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Fahey KJ, Cooper GN. Oral Immunization in Experimental Salmonellosis II. Characteristics of the Immune Response to Temperature-Sensitive Mutants Given by Oral and Parenteral Routes. Infect Immun 2010; 2:183-91. [PMID: 16557818 PMCID: PMC415987 DOI: 10.1128/iai.2.2.183-191.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A temperature-sensitive mutant of Salmonella enteritidis, selected because of its inability to proliferate normally at 37 C, has been used as a living vaccine in mice. When given parenterally or orally, it confers a high degree of resistance against otherwise lethal S. enteritidis infections given intraperitoneally or by mouth. In contrast to most other effective living Salmonella vaccines, the temperature-sensitive mutant survives for only short periods in mouse tissues. Although the vaccine provides protection against S. typhimurium infection, possibly because of antigenic relationships between the immunizing and challenge organisms, it is ineffective against the intracellular infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes. A study of the kinetics of S. enteritidis infection in the liver and spleen of normal and immunized mice has suggested that immunity is dependent upon development of a secondary immunological response which arises approximately 7 days after introduction of the challenge infection. Although humoral antibody production forms part of this secondary response, it is not necessarily responsible for control of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fahey
- Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Patterson RJ, Youmans GP. Multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Within Normal and "Immune" Mouse Macrophages Cultivated With and Without Streptomycin. Infect Immun 2010; 1:30-40. [PMID: 16557690 PMCID: PMC415850 DOI: 10.1128/iai.1.1.30-40.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired cellular immunity to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is believed to reside in the capacity of mononuclear phagocytes of immunized animals to inhibit intracellular multiplication of the parasite. However, in macrophage tissue culture systems, it has been customary to employ streptomycin in the medium for the purpose of restricting extracellular, but not intracellular, growth of M. tuberculosis. In contrast, our data show that small amounts of streptomycin markedly inhibit intracellular as well as extracellular growth of M. tuberculosis in normal mouse peritoneal macrophages, and that the degree of this inhibition is directly proportional to the concentration of streptomycin used. In the absence of streptomycin, virulent tubercle bacilli grew as rapidly in "immune" macrophages as in normal macrophages. "Immune" macrophages, however, were slightly more resistant to destruction by the intracellularly multiplying mycobacteria. In the presence of streptomycin, however, intracellular mycobacterial growth was inhibited more in "immune" macrophages than in normal macrophages, and this effect also was directly proportional to the concentration of streptomycin used. Virulent mycobacteria grew somewhat more slowly within mouse peritoneal macrophages obtained after induction of a peritoneal exudate with glycogen than in noninduced cells. The rate of multiplication, though, was the same within normal and "immune" induced peritoneal cells except in the presence of streptomycin. As with noninduced macrophages, this drug inhibited the intracellular multiplication of virulent tubercle bacilli more effectively within "immune" induced than within normal induced cells. It would appear, therefore, that the greater inhibition of intracellular multiplication of virulent tubercle bacilli in "immune" macrophages in tissue culture noted by a number of investigators in the past may have been an artifact created by the use of streptomycin in the tissue culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Patterson
- Department of Microbiology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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SAITO K, NAKANO M, AKIYAMA T, USHIBA D. Passive transfer of immunity to typhoid by macrophages. J Bacteriol 1998; 84:500-7. [PMID: 13986496 PMCID: PMC277905 DOI: 10.1128/jb.84.3.500-507.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saito, Kazuhisa (Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan), Masayasu Nakano, Takehisa Akiyama, and Daizo Ushiba. Passive transfer of immunity to typhoid by macrophages. J. Bacteriol. 84:500-507. 1962.-Cultured peritoneal macrophages collected from mice which had been injected intravenously with intact macrophages of mice immunized with live vaccine were found to exert inhibitory action against intracellular virulent Salmonella enteritidis. This inhibition was quantitatively inferior to that exhibited by peritoneal macrophages from the donors, i.e., mice actively immunized with live vaccine. After an intravenous injection of P(32)-labeled macrophages into mice, almost no radioactivity could be recovered in the peritoneal exudate cells of the recipients; about 50% of the radioactivity was recovered from the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Therefore, the inhibitory action of the recipient's peritoneal macrophages against intracellular multiplication was attributed to the capacity of the recipient's own macrophages and not to that of the donor's macrophages. Tissue-cultured macrophages from recipients of sonic-treated cells did not exhibit inhibition against intracellular, virulent S. enteritidis, although the recipients were resistant to intraperitoneal infection with the same strain.
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AKIYAMA T, MAEDA K, ASABA G, NAGATOMI H, WATABIKI S, USHIBA D. THE USE OF DIFFUSION CHAMBERS IN INVESTIGATING THE CELLULAR NATURE OF IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL TYPHOID AND TUBERCULOSIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 8:37-48. [PMID: 14191492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1964.tb00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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JENKIN CR, ROWLEY D. BASIS FOR IMMUNITY TO TYPHOID IN MICE AND THE QUESTION OF "CELLULAR IMMUNITY". BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1996; 27:391-404. [PMID: 14097348 PMCID: PMC441201 DOI: 10.1128/br.27.4.391-404.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Eisenstein TK, Sultzer BM. Immunity to Salmonella infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1983; 162:261-96. [PMID: 6869089 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4481-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The foregoing literature review and data presentation have been set forth in the hope of clarifying some complex and confusing issues in regard to Salmonella infection. From a practical point of view, the information presented has implications for the direction to take with regard to improving the current typhoid vaccine, as the presently used acetone-killed cell preparation has considerable toxicity. The issues are important from a theoretical standpoint, because they have bearing on the nature of the concepts researchers and clinicians carry as working hypothesis with regard to the mechanisms of immunity to Salmonella infection. An incomplete appreciation of the literature seems to have led many scientists to believe that only cellular immunity can protect a mouse, and by analogy a human, against Salmonella. The logical deduction from such a premise is that only live vaccines will be effective in humans againsT S. typhi. Such a conclusion would appear unfounded, as documented in this review, for killed vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in vaccinating many mouse strains, as well as humans, against enteric fever.
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Mitsuhashi S, Saito K, Kurashige S, Osawa N, Kitamura K. The role of RNA in cell-mediated immunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973; 207:380-8. [PMID: 4517715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb47500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Outteridge PM, Osebold JW, Zee YC. Activity of macrophage and neutrophil cellular fractions from normal and immune sheep against Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 1972; 5:814-25. [PMID: 4629255 PMCID: PMC422445 DOI: 10.1128/iai.5.5.814-825.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunity to Listeria monocytogenes infection was studied by assaying for antibacterial activity in fractions of leukocytes collected from the peritoneal cavity, lungs, and mammary glands of immunized sheep. The cells were collected in populations that were largely either macrophages or neutrophils. Mechanically disrupted cells were divided into nuclear, lysosomal, and supernatant fluid fractions and then subjected to freezing and thawing. Comparison with similarly treated rabbit cells showed that greater fragility exists in the lysosomes of sheep cells, as indicated by the amount of acid phosphatase activity released. Inhibition of bacterial growth was assayed in a broth medium at pH 4.6. As expected, nuclear and lysosomal fractions from neutrophils were inhibitory. Some antibacterial activity was found in nuclear fractions of macrophages. The lysosomes of macrophages collected from the peritoneal cavity and the mammary gland did not inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes. Peritoneal macrophages were allowed to interact with sensitized lymphocytes and an avirulent strain of L. monocytogenes for 4 hr prior to disruption and fractionation, but antibacterial activity was not detected. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages from 5 out of 16 sheep contained Listeria inhibitory activity in their lysosomes. The mechanism was inhibitory but not bactericidal.
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Osawa N, Saito K, Mitsuhashi S. Transfer agent of immunity. V. Antibody formation of cultured macrophages treated with an immune ribonucleic acid preparation. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1971; 15:29-37. [PMID: 5313612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1971.tb00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kawakami M, Nakata H, Mitsuhashi S. Experimental salmonellosis. Immunizing effect of live vaccine prepared from various mutants of Salmonella having different cell wall polysaccharides. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1969; 13:315-24. [PMID: 4902129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1969.tb00474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Osawa N, Kurashige S, Kawakami M, Mitsuhashi S. Experimental salmonellosis. XII. In vitro induction of cellular immunity by immune ribonucleic acid. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1968; 12:479-88. [PMID: 5304282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1968.tb00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mitsuhashi S, Saito K, Osawa N, Kurashige S. Expermental salmonellosis. XI. Induction of cellular immunity and formation of antibody by transfer agent of mouse mononuclear phagocytes. J Bacteriol 1967; 94:907-13. [PMID: 6051363 PMCID: PMC276753 DOI: 10.1128/jb.94.4.907-913.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
When mice were injected intraperitoneally with a ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparation extracted from the peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes (termed monocytes) of immunized mice, these macrophages developed cellular immunity and cellular antibodies. The peritoneal monocytes were obtained from normal mice and maintained in tissue culture bottles in a homogeneous cell population. When they were treated in vitro with an immune RNA preparation, they acquired cellular immunity, and cellular antibodies were detectable in such monocytes. These results suggest that the mononuclear phagocytic cell line constitutes a cell line responsible for antibody formation.
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Nake T, Nakano M, Saito K. Metabolic study of intracellular killing of bacteria by mouse macrophages. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1967; 11:189-201. [PMID: 4866798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1967.tb00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
The development of acquired resistance to Salmonella typhimurium has been studied in mice infected intravenously with small numbers of streptomycin-sensitive or streptomycin-resistant organisms. By the 14th day of a primary infection the mouse develops a mechanism capable of destroying completely a super infecting dose of organisms, but is unable to eliminate organisms of the primary infection. The latter are constantly returned to the circulation from necrotic foci at the sites of implantation. Passive transfer of serum from actively infected or vaccinated animals, and immunization with heat-killed organisms, increase the capacity of the host to clear organisms from the blood, but do not interfere to any significant extent with their subsequent multiplication in the tissues. It is concluded that the resistance of actively infected animals depends on a nonhumoral mechanism capable of destroying organisms from endogenous or exogenous sources.
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Ushiba D, Nakae T, Akiyama T, Kishimoto Y. Characterization of "clearance" factor and "cell-bound" antibody in experimental typhoid. J Bacteriol 1966; 91:1705-12. [PMID: 5937233 PMCID: PMC316111 DOI: 10.1128/jb.91.5.1705-1712.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Daizo, Ushiba (Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan), Taiji Nakae, Takehisa Akiyama, and Yoshio Kishimoto. Characterization of "clearance" factor and "cell-bound" antibody in experimental typhoid. J. Bacteriol. 91:1705-1712. 1966.-The "clearance" factor produced in the serum of rabbits immunized with a killed vaccine of an S-type virulent strain of Salmonella enteritidis was identified as O agglutinin and characterized immunochemically as a class of macroglobulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 12.7S. The macroglobulin, which was isolated by means of diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, showed a single protein peak when subjected to cellulose acetate electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. Its activity as agglutinin and "clearance" factor was inactivated both by mercaptoethanol treatment and absorbtion with the specific O antigen. The H agglutinin was also isolated as a single globulin fraction with relatively low molecular weight, and was characterized as a 7S gamma-globulin. This fraction had no "clearance" activity. A macroglobulin, similar to that identified in the rabbit serum, was extracted with urea from the cells of mice immunized with the S-type killed vaccine, but not from mice immunized with a live vaccine (R-type mutant), although this latter vaccine is very effective in producing a solid immunity against typhoid disease. The relation of this "cell-bound" antibody to the mechanism of "cellular" immunity in experimental typhoid is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko SAITO
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gunma University
| | - Ichiei SATO
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gunma University
| | - Tokumitsu TANAKA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gunma University
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