, namely, 6-MHO and decanal. Ozone concentration alone can explain 94-97% of the variation in their emission factors across previous studies, and the best-estimated ozone dependence obtained using the literature data is consistent with those obtained in the current study. These results suggest that the ozone concentration is a key factor regulating emission factors of many dermally emitted VOCs in real indoor environments, which has to be considered when reporting or using the emission factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuekun Qu
- Key
Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Di Xie
- Key
Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Key
Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
- Center
for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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4
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Wu S, Kim E, Zhao R. Acetal Formation of Flavoring Agents with Propylene Glycol in E-Cigarettes: Impacts on Indoor Partitioning and Thirdhand Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21284-21294. [PMID: 38065550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of flavored e-cigarettes has led to a significant rise in teenage nicotine use. In e-liquids, the flavor carbonyls can form acetals with unknown chemical and toxicological properties. These acetals can cause adverse health effects on both smokers and nonsmokers through thirdhand exposure. This study aims to explore the impacts of these acetals formed in e-cigarettes on indoor partitioning and thirdhand exposure. Specifically, the acetalization reactions of commonly used flavor carbonyls in laboratory-made e-liquids were monitored using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. EAS-E Suite and polyparameter linear free energy relationships (PP-LFERs) were employed to estimate the partitioning coefficients for species. Further, a chemical two-dimensional partitioning model was applied to visualize the indoor equilibrium partitioning and estimate the distribution of flavor carbonyls and their acetals in the gas phase, aerosol phase, and surface reservoirs. Our results demonstrate that a substantial fraction of carbonyls were converted into acetals in e-liquids and their chemical partitioning was significantly influenced. This study shows that acetalization is a determinant factor in the exposure and toxicology of harmful carbonyl flavorings, with its impact extending to both direct exposure to smokers and involuntary exposure to nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Erica Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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5
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Weschler CJ, Nazaroff WW. Ozone Loss: A Surrogate for the Indoor Concentration of Ozone-Derived Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13569-13578. [PMID: 37639667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Ozone concentrations tend to be substantially lower indoors than outdoors, largely because of ozone reactions with indoor surfaces. When there are no indoor sources of ozone, a common condition, the net concentration of gaseous products derived from indoor ozone chemistry scales linearly with the difference between outdoor and indoor ozone concentrations, termed "ozone loss." As such, ozone loss is a metric that might be used by epidemiologists to disentangle the adverse health effects of ozone's oxidation products from those of exposure to ozone itself. The present paper examines the characteristics, potential utility, and limitations of the ozone loss concept. We show that for commonly occurring indoor conditions, the ozone loss concentration is directly proportional to the total rate constant for ozone removal on surfaces (ksum) and inversely proportional to the net removal of ozone by air exchange (λ) plus surface reactions (ksum). It follows that the ratio of indoor ozone to ozone loss is equal to the ratio of λ to ksum. Ozone loss is a promising metric for probing potential adverse health effects resulting from exposures to products of indoor ozone chemistry. Notwithstanding its virtues, practitioners using it should be mindful of the limitations discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1710, United States
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6
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Qu Y, Zou Z, Weschler CJ, Liu Y, Yang X. Quantifying Ozone-Dependent Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from the Human Body. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13104-13113. [PMID: 37610659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Ozone reactions on human body surfaces produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that influence indoor air quality. However, the dependence of VOC emissions on the ozone concentration has received limited attention. In this study, we conducted 36 sets of single-person chamber experiments with three volunteers exposed to ozone concentrations ranging from 0 to 32 ppb. Emission fluxes from human body surfaces were measured for 11 targeted skin-oil oxidation products. For the majority of these products, the emission fluxes linearly correlated with ozone concentration, indicating a constant surface yield (moles of VOC emitted per mole of ozone deposited). However, for the second-generation oxidation product 4-oxopentanal, a higher surface yield was observed at higher ozone concentrations. Furthermore, many VOCs have substantial emissions in the absence of ozone. Overall, these results suggest that the complex surface reactions and mass transfer processes involved in ozone-dependent VOC emissions from the human body can be represented using a simplified parametrization based on surface yield and baseline emission flux. Values of these two parameters were quantified for targeted products and estimated for other semiquantified VOC signals, facilitating the inclusion of ozone/skin oil chemistry in indoor air quality models and providing new insights on skin oil chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuekun Qu
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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7
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Kumar P, Singh AB, Arora T, Singh S, Singh R. Critical review on emerging health effects associated with the indoor air quality and its sustainable management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162163. [PMID: 36781134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is one of the fundamental elements affecting people's health and well-being. Currently, there is a lack of awareness among people about the quantification, identification, and possible health effects of IAQ. Airborne pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (NO), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) microbial spores, pollen, allergens, etc. primarily contribute to IAQ deterioration. This review discusses the sources of major indoor air pollutants, molecular toxicity mechanisms, and their effects on cardiovascular, ocular, neurological, women, and foetal health. Additionally, contemporary strategies and sustainable methods for regulating and reducing pollutant concentrations are emphasized, and current initiatives to address and enhance IAQ are explored, along with their unique advantages and potentials. Due to their longer exposure times and particular physical characteristics, women and children are more at risk for poor indoor air quality. By triggering many toxicity mechanisms, including oxidative stress, DNA methylation, epigenetic modifications, and gene activation, indoor air pollution can cause a range of health issues. Low birth weight, acute lower respiratory tract infections, Sick building syndromes (SBS), and early death are more prevalent in exposed residents. On the other hand, the main causes of incapacity and early mortality are lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disorders. It's crucial to acknowledge anticipated research needs and implemented efficient interventions and policies to lower health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi 52, India
| | - A B Singh
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Mall Road Campus, Delhi 07, India
| | - Taruna Arora
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Maternal and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sevaram Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, India; Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi 52, India; Department of Environmental Science, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
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8
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Xu J, Deng H, Wang Y, Li P, Zeng J, Pang H, Xu X, Li X, Yang Y, Gligorovski S. Heterogeneous chemistry of ozone with floor cleaning agent: Implications of secondary VOCs in the indoor environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160867. [PMID: 36521626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human daily activities such as cooking, and cleaning can affect the indoor air quality by releasing primary emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as by the secondary product compounds formed through reactions with ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH). However, our knowledge about the formation processes of the secondary VOCs is still incomplete. We performed real-time measurements of primary VOCs released by commercial floor-cleaning detergent and the secondary product compounds formed by heterogeneous reaction of O3 with the constituents of the cleaning agent by use of high-resolution mass spectrometry. We measured the uptake coefficients of O3 on the cleaning detergent at different relative humidities in dark and under different light intensities (320 nm < λ < 400 nm) relevant for the indoor environment. On the basis of the detected compounds we developed tentative reaction mechanisms describing the formation of the secondary VOCs. Intriguingly, under light irradiation the formation of valeraldehyde was observed based on the photosensitized chemistry of acetophenone which is a constituent of the cleaning agent. Finally, we modeled the observed mixing ratios of three aldehydes, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 4-oxopentanal with respect to real-life indoor environment. The results suggest that secondary VOCs initiated by ozone chemistry can additionally impact the indoor air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric, Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric, Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang 515200, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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9
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Bangma J, McCord J, Giffard N, Buckman K, Petali J, Chen C, Amparo D, Turpin B, Morrison G, Strynar M. Analytical method interferences for perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) in biological and environmental samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137722. [PMID: 36592832 PMCID: PMC10165721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
While high-resolution MS (HRMS) can be used for identification and quantification of novel per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), low-resolution MS/MS is the more commonly used and affordable approach for routine PFAS monitoring. Of note, perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), two of the smaller carboxylic acid containing-PFAS, have only one major MS/MS transition, preventing the use of qualitative transitions for verification on low-resolution instrumentation. Recently our lab has observed widespread chemical interference in the quantitative ion channel for PFPeA (263 → 219) and PFBA (213 → 169) in numerous matrices. PFPeA interference was investigated using HRMS and putatively assigned as a diprotic unsaturated fatty acid (263.1288 Da) in shellfish and a separate interferent (13C isotope of 262.1087 Da) in hot cocoa, which had been previously described by the FDA. PFBA interference caused by saturated oxo-fatty acids, previously demonstrated in tissue, was also observed in liquid condensate from a residential air conditioning unit. Therefore, in support of PFAS analysis on low-resolution instrumentation, authors recommend several adjustments to analytical methods including altering liquid chromatography (LC) conditions as well as using matched internal standards to investigate and expressly confirm PFBA and PFPeA detections in both biological and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bangma
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - James McCord
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nathan Giffard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Kate Buckman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jonathan Petali
- Environmental Health Program, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Concord, NH, USA
| | - Celia Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Daniel Amparo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Barbara Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark Strynar
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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10
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Xu X, Pang H, Liu C, Wang K, Loisel G, Li L, Gligorovski S, Li X. Real-time measurements of product compounds formed through the reaction of ozone with breath exhaled VOCs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2237-2248. [PMID: 36472140 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00339b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human presence can affect indoor air quality because of secondary organic compounds formed upon reactions between gaseous oxidant species, e.g., ozone (O3), hydroxyl radicals (OH), and chemical compounds from skin, exhaled breath, hair and clothes. We assess the gas-phase product compounds generated by reactions of gaseous O3 with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from exhaled human breath by real time analysis using a high-resolution quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer (HRMS) coupled to a secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) source. Based on the product compounds identified we propose a reaction mechanism initiated by O3 oxidation of the most common breath constituents, isoprene, α-terpinene and ammonia (NH3). The reaction of O3 with isoprene and α-terpinene generates ketones and aldehydes such as 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone, methyl vinyl ketone, 3-carbonyl butyraldehyde, formaldehyde and toxic compounds such as 3-methyl furan. Formation of compounds with reduced nitrogen containing functional groups such as amines, imines and imides is highly plausible through NH3 initiated cleavage of the C-O bond. The detected gas-phase product compounds suggest that human breath can additionally affect indoor air quality through the formation of harmful secondary products and future epidemiological studies should evaluate the potential health effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hongwei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kangyi Wang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Gwendal Loisel
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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11
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Hawchar A, Ould S, Bennett NS. Carbon Dioxide Monitoring inside an Australian Brewery Using an Internet-of-Things Sensor Network. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22249752. [PMID: 36560121 PMCID: PMC9781494 DOI: 10.3390/s22249752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining a high standard of indoor air quality (IAQ) is vital to ensuring good human health. The concentration of CO2 in air is a good proxy for IAQ, while high levels of CO2 have been shown to cause cognitive or physiological impairment. Work environments that generate CO2 as an inherent part of their business present a unique and significant risk in terms of poor IAQ. Craft breweries generate CO2 and, unlike larger breweries, often lack the technology to capture and re-use the fermentation CO2 for beer carbonation. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the venting of fermentation CO2 and the unintentional venting of CO2 during the filling of CO2 storage tanks can cause the indoor CO2 levels to rise significantly. This is shown by monitoring CO2 levels inside an Australian craft brewery using a newly developed system containing three Internet of Things (IoT) sensor nodes positioned strategically in different sections of the brewery. The maximum CO2 level recorded was in excess of 18,000 ppm, with the maximum time period levels exceeding 1000 and 10,000 ppm being equivalent to 425 and 26 min, respectively. The identification of differences in measured CO2 at different times and locations throughout the brewery reveals that a single hard-wired CO2 sensor may be inadequate to support IAQ monitoring. For this purpose, a network of portable or wearable CO2 sensor nodes may be most suitable. The battery life of the sensors is a key consideration, and the current sensor battery life is too short. Low-power sensors and communication protocols are recommended for this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Hawchar
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Solomon Ould
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nick S. Bennett
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Radio Frequency and Communication Technologies Laboratory, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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12
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You B, Zhou W, Li J, Li Z, Sun Y. A review of indoor Gaseous organic compounds and human chemical Exposure: Insights from Real-time measurements. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107611. [PMID: 36335895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous organic compounds, mainly volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have become a wide concern in various indoor environments where we spend the majority of our daily time. The sources, compositions, variations, and sinks of indoor VOCs are extremely complex, and their potential impacts on human health are less understood. Owing to the deployment of the state-of-the-art real-time mass spectrometry during the last two decades, our understanding of the sources, dynamic changes and chemical transformations of VOCs indoors has been significantly improved. This review aims to summarize the key findings from mass spectrometry measurements in recent indoor studies including residence, classroom, office, sports center, etc. The sources and sinks, compositions and distributions of indoor VOCs, and the factors (e.g., human activities, air exchange rate, temperature and humidity) driving the changes in indoor VOCs are discussed. The physical and chemical processes of gas-particle partitioning and secondary oxidation processes of VOCs, and their impacts on human health are summarized. Finally, the recommendations for future research directions on indoor VOCs measurements and indoor chemistry are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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13
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Butman JL, Thomson RJ, Geiger FM. Unanticipated Hydrophobicity Increases of Squalene and Human Skin Oil Films Upon Ozone Exposure. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9417-9423. [PMID: 36331532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The C-H and O-H oscillators on the surfaces of thin films of human-derived skin oil and squalene are probed under ambient conditions (300 K, 1 atm total pressure, 40% RH) using second-order vibrational spectroscopy and contact angle goniometry before and after exposure to ppb amounts of ozone. Skin oil and squalene are found to produce different vibrational sum frequency generation spectra in the C-H stretching region, while exposure to ozone results in surface spectra for both materials that is consistent with a loss of C-H oscillators. The measured contact angles show that the hydrophobicity of the films increases following exposure to ozone, consistent with the reduction in C═C···H2O ("πH") bonding interactions that is expected from C═C double bond loss due to ozonolysis and indicating that the polar functional groups formed point toward the films' interiors. Implications for heterogeneous indoor chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Butman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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14
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Deng H, Xu X, Wang K, Xu J, Loisel G, Wang Y, Pang H, Li P, Mai Z, Yan S, Li X, Gligorovski S. The Effect of Human Occupancy on Indoor Air Quality through Real-Time Measurements of Key Pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15377-15388. [PMID: 36279129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The primarily emitted compounds by human presence, e.g., skin and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath, can react with typical indoor air oxidants, ozone (O3), and hydroxyl radicals (OH), leading to secondary organic compounds. Nevertheless, our understanding about the formation processes of the compounds through reactions of indoor air oxidants with primary emitted pollutants is still incomplete. In this study we performed real-time measurements of nitrous acid (HONO), nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), O3, and VOCs to investigate the contribution of human presence and human activity, e.g., mopping the floor, to secondary organic compounds. During human occupancy a significant increase was observed of 1-butene, isoprene, and d-limonene exhaled by the four adults in the room and an increase of methyl vinyl ketone/methacrolein, methylglyoxal, and 3-methylfuran, formed as secondary compounds through reactions of OH radicals with isoprene. Intriguingly, the level of some compounds (e.g., m/z 126, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, m/z 152, dihydrocarvone, and m/z 194, geranyl acetone) formed through reactions of O3 with the primary compounds was higher in the presence of four adults than during the period of mopping the floor with commercial detergent. These results indicate that human presence can additionally degrade the indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100864, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Kangyi Wang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Jinli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100864, China
| | - Gwendal Loisel
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100864, China
| | - Hongwei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100864, China
| | - Zebin Mai
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou510530, China
| | - Shichao Yan
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou510530, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou510632, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou510640, China
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15
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Wang H, Xiong J, Wei W. Measurement methods and impact factors for the key parameters of VOC/SVOC emissions from materials in indoor and vehicular environments: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 168:107451. [PMID: 35963058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from indoor building and vehicle cabin materials can adversely affect human health. Many mechanistic models to predict the VOC/SVOC emission characteristics have been proposed. Nowadays, the main obstacle to accurate model prediction is the availability and reliability of the physical parameters used in the model, such as the initial emittable concentration, the diffusion coefficient, the partition coefficient, and the gas-phase SVOC concentration adjacent to the material surface. The purpose of this work is to review the existing methods for measuring the key parameters of VOCs/SVOCs from materials in both indoor and vehicular environments. The pros and cons of these methods are analyzed, and the available datasets found in the literature are summarized. Some methods can determine one single key parameter, while other methods can determine two or three key parameters simultaneously. The impacts of multiple factors (temperature, relative humidity, loading ratio, and air change rate) on VOC/SVOC emission behaviors are discussed. The existing measurement methods span very large spatial and time scales: the spatial scale varies from micro to macro dimensions; and the time scale in chamber tests varies from several hours to one month for VOCs, and may even span years for SVOCs. Based on the key parameters, a pre-assessment approach for indoor and vehicular air quality is introduced in this review. The approach uses the key parameters for different material combinations to pre-assess the VOC/SVOC concentrations or human exposure levels during the design stage of buildings or vehicles, which can assist designers to select appropriate materials and achieve effective source control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Observatory (OOAI), 77447 Champs-sur-Marne, France
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16
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Morrison G, Eftekhari A, Fan A, Majluf F, Krechmer JE. The influence of personal care products on ozone-skin surface chemistry. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268263. [PMID: 36174009 PMCID: PMC9522313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Personal care products are increasingly being marketed to protect skin from the potentially harmful effects of air pollution. Here, we experimentally measure ozone deposition rates to skin and the generation rates and yields of oxidized products from bare skin and skin coated with various lotion formulations. Lotions reduced the ozone flux to the skin surface by 12% to 25%; this may be due to dilution of reactive skin lipids with inert lotion compounds or by reducing ozone diffusivity within the resulting mixture. The yields of volatile squalene oxidation products were 25% to 70% lower for a commercial sunscreen and for a base lotion with an added polymer or with antioxidants. Lower yields are likely due to competitive reactions of ozone with lotion ingredients including some ingredients that are not intended to be ozone sinks. The dynamics of the emissions of squalene ozonation product 6 methyl-2-heptenone (6MHO) suggest that lotions can dramatically reduce the solubility of products in the skin film. While some lotions appear to reduce the rate of oxidation of squalene by ozone, this evidence does not yet demonstrate that the lotions reduce the impact of air pollution on skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Azin Eftekhari
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Aixing Fan
- Colgate-Palmolive Co., Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Francesca Majluf
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jordan E. Krechmer
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
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17
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Hodshire AL, Carter E, Mattila JM, Ilacqua V, Zambrana J, Abbatt JPD, Abeleira A, Arata C, DeCarlo PF, Goldstein AH, Ruiz LH, Vance ME, Wang C, Farmer DK. Detailed Investigation of the Contribution of Gas-Phase Air Contaminants to Exposure Risk during Indoor Activities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12148-12157. [PMID: 35952310 PMCID: PMC9454252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Analytical capabilities in atmospheric chemistry provide new opportunities to investigate indoor air. HOMEChem was a chemically comprehensive indoor field campaign designed to investigate how common activities, such as cooking and cleaning, impacted indoor air in a test home. We combined gas-phase chemical data of all compounds, excluding those with concentrations <1 ppt, with established databases of health effect thresholds to evaluate potential risks associated with gas-phase air contaminants and indoor activities. The chemical composition of indoor air is distinct from outdoor air, with gaseous compounds present at higher levels and greater diversity─and thus greater predicted hazard quotients─indoors than outdoors. Common household activities like cooking and cleaning induce rapid changes in indoor air composition, raising levels of multiple compounds with high risk quotients. The HOMEChem data highlight how strongly human activities influence the air we breathe in the built environment, increasing the health risk associated with exposure to air contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Hodshire
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - James M. Mattila
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Vito Ilacqua
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Washington District of Columbia 20460, United States
| | - Jordan Zambrana
- U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Washington District of Columbia 20460, United States
| | | | - Andrew Abeleira
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter F. DeCarlo
- Department
of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21212, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marina E. Vance
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
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18
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Zannoni N, Lakey PSJ, Won Y, Shiraiwa M, Rim D, Weschler CJ, Wang N, Ernle L, Li M, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Williams J. The human oxidation field. Science 2022; 377:1071-1077. [PMID: 36048928 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyl (OH) radicals are highly reactive species that can oxidize most pollutant gases. In this study, high concentrations of OH radicals were found when people were exposed to ozone in a climate-controlled chamber. OH concentrations calculated by two methods using measurements of total OH reactivity, speciated alkenes, and oxidation products were consistent with those obtained from a chemically explicit model. Key to establishing this human-induced oxidation field is 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), which forms when ozone reacts with the skin-oil squalene and subsequently generates OH efficiently through gas-phase reaction with ozone. A dynamic model was used to show the spatial extent of the human-generated OH oxidation field and its dependency on ozone influx through ventilation. This finding has implications for the oxidation, lifetime, and perception of chemicals indoors and, ultimately, human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Zannoni
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Youngbo Won
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Donghyun Rim
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Environmental and Resource Engineering, DTU Sustain, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nijing Wang
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Ernle
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mengze Li
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Environmental and Resource Engineering, DTU Sustain, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Environmental and Resource Engineering, DTU Sustain, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
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19
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Abstract
A human-occupied indoor space shares many similarities with Earth and its atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Schoemaecker
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
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20
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Uhde E, Salthammer T, Wientzek S, Springorum A, Schulz J. Effectiveness of air-purifying devices and measures to reduce the exposure to bioaerosols in school classrooms. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13087. [PMID: 36040280 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which suddenly appeared at the beginning of 2020, revealed our knowledge deficits in terms of ventilation and air pollution control. It took many weeks to realize that aerosols are the main route of transmission. The initial attempt to hold back these aerosols through textile masks seemed almost helpless, although there is sufficient knowledge about the retention capacity of fabric filters for aerosols. In the absence of a sufficient number of permanently installed heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, three main approaches are pursued: (a) increasing the air exchange rate by supplying fresh air, (b) using mobile air purifiers, and (c) disinfection by introducing active substances into the room air. This article discusses the feasibility of these different approaches critically. It also provides experimental results of air exchange measurements in a school classroom that is equipped with a built-in fan for supplying fresh air. With such a fan and a window tilted at the appropriate distance, an air exchange rate of 5/h can be set at a low power level and without any significant noise pollution. Heat balance calculations show that no additional heat exchanger is necessary in a normal classroom with outside temperatures above 10°C. Furthermore, a commercial mobile air purifier is studied in a chamber and a test room setup in order to examine and evaluate the efficiency of such devices against viable viruses under controlled and realistic conditions. For this purpose, bacteriophages of the type MS2 are used. Both window ventilation and air purifiers were found to be suitable to reduce the concentration of phages in the room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Uhde
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wientzek
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annette Springorum
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Integration of Indoor Air Quality Prediction into Healthy Building Design. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Healthy building design is an emerging field of architecture and building engineering. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an inevitable factor that should be considered in healthy building design due to its demonstrated links with human health and well-being. This paper proposes to integrate IAQ prediction into healthy building design by developing a simulation toolbox, termed i-IAQ, using MATLAB App Designer. Within the i-IAQ, users can input information of building layout and wall-openings and select air pollutant sources from the database. As an output, the toolbox simulates indoor levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), inhalable particles (PM10), fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) during the occupied periods. Based on the simulation results, the toolbox also offers diagnosis and recommendations to improve the design. The accuracy of the toolbox was validated by a case study in an apartment where physical measurements of air pollutants took place. The results suggest that designers can integrate the i-IAQ toolbox in building design, so that the potential IAQ issues can be resolved at the early design stage at a low cost. The paper outcomes have the potential to pave a way towards more holistic healthy building design, and novel and cost-effective IAQ management.
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22
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Li HL, Yang PF, Liu LY, Gong BB, Zhang ZF, Ma WL, Macdonald RW, Nikolaev AN, Li YF. Steady-State Based Model of Airborne Particle/Gas and Settled Dust/Gas Partitioning for Semivolatile Organic Compounds in the Indoor Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8373-8383. [PMID: 35635317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), present in the air, airborne particles, settled dust, and other indoor surfaces, can enter the human body through several pathways. Knowing the partitioning between gaseous and particulate phases is important in identifying specific pathway contributions and thereby accurately assessing human exposure. Numerous studies have developed equilibrium equations to predict airborne particle/gas (P/G) partitioning in air (KP) and dust/gas (D/G) partitioning in settled dust (KD). The assumption that P/G and D/G equilibria are instantaneous for airborne and settled dust phases, commonly adopted by current indoor fate models, is not likely valid for compounds with high octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA). Here, we develop steady-state based equations to predict KP and KD in the indoor environment. Results show that these equations perform well and are verified by worldwide monitoring data. It is suggested that instantaneous steady state could work for P/G and D/G partitioning of SVOCs in indoor environments, and the equilibrium is just a special case of the steady state when log KOA < 11.38 for P/G partitioning and log KOA < 10.38 for D/G partitioning. These newly developed equations and methods provide a tool for more accurate assessment for human exposure to SVOCs in the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bei-Bei Gong
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Anatoly N Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk 677007, Russia
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), HIT, Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
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23
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Coffaro B, Weisel CP. Reactions and Products of Squalene and Ozone: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7396-7411. [PMID: 35648815 PMCID: PMC9231367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This critical review describes the squalene-ozone (SqOz) reaction, or squalene ozonolysis. Ambient ozone penetrates indoors and drives indoor air chemistry. Squalene, a component of human skin oil, contains six carbon-carbon double bonds and is very reactive with ozone. Bioeffluents from people contribute to indoor air chemistry and affect the indoor air quality, resulting in exposures because people spend the majority of their time indoors. The SqOz reaction proceeds through various formation pathways and produces compounds that include aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and dicarbonyl species, which have a range of volatilities. In this critical review of SqOz chemistry, information on the mechanism of reaction, reaction probability, rate constants, and reaction kinetics are compiled. Characterizations of SqOz reaction products have been done in laboratory experiments and real-world settings. The effect of multiple environmental parameters (ozone concentration, air exchange rate (AER), temperature, and relative humidity (RH)) in indoor settings are summarized. This critical review concludes by identifying the paucity of available exposure, health, and toxicological data for known reaction products. Key knowledge gaps about SqOz reactions leading to indoor exposures and adverse health outcomes are provided as well as an outlook on where the field is headed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breann Coffaro
- Environmental
and Health Sciences Institute and Graduate Program in Exposure Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway Township, New
Jersey 08854, United
States
| | - Clifford P. Weisel
- Environmental
and Health Sciences Institute and School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway Township, New
Jersey 08854, United
States
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24
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Wu S, Hayati SK, Kim E, de la Mata AP, Harynuk JJ, Wang C, Zhao R. Henry's Law Constants and Indoor Partitioning of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7143-7152. [PMID: 35522906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) play an essential role in many environmental fields, such as indoor air quality. Long-term exposure to odorous and toxic MVOCs can negatively affect the health of occupants. Recently, the involvement of surface reservoirs in indoor chemistry has been realized, which signifies the importance of the phase partitioning of volatile organic pollutants. However, reliable partition coefficients of many MVOCs are currently lacking. Equilibrium partition coefficients, such as Henry's law constant, H, are crucial for understanding the environmental behavior of chemicals. This study aims to experimentally determine the H values and their temperature dependence for key MVOCs under temperature relevant to the indoor environment. The H values were determined with the inert gas-stripping (IGS) method and variable phase ratio headspace (VPR-HS) technique. A two-dimensional partitioning model was applied to predict the indoor phase distribution of MVOCs and potential exposure pathways to the residences. The findings show that the MVOCs are likely distributed between the gas and weakly polar (e.g., organic-rich) reservoirs indoors. Temperature and the volume of reservoirs can sensitively affect indoor partitioning. Our results give a more comprehensive view of indoor chemical partitioning and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Siti K Hayati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Erica Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - A Paulina de la Mata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - James J Harynuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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25
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Salthammer T, Morrison GC. Temperature and indoor environments. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13022. [PMID: 35622714 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
From the thermodynamic perspective, the term temperature is clearly defined for ideal physical systems: A unique temperature can be assigned to each black body via its radiation spectrum, and the temperature of an ideal gas is given by the velocity distribution of the molecules. While the indoor environment is not an ideal system, fundamental physical and chemical processes, such as diffusion, partitioning equilibria, and chemical reactions, are predictably temperature-dependent. For example, the logarithm of reaction rate and equilibria constants are proportional to the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. It is therefore possible to have non-linear, very steep changes in chemical phenomena over a relatively small temperature range. On the contrary, transport processes are more influenced by spatial temperature, momentum, and pressure gradients as well as by the density, porosity, and composition of indoor materials. Consequently, emergent phenomena, such as emission rates or dynamic air concentrations, can be the result of complex temperature-dependent relationships that require a more empirical approach. Indoor environmental conditions are further influenced by the thermal comfort needs of occupants. Not only do occupants have to create thermal conditions that serve to maintain their core body temperature, which is usually accomplished by wearing appropriate clothing, but also the surroundings must be adapted so that they feel comfortable. This includes the interaction of the living space with the ambient environment, which can vary greatly by region and season. Design of houses, apartments, commercial buildings, and schools is generally utility and comfort driven, requiring an appropriate energy balance, sometimes considering ventilation but rarely including the impact of temperature on indoor contaminant levels. In our article, we start with a review of fundamental thermodynamic variables and discuss their influence on typical indoor processes. Then, we describe the heat balance of people in their thermal environment. An extensive literature study is devoted to the thermal conditions in buildings, the temperature-dependent release of indoor pollutants from materials and their distribution in the various interior compartments as well as aspects of indoor chemistry. Finally, we assess the need to consider temperature holistically with regard to the changes to be expected as a result of global emergencies such as climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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26
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Wang N, Ernle L, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Williams J. Emission Rates of Volatile Organic Compounds from Humans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4838-4848. [PMID: 35389619 PMCID: PMC9022422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Human-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are mainly from breath and the skin. In this study, we continuously measured VOCs in a stainless-steel environmentally controlled climate chamber (22.5 m3, air change rate at 3.2 h-1) occupied by four seated human volunteers using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Experiments with human whole body, breath-only, and dermal-only emissions were performed under ozone-free and ozone-present conditions. In addition, the effect of temperature, relative humidity, clothing type, and age was investigated for whole-body emissions. Without ozone, the whole-body total emission rate (ER) was 2180 ± 620 μg h-1 per person (p-1), dominated by exhaled chemicals. The ERs of oxygenated VOCs were positively correlated with the enthalpy of the air. Under ozone-present conditions (∼37 ppb), the whole-body total ER doubled, with the increase mainly driven by VOCs resulting from skin surface lipids/ozone reactions, which increased with relative humidity. Long clothing (more covered skin) was found to reduce the total ERs but enhanced certain chemicals related to the clothing. The ERs of VOCs derived from this study provide a valuable data set of human emissions under various conditions and can be used in models to better predict indoor air quality, especially for highly occupied environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijing Wang
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Ernle
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Environmental
and Resource Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark, Nils Koppels Alle 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Environmental
and Resource Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark, Nils Koppels Alle 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Climate
& Atmosphere Research Centre, The Cyprus
Institute, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus
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27
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Zhang M, Gao Y, Xiong J. Characterization of the off-body squalene ozonolysis on indoor surfaces. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132772. [PMID: 34742760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reaction and physical transport characteristics of indoor surfaces play an important role in indoor air quality. This study presents a kinetic model to describe the reaction of ozone with squalene on indoor surfaces in a family house, by incorporating external and internal mass transfer, surface partitioning, and chemical reaction on indoor surfaces. Field experiments were performed in the family house. The first 3-days of data, collected when the house was unoccupied, are used to derive the key parameters in the model, which are then used for predicting the concentrations in other unoccupied days. Comparison of squalene oxidation products during the occupied and unoccupied periods shows that even if the house is unoccupied for several days, the indoor concentrations of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO) and 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA) remain substantial, demonstrating that surface reaction of ozone with off-body squalene can significantly impact the composition of indoor air. Model predictions of the three compounds (ozone, 6-MHO, and 4-OPA) agree well with the experimental observations for all test days. Furthermore, we make the first attempt to estimate the duration of typical polyunsaturated aldehydes (TOP, TOT, and TTT), which indicated that these compounds, as well as off-body squalene, can persist on indoor surfaces for a relatively long period in the examined residence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.
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28
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Or VW, Alves MR, Wade M, Schwab S, Corsi RL, Grassian VH. Nanoscopic Study of Water Uptake on Glass Surfaces with Organic Thin Films and Particles from Exposure to Indoor Cooking Activities: Comparison to Model Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1594-1604. [PMID: 35061386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water uptake by thin organic films and organic particles on glass substrates at 80% relative humidity was investigated using atomic force microscopy-infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy. Glass surfaces exposed to kitchen cooking activities show a wide variability of coverages from organic particles and organic thin films. Water uptake, as measured by changes in the volume of the films and particles, was also quite variable. A comparison of glass surfaces exposed to kitchen activities to model systems shows that they can be largely represented by oxidized oleic acid and carboxylate groups on long and medium hydrocarbon chains (i.e., fatty acids). Overall, we demonstrate that organic particles and thin films that cover glass surfaces can take up water under indoor-relevant conditions but that the water content is not uniform. The spatial heterogeneity of the changes in these aged glass surfaces under dry (5%) and wet (80%) conditions is quite marked, highlighting the need for studies at the nano- and microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Or
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael Wade
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarah Schwab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Richard L Corsi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- College of Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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29
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Rasmussen PE, Levesque C, Butler O, Chénier M, Gardner HD. Selection of metric for indoor-outdoor source apportionment of metals in PM 2.5 : mg/kg versus ng/m 3. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12924. [PMID: 34418165 PMCID: PMC9292266 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trends in the elemental composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) collected from indoor, outdoor, and personal microenvironments were investigated using two metrics: ng/m3 and mg/kg. Pearson correlations that were positive using one metric commonly disappeared or flipped to become negative when the other metric was applied to the same dataset. For example, the correlation between Mo and S in the outdoor microenvironment was positive using ng/m3 (p < 0.05) but negative using mg/kg (p < 0.05). In general, elemental concentrations (mg/kg) within PM2.5 decreased significantly (p < 0.05) as PM2.5 concentrations (µg/m3 ) increased-a dilution effect that was observed in all microenvironments and seasons. An exception was S: in the outdoor microenvironment, the correlation between wt% S and PM2.5 flipped from negative in the winter (p < 0.01) to positive (p < 0.01) in the summer, whereas in the indoor microenvironment, this correlation was negative year-round (p < 0.05). Correlation analyses using mg/kg indicated that elemental associations may arise from Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide sorption processes that occur as particles age, with or without the presence of a common anthropogenic source. Application of mass-normalized concentration metrics (mg/kg or wt%), enabled by careful gravimetric analysis, revealed new evidence of the importance of indoor sources of elements in PM2.5 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat E. Rasmussen
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealthy Environments and Consumer Safety BranchHealth CanadaOttawaONCanada
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Christine Levesque
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealthy Environments and Consumer Safety BranchHealth CanadaOttawaONCanada
| | | | - Marc Chénier
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealthy Environments and Consumer Safety BranchHealth CanadaOttawaONCanada
| | - H. David Gardner
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealthy Environments and Consumer Safety BranchHealth CanadaOttawaONCanada
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
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30
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Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ. Indoor ozone: Concentrations and influencing factors. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12942. [PMID: 34609012 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Because people spend most of their time indoors, much of their exposure to ozone occurs in buildings, which are partially protective against outdoor ozone. Measurements in approximately 2000 indoor environments (residences, schools, and offices) show a central tendency for average indoor ozone concentration of 4-6 ppb and an indoor to outdoor concentration ratio of about 25%. Considerable variability in this ratio exists among buildings, as influenced by seven building-associated factors: ozone removal in mechanical ventilation systems, ozone penetration through the building envelope, air-change rates, ozone loss rate on fixed indoor surfaces, ozone loss rate on human occupants, ozone loss by homogeneous reaction with nitrogen oxides, and ozone loss by reaction with gas-phase organics. Among these, the most important are air-change rates, ozone loss rate on fixed indoor surfaces, and, in densely occupied spaces, ozone loss rate on human occupants. Although most indoor ozone originates outdoors and enters with ventilation air, indoor emission sources can materially increase indoor ozone concentrations. Mitigation technologies to reduce indoor ozone concentrations are available or are being investigated. The most mature of these technologies, activated carbon filtration of mechanical ventilation supply air, shows a high modeled health-benefit to cost ratio when applied in densely occupied spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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31
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Huang L, Qiao Y, Deng S, Wang X, Zhao W, Yue Y. Phthalates in house dust in Chinese urban residences: Concentrations, partition, origin and determinants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131703. [PMID: 34352541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to phthalates poses adverse health impacts to human beings. In this study, we analyzed 7 phthalates in dust samples, which were collected with vacuum cleaner from 40 to 31 residences in Beijing in summer and winter, respectively. The major phthalates (median concentration in the summer and winter, respectively) were DiBP (55 and 40 ng/mg), DnBP (99 and 30 ng/mg) and DEHP (795 and 335 ng/mg). The concentrations were significantly influenced by season and residence time of house dust. The concentrations of phthalates in dust on plastic surfaces were highest, followed by those on wooden and fabric surfaces. The dust-air partition coefficients (Kd) were calculated: the median values were 0.13, 0.02 and 5.62 m3/mg in the summer and 0.06, 0.018 and 0.76 m3/mg in the winter for DiBP, DnBP and DEHP, respectively. A comparison with Kd* at equilibrium state suggested that partition between air and dust deviated from equilibrium state in both seasons. The results also revealed that dust-phthalates in the summer may completely originate from source materials via direct transfer and external physical process; while dust-phthalates in the winter may come from both air (via partition) and source material (via direct transfer and external physical process). The influence of temperature on dust-phthalate concentrations differed by season, owing to different origin of dust-phthalates in two seasons. Polar organic components in dust, which are products of reactions between O3 and unsaturated hydrocarbons in dust, likely played an important role in fate and transport of phthalates. The presence of them resulted in the significant associations between dust-phthalate concentrations and air humidity in the summer. Moreover, the impacts of indoor PM2.5 concentrations, traffic conditions surrounding residence, household lifestyle and number of occupants were also observed. The mechanisms behind those observations were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Huang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yaqi Qiao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Shunxi Deng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Weiping Zhao
- Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Yang Yue
- Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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32
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Wu T, Tasoglou A, Huber H, Stevens PS, Boor BE. Influence of Mechanical Ventilation Systems and Human Occupancy on Time-Resolved Source Rates of Volatile Skin Oil Ozonolysis Products in a LEED-Certified Office Building. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16477-16488. [PMID: 34851619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Building mechanical ventilation systems are a major driver of indoor air chemistry as their design and operation influences indoor ozone (O3) concentrations, the dilution and transport of indoor-generated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and indoor environmental conditions. Real-time VOC and O3 measurements were integrated with a building sensing platform to evaluate the influence of mechanical ventilation modes and human occupancy on the dynamics of skin oil ozonolysis products (SOOPs) in an office in a LEED-certified building during the winter. The ventilation system operated under variable recirculation ratios (RRs) from RR = 0 (100% outdoor air) to RR = 1 (100% recirculation air). Time-resolved source rates for 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA), and decanal were highly dynamic and changed throughout the day with RR and occupancy. Total SOOP source rates during high-occupancy periods (10:00-18:00) varied from 2500-3000 μg h-1 when RR = 0.1 to 6300-6700 μg h-1 when RR = 1. Source rates for gas-phase reactions, outdoor air, and occupant-associated emissions generally decreased with increasing RR. The recirculation air source rate increased with RR and typically became the dominant source for RR > 0.5. SOOP emissions from surface reservoirs were also a prominent source, contributing 10-50% to total source rates. Elevated per person SOOP emission factors were observed, potentially due to multiple layers of soiled clothing worn during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Wu
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Antonios Tasoglou
- RJ Lee Group Incorporated, Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Heinz Huber
- Edelweiss Technology Solutions, Limited Liability Company, Novelty, Ohio 44072, United States
| | - Philip S Stevens
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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33
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Xiang J, Hao J, Austin E, Shirai J, Seto E. Characterization of cooking-related ultrafine particles in a US residence and impacts of various intervention strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149236. [PMID: 34340070 PMCID: PMC8484057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interventions that improve air exchange or filter the air have the potential to reduce particle exposures from residential cooking. In this study, we evaluated the effect of using a range hood, opening kitchen windows, and using portable air cleaners (PACs) in various home locations on the concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFPs) at different times and in different rooms during and after cooking. All experiments were conducted using a standardized cooking protocol in a real-world naturally-ventilated apartment located in the northwest United States. Real-time UFP measurements collected from the kitchen, living room, and bedroom locations were used to estimate parameters of a dynamic model, which included time-varying particle emission rates from cooking and particle decay. We found that 1-min mean UFP number concentrations in the kitchen and living room mostly peaked within 0-10 min after cooking ended at levels of 150,000-500,000 particles/cm3. In contrast, the bedroom UFP concentrations were consistently low except for the window-open scenario. While varying considerably with time, the 1-min UFP emission rates were comparable during and within 5-min after cooking, with means (standard deviations) of 0.8 (1.1) × 1012 and 1.1 (1.2) × 1012 particles/min, respectively. Compared with the no-intervention scenario, keeping the kitchen windows open and using a kitchen range hood reduced the mean indoor average UFP concentrations during and 1 h after cooking by ~70% and ~35%, respectively. Along with the range hood on, utilizing a PAC in the kitchen during and after cooking further reduced the mean indoor average UFP levels during and 1 h after cooking by an additional 53%. In contrast, placing the PAC in the living room or bedroom resulted in worse efficacy, with additional 2-13% reductions. These findings provide useful information on how to reduce cooking-related UFP exposure via readily accessible intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbang Xiang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
| | - Jiayuan Hao
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Elena Austin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Jeff Shirai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Edmund Seto
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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34
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Yang S, Licina D, Weschler CJ, Wang N, Zannoni N, Li M, Vanhanen J, Langer S, Wargocki P, Williams J, Bekö G. Ozone Initiates Human-Derived Emission of Nanocluster Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14536-14545. [PMID: 34672572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocluster aerosols (NCAs, particles <3 nm) are important players in driving climate feedbacks and processes that impact human health. This study reports, for the first time, NCA formation when gas-phase ozone reacts with human surfaces. In an occupied climate-controlled chamber, we detected NCA only when ozone was present. NCA emissions were dependent on clothing coverage, occupant age, air temperature, and humidity. Ozone-initiated chemistry with human skin lipids (particularly their primary surface reaction products) is the key mechanism driving NCA emissions, as evidenced by positive correlations with squalene in human skin wipe samples and known gaseous products from ozonolysis of skin lipids. Oxidation by OH radicals, autoxidation reactions, and human-emitted NH3 may also play a role in NCA formation. Such chemical processes are anticipated to generate aerosols of the smallest size (1.18-1.55 nm), whereas larger clusters result from subsequent growth of the smaller aerosols. This study shows that whenever we encounter ozone indoors, where we spend most of our lives, NCAs will be produced in the air around us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yang
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Nijing Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Nora Zannoni
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Mengze Li
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Joonas Vanhanen
- Airmodus Limited, Erik Palménin Aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland
| | - Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Göteborg SE-400 14, Sweden
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Building Services Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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35
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Sun C, Hong S, Cai G, Zhang Y, Kan H, Zhao Z, Deng F, Zhao B, Zeng X, Sun Y, Qian H, Liu W, Mo J, Guo J, Zheng X, Su C, Zou Z, Li H, Huang C. Indoor exposure levels of ammonia in residences, schools, and offices in China from 1980 to 2019: A systematic review. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1691-1706. [PMID: 34181775 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indoor ammonia (NH3 ) pollution has been paid more and more attention in view of its health risk. However, few studies have investigated the exposure level in the non-occupational environment in China. This study systematically reviewed the indoor ammonia exposure level in different regions, the equivalent exposure concentration of different populations, and the factors that influence indoor air ammonia in residences, offices, and schools in China. The literature published in 1980-2019 from main databases was searched and detailed screened, and finally, 56 related studies were selected. The results illustrated that the median concentration of indoor air ammonia in residences, offices, and school buildings was 0.21 mg/m3 , 0.26 mg/m3 , and 0.15 mg/m3 . There were 46.4%, 71.4%, and 40% of these samples exceeding the NH3 standard, respectively. The national concentrations and the equivalent exposure levels of adults and children were calculated and found to be higher than 0.20 mg/m3 . The concentration of ammonia varied greatly in different climate zones and economic development regions. Higher concentrations were found in the severe cold zone and the regions with higher economic level. This review reveals a high exposure risk of indoor air ammonia and the crucial impact of human emission, indoor air temperature, new concrete, and economic level, suggesting further investigation on indoor air ammonia evaluation and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijie Hong
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangkai Cai
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Engineering Research Center of BEEE, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Engineering Research Center of BEEE, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxiao Su
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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36
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Arata C, Misztal PK, Tian Y, Lunderberg DM, Kristensen K, Novoselac A, Vance ME, Farmer DK, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Volatile organic compound emissions during HOMEChem. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:2099-2117. [PMID: 34272904 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying speciated concentrations and emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is critical to understanding the processes that control indoor VOC dynamics, airborne chemistry, and human exposures. Here, we present source strength profiles from the HOMEChem study, quantifying speciated VOC emissions from scripted experiments (with multiple replicates) of cooking, cleaning, and human occupancy and from unperturbed baseline measurements of the building and its contents. Measurements using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer were combined with tracer-based determinations of air-change rates to enable mass-balance-based calculations of speciated, time-resolved VOC source strengths. The building and its contents were the dominant emission source into the house, with large emissions of acetic acid, methanol, and formic acid. Cooking emissions were greater than cleaning emissions and were dominated by ethanol. Bleach cleaning generated high emissions of chlorinated compounds, whereas natural product cleaning emitted predominantly terpenoids. Occupancy experiments showed large emissions of siloxanes from personal care products in the morning, with much lower emissions in the afternoon. From these results, VOC emissions were simulated for a hypothetical 24-h period, showing that emissions from the house and its contents make up nearly half of total indoor VOC emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Baseline Environmental Consulting, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - David M Lunderberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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37
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Zannoni N, Li M, Wang N, Ernle L, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Langer S, Weschler CJ, Morrison G, Williams J. Effect of Ozone, Clothing, Temperature, and Humidity on the Total OH Reactivity Emitted from Humans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13614-13624. [PMID: 34591444 PMCID: PMC8529706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
People influence indoor air chemistry through their chemical emissions via breath and skin. Previous studies showed that direct measurement of total OH reactivity of human emissions matched that calculated from parallel measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from breath, skin, and the whole body. In this study, we determined, with direct measurements from two independent groups of four adult volunteers, the effect of indoor temperature and humidity, clothing coverage (amount of exposed skin), and indoor ozone concentration on the total OH reactivity of gaseous human emissions. The results show that the measured concentrations of VOCs and ammonia adequately account for the measured total OH reactivity. The total OH reactivity of human emissions was primarily affected by ozone reactions with organic skin-oil constituents and increased with exposed skin surface, higher temperature, and higher humidity. Humans emitted a comparable total mixing ratio of VOCs and ammonia at elevated temperature-low humidity and elevated temperature-high humidity, with relatively low diversity in chemical classes. In contrast, the total OH reactivity increased with higher temperature and higher humidity, with a larger diversity in chemical classes compared to the total mixing ratio. Ozone present, carbonyl compounds were the dominant reactive compounds in all of the reported conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Zannoni
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mengze Li
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nijing Wang
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Ernle
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sarka Langer
- IVL
Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 41133 Göteborg, Sweden
- Division
of Building Services Engineering, Department of Architecture and Civil
Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- Environmental
and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, United States
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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38
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Zíková N, Ziembik Z, Olszowski T, Bożym M, Nabrdalik M, Rybak J. Elemental and microbiota content in indoor and outdoor air using recuperation unit filters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147903. [PMID: 34052480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a twelve-month measurement campaign conducted at a rural single-family house in Poland. The external and internal filters of a recuperator used to mechanically ventilate the building were used to separate the total suspended particles (TSPs), and the concentrations of fifteen elements and abundance of fungi and bacteria were determined. Lower annual mean concentrations were observed indoors, and the concentrations of most elements did not significantly change between seasons. There were some differences between winter and summer, which may have resulted from changes in the ventilation regimes in the house. The number of bacteria was similar outdoors and indoors, while the amounts of fungi were higher indoors (p < 0.05). The order of metal concentrations outdoors agreed well with observations in other countries, while indoors the metal concentrations order indicated the individual characteristics of the building. The species diversity of fungi was higher than that of bacteria, and different species were found indoors and outdoors, while bacteria were typically present both indoors and outdoors. Different TSP sources were identified indoors and outdoors, suggesting limited penetration between the two environments. However, both environments were affected by traffic. Mechanical ventilation systems with built-in filters (such as recuperators) were useful in assessing the air quality within the building, and the changeable recuperation filters offer an approach to assess the air quality in several houses without any additional cost or discomfort to the residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naděžda Zíková
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zbigniew Ziembik
- University of Opole, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, 6a Kominka Str., 45-032 Opole, Poland
| | - Tomasz Olszowski
- Department of Thermal Engineering and Industrial Facilities, Opole University of Technology, 45-271 Opole, Poland
| | - Marta Bożym
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Environmental Protection, Opole University of Technology, 5 Mikołajczyka Str., 45-271 Opole, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Nabrdalik
- University of Opole, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, 6a Kominka Str., 45-032 Opole, Poland
| | - Justyna Rybak
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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39
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Hassan Z, Stahlberger M, Rosenbaum N, Bräse S. Criegee‐Intermediate über die Ozonolyse hinaus: Ein Einblick in Synthesen und Mechanismen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hassan
- Institut für Organische Chemie (IOC) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- 3DMM2O – Exzellenzcluster (EXC-2082/1-390761711) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Mareen Stahlberger
- Institut für Organische Chemie (IOC) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Nicolai Rosenbaum
- Institut für Organische Chemie (IOC) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie (IOC) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- 3DMM2O – Exzellenzcluster (EXC-2082/1-390761711) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische und Chemische Systeme –, Funktionelle molekulare Systeme (IBCS-FMS) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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40
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Hassan Z, Stahlberger M, Rosenbaum N, Bräse S. Criegee Intermediates Beyond Ozonolysis: Synthetic and Mechanistic Insights. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15138-15152. [PMID: 33283439 PMCID: PMC8359312 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
After more than 70 years since their discovery, Criegee intermediates (CIs) are back at the forefront of modern chemistry of short-lived reactive intermediates. They play an important role in the mechanistic context of chemical synthesis, total synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and, most importantly, climate-controlling aerosol formation as well as atmospheric chemistry. This Minireview summarizes key aspects of CIs (from the mechanism of formation, for example, by ozonolysis of alkenes and photolysis methods employing diiodo and diazo compounds, to their electronic structures and chemical reactivity), highlights the most recent findings and some landmark results of gas-phase kinetics, and detection/measurements. The recent progress in synthetic and mechanistic studies in the chemistry of CIs provides a guide to illustrate the possibilities for further investigations in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- 3DMM2O—Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1–390761711)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Mareen Stahlberger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Nicolai Rosenbaum
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- 3DMM2O—Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1–390761711)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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41
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Abstract
Outdoor ozone transported indoors initiates oxidative chemistry, forming volatile organic products. The influence of ozone chemistry on indoor air composition has not been directly quantified in normally occupied residences. Here, we explore indoor ozone chemistry in a house in California with two adult inhabitants. We utilize space- and time-resolved measurements of ozone and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) acquired over an 8-wk summer campaign. Despite overall low indoor ozone concentrations (mean value of 4.3 ppb) and a relatively low indoor ozone decay constant (1.3 h-1), we identified multiple VOCs exhibiting clear contributions from ozone-initiated chemistry indoors. These chemicals include 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA), nonenal, and C8-C12 saturated aldehydes, which are among the commonly reported products from laboratory studies of ozone interactions with indoor surfaces and with human skin lipids. These VOCs together accounted for ≥12% molecular yield with respect to house-wide consumed ozone, with the highest net product yield for nonanal (≥3.5%), followed by 6-MHO (2.7%) and 4-OPA (2.6%). Although 6-MHO and 4-OPA are prominent ozonolysis products of skin lipids (specifically squalene), ozone reaction with the body envelopes of the two occupants in this house are insufficient to explain the observed yields. Relatedly, we observed that ozone-driven chemistry continued to produce 6-MHO and 4-OPA even after the occupants had been away from the house for 5 d. These observations provide evidence that skin lipids transferred to indoor surfaces made substantial contributions to ozone reactivity in the studied house.
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42
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von Domaros M, Liu Y, Butman JL, Perlt E, Geiger FM, Tobias DJ. Molecular Orientation at the Squalene/Air Interface from Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy and Atomistic Modeling. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3932-3941. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael von Domaros
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Yangdongling Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jana L. Butman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Eva Perlt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Franz M. Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Douglas J. Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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43
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Zhang M, Xiong J, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Goldstein AH. Physical-Chemical Coupling Model for Characterizing the Reaction of Ozone with Squalene in Realistic Indoor Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1690-1698. [PMID: 33464056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Squalene can react with indoor ozone to generate a series of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, some of which may be skin or respiratory irritants, causing adverse health effects. Better understanding of the ozone/squalene reaction and product transport characteristics is thus important. In this study, we developed a physical-chemical coupling model to describe the behavior of ozone/squalene reaction products, that is, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO) and 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA) in the gas phase and skin, by considering the chemical reaction and physical transport processes (external convection, internal diffusion, and surface uptake). Experiments without intervention were performed in a single-family house in California utilizing time- and space-resolved measurements. The key parameters in the model were extracted from 5 day data and then used to predict the behaviors in some other days. Predictions from the present model can reproduce the concentration profiles of the three compounds (ozone, 6-MHO, and 4-OPA) well (R2 = 0.82-0.89), indicating high accuracy of the model. Exposure analysis shows that the total amount of 6-MHO and 4-OPA entering the blood capillaries in 4 days can reach 14.6 and 30.1 μg, respectively. The contribution of different sinks to ozone removal in the tested realistic indoor environment was also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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44
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Chen J, Møller KH, Wennberg PO, Kjaergaard HG. Unimolecular Reactions Following Indoor and Outdoor Limonene Ozonolysis. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:669-680. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kristian H. Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
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45
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Yang S, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Williams J, Licina D. Human Emissions of Size-Resolved Fluorescent Aerosol Particles: Influence of Personal and Environmental Factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:509-518. [PMID: 33337850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human emissions of fluorescent aerosol particles (FAPs) can influence the biological burden of indoor air. Yet, quantification of FAP emissions from human beings remains limited, along with a poor understanding of the underlying emission mechanisms. To reduce the knowledge gap, we characterized human emissions of size-segregated FAPs (1-10 μm) and total particles in a climate chamber with low-background particle levels. We probed the influence of several personal factors (clothing coverage and age) and environmental parameters (level of ozone, air temperature, and relative humidity) on particle emissions from human volunteers. A material-balance model showed that the mean emission rate ranged 5.3-16 × 106 fluorescent particles per person-h (0.30-1.2 mg per person-h), with a dominant size mode within 3-5 μm. Volunteers wearing long-sleeve shirts and pants produced 40% more FAPs relative to those wearing t-shirts and shorts. Particle emissions varied across the age groups: seniors (average age 70.5 years) generated 50% fewer FAPs compared to young adults (25.0 years) and teenagers (13.8 years). While we did not observe a measurable influence of ozone (0 vs 40 ppb) on human FAP emissions, there was a strong influence of relative humidity (34 vs 62%), with FAP emissions decreasing by 30-60% at higher humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yang
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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46
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Goldstein AH, Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ, Williams J. How Do Indoor Environments Affect Air Pollution Exposure? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:100-108. [PMID: 33284612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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47
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Morrison GC, Eftekhari A, Majluf F, Krechmer JE. Yields and Variability of Ozone Reaction Products from Human Skin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:179-187. [PMID: 33337871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The skin of 20 human participants was exposed to ∼110 ppb O3 and volatile products of the resulting chemistry were quantified in real time. Yields (ppb product emitted/ppb ozone consumed) for 40 products were quantified. Major products of the primary reaction of ozone-squalene included 6-methyl 5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO) and geranyl acetone (GA) with average yields of 0.22 and 0.16, respectively. Other major products included decanal, methacrolein (or methyl vinyl ketone), nonanal, and butanal. Yields varied widely among participants; summed yields ranged from 0.33 to 0.93. The dynamic increase in emission rates during ozone exposure also varied among participants, possibly indicative of differences in the thickness of the skin lipid layer. Factor analysis indicates that much of the variability among participants is due to factors associated with the relative abundance of (1) "fresh" skin lipid constituents (such as squalene and fatty acids), (2) oxidized skin lipids, and (3) exogenous compounds. This last factor appears to be associated with the presence of oleic and linoleic acids and could be accounted for by uptake of cooking oils or personal care products to skin lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Azin Eftekhari
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Francesca Majluf
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Jordan E Krechmer
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
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48
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Eichler CMA, Hubal EAC, Xu Y, Cao J, Bi C, Weschler CJ, Salthammer T, Morrison GC, Koivisto AJ, Zhang Y, Mandin C, Wei W, Blondeau P, Poppendieck D, Liu X, Delmaar CJE, Fantke P, Jolliet O, Shin HM, Diamond ML, Shiraiwa M, Zuend A, Hopke PK, von Goetz N, Kulmala M, Little JC. Assessing Human Exposure to SVOCs in Materials, Products, and Articles: A Modular Mechanistic Framework. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:25-43. [PMID: 33319994 PMCID: PMC7877794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the current state of knowledge of chemical emissions from indoor sources, partitioning among indoor compartments, and the ensuing indoor exposure leads to a proposal for a modular mechanistic framework for predicting human exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Mechanistically consistent source emission categories include solid, soft, frequent contact, applied, sprayed, and high temperature sources. Environmental compartments are the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, indoor surfaces, and clothing. Identified research needs are the development of dynamic emission models for several of the source emission categories and of estimation strategies for critical model parameters. The modular structure of the framework facilitates subsequent inclusion of new knowledge, other chemical classes of indoor pollutants, and additional mechanistic processes relevant to human exposure indoors. The framework may serve as the foundation for developing an open-source community model to better support collaborative research and improve access for application by stakeholders. Combining exposure estimates derived using this framework with toxicity data for different end points and toxicokinetic mechanisms will accelerate chemical risk prioritization, advance effective chemical management decisions, and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elaine A Cohen Hubal
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Patrice Blondeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - LaSIE, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle 77447, France
| | - Dustin Poppendieck
- Engineering Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Christiaan J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A0B9, Canada
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5708, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | | | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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49
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Wang N, Zannoni N, Ernle L, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Li M, Weschler CJ, Williams J. Total OH Reactivity of Emissions from Humans: In Situ Measurement and Budget Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:149-159. [PMID: 33295177 PMCID: PMC7788569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Humans are a potent, mobile source of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments. Such direct anthropogenic emissions are gaining importance, as those from furnishings and building materials have become better regulated and energy efficient homes may reduce ventilation. While previous studies have characterized human emissions in indoor environments, the question remains whether VOCs remain unidentified by current measuring techniques. In this study conducted in a climate chamber occupied by four people, the total OH reactivity of air was quantified, together with multiple VOCs measured by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (fast-GC-MS). Whole-body, breath, and dermal emissions were assessed. The comparison of directly measured OH reactivity and that of the summed reactivity of individually measured species revealed no significant shortfall. Ozone exposure (37 ppb) was found to have little influence on breath OH reactivity but enhanced dermal OH reactivity significantly. Without ozone, the whole-body OH reactivity was dominated by breath emissions, mostly isoprene (76%). With ozone present, OH reactivity nearly doubled, with the increase being mainly caused by dermal emissions of mostly carbonyl compounds (57%). No significant difference in total OH reactivity was observed for different age groups (teenagers/young adults/seniors) without ozone. With ozone present, the total OH reactivity decreased slightly with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijing Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Nora Zannoni
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Lisa Ernle
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Mengze Li
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental
and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- The
Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
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50
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Brown WL, Day DA, Stark H, Pagonis D, Krechmer JE, Liu X, Price DJ, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Masoud CG, Wang DS, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Arata C, Lunderberg DM, Goldstein AH, Farmer DK, Vance ME, Jimenez JL. Real-time organic aerosol chemical speciation in the indoor environment using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:141-155. [PMID: 32696534 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and composition of organic aerosol (OA) in indoor environments requires rapid measurements, since many emissions and processes have short timescales. However, real-time molecular-level OA measurements have not been reported indoors. Here, we present quantitative measurements, at a time resolution of five seconds, of molecular ions corresponding to diverse aerosol-phase species, by applying extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) to indoor air analysis for the first time, as part of the highly instrumented HOMEChem field study. We demonstrate how the complex spectra of EESI-MS are screened in order to extract chemical information and investigate the possibility of interference from gas-phase semivolatile species. During experiments that simulated the Thanksgiving US holiday meal preparation, EESI-MS quantified multiple species, including fatty acids, carbohydrates, siloxanes, and phthalates. Intercomparisons with Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer suggest that EESI-MS quantified a large fraction of OA. Comparisons with FIGAERO-CIMS shows similar signal levels and good correlation, with a range of 100 for the relative sensitivities. Comparisons with SV-TAG for phthalates and with SV-TAG and AMS for total siloxanes also show strong correlation. EESI-MS observations can be used with gas-phase measurements to identify co-emitted gas- and aerosol-phase species, and this is demonstrated using complementary gas-phase PTR-MS observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt L Brown
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Harald Stark
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Demetrios Pagonis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Derek J Price
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine G Masoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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