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Lai SY, Pálsson A, Guðbergsson G, Jónsson IR, Ólafsson JS, Bárðarson H. The prey availability and diet of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in low-productivity rivers in northern Europe. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38632843 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The availability of resources varies across a species distributional range, and a low-productivity area can make a species more vulnerable. We investigated the invertebrate composition and prey choice of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in low-productivity rivers in northeast Iceland, which is one of the species' most northerly distributions. By sampling benthic and drift invertebrate populations, we found that prey availability was similar within and between rivers. Gut content samples showed that the main prey choice for juvenile S. salar was the Chironomidae. The type of food items consumed varied across different weight groups of S. salar, with smaller juveniles having more diverse diet. S. salar did not have a selection preference for chironomids, which indicates that they were eating the highly available prey in their environment, rather than hunting high biomass items such as terrestrial invertebrates and large Dipterans. Estimates of dietary niche showed that S. salar in these low-productivity rivers relied on consuming what was most readily available, the chironomids, and that they must share resources with other salmonid species. This may be due to the low diversity of freshwater invertebrates (fewer prey options), whereas S. salar in nutrient-rich rivers could rely more on terrestrial invertebrates as an additional subsidy in their diet. In conclusion, with limited prey choices, juvenile S. salar in nutrient-poor rivers, especially in a biogeographically isolated region with low species diversity, may increase in vulnerability and decrease in adaptability to environmental change. Management methods that increase benthic prey abundance and diversity are recommended for conserving the S. salar population in a nutrient-poor river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sum Yi Lai
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Hafnarfjördur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Jón S Ólafsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Hafnarfjördur, Iceland
| | - Hlynur Bárðarson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Hafnarfjördur, Iceland
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2
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Lubin FR, Réalis-Doyelle E, Espinat L, Guillard J, Raffard A. Heat shocks during egg incubation led to developmental, morphological, and behavioral differences in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1202-1212. [PMID: 38263640 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Temperature variation is affecting fish biodiversity worldwide, causing changes in geographic distribution, phenotypic structure, and even species extinction. Incubation is a critical stage for stenothermic species, which are vulnerable to large temperature fluctuations, and its effects on the phenotype at later developmental stages are understudied, despite the fact that the phenotype being essential for organism ecology and evolution. In this study, we tested the effects of heat shocks during the embryonic period on the phenotype of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). We repeatedly quantified multiple phenotypic traits, including morphology, development, and behavior, over a period of 4 months, from hatching to juvenile stage in individuals that had experienced heat shocks (+ 5°C on 24 h, seven times) during their embryonic stage and those that had not. We found that heat shocks led to smaller body size at hatching and a lower sociability. Interestingly, these effects weakened throughout the development of individuals and even reversed in the case of body size. We also found an accelerated growth rate and a higher body condition in the presence of heat shocks. Our study provides evidence that heat shocks experienced during incubation can have long-lasting effects on an individual's phenotype. This highlights the importance of the incubation phase for the development of ectothermic organisms and suggests that temperature fluctuations may have significant ecological and evolutionary implications for Arctic charr. Given the predicted increase in extreme events and the unpredictability of temperature fluctuations, it is critical to further investigate their effects on development by examining fluctuations that vary in frequency and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Raphaël Lubin
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
- Pole ECLA (OFB, INRAE, USMB), Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | | | - Laurent Espinat
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Jean Guillard
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Allan Raffard
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
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3
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Rinaldo A, de Eyto E, Reed T, Gjelland KØ, McGinnity P. Global warming is projected to lead to increased freshwater growth potential and changes in pace of life in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:647-661. [PMID: 37907447 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has been implicated in widespread demographic changes in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations, but projections of life-history responses to future climate change are lacking. Here, we first exploit multiple decades of climate and biological data from the Burrishoole catchment in the west of Ireland to model statistical relationships between atmospheric variables, water temperature, and freshwater growth of juvenile Atlantic salmon. We then use this information to project potential changes in juvenile growth and life-history scheduling under three shared socioeconomic pathway and representative concentration pathway scenarios from 1961 to 2100, based on an ensemble of five climate models. Historical water temperatures were well predicted with a recurrent neural network, using observation-based atmospheric forcing data. Length-at-age was in turn also well predicted by cumulative growing degree days calculated from these water temperatures. Most juveniles in the Burrishoole population migrated to sea as 2-year-old smolts, but our future projections indicate that the system should start producing a greater proportion of 1-year-old smolts, as increasingly more juveniles cross a size-based threshold in their first summer for smoltification the following spring. Those failing to cross the size-based threshold will instead become 2-year-old smolts, but at a larger length relative to 2-year-old smolts observed currently, owing to greater overall freshwater growth opportunity. These changes in age- and size-at-seaward migration could have cascading effects on age- and size-at-maturity and reproductive output. Consequently, the seemingly small changes that our results demonstrate have the potential to cause significant shifts in population dynamics over the full life cycle. This workflow is highly applicable across the range of the Atlantic salmon, as well as to other anadromous species, as it uses openly accessible climate data and a length-at-age model with minimal input requirements, fostering improved general understanding of phenotypic and demographic responses to climate change and management implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Rinaldo
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Fisheries Ecosystems Advisory Services, Marine Institute, Newport, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elvira de Eyto
- Fisheries Ecosystems Advisory Services, Marine Institute, Newport, Ireland
| | - Thomas Reed
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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4
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Andrew S, Swart S, McKenna S, Morissette J, Gillis CA, Linnansaari T, Currie S, Morash AJ. The impacts of diel thermal variability on growth, development and performance of wild Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) from two thermally distinct rivers. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae007. [PMID: 38487731 PMCID: PMC10939361 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Temperature in many natural aquatic environments follows a diel cycle, but to date, we know little on how diel thermal cycles affect fish biology. The current study investigates the growth, development and physiological performance of wild Atlantic salmon collected from the Miramichi and Restigouche rivers (NB, Canada). Fish were collected as parr and acclimated to either 16-21 or 19-24°C diel thermal cycles throughout the parr and smolt life stages. Both Miramichi and Restigouche Atlantic salmon parr grew at similar rates during 16-21 or 19-24°C acclimations. However, as smolts, the growth rates of the Miramichi (-8% body mass day-1) and Restigouche (-38% body mass day-1) fish were significantly slower at 19-24°C, and were in fact negative, indicating loss of mass in this group. Acclimation to 19-24°C also increased Atlantic salmon CTmax. Our findings suggest that both life stage and river origin impact Atlantic salmon growth and performance in the thermal range used herein. These findings provide evidence for local adaptation of Atlantic salmon, increased vulnerability to warming temperatures, and highlight the differential impacts of these ecologically relevant diel thermal cycles on the juvenile life stages in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Andrew
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 62 York St., Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Sula Swart
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 62 York St., Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Stephanie McKenna
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 62 York St., Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Jenna Morissette
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 62 York St., Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Carole-Anne Gillis
- Gespe’gewa’gi Institute of Natural Understanding, 1 Marshall Way, Listuguj, QC, G0C 2R0, Canada
| | - Tommi Linnansaari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, and Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Suzanne Currie
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Avenue, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Andrea J Morash
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 62 York St., Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
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5
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Ouellet-Proulx S, Daigle A, St-Hilaire A, Gillis CA, Linnansaari T, Dauphin G, Bergeron NÉ. A potential growth thermal index for estimating juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) size-at-age across geographical scales. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:1488-1500. [PMID: 37646305 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a potential growth thermal index (PGTI) and assess its correlation with juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar fork length data collected near the end of the growth season in a range of latitudinal locations and geographic scales (watershed, regional, continental) across the American north-east. The PGTI is based on two components: a water temperature-dependent growth curve and a water temperature time series continuously describing the thermal environment preceding fish sampling. Testing various shapes and characteristics of the temperature-growth curve against fish length data revealed strong positive correlations for all combinations. PGTI warming, calculated only from the beginning of the growth season until maximum summer temperature is reached, consistently performed well in explaining fish size-at-age across the latitudinal gradient and the three geographic scales that were considered. Varying thermal contrasts created by repeat subsampling of the dataset showed that fish length is better explained by the level of thermal contrast within the dataset than the geographical scale of analysis. A simple generalized linear model using a log link function with PGTI warming, fish density and water discharge as predictors explained 87% of the variance of size-at-age of 0+ and 1+ juvenile Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Ouellet-Proulx
- Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Direction de la gestion intégrée de l'eau, Ministère de l'environnement et de la lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Anik Daigle
- Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- CÉGEP Garneau, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - André St-Hilaire
- Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Carole-Anne Gillis
- Gespe'gewa'gi Institute of Natural Understanding (GINU), Listuguj, Québec, Canada
| | - Tommi Linnansaari
- Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New-Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Guillaume Dauphin
- Diadromous Fish Section, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Normand Émile Bergeron
- Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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6
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O'Gorman EJ, Zhao L, Kordas RL, Dudgeon S, Woodward G. Warming indirectly simplifies food webs through effects on apex predators. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1983-1992. [PMID: 37798434 PMCID: PMC10697836 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Warming alters ecosystems through direct physiological effects on organisms and indirect effects via biotic interactions, but their relative impacts in the wild are unknown due to the difficulty in warming natural environments. Here we bridge this gap by embedding manipulative field experiments within a natural stream temperature gradient to test whether warming and apex fish predators have interactive effects on freshwater ecosystems. Fish exerted cascading effects on algal production and microbial decomposition via both green and brown pathways in the food web, but only under warming. Neither temperature nor the presence of fish altered food web structure alone, but connectance and mean trophic level declined as consumer species were lost when both drivers acted together. A mechanistic model indicates that this temperature-induced trophic cascade is determined primarily by altered interactions, which cautions against extrapolating the impacts of warming from reductionist approaches that do not consider the wider food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin J O'Gorman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Rebecca L Kordas
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, UK
| | - Steve Dudgeon
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Guy Woodward
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, UK.
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7
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Zhang L, Zhang YY, Ma LX, Dong YW. Evaluation of species thermal sensitivity with individual-based physiological performance. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 192:106212. [PMID: 37812948 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Ignoring intraspecific variations can prevent us from accurately assessing species' thermal sensitivity to global warming. Individual-based physiological performance provides a feasible solution to depict species' thermal sensitivity using a bottom-up approach. We measured the cardiac performance of intertidal bivalves (1159 individuals from multiple populations of six bivalves), determined the upper thermal limit of each individual, calculated the proportions of individuals suffering sublethal/lethal heat stress, and mapped sensitive regions to high temperatures. Results showed that high inter-individual variations of physiological performance existed in levels of populations and species, and species' thermal sensitivity was positively related to the intraspecific variations of heat tolerance. This bottom-up approach scaled up from individual, population to species emphasizes the importance of individual-based physiology performance in assessing thermal sensitivity across different hierarchical levels and enables better evaluating and forecasting of species responses to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Ministry Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Ministry Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Lin-Xuan Ma
- Ministry Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Yun-Wei Dong
- Ministry Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266001, China.
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8
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Kotowych N, Smalås A, Amundsen PA, Primicerio R. Climate warming accelerates somatic growth of an Arctic fish species in high-latitude lakes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16749. [PMID: 37798382 PMCID: PMC10556027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-latitude aquatic ecosystems are responding to rapid climate warming. A longer ice-free season with higher water temperatures may accelerate somatic growth in lake ectotherms, leading to widespread ecological implications. In fish, rising temperatures are expected to boost rates of food intake and conversion, and predictions based on empirical relationships between temperature and growth suggest a substantial increase in fish growth rates during the last decades. Fish abundance negatively affects growth by limiting food availability. This field study addresses the effects of climate warming on growth of a subarctic population of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.) over nearly 40 years. Juvenile growth of 680 individuals of Arctic charr, was reconstructed by sclerochronological analysis using sagittal otoliths sampled annually from the early 1980s to 2016. Statistical modelling revealed a positive effect of water temperature, and a negative effect of abundance on somatic growth in juvenile individuals. Temperature dependence in growth was significant for average and fast-growing individuals across all investigated age classes. These findings suggest that, as temperatures rise, somatic growth of Arctic charr will increase in high latitude lakes. Climate warming will thus influence cold water fish life history and size-structured interactions, with important consequences for their populations and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kotowych
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aslak Smalås
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Per-Arne Amundsen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Raul Primicerio
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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9
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Sancho Santos ME, Horký P, Grabicová K, Steinbach C, Hubená P, Šálková E, Slavík O, Grabic R, Randák T. From metabolism to behaviour - Multilevel effects of environmental methamphetamine concentrations on fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163167. [PMID: 37003339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a concerning drug of abuse that produces strong psychostimulant effects. The use of this substance, along with the insufficient removal in the sewage treatment plants, leads to its occurrence in the environment at low concentrations. In this study, brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) were exposed to 1 μg/L of METH as environmental relevant concentration for 28 days in order to elucidate the complex effects resulting from the drug, including behaviour, energetics, brain and gonad histology, brain metabolomics, and their relations. Trout exposed to METH displayed lowered activity as well as metabolic rate (MR), an altered morphology of brain and gonads as well as changes in brain metabolome when compared to controls. Increased activity and MR were correlated to an increased incidence of histopathology in gonads (females - vascular fluid and gonad staging; males - apoptotic spermatozoa and peritubular cells) in exposed trout compared to controls. Higher amounts of melatonin in brain were detected in exposed fish compared to controls. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression in locus coeruleus was related to the MR in exposed fish, but not in the control. Brain metabolomics indicated significant differences in 115 brain signals between control and METH exposed individuals, described by the coordinates within the principal component analyses (PCA) axes. These coordinates were subsequently used as indicators of a direct link between brain metabolomics, physiology, and behaviour - as activity and MR varied according to their values. Exposed fish showed an increased MR correlated with the metabolite position in PC1 axes, whereas the control had proportionately lower MR and PC1 coordinates. Our findings emphasize the possible complex disturbances in aquatic fauna on multiple interconnected levels (metabolism, physiology, behaviour) as a result of the presence of METH in aquatic environments. Thus, these outcomes can be useful in the development of AOP's (Adverse Outcome Pathways).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Sancho Santos
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Horký
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Christoph Steinbach
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Hubená
- Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Šálková
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Slavík
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Randák
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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10
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Bjørnås KL, Railsback S, Piccolo J. Modifying and parameterizing the individual-based model inSTREAM for Atlantic salmon and brown trout in the regulated Gullspång River, Sweden. MethodsX 2023; 10:102243. [PMID: 37424766 PMCID: PMC10326503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We modified, parameterized, and applied the individual-based model inSTREAM version 6.1 for lake-migrating populations of landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) in a residual flow stretch of the hydropower-regulated Gullspång River, Sweden. This model description is structured according to the TRACE model description framework. Our aim was to model responses in salmonid recruitment to alternative scenarios of flow release and other environmental alterations. The main response variable was the number of large out-migrating juvenile fish per year, with the assumption that individuals are more inclined to out-migrate the larger they get, and that migration is an obligatory strategy. Population and species-specific parameters were set based on local electrofishing surveys, redd surveys, physical habitat surveys, broodstock data as well as scientific literature.•Simulations were set to run over 10 years, with sub-daily time steps, in this spatially and temporally explicit model.•Model calibration and validation of fish growth was done using data on juvenile fish from electrofishing.•The results were found to be sensitive to parameter values for aggregated fish, i.e., "superindividuals" and for the high temperature limit to spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Lund Bjørnås
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, River Ecology and Management Research Group (RivEM), Karlstad University, Sweden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Steven Railsback
- Department of Mathematics, Cal Poly Humboldt and Lang, Railsback and Associates, California, USA
| | - John Piccolo
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, River Ecology and Management Research Group (RivEM), Karlstad University, Sweden
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11
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Grenier G, Rochat EC, Muladal R, Jensen H, Knudsen R. Salmon-lice as a potential threat to anadromous Arctic charr populations. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:465-475. [PMID: 36696463 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Salmon-lice have the potential to change the behaviour and growth of their salmonid host species. Here, the baseline infection levels of salmon-lice of post-smolts (n = 815) and veteran migrants (n = 875) of sea-run Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus Linnaeus, 1758) were monitored over two successive years in a sub-Arctic Norwegian fjord without farming of salmonids. All Arctic charr were collected after the sea-migration period from a trap placed in the river, ascending to their overwintering freshwater habitat (Lake Laksvatn). The sea-lice infection showed a stable infection across the 2 years while increasing through the migration period and with the size of the wild sea-run Arctic charr. The prevalence of sea-lice infection was intermediate to high, and the intensities of sea-lice infections observed were generally modest, although some individuals had high infections. The relatively high infection of salmon-lice highlights the potential detrimental effects these parasites can have at both the individual and population level of such endangered sub-Arctic life-history strategies. A comparative study should be performed in fjords with aquaculture activity as focal points for salmon-lice, to investigate the impact farming have on sea-run Arctic charr populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Grenier
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eloïse C Rochat
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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12
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Histological and transcriptomic analysis of muscular atrophy associated with depleted flesh pigmentation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to elevated seawater temperatures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4218. [PMID: 36918611 PMCID: PMC10015013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tasmania is experiencing increasing seawater temperatures during the summer period which often leads to thermal stress-induced starvation events in farmed Atlantic salmon, with consequent flesh pigment depletion. Our previous transcriptomic studies found a link between flesh pigmentation and the expression of genes regulating lipid metabolism accompanied by feeding behavior in the hindgut. However, the impact of prolonged exposure to elevated water temperature on muscle structural integrity and molecular mechanisms in muscle underlying pigment variation has not been elucidated to date. In this study, we investigated the effect of prolonged exposure to elevated water temperature on the farmed salmon flesh pigmentation and structural integrity, using muscle histological and transcriptomic analysis. On April 2019, after the end of the summer, two muscle regions of the fish fillet, front dorsal and back central (usually the most and least affected by depletion, respectively), were sampled from fifteen fish (weighing approximately 2 kg and belonging to the same commercial population split in two cages). The fish represented three flesh color intensity groups (n = 5 fish per group) categorized according to general level of pigmentation and presence of banding (i.e. difference in color between the two regions of interest) as follows: high red color-no banding (HN), high red color-banded (HB) and Pale fish. Histological analysis showed a distinction between the flesh color intensity phenotypes in both muscle regions. Muscle fibers in the HB fish were partly degraded, while they were atrophied and smaller in size in Pale fish compared to HN fish. In the Pale fish, interstitial spaces between muscle fibers were also enlarged. Transcriptomic analysis showed that in the front dorsal region of the HN fish, genes encoding collagens, calcium ion binding and metabolic processes were upregulated while genes related to lipid and fatty acid metabolism were downregulated when compared to HB fish. When comparing the back central region of the three phenotypes, actin alpha skeletal muscle and myosin genes were upregulated in the HN and HB fish, while tropomyosin genes were upregulated in the Pale fish. Also, genes encoding heat shock proteins were upregulated in the HN fish, while genes involving lipid metabolism and proteolysis were upregulated in the Pale fish. Starvation, likely caused by thermal stress during prolonged periods of elevated summer water temperatures, negatively affects energy metabolism to different extents, leading to localized or almost complete flesh color depletion in farmed Atlantic salmon. Based on our results, we conclude that thermal stress is responsible not only for flesh discoloration but also for loss of muscle integrity, which likely plays a key role in pigment depletion.
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Vo TTM, Tran TD, Amoroso G, Ventura T, Elizur A. Analysis of carotenoids and fatty acid compositions in Atlantic salmon exposed to elevated temperatures and displaying flesh color loss. Food Chem 2023; 417:135867. [PMID: 36934706 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Tasmanian-farmed Atlantic salmon populations exhibit starvation followed by a reduced growth rate alongside reduced flesh pigmentation in response to elevated summer temperatures, which at times can exceed their optimum threshold. Here we investigated fatty acids and carotenoids of Atlantic salmon displaying three different flesh color phenotypes, using metabolomic and chemical analyses of lipids and pigments in six key tissues. Astaxanthin is mainly responsible for flesh pigmentation, while canthaxanthin is associated with carotenoid catabolism in the liver, as our findings indicate. Reduced flesh pigmentation correlated with lower levels of carotenoids across all tested tissues and clear evidence of a correlation between carotenoid and fatty acid levels in all detected fatty acid classes was observed. The reduced growth performance and flesh pigmentation are most likely due to the impact of varying levels of starvation on fatty acids and carotenoid profiles supporting the link between carotenoids and fatty acid metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thi Minh Vo
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia; School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.
| | - Trong Duc Tran
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia; School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.
| | - Gianluca Amoroso
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia; School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.
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Åsheim ER, Debes PV, House A, Liljeström P, Niemelä PT, Siren JP, Erkinaro J, Primmer CR. Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) age at maturity is strongly affected by temperature, population and age-at-maturity genotype. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coac086. [PMID: 36726866 PMCID: PMC9871436 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Age at maturity is a key life history trait involving a trade-off between survival risk and reproductive investment, and is an important factor for population structures. In ectotherms, a warming environment may have a dramatic influence on development and life history, but this influence may differ between populations. While an increasing number of studies have examined population-dependent reactions with temperature, few have investigated this in the context of maturation timing. Atlantic salmon, a species of high conservation relevance, is a good study species for this topic as it displays considerable variation in age at maturity, of which a large proportion has been associated with a genomic region including the strong candidate gene vgll3. Until now, the effect of this gene in the context of different environments and populations has not been studied. Using a large-scale common-garden experiment, we find strong effects of temperature, population-of-origin, and vgll3 genotype on maturation in 2-year-old male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). With a temperature difference of 1.8°C, maturation probability was 4.8 times higher in the warm treatment than the cold treatment. This temperature effect was population-specific and was higher in the southern (60.48°N) compared to the northern (65.01°N) population. The early maturation vgll3*E allele was associated with a significantly higher maturation probability, but there was no vgll3 interaction with temperature or population. Both body condition and body mass associated with maturation. The body mass association was only present in the warm treatment. Our findings demonstrate that (i) populations can vary in their response to temperature change in terms of age at maturity, (ii) high intrinsic growth could be associated with higher thermal sensitivity for life history variation and (iii) vgll3 effects on age at maturity might be similar between populations and different thermal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik R Åsheim
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Lammi Biological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 16900 Lammi, Finland
| | - Paul V Debes
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Sauðárkrókur 550, Iceland
| | - Andrew House
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Lammi Biological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 16900 Lammi, Finland
| | - Petra Liljeström
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Lammi Biological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 16900 Lammi, Finland
| | - Petri T Niemelä
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka P Siren
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jaakko Erkinaro
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Craig R Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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15
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O’Sullivan AM, Corey EM, Collet EN, Helminen J, Curry RA, MacIntyre C, Linnansaari T. Timing and frequency of high temperature events bend the onset of behavioural thermoregulation in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coac079. [PMID: 36685329 PMCID: PMC9845963 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The role of temperature on biological activities and the correspondent exponential relationship with temperature has been known for over a century. However, lacking to date is knowledge relating to (a) the recovery of ectotherms subjected to extreme temperatures in the wild, and (b) the effects repeated extreme temperatures have on the temperatures that induce behavioural thermoregulation (aggregations). We examined these questions by testing the hypothesis that thermal thresholds which initiate aggregations in juvenile Atlantic salmon (AS) (Salmo salar) are not static, but are temporally dynamic across a summer and follow a hysteresis loop. To test our hypothesis, we deployed custom-made underwater camera (UWC) systems in known AS thermal refuges to observe the timing of aggregation events in a natural system and used these data to develop and test models that predict the temperatures that induce thermal aggregations. Consistent with our hypothesis our UWC observations revealed a range of aggregation onset temperatures (AOT) ranging from 24.2°C to 27.1°C, thus confirming our hypothesis that AOTs are dynamic across summer. Our models suggest it take ~ 11 days of non-thermally taxing temperatures for the AOT to rebound in the study river. Conversely, we found that as the frequency of events increased, the AOT declined, from 27.1°C to 24.2°C. Integrating both model components led to more robust model performance. Further, when these models were tested against an independent data set from the same river, the results remained robust. Our findings illustrate the complexity underlying behavioural thermoregulation in AS-a complexity that most likely extends to other salmonids. The frequency of extreme heat events is predicted to increase, and this has the capacity to decrease AOT thresholds in AS, ultimately reducing their resilience to extreme temperature events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antóin M O’Sullivan
- Corresponding author: FOREM, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Fredericton, New Brunswick, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Emily M Corey
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
- Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | - Elise N Collet
- FOREM, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Fredericton, New Brunswick, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Jani Helminen
- Natural Resources InstituteFinland, Helsinki, Uusimaa, 00790, Finland
| | - R Allen Curry
- FOREM, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Fredericton, New Brunswick, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
- Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | - Chris MacIntyre
- FOREM, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Fredericton, New Brunswick, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Tommi Linnansaari
- FOREM, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Fredericton, New Brunswick, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
- Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
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16
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Tvete IF, Aldrin M, Jensen BB. Towards better survival: Modeling drivers for daily mortality in Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming. Prev Vet Med 2023; 210:105798. [PMID: 36402048 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mortality in the production of farmed salmonids is a major constraint to the sustainability of this form of animal husbandry. We have developed a model for the daily mortality in salmon farming over a full production cycle from stocking to harvest, considering different environmental and production factors. These factors included sea temperature, salinity, day within year, fish weight at stocking, stocking day, four types of lice treatments and the possible occurrence of pancreas disease (PD). We considered a generalized additive model following full production cycles, allowing for non-linear descriptions of how relevant factors relate to the daily mortality. We saw a high overall mortality rate immediately after stocking, which decreased the first three months in the cycle and thereafter increased. We found that the total mortality could be reduced by 21% if avoiding all lice treatments, and similarly reduced by 20% if no PD infections occurred. If avoiding jointly PD and all lice treatments, the accumulated mortality could be reduced by 34%. A single thermal or hydrogen peroxide treatment was associated with a mortality of around 1.6% and 1.3%, respectively. This modeling approach gave a unique opportunity to model how different factors interact on the overall global mortality and can easily be extended by other factors, such as additional fish diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Fride Tvete
- The Norwegian Computing Center, Mailbox 114 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Magne Aldrin
- The Norwegian Computing Center, Mailbox 114 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway.
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17
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Gallagher BK, Geargeoura S, Fraser DJ. Effects of climate on salmonid productivity: A global meta-analysis across freshwater ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:7250-7269. [PMID: 36151941 PMCID: PMC9827867 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salmonids are of immense socio-economic importance in much of the world, but are threatened by climate change. This has generated a substantial literature documenting the effects of climate variation on salmonid productivity in freshwater ecosystems, but there has been no global quantitative synthesis across studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to gain quantitative insight into key factors shaping the effects of climate on salmonid productivity, ultimately collecting 1321 correlations from 156 studies, representing 23 species across 24 countries. Fisher's Z was used as the standardized effect size, and a series of weighted mixed-effects models were compared to identify covariates that best explained variation in effects. Patterns in climate effects were complex and were driven by spatial (latitude, elevation), temporal (time-period, age-class), and biological (range, habitat type, anadromy) variation within and among study populations. These trends were often consistent with predictions based on salmonid thermal tolerances. Namely, warming and decreased precipitation tended to reduce productivity when high temperatures challenged upper thermal limits, while opposite patterns were common when cold temperatures limited productivity. Overall, variable climate impacts on salmonids suggest that future declines in some locations may be counterbalanced by gains in others. In particular, we suggest that future warming should (1) increase salmonid productivity at high latitudes and elevations (especially >60° and >1500 m), (2) reduce productivity in populations experiencing hotter and dryer growing season conditions, (3) favor non-native over native salmonids, and (4) impact lentic populations less negatively than lotic ones. These patterns should help conservation and management organizations identify populations most vulnerable to climate change, which can then be prioritized for protective measures. Our framework enables broad inferences about future productivity that can inform decision-making under climate change for salmonids and other taxa, but more widespread, standardized, and hypothesis-driven research is needed to expand current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Geargeoura
- Department of BiologyConcordia UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Present address:
Environment and Climate Change CanadaGatineauQuebecCanada
| | - Dylan J. Fraser
- Department of BiologyConcordia UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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18
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Furnesvik L, Erkinharju T, Hansen M, Yousaf MN, Seternes T. Evaluation of histological post-mortem changes in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) at different time intervals and storage temperatures. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1571-1580. [PMID: 35766119 PMCID: PMC9544505 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate histologic post-mortem autolytic changes in farmed Atlantic salmon. The fish were either stored at room temperature (RT, 21°C), refrigerated (4°C) or frozen (-20°C), while fish necropsy was performed at 0, 1, 4, 24 and 48 h post-storage (hps). In addition, gills were sampled at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 45 min post-storage (mps) at room temperature (RT). The haematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue slides were evaluated and scored by using a semi-quantitative scoring system. Our findings demonstrated gills and pyloric caeca/pancreas as the most severely autolysed organs while heart and skeletal musculature were least affected. Generally, moderate to severe autolysis appeared first at 4 hps, while severe changes were seen at 24 hps. Gills demonstrated autolytic changes as early as 10 mps and pyloric caeca/pancreas at 1 hps. Freezing did not prevent the autolysis and even contributed to freezing artefacts, which may lead to misdiagnosis. Keeping organs refrigerated slowed the autolytic progress within the first 4 hps marginally. This study recommends gills and pyloric caeca/pancreas should be sampled as early as possible, at least within 10 min post-necropsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tore Seternes
- Norwegian College of Fishery ScienceUiT – The arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
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19
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Yu SE, Dong SL, Zhang ZX, Zhang YY, Sarà G, Wang J, Dong YW. Mapping the potential for offshore aquaculture of salmonids in the Yellow Sea. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:329-342. [PMID: 37073171 PMCID: PMC10077287 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mariculture has been one of the fastest-growing global food production sectors over the past three decades. With the congestion of space and deterioration of the environment in coastal regions, offshore aquaculture has gained increasing attention. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are two important aquaculture species and contribute to 6.1% of world aquaculture production of finfish. In the present study, we established species distribution models (SDMs) to identify the potential areas for offshore aquaculture of these two cold-water fish species considering the mesoscale spatio-temporal thermal heterogeneity of the Yellow Sea. The values of the area under the curve (AUC) and the true skill statistic (TSS) showed good model performance. The suitability index (SI), which was used in this study to quantitatively assess potential offshore aquaculture sites, was highly dynamic at the surface water layer. However, high SI values occurred throughout the year at deeper water layers. The potential aquaculture areas for S. salar and O. mykiss in the Yellow Sea were estimated as 52,270 ± 3275 (95% confidence interval, CI) and 146,831 ± 15,023 km2, respectively. Our results highlighted the use of SDMs in identifying potential aquaculture areas based on environmental variables. Considering the thermal heterogeneity of the environment, this study suggested that offshore aquaculture for Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout was feasible in the Yellow Sea by adopting new technologies (e.g., sinking cages into deep water) to avoid damage from high temperatures in summer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00141-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-En Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture of Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Shuang-Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture of Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266235 China
| | - Zhi-Xin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture of Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Gianluca Sarà
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture of Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yun-Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture of Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266235 China
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20
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National-Scale Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Two Native Freshwater Fish Using a Habitat Suitability Model. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14111825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change, which has the potential to alter water flow and temperature in aquatic environments, can influence the freshwater fish habitat. This study used an ecological habitat suitability model (EHSM), which integrates hydraulic (water depth and velocity) and physiologic (water temperature) suitability, to investigate the impact of climate change on two native freshwater fish species (Zacco platypus and Nipponocypris koreanus) in South Korea. The model predicted that in 2080 (2076–2085), the decrease in average ecological habitat suitability (EHS) will be higher for N. koreanus (19.2%) than for Z. platypus (9.87%) under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. Under the same condition, EHS for Z. platypus and N. koreanus at 36.5% and 44.4% of 115 sites, respectively, were expected to degrade significantly (p < 0.05). However, the habitat degradation for Z. platypus and N. koreanus was much lower (7.8% and 10.4%, respectively) under the RCP 4.5 scenario, suggesting a preventive measure for carbon dioxide emission. Partial correlation analysis indicated that the number of hot days (i.e., days on which the temperature exceeds the heat stress threshold) is the variable most significantly (p < 0.05) related to EHS changes for both species. This study suggests that the EHSM incorporating the effect of water temperature on the growth and heat stress of fish can be a promising model for the assessment of climate change impacts on habitat suitability for freshwater fish.
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21
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Abidi O, St-Hilaire A, Ouarda TB, Charron C, Boyer C, Daigle A. Regional thermal analysis approach: A management tool for predicting water temperature metrics relevant for thermal fish habitat. ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Smith R, Hitkolok E, Loewen T, Dumond A, Kristensen K, Swanson H. Overwintering ecology and movement of anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in a large, ice-covered river in the Canadian Arctic. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:1432-1446. [PMID: 35362094 PMCID: PMC9320965 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) is a facultatively anadromous fish species that is critically important to many Inuit communities in the Canadian Arctic. Plasticity in life history has allowed the species to persist in a diversity of challenging Holarctic environments. Despite their ecological and cultural importance and their presence in aquatic ecosystems that are ice-covered for much of the year, few under-ice studies of Arctic char have been conducted. Most winter studies of adult Arctic char have focused on lakes, where they typically overwinter. Several populations of Arctic char, however, overwinter in large river systems, and subsistence fishers have reported that Arctic char overwinter in the lower reaches of the Coppermine River. The Coppermine River is a large Arctic river that flows into Coronation Gulf near Kugluktuk, Nunavut, Canada. The authors used acoustic telemetry to investigate the overwintering ecology of Arctic char in the region. Consistent with local knowledge, they detected Arctic char overwintering within the fluvial environment of the Coppermine River from 2018 to 2020. Unlike other fluvial environments known to be used by overwintering Arctic char, the lower reaches of the Coppermine River are completely ice-covered throughout the winter, are of moderate depths (3.8-14.1 m) and have no known groundwater inputs. Acoustic telemetry observations indicated long-distance movement (7-8 km) within the river in early winter (October) in response to dynamic ice formation. Under-ice movement generally declined 2 weeks after river freeze-up but continued throughout winter in the lower 5 km of the river, where there were fewer under-ice disturbances. Migration into the marine environment before river ice break-up (June), as well as winter (November-May) movements into and within the marine environment, was unexpectedly observed for some fish. Under-ice use of the marine environment is unusual for Arctic char at the distances observed (up to 18 km) and has not previously been documented at the temperatures (fish body temperatures from -0.76 to 1.90°C) observed. Results allow further understanding of the diverse life-history tactics employed by Arctic char and lay a foundation for future research into fluvial and other diverse overwintering tactics employed by the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Smith
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Eric Hitkolok
- Kugluktuk Hunters and Trappers OrganizationKugluktukNunavutCanada
| | - Tracey Loewen
- Arctic Stock AssessmentFisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater InstituteWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Amanda Dumond
- Kugluktuk Hunters and Trappers OrganizationKugluktukNunavutCanada
| | | | - Heidi Swanson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
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Saklaurs M, Dubra S, Liepa L, Jansone D, Jansons Ā. Vegetation Affecting Water Quality in Small Streams: Case Study in Hemiboreal Forests, Latvia. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101316. [PMID: 35631741 PMCID: PMC9142884 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Riparian forests are important ecosystems located along the margins of freshwaters. Riparian zones provide many ecosystem services, such as nutrient modification, erosion and temperature control, leading to improvements in water quality in adjacent water ecosystems. In many areas, riparian forest management is restricted to improve adjacent water quality. The potential influence of forest management on water quality of small streams was assessed by analysing species composition and structural diversity in riparian forests. We collected data in riparian forests along 15 streams in the eastern Baltics (Latvia) with different water quality classes. We used detrended correspondence analysis and indicator species’ analysis to determine relationships between woody plants and understory vegetation. We also used ADONIS and ANOSIM analysis to determine possible factors that affect species composition. Our results suggested that water quality is affected by ground vegetation, which in turn was altered by stand density and total yield. Site-specific decision making in management is required in riparian forests to ensure the required conditions in the streams, because species composition differs between sites, dominant tree species and stand parameters (density, total yield, stand age). Introduction of Betula pubescens Ehrh. in coniferous stands is favourable to ensure litter fall quality and provide shade for streams during summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mārcis Saklaurs
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia; (M.S.); (D.J.); (Ā.J.)
| | - Stefānija Dubra
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia; (M.S.); (D.J.); (Ā.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Līga Liepa
- Forestry Faculty, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Liela 2, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia;
| | - Diāna Jansone
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia; (M.S.); (D.J.); (Ā.J.)
| | - Āris Jansons
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia; (M.S.); (D.J.); (Ā.J.)
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Acute critical thermal maximum does not predict chronic incremental thermal maximum in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 266:111143. [PMID: 34995773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon is an important aquaculture species farmed in ocean net-pens and therefore subjected to changing environmental conditions, including rising temperatures. This creates a need for research on the thermal tolerance of this species for the future of sustainable aquaculture. We investigated the thermal tolerance of individually tagged Atlantic salmon post-smolts subjected sequentially to two common high-temperature challenges: critical thermal maximum (CTmax) followed by incremental thermal maximum (ITmax). Our goals were (1) to determine whether CTmax can predict ITmax for individual fish, and (2) to examine connections between various body size (mass, length, condition factor), cardiac (absolute and relative ventricle mass) and blood (hematocrit) metrics and thermal tolerance. We found no relationship between CTmax and ITmax. This is of concern because CTmax, which is a quick and easy test, is often used to predict upper lethal limits in fish despite not using real-world rates of temperature increase and not using death as the experimental endpoint (unlike ITmax). Also, some metrics which correlated in one direction with CTmax had the opposite correlation with ITmax. For instance, smaller fish or fish with smaller ventricles had a higher CTmax but a lower ITmax than larger fish or fish with larger ventricles. Taken together, these results highlight the need to take care when using acute thermal tolerance tests to predict real-world responses to rising temperatures.
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Potential for Coastal and Offshore Aquaculture in Portugal: Insights from Physico-Chemical and Oceanographic Conditions. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Physico-chemical and biological parameters along the Portuguese coast were analyzed to evaluate the potential to produce aquatic species of economic interest. Water samples were collected in 2018 and 2019 in five different areas of the Portuguese coast. Currents data were collected between 2018 and 2020 and historical waves height data from 1988 to 2019. According to the results, there is a wide variety of species that can be considered for production. The northernmost area presented the lowest temperature, as well as the highest levels of chlorophyll a, and nitrate. Under such conditions, the rearing of salmon Salmo salar, mussel Mytilus edulis, scallop Pecten maximus, macroalgae Porphyra umbilicalis, and Undaria pinnatifida can be considered. Regarding the southernmost area, due to the highest temperature, this area seems appropriate for the production of meager Argyrosomus regius, sea bream Sparus aurata, sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, and greater amberjack Seriola dumerili. This study highlights the challenges in deploying aquaculture structures on the Atlantic coast due to its oceanographic conditions. Site selection for aquaculture is a complex process and pilot studies are essential to analyze the feasibility of developing offshore aquaculture along the coast of Portugal.
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26
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Vollset KW, Urdal K, Utne K, Thorstad EB, Sægrov H, Raunsgard A, Skagseth Ø, Lennox RJ, Østborg GM, Ugedal O, Jensen AJ, Bolstad GH, Fiske P. Ecological regime shift in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean revealed from the unprecedented reduction in marine growth of Atlantic salmon. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk2542. [PMID: 35245115 PMCID: PMC8896796 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ecological regime shifts are abrupt changes in the structure and function of ecosystems that persist over time, but evidence of contemporary regime shifts are rare. Historical scale data from 52,384 individual wild Atlantic salmon caught in 180 rivers from 1989 to 2017 reveal that growth of Atlantic salmon across the Northeast Atlantic Ocean abruptly decreased following the year 2004. At the same time, the proportion of early maturing Atlantic salmon decreased. These changes occurred after a marked decrease in the extent of Arctic water in the Norwegian Sea, a subsequent warming of spring water temperature before Atlantic salmon entering the sea, and an approximately 50% reduction of zooplankton across large geographic areas of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. A sudden decrease in growth was also observed among Atlantic mackerel in the Norwegian Sea. Our results point toward an ecosystem-scale regime shift in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Wiik Vollset
- Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Urdal
- Rådgivende Biologer AS, 5059 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell Utne
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Eva B. Thorstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Astrid Raunsgard
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Robert J. Lennox
- Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 5008 Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gunnel M. Østborg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ola Ugedal
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne J. Jensen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir H. Bolstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peder Fiske
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 7485 Trondheim, Norway
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27
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Regulation of collagen deposition in the trout heart during thermal acclimation. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:99-108. [PMID: 35243359 PMCID: PMC8857596 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The passive mechanical properties of the vertebrate heart are controlled in part by the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Changes in the ECM, caused by increased blood pressure, injury or disease can affect the capacity of the heart to fill with blood during diastole. In mammalian species, cardiac fibrosis caused by an increase in collagen in the ECM, leads to a loss of heart function and these changes in composition are considered to be permanent. Recent work has demonstrated that the cardiac ventricle of some fish species have the capacity to both increase and decrease collagen content in response to thermal acclimation. It is thought that these changes in collagen content help maintain ventricle function over seasonal changes in environmental temperatures. This current work reviews the cellular mechanisms responsible for regulating collagen deposition in the mammalian heart and proposes a cellular pathway by which a change in temperature can affect the collagen content of the fish ventricle through mechanotransduction. This work specifically focuses on the role of transforming growth factor β1, MAPK signaling pathways, and biomechanical stretch in regulating collagen content in the fish ventricle. It is hoped that this work increases the appreciation of the use of comparative models to gain insight into phenomenon with biomedical relevance.
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28
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Foddai M, Carter CG, Hilder PE, Gurr H, Ruff N. Combined effects of elevated rearing temperature and dietary energy level on heart morphology and growth performance of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:301-313. [PMID: 34787904 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac abnormalities may pose a threat to salmonid aquaculture due to their potential detrimental effect on fish health and welfare. The teleost heart is an extremely plastic organ with important morphological differences between wild and farmed fish that include ventricular shape, alignment of the bulbus arteriosus and epicardial fat deposition. However, little is known about how different factors and interactions among them may affect cardiac morphology of Atlantic salmon. To determine whether rearing temperature could induce cardiac malformations in large Tasmanian Atlantic salmon, we examined a range of cardiac morphology indicators and growth parameters in a population of 1-2 kg seawater salmon (n = 60 temperature-1 diet-1 ) exposed to control and elevated temperatures of 15 and 19°C, respectively, while fed one of two commercial feeds with different dietary energy levels. Most fish possessed conspicuous fat around the heart with a tendency towards a rounded ventricle and a more obtuse angle of the bulbus arteriosus. However, fish showed no significant differences in heart shape and bulbus alignment in relation to water temperature and dietary energy. These results suggest that cardiac morphology of large Atlantic salmon is unlikely to be affected by rearing temperature and dietary energy during the grow-out phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Foddai
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Chris G Carter
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Pollyanna E Hilder
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Harley Gurr
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nicole Ruff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia
- Skretting Australia, Cambridge, Tasmania, Australia
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29
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A Physical and Behavioral Barrier for Enhancing Fish Downstream Migration at Hydropower Dams: The Flexible FishProtector. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fish protection at hydropower plants is important for the sustainability of hosting ecosystems and the acceptance of hydropower. On their way downstream, fish are exposed to hydropower plants and various related negative effects, ranging from a delay in downstream movement to being injured or killed by a turbine. Understanding the behavior of fish in close proximity to protection devices is essential in order to establish efficient fish protection facilities. In this study, physical (horizontal steel cables) and behavioral barriers (electric field) for fish protection were developed (Flexible FishProtector) and their effectiveness was investigated. The behavior of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), grayling (Thymallus thymallus) and chub (Squalius cephalus) at the Flexible FishProtector was analyzed using video evaluation. The experimental setup was a non-scaled section model of a runoff river power plant. The used electric field induced a flight reaction at a corresponding distance to the Flexible FishProtector that significantly increased the protection rate. Furthermore, an increase in guiding efficiency was achieved with the use of a physical as well as a physical and behavioral barrier, supporting safe downstream migration with the narrower cable clearance (30 mm versus 60 mm).
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30
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Ignatz EH, Zanuzzo FS, Sandrelli RM, Clow KA, Rise ML, Gamperl AK. Phenotypic stress response does not influence the upper thermal tolerance of male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Therm Biol 2021; 101:103102. [PMID: 34879919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish can be identified as either low responders (LR) or high responders (HR) based on post-stress cortisol levels and whether they exhibit a proactive or reactive stress coping style, respectively. In this study, male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from 17 families reared at 9 °C were repeatedly exposed to an acute handling stress over a period of four months, with plasma cortisol levels measured at 1 h post-stress. Fish were identified as either LR or HR if the total Z-score calculated from their cortisol responses fell into the lower or upper quartile ranges, respectively; with intermediate responders (IR) classified as the remainder. Salmon characterized as LR, IR or HR were then subjected to an incremental thermal challenge, where temperature was raised at 0.2 °C day-1 from their acclimation temperature (12 °C) to mimic natural sea-cage farming conditions during the summer in Newfoundland. Interestingly, feed intake remained high up to 22 °C, while previous studies have shown a decrease in salmon appetite after ∼16-18 °C. After the first three mortalities were recorded at elevated temperature, a subset of LR and HR salmon were exposed to another acute handling stress event at 23.6 °C. Basal and post-stress measurements of plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate did not differ between stress response phenotypes at this temperature. In the end, the average incremental thermal maximum (ITMax) of LR and HR fish was not different (25.1 °C). In comparison, the critical thermal maximum (CTMax; temperature increased at 2 °C h-1) of the remaining IR fish that had been held at 12 °C was 28.5 °C. Collectively, these results: 1) show that this population of Atlantic salmon is very thermally tolerant, and further question the relevance of CTMax in assessing responses to real-world temperature changes; and 2) indicate that characterization of stress phenotype at 9 °C is not predictive of their stress response or survival at high temperatures. Therefore, selection of fish based on phenotypic stress response at low temperatures may not be beneficial to incorporate into Atlantic salmon breeding programs, especially if the goal is to improve growth performance and survival at high temperatures in sea-cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Ignatz
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Rebeccah M Sandrelli
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Kathy A Clow
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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31
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Negative effects of parasite exposure and variable thermal stress on brown trout (Salmo trutta) under future climatic and hydropower production scenarios. CLIMATE CHANGE ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecochg.2021.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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The effect of temperature on growth performance and aerobic metabolic scope in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.). J Therm Biol 2021; 104:103117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Genetic variation for upper thermal tolerance diminishes within and between populations with increasing acclimation temperature in Atlantic salmon. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 127:455-466. [PMID: 34446857 PMCID: PMC8551234 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations may counteract lasting temperature changes or recurrent extremes through plasticity or adaptation. However, it remains underexplored how outbreeding, either naturally, unintentionally, or facilitated, may modify a local response potential and whether genotype-by-environment interactions or between-trait correlations can restrict this potential. We quantified population differences and outbreeding effects, within-population genetic variation, and plasticity of these, for thermal performance proxy traits using 32 pedigreed wild, domesticated, and wild-domesticated Atlantic salmon families reared under common-garden conditions. Following exposure to ambient cold (11.6 °C) or ~4° and ~8° warmer summer temperatures, populations differed notably for body length and critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and for thermal plasticity of length, condition, and CTmax, but not for haematocrit. Line-cross analysis suggested mostly additive and some dominant outbreeding effects on means and solely additive outbreeding effects on plasticity. Heritability was detected for all traits. However, with increasing acclimation temperature, differences in CTmax between populations and CTmax heritability diminished, and CTmax breeding values re-ranked. Furthermore, CTmax and body size were negatively correlated at the genetic and phenotypic levels, and there was indirect evidence for a positive correlation between growth potential and thermal performance breadth for growth. Thus, population differences (including those between wild and domesticated populations) in thermal performance and plasticity may present a genetic resource in addition to the within-population genetic variance to facilitate, or impede, thermal adaptation. However, unfavourable genotype-by-environment interactions and negative between-trait correlations may generally hamper joint evolution in response to an increase in average temperature and temporary extremes.
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34
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O'Sullivan AM, Corey E, Cunjak RA, Linnansaari T, Curry RA. Salmonid thermal habitat contraction in a hydrogeologically complex setting. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antóin M. O'Sullivan
- FOREM University of New Brunswick 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Emily Corey
- FOREM University of New Brunswick 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Biology University of New Brunswick 10 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Richard A. Cunjak
- FOREM University of New Brunswick 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Biology University of New Brunswick 10 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Tommi Linnansaari
- FOREM University of New Brunswick 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Biology University of New Brunswick 10 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - R. Allen Curry
- FOREM University of New Brunswick 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute 2 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
- Biology University of New Brunswick 10 Bailey Dr. Fredericton New Brunswick E3B 5A3 Canada
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35
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Floury M, Pollock LJ, Buisson L, Thuiller W, Chandesris A, Souchon Y. Combining expert‐based and computational approaches to design protected river networks under climate change. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Floury
- RiverLY Research Unit National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) Villeurbanne France
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA Villeurbanne F‐69622 France
| | - Laura J. Pollock
- Department of Biology McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Montreal Québec H3A 1B1 Canada
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine, F‐38000 Grenoble France
| | - Laëtitia Buisson
- Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS) Toulouse France
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine, F‐38000 Grenoble France
| | - André Chandesris
- RiverLY Research Unit National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) Villeurbanne France
| | - Yves Souchon
- RiverLY Research Unit National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) Villeurbanne France
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36
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Archer LC, Hutton SA, Harman L, Russell Poole W, Gargan P, McGinnity P, Reed TE. Associations between metabolic traits and growth rate in brown trout ( Salmo trutta) depend on thermal regime. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211509. [PMID: 34521251 PMCID: PMC8441116 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism defines the energetic cost of life, yet we still know relatively little about why intraspecific variation in metabolic rate arises and persists. Spatio-temporal variation in selection potentially maintains differences, but relationships between metabolic traits (standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope) and fitness across contexts are unresolved. We show that associations between SMR, MMR, and growth rate (a key fitness-related trait) vary depending on the thermal regime (a potential selective agent) in offspring of wild-sampled brown trout from two populations reared for approximately 15 months in either a cool or warm (+1.8°C) regime. SMR was positively related to growth in the cool, but negatively related in the warm regime. The opposite patterns were found for MMR and growth associations (positive in warm, negative in the cool regime). Mean SMR, but not MMR, was lower in warm regimes within both populations (i.e. basal metabolic costs were reduced at higher temperatures), consistent with an adaptive acclimation response that optimizes growth. Metabolic phenotypes thus exhibited a thermally sensitive metabolic 'floor' and a less flexible metabolic 'ceiling'. Our findings suggest a role for growth-related fluctuating selection in shaping patterns of metabolic variation that is likely important in adapting to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C. Archer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen A. Hutton
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Luke Harman
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Patrick Gargan
- Inland Fisheries Ireland, 3044 Lake Drive, Citywest Business Campus, Dublin D24 Y265, Ireland
| | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Marine Institute, Furnace, Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland
| | - Thomas E. Reed
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland
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37
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Atencio BJ, Thorstad EB, Rikardsen AH, Jensen JLA. Keeping close to the river, shore and surface: the first marine migration of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) post-smolts. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:462-471. [PMID: 33759194 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic telemetry was utilized to track 49 brown trout (Salmo trutta) and 37 Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) first-time migrants of wild origin [post-smolts; mean LF (fork length): 169 and 172 mm] in a large fjord in northern Norway. The S. trutta were registered at sea for more than twice the time of the S. alpinus (medians of 54 and 22 days, respectively). Both species were mostly detected near river mouths (>80% of detections) and almost exclusively spent their time (>95%) within the interior 18 km of the fjord. They were surface oriented, with most detections at <1 m depth and S. trutta deeper on average (median mean depths of 0.7 and 0.5 m, respectively). This study concludes that post-smolts of both species stay closer to the surface and to river mouths than larger veteran migrants. This study emphasizes the importance of river mouths and upper water layers for the survival of both species during their first marine migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Atencio
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Fisheries Collaborative Program, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Eva B Thorstad
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Audun H Rikardsen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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38
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Gamperl AK, Syme DA. Temperature effects on the contractile performance and efficiency of oxidative muscle from a eurythermal versus a stenothermal salmonid. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb242487. [PMID: 34350949 PMCID: PMC8353165 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We compared the thermal sensitivity of oxidative muscle function between the eurythermal Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the more stenothermal Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus; which prefers cooler waters). Power output was measured in red skeletal muscle strips and myocardial trabeculae, and efficiency (net work/energy consumed) was measured for trabeculae, from cold (6°C) and warm (15°C) acclimated fish at temperatures from 2 to 26°C. The mass-specific net power produced by char red muscle was greater than in salmon, by 2-to 5-fold depending on test temperature. Net power first increased, then decreased, when the red muscle of 6°C-acclimated char was exposed to increasing temperature. Acclimation to 15°C significantly impaired mass-specific power in char (by ∼40-50%) from 2 to 15°C, but lessened its relative decrease between 15 and 26°C. In contrast, maximal net power increased, and then plateaued, with increasing temperature in salmon from both acclimation groups. Increasing test temperature resulted in a ∼3- to 5-fold increase in maximal net power produced by ventricular trabeculae in all groups, and this effect was not influenced by acclimation temperature. Nonetheless, lengthening power was higher in trabeculae from warm-acclimated char, and char trabeculae could not contract as fast as those from salmon. Finally, the efficiency of myocardial net work was approximately 2-fold greater in 15°C-acclimated salmon than char (∼15 versus 7%), and highest at 20°C in salmon. This study provides several mechanistic explanations as to their inter-specific difference in upper thermal tolerance, and potentially why southern char populations are being negatively impacted by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, CanadaA1C 5S7
| | - Douglas A. Syme
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CanadaT2N 1N4
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Oliveira VHS, Dean KR, Qviller L, Kirkeby C, Bang Jensen B. Factors associated with baseline mortality in Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14702. [PMID: 34282173 PMCID: PMC8289829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, it was estimated that more than 50 million captive Atlantic salmon in Norway died in the final stage of their production in marine cages. This mortality represents a significant economic loss for producers and a need to improve welfare for farmed salmon. Single adverse events, such as algal blooms or infectious disease outbreaks, can explain mass mortality in salmon cages. However, little is known about the production, health, or environmental factors that contribute to their baseline mortality during the sea phase. Here we conducted a retrospective study including 1627 Atlantic salmon cohorts put to sea in 2014-2019. We found that sea lice treatments were associated with Atlantic salmon mortality. In particular, the trend towards non-medicinal sea lice treatments, including thermal delousing, increases Atlantic salmon mortality in the same month the treatment is applied. There were differences in mortality among production zones. Stocking month and weight were other important factors, with the lowest mortality in smaller salmon stocked in August-October. Sea surface temperature and salinity also influenced Atlantic salmon mortality. Knowledge of what affects baseline mortality in Norwegian aquaculture can be used as part of syndromic surveillance and to inform salmon producers on farming practices that can reduce mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Qviller
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Carsten Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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40
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Vo TTM, Nguyen TV, Amoroso G, Ventura T, Elizur A. Deploying new generation sequencing for the study of flesh color depletion in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:545. [PMID: 34271869 PMCID: PMC8285899 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flesh pigmentation of farmed Atlantic salmon is formed by accumulation of carotenoids derived from commercial diets. In the salmon gastrointestinal system, the hindgut is considered critical in the processes of carotenoids uptake and metabolism. In Tasmania, flesh color depletion can noticeably affect farmed Atlantic salmon at different levels of severity following extremely hot summers. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed to investigate the reduction in flesh pigmentation. Library preparation is a key step that significantly impacts the effectiveness of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) experiments. Besides the commonly used whole transcript RNA-Seq method, the 3' mRNA-Seq method is being applied widely, owing to its reduced cost, enabling more repeats to be sequenced at the expense of lower resolution. Therefore, the output of the Illumina TruSeq kit (whole transcript RNA-Seq) and the Lexogen QuantSeq kit (3' mRNA-Seq) was analyzed to identify genes in the Atlantic salmon hindgut that are differentially expressed (DEGs) between two flesh color phenotypes. RESULTS In both methods, DEGs between the two color phenotypes were associated with metal ion transport, oxidation-reduction processes, and immune responses. We also found DEGs related to lipid metabolism in the QuantSeq method. In the TruSeq method, a missense mutation was detected in DEGs in different flesh color traits. The number of DEGs found in the TruSeq libraries was much higher than the QuantSeq; however, the trend of DEGs in both library methods was similar and validated by qPCR. CONCLUSIONS Flesh coloration in Atlantic salmon is related to lipid metabolism in which apolipoproteins, serum albumin and fatty acid-binding protein genes are hypothesized to be linked to the absorption, transport and deposition of carotenoids. Our findings suggest that Grp could inhibit the feeding behavior of low color-banded fish, resulting in the dietary carotenoid shortage. Several SNPs in genes involving in carotenoid-binding cholesterol and oxidative stress were detected in both flesh color phenotypes. Regarding the choice of the library preparation method, the selection criteria depend on the research design and purpose. The 3' mRNA-Seq method is ideal for targeted identification of highly expressed genes, while the whole RNA-Seq method is recommended for identification of unknown genes, enabling the identification of splice variants and trait-associated SNPs, as we have found for duox2 and duoxa1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thi Minh Vo
- GeneCology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Sunshine Coast, Australia.,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biotechnology, International University, Viet Nam National University, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Viet Nguyen
- Centre for AgriBiosciences, AgriBio, Agriculture Victoria, Victoria, 3083, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | - Tomer Ventura
- GeneCology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Sunshine Coast, Australia. .,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Abigail Elizur
- GeneCology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Sunshine Coast, Australia.
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41
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Stockwell CL, Filgueira R, Grant J. Determining the Effects of Environmental Events on Cultured Atlantic Salmon Behaviour Using 3-Dimensional Acoustic Telemetry. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.701813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The health and welfare of farmed fish are highly dependent on environmental conditions. Under suboptimal conditions, the negative impact on welfare can cause changes in fish behaviour. Acoustic tags can provide high resolution and high frequency data to monitor fish positioning within the cage, which can be used to infer swimming behaviour. In this study, implanted acoustic tags were used to monitor the three-dimensional positioning of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at a commercial farm in Nova Scotia, Canada. The one-month study period allowed the characterisation of background behaviour and changes in behaviour in relation to different environmental conditions, namely, water characteristics in terms of dissolved oxygen and temperature caused by the fall overturn, storm conditions, and feeding activity. The three-dimensional position of 15 fish was recorded using high temporal resolution (3 s). Fish movement was characterised by calculating four fish variables: distance from the centre of the cage [m], depth [m], velocity [ms−1], and turning angle [°]. The population swam in a counterclockwise swimming direction around 4 ± 2 m depth at an average speed of 0.61 ± 0.38 ms−1. After the fall overturn, the population moved significantly towards cage centre while decreasing velocity, and non-significant differences in depth and turning angle were observed. During feeding periods, a significant increase in depth and velocity, as well as a reduction in turning angle were observed. The storm event did not cause any significant change in the four fish variables. While some of the behavioural changes were difficult to assess with respect to causation, the high resolution, high frequency data provide unique detailed positioning information to further our understanding of the swimming behaviour of farmed fish.
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42
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Wang C, Gong Y, Deng F, Ding E, Tang J, Codling G, Challis JK, Green D, Wang J, Chen Q, Xie Y, Su S, Yang Z, Raine J, Jones PD, Tang S, Giesy JP. Remodeling of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) lipidome under a stimulated scenario of Arctic warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3282-3298. [PMID: 33837644 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arctic warming associated with global climate change poses a significant threat to populations of wildlife in the Arctic. Since lipids play a vital role in adaptation of organisms to variations in temperature, high-resolution mass-spectrometry-based lipidomics can provide insights into adaptive responses of organisms to a warmer environment in the Arctic and help to illustrate potential novel roles of lipids in the process of thermal adaption. In this study, we studied an ecologically and economically important species-Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)-with a detailed multi-tissue analysis of the lipidome in response to chronic shifts in temperature using a validated lipidomics workflow. In addition, dynamic alterations in the hepatic lipidome during the time course of shifts in temperature were also characterized. Our results showed that early life stages of Arctic char were more susceptible to variations in temperature. One-year-old Arctic char responded to chronic increases in temperature with coordinated regulation of lipids, including headgroup-specific remodeling of acyl chains in glycerophospholipids (GP) and extensive alterations in composition of lipids in membranes, such as less lyso-GPs, and more ether-GPs and sphingomyelin. Glycerolipids (e.g., triacylglycerol, TG) also participated in adaptive responses of the lipidome of Arctic char. Eight-week-old Arctic char exhibited rapid adaptive alterations of the hepatic lipidome to stepwise decreases in temperature while showing blunted responses to gradual increases in temperature, implying an inability to adapt rapidly to warmer environments. Three common phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) (PE 36:6|PE 16:1_20:5, PE 38:7|PE 16:1_22:6, and PE 40:7|PE 18:1_22:6) were finally identified as candidate lipid biomarkers for temperature shifts via machine learning approach. Overall, this work provides additional information to a better understanding of underlying regulatory mechanisms of the lipidome of Arctic organisms in the face of near-future warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yufeng Gong
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Fuchang Deng
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Enmin Ding
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Garry Codling
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Research Centre for Contaminants in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Derek Green
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiliang Chen
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuwei Xie
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Shu Su
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Zilin Yang
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jason Raine
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Song Tang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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43
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Waldner K, Borkovec M, Borgwardt F, Unfer G, El‐Matbouli M. Effect of water temperature on the morbidity of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa) to brown trout (Salmo trutta) under laboratory conditions. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1005-1013. [PMID: 33656753 PMCID: PMC8248319 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a disease found in salmonid fish that is widespread in Europe and North America. The dependency of the clinical signs on the water temperature is extensively reported in rainbow trout, but detailed information on brown trout is lacking. In this study, juvenile brown trout were exposed to the spores of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and then kept at different ambient water temperatures (16°C, 19°C and 22°C) for 10 weeks along with recording of morbidity throughout the experiment. At 6, 8 and 10 weeks post-exposure, fish from each temperature group were sampled and underwent pathoanatomical examination to survey disease progression. At 16°C, brown trout showed a significantly higher survival probability compared to those kept in 19°C and 22°C water. Additionally, the parasitic burden (MSQ) was higher and the clinical signs were more pronounced in the brown trout kept at 19°C and 22°C compared with the ones kept at 16°C. This study highlights the correlation of PKD outbreaks and water temperature increases related to global climate change, which will impact the future distribution of brown trout in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Waldner
- Clinical Division for Fish MedicineUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | | | - Florian Borgwardt
- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem ManagementViennaAustria
| | - Günther Unfer
- University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem ManagementViennaAustria
| | - Mansour El‐Matbouli
- Clinical Division for Fish MedicineUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
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44
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Kärcher O, Flörke M, Markovic D. Different life stage, different risks: Thermal performance across the life cycle of Salmo trutta and Salmo salar in the face of climate change. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8941-8956. [PMID: 34257937 PMCID: PMC8258189 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Extending assessments of climate change-induced range shifts via correlative species distribution models by including species traits is crucial for conservation planning. However, comprehensive assessments of future distribution scenarios incorporating responses of biotic factors are poorly investigated. Therefore, the aim of our study was to extend the understanding about the combined usage of species traits data and species distribution models for different life stages and distribution scenarios. We combine global model predictions for the 2050s and thermal performances of Salmo trutta and Salmo salar under consideration of different life stages (adults, juveniles, eggs), timeframes (monthly, seasonally, yearly), and dispersal scenarios (no dispersal, free dispersal, restricted dispersal). We demonstrate that thermal performances of different life stages will either increase or decrease for certain time periods. Model predictions and thermal performances imply range declines and poleward shifts. Dispersal to suitable habitats will be an important factor mitigating warming effects; however, dams may block paths to areas linked to high performances. Our results emphasize enhanced inclusion of critical periods for species and proper dispersal solutions in conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Kärcher
- Faculty of Business Management and Social SciencesOsnabrück University of Applied SciencesOsnabrückGermany
| | - Martina Flörke
- Center for Environmental Systems ResearchUniversity of KasselKasselGermany
- Institute of Hydrological Engineering and Water ManagementRuhr‐Universität BochumBochumGermany
| | - Danijela Markovic
- Faculty of Business Management and Social SciencesOsnabrück University of Applied SciencesOsnabrückGermany
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45
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Summer Is Coming! Tackling Ocean Warming in Atlantic Salmon Cage Farming. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061800. [PMID: 34208637 PMCID: PMC8234874 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cage farming has traditionally been located at higher latitudes where cold seawater temperatures favor this practice. However, these regions can be impacted by ocean warming and heat waves that push seawater temperature beyond the thermo-tolerance limits of this species. As more mass mortality events are reported every year due to abnormal sea temperatures, the Atlantic salmon cage aquaculture industry acknowledges the need to adapt to a changing ocean. This paper reviews adult Atlantic salmon thermal tolerance limits, as well as the deleterious eco-physiological consequences of heat stress, with emphasis on how it negatively affects sea cage aquaculture production cycles. Biotechnological solutions targeting the phenotypic plasticity of Atlantic salmon and its genetic diversity, particularly that of its southernmost populations at the limit of its natural zoogeographic distribution, are discussed. Some of these solutions include selective breeding programs, which may play a key role in this quest for a more thermo-tolerant strain of Atlantic salmon that may help the cage aquaculture industry to adapt to climate uncertainties more rapidly, without compromising profitability. Omics technologies and precision breeding, along with cryopreservation breakthroughs, are also part of the available toolbox that includes other solutions that can allow cage farmers to continue to produce Atlantic salmon in the warmer waters of the oceans of tomorrow.
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46
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Lee HJ, Lee SY, Kim YK. Molecular characterization of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) gene transcript variant mRNA of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in response to salinity or temperature changes. Gene 2021; 795:145779. [PMID: 34144144 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is an osmosensory cation channel that respond to an increase in cell volume and participates in various physiological functions. Among organisms in aquatic environments, euryhaline teleost is are suitable experimental models to study ion channel proteins related to physiological functions involving osmosensing. Among the studies of various regulatory molecules that mediate osmotic regulation in fish, however, information is lacking, particularly on the TRP family. This study investigated the structural characteristics of theTRPV4 gene of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and their responses to changes in salinity and temperature. Interestingly, TRPV4 generates transcript variants of the intron-retention form through alternative splicing, resulting in a frameshift leading to the generation of transcripts of different structures. In particular, TRPV4 x1 and TRPV x2 mRNAs were predominant in the gill and skin including at the lateral line. The expression levels of chum salmon TRPV4 x1 were significantly increased with increase in salinity and temperature, whereas TRPV4 x2 mainly responded to temperature decrease. Overall, these results demonstrate for the first time the effects of salinity and temperature on the expression of two salmonid TRPV4 transcript variants, suggesting their contribution to the regulation of hydromineral balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jin Lee
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Lee
- The East Coast Research Institute of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Yi Kyung Kim
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea; The East Coast Research Institute of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea.
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47
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Valerie O, Daniels MD. Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) summer thermal habitat use in streams with sympatric populations. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102931. [PMID: 34016353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the need to examine the thermally mediated interactions of fish with their natural environment by investigating the shift in thermal habitat occupation for sympatric Brook and Brown Trout populations. We observed upstream Brook Trout and Brown Trout population shifts during the summer, with thermal habitats showing an increased number of Brown Trout, while some sites also displayed a decrease in the number of Brook Trout. Overall, there was an increased incidence of overlapping habitat occupation at the end of the summer. Brown Trout occupied optimal resting and feeding thermal habitat locations, which can potentially affect growth rates and Brook Trout's survival. Population shifts did not occur at elevated water temperatures as expected but seem driven by temperatures that are optimal for growth. Observed population shifts can lead to increased interactions between the two species throughout the summer. The results provide a better understanding of how future, longer-term, thermal habitat modifications may modify species interactions, which are critical for salmonid conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouellet Valerie
- Stroud Water Resource Center, 970 Spencer Rd, Avondale, PA, USA, 19311.
| | - Melinda D Daniels
- Stroud Water Resource Center, 970 Spencer Rd, Avondale, PA, USA, 19311
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48
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Chavarie L, Voelker S, Hansen MJ, Bronte CR, Muir AM, Zimmerman MS, Krueger CC. Temporal instability of lake charr phenotypes: Synchronicity of growth rates and morphology linked to environmental variables? Evol Appl 2021; 14:1159-1177. [PMID: 33897827 PMCID: PMC8061271 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathways through which phenotypic variation among individuals arise can be complex. One assumption often made in relation to intraspecific diversity is that the stability or predictability of the environment will interact with expression of the underlying phenotypic variation. To address biological complexity below the species level, we investigated variability across years in morphology and annual growth increments between and within two sympatric lake charr Salvelinus namaycush ecotypes in Rush Lake, USA. A rapid phenotypic shift in body and head shape was found within a decade. The magnitude and direction of the observed phenotypic change were consistent in both ecotypes, which suggests similar pathways caused the variation over time. Over the same time period, annual growth increments declined for both lake charr ecotypes and corresponded with a consistent phenotypic shift of each ecotype. Despite ecotype-specific annual growth changes in response to winter conditions, the observed annual growth shift for both ecotypes was linked, to some degree, with variation in the environment. Particularly, a declining trend in regional cloud cover was associated with an increase of early-stage (ages 1-3) annual growth for lake charr of Rush Lake. Underlying mechanisms causing changes in growth rates and constrained morphological modulation are not fully understood. An improved knowledge of the biology hidden within the expression of phenotypic variation promises to clarify our understanding of temporal morphological diversity and instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Chavarie
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
- Beaty Biodiversity Research CenterUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural EnvironmentIBAHCM, Rowardennan, Loch LomondGlasgowUK
| | - Steve Voelker
- SUNY College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNYUSA
| | | | - Charles R. Bronte
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceGreen Bay Fish and Wildlife Conservation OfficeNew FrankenWIUSA
| | | | | | - Charles C. Krueger
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeCenter for Systems Integration and SustainabilityMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
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49
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Kurhaluk N, Tkachenko H. Antioxidants, lysosomes and elements status during the life cycle of sea trout Salmo trutta m. trutta L. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5545. [PMID: 33692470 PMCID: PMC7970912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to elucidate the effects of both development stages (parr, smolt, adult, spawner), and kelt as a survival form and sex (male, female) on the functional stability of the lysosomal complex, biomarkers of oxidative stress, and element contents in the muscle tissue of the sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.) sampled in the Pomerania region (northern Poland). We have evaluated the maximal activities of lysosomal enzymes (alanyl aminopeptidase, leucyl aminopeptidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase), lipid peroxidation level, and protein carbonyl derivatives as indices of muscle tissue degradation. The relationship between lysosomal activity and oxidative stress biomarkers estimated by the lipid peroxidation level and protein carbonyl derivatives was also assessed, as well as the relationships between element levels and oxidative stress biomarkers. Trends of the main effects (i.e., the development stages and sex alone, the interaction of the sex and development stage simultaneously) on oxidative stress biomarkers, lysosomal functioning, and element contents in the muscle tissue were evaluated. The study has shown sex-related relationships between the pro- and antioxidant balance and the tissue type in the adult stage as well as modifications in the lysosomal functioning induced by long-term environmental stress associated with changing the habitats from freshwater to seawater and intense migrations. The highest level of toxic products generated in oxidative reactions and oxidative modification of proteins was noted in both the spawner stage and the kelt form. The holistic model of analysis of all parameters of antioxidant defense in all development stages and sex demonstrated the following dependencies for the level of lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification of proteins, lysosomal activities, and element contents: TBARS > OMP KD > OMP AD > TAC, AcP > NAG > LAP > AAP and Cu > Fe > Ca > Mn > Zn > Mg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kurhaluk
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski Str. 22b, 76-200, Słupsk, Poland.
| | - Halyna Tkachenko
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski Str. 22b, 76-200, Słupsk, Poland
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50
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Ge J, Huang M, Zhou Y, Deng Q, Liu R, Gao Q, Dong Y, Dong S. Effects of seawater acclimation at constant and diel cyclic temperatures on growth, osmoregulation and branchial phospholipid fatty acid composition in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:313-325. [PMID: 33575866 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of seawater acclimation at constant and diel temperatures on the growth, osmoregulation, and branchial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The fish (initial weight, 62.28 ± 0.41 g) were reared at a constant 13.0 °C (CT) or with a diel cycle of either 13.0 ± 1.0 °C (VT2) or 13.0 ± 2.0 °C (VT4) for 6 weeks, and subsequently subjected to seawater acclimation. Diel temperature variations (of up to 4 °C) did not affect the growth rate of rainbow trout maintained in freshwater, but alleviated the impairment on the growth after seawater challenge. Under all temperature conditions, rainbow trout were well prepared to seawater acclimation. The diel cyclic temperature resulted in fish with reduced fluctuations in plasma electrolyte levels, branchial Na+-K+ ATPase activity, and plasma osmolality. In freshwater, the sum of the monounsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher in the VT4 relative to CT and VT2 treatment. Conversely, the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly lower in the VT4 fish. After seawater transfer, the branchial PLFA profiles of the fish significantly changed, but those in CT and VT2 did not recover afterwards (the degree of unsaturation was downregulated). The PLFA composition of fish in the VT4 treatment appeared to be steadier under seawater acclimation. This study suggests that a diel cyclic temperature (13.0 ± 2.0 °C) can alleviate the impairment of growth, enhance osmoregulation capability, and improve the stability of the branchial PLFA composition in rainbow trout after seawater acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ge
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yangen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Qianlong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rongxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qinfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yunwei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuanglin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, Shandong Province, China
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