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Mendoza RM, Song JH, Jung YT, Paik HD, Park YS, Kang DK. Recombinant Arginine Deiminase from Levilactobacillus brevis Inhibits the Growth of Stomach Cancer Cells, Possibly by Activating the Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4163. [PMID: 38673749 PMCID: PMC11050082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The anticancer potential of Levilactobacillus brevis KU15176 against the stomach cancer cell line AGS has been reported previously. In this study, we aimed to analyze the genome of L. brevis KU15176 and identify key genes that may have potential anticancer properties. Among potential anticancer molecules, the role of arginine deiminase (ADI) in conferring an antiproliferative functionality was confirmed. In vitro assay against AGS cell line confirmed that recombinant ADI from L. brevis KU15176 (ADI_br, 5 µg/mL), overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), exerted an inhibitory effect on AGS cell growth, resulting in a 65.32% reduction in cell viability. Moreover, the expression of apoptosis-related genes, such as bax, bad, caspase-7, and caspase-3, as well as the activity of caspase-9 in ADI_br-treated AGS cells, was higher than those in untreated (culture medium-only) cells. The cell-scattering behavior of ADI_br-treated cells showed characteristics of apoptosis. Flow cytometry analyses of AGS cells treated with ADI_br for 24 and 28 h revealed apoptotic rates of 11.87 and 24.09, respectively, indicating the progression of apoptosis in AGS cells after ADI_br treatment. This study highlights the potential of ADI_br as an effective enzyme for anticancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remilyn M. Mendoza
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (R.M.M.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (R.M.M.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Yong Tae Jung
- Department of Microbiology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young-Seo Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (R.M.M.); (J.H.S.)
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2
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Prasad YR, Anakha J, Pande AH. Treating liver cancer through arginine depletion. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103940. [PMID: 38452923 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Liver cancer, the sixth most common cancer globally and the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths, presents a critical public health threat. Diagnosis often occurs in advanced stages of the disease, aligning incidence with fatality rates. Given that established treatments, such as stereotactic body radiation therapy and transarterial radioembolization, face accessibility and affordability challenges, the emerging focus on cancer cell metabolism, particularly arginine (Arg) depletion, offers a promising research avenue. Arg-depleting enzymes show efficacy against Arg-auxotrophic cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, in this review, we explore the limitations of current therapies and highlight the potential of Arg depletion, emphasizing various Arg-hydrolyzing enzymes in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenisetti Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - J Anakha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay H Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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3
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Jastrząb R, Tomecki R, Jurkiewicz A, Graczyk D, Szczepankowska AK, Mytych J, Wolman D, Siedlecki P. The strain-dependent cytostatic activity of Lactococcus lactis on CRC cell lines is mediated through the release of arginine deiminase. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:82. [PMID: 38481270 PMCID: PMC10938756 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02345-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers, posing a serious public health challenge that necessitates the development of new therapeutics, therapies, and prevention methods. Among the various therapeutic approaches, interventions involving lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as probiotics and postbiotics have emerged as promising candidates for treating and preventing CRC. While human-isolated LAB strains are considered highly favorable, those sourced from environmental reservoirs such as dairy and fermented foods are also being recognized as potential sources for future therapeutics. RESULTS In this study, we present a novel and therapeutically promising strain, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis Lc4, isolated from dairy sources. Lc4 demonstrated the ability to release the cytostatic agent - arginine deiminase (ADI) - into the post-cultivation supernatant when cultured under conditions mimicking the human gut environment. Released arginine deiminase was able to significantly reduce the growth of HT-29 and HCT116 cells due to the depletion of arginine, which led to decreased levels of c-Myc, reduced phosphorylation of p70-S6 kinase, and cell cycle arrest. The ADI release and cytostatic properties were strain-dependent, as was evident from comparison to other L. lactis ssp. lactis strains. CONCLUSION For the first time, we unveil the anti-proliferative properties of the L. lactis cell-free supernatant (CFS), which are independent of bacteriocins or other small molecules. We demonstrate that ADI, derived from a dairy-Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) strain of L. lactis, exhibits anti-proliferative activity on cell lines with different levels of argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) expression. A unique feature of the Lc4 strain is also its capability to release ADI into the extracellular space. Taken together, we showcase L. lactis ADI and the Lc4 strain as promising, potential therapeutic agents with broad applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Jastrząb
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5A, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
- Olimp Laboratories, Pustynia 84F, Debica, 39-200, Poland
| | - Rafał Tomecki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5A, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-089, Poland
| | - Aneta Jurkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5A, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Damian Graczyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5A, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Agnieszka K Szczepankowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5A, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | | | - Damian Wolman
- Olimp Laboratories, Pustynia 84F, Debica, 39-200, Poland
| | - Pawel Siedlecki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5A, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland.
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4
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Jimenez J, Dubey P, Carter B, Koomen JM, Markowitz J. A metabolic perspective on nitric oxide function in melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189038. [PMID: 38061664 PMCID: PMC11380350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) generated from nitric oxide synthase (NOS) exerts a dichotomous effect in melanoma, suppressing or promoting tumor progression. This dichotomy is thought to depend on the intracellular NO concentration and the cell type in which it is generated. Due to its central role in the metabolism of multiple critical constituents involved in signaling and stress, it is crucial to explore NO's contribution to the metabolic dysfunction of melanoma. This review will discuss many known metabolites linked to NO production in melanoma. We discuss the synthesis of these metabolites, their role in biochemical pathways, and how they alter the biological processes observed in the melanoma tumor microenvironment. The metabolic pathways altered by NO and the corresponding metabolites reinforce its dual role in melanoma and support investigating this effect for potential avenues of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jimenez
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Parul Dubey
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bethany Carter
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joseph Markowitz
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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5
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Safrhansova L, Hlozkova K, Starkova J. Targeting amino acid metabolism in cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 373:37-79. [PMID: 36283767 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring is a characteristic hallmark of cancer cells. This phenomenon sustains uncontrolled proliferation and resistance to apoptosis by increasing nutrients and energy supply. However, reprogramming comes together with vulnerabilities that can be used against tumor and can be applied in targeted therapy. In the last years, the genetic background of tumors has been identified thoroughly and new therapies targeting those mutations tested. Nevertheless, we propose that targeting the phenotype of cancer cells could be another way of treatment aiming to avoid drug resistance and non-responsiveness of cancer patients. Amino acid metabolism is part of the altered processes in cancer cells. Amino acids are building blocks and also sensors of signaling pathways regulating main biological processes. In this comprehensive review, we described four amino acids (asparagine, arginine, methionine, and cysteine) which have been actively investigated as potential targets for anti-tumor therapy. Asparagine depletion is successfully used for decades in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and there is a strong implication to apply it to other types of tumors. Arginine auxotrophic tumors are great candidates for arginine-starvation therapy. Higher requirement for essential amino acids such as methionine and cysteine point out promising targetable weaknesses of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Safrhansova
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Hlozkova
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Starkova
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
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6
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Hou X, Chen S, Zhang P, Guo D, Wang B. Targeted Arginine Metabolism Therapy: A Dilemma in Glioma Treatment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:938847. [PMID: 35898872 PMCID: PMC9313538 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.938847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts in the treatment of glioma which is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, have not shown satisfactory results despite a comprehensive treatment model that combines various treatment methods, including immunotherapy. Cellular metabolism is a determinant of the viability and function of cancer cells as well as immune cells, and the interplay of immune regulation and metabolic reprogramming in tumors has become an active area of research in recent years. From the perspective of metabolism and immunity in the glioma microenvironment, we elaborated on arginine metabolic reprogramming in glioma cells, which leads to a decrease in arginine levels in the tumor microenvironment. Reduced arginine availability significantly inhibits the proliferation, activation, and function of T cells, thereby promoting the establishment of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Therefore, replenishment of arginine levels to enhance the anti-tumor activity of T cells is a promising strategy for the treatment of glioma. However, due to the lack of expression of argininosuccinate synthase, gliomas are unable to synthesize arginine; thus, they are highly dependent on the availability of arginine in the extracellular environment. This metabolic weakness of glioma has been utilized by researchers to develop arginine deprivation therapy, which ‘starves’ tumor cells by consuming large amounts of arginine in circulation. Although it has shown good results, this treatment modality that targets arginine metabolism in glioma is controversial. Exploiting a suitable strategy that can not only enhance the antitumor immune response, but also “starve” tumor cells by regulating arginine metabolism to cure glioma will be promising.
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7
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Wang W, Li M, Miao M, Zhang T. Characterization of a recombinant arginine deiminase from
Halothermothrix orenii
and its application in citrulline production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 70:526-536. [PMID: 35761421 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, arginine deiminase (ADI, EC 3.5.3.6) has attracted much attention as a biocatalyst that produces the functional amino acid l-citrulline from l-arginine and also as an anticancer enzyme. Here, we identified and characterized a putative ADI from the thermophilic bacterium Halothermothrix orenii. The H. orenii ADI (H-ADI) protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) with a specific activity of 91.8 U/mg protein at 55°C and pH 6.5. The enzyme remained at 74% relative activity after incubation at 45°C for 180 min, only 25% at 50°C. The melting temperature was 56°C. H-ADI is not a metal-requiring enzyme; Ni2+ slightly improved the catalytic activity. The Km and Vmax for l-arginine were 55.5 mM and 156.8 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Moreover, three residues (Arg183, Arg237, and His273) were key to the formation of l-citrulline, as analyzed by alanine-scanning mutagenesis. Finally, the enzymatic synthesis of l-citrulline was carried out at 50°C with a conversion ratio reaching 99.03%. Together, these findings show that H-ADI is a promising biocatalyst for the production of l-citrulline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
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8
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Microbial arginine deiminase: A multifaceted green catalyst in biomedical sciences. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 196:151-162. [PMID: 34920062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Arginine deiminase is a well-recognized guanidino-modifying hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to citrulline and ammonia. Their biopotential to regress tumors via amino acid deprivation therapy (AADT) has been well established. PEGylated formulation of recombinant Mycoplasma ADI is in the last-phase clinical trials against various arginine-auxotrophic cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, and mesothelioma. Recently, ADIs have attained immense importance in several other biomedical applications, namely treatment of Alzheimer's, as an antiviral drug, bioproduction of nutraceutical L-citrulline and bio-analytics involving L-arginine detection. Considering the wide applications of this biodrug, the demand for ADI is expected to escalate several-fold in the coming years. However, the sustainable production aspects of the enzyme with improved pharmacokinetics is still limited, creating bottlenecks for effective biopharmaceutical development. To circumvent the lacunae in enzyme production with appropriate paradigms of 'quality-by-design' an explicit overview of its properties with 'biobetter' formulations strategies are required. Present review provides an insight into all the potential biomedical applications of ADI along with the improvements required for its reach to clinics. Recent research advances with special emphasis on the development of ADI as a 'biobetter' enzyme have also been comprehensively elaborated.
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9
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Chisari A, Golán I, Campisano S, Gélabert C, Moustakas A, Sancho P, Caja L. Glucose and Amino Acid Metabolic Dependencies Linked to Stemness and Metastasis in Different Aggressive Cancer Types. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:723798. [PMID: 34588983 PMCID: PMC8473699 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.723798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant cells are commonly characterised by being capable of invading tissue, growing self-sufficiently and uncontrollably, being insensitive to apoptosis induction and controlling their environment, for example inducing angiogenesis. Amongst them, a subpopulation of cancer cells, called cancer stem cells (CSCs) shows sustained replicative potential, tumor-initiating properties and chemoresistance. These characteristics make CSCs responsible for therapy resistance, tumor relapse and growth in distant organs, causing metastatic dissemination. For these reasons, eliminating CSCs is necessary in order to achieve long-term survival of cancer patients. New insights in cancer metabolism have revealed that cellular metabolism in tumors is highly heterogeneous and that CSCs show specific metabolic traits supporting their unique functionality. Indeed, CSCs adapt differently to the deprivation of specific nutrients that represent potentially targetable vulnerabilities. This review focuses on three of the most aggressive tumor types: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and glioblastoma (GBM). The aim is to prove whether CSCs from different tumour types share common metabolic requirements and responses to nutrient starvation, by outlining the diverse roles of glucose and amino acids within tumour cells and in the tumour microenvironment, as well as the consequences of their deprivation. Beyond their role in biosynthesis, they serve as energy sources and help maintain redox balance. In addition, glucose and amino acid derivatives contribute to immune responses linked to tumourigenesis and metastasis. Furthermore, potential metabolic liabilities are identified and discussed as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chisari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Irene Golán
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Campisano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Caroline Gélabert
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patricia Sancho
- Translational Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laia Caja
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Wilder CS, Chen Z, DiGiovanni J. Pharmacologic approaches to amino acid depletion for cancer therapy. Mol Carcinog 2021; 61:127-152. [PMID: 34534385 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to support increased demands in bioenergetics and biosynthesis and to maintain reactive oxygen species at optimum levels. As metabolic alterations are broadly observed across many cancer types, metabolic reprogramming is considered a hallmark of cancer. A metabolic alteration commonly seen in cancer cells is an increased demand for certain amino acids. Amino acids are involved in a wide range of cellular functions, including proliferation, redox balance, bioenergetic and biosynthesis support, and homeostatic functions. Thus, targeting amino acid dependency in cancer is an attractive strategy for a number of cancers. In particular, pharmacologically mediated amino acid depletion has been evaluated as a cancer treatment option for several cancers. Amino acids that have been investigated for the feasibility of drug-induced depletion in preclinical and clinical studies for cancer treatment include arginine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, lysine, and methionine. In this review, we will summarize the status of current research on pharmacologically mediated amino acid depletion as a strategy for cancer treatment and potential chemotherapeutic combinations that synergize with amino acid depletion to further inhibit tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly S Wilder
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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11
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Kumari N, Bansal S. Arginine depriving enzymes: applications as emerging therapeutics in cancer treatment. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:565-594. [PMID: 34309734 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy and other medications are employed to treat various types of cancer. However, each treatment has its own set of side effects, owing to its low specificity. As a result, there is an urgent need for newer therapeutics that do not disrupt healthy cells' normal functioning. Depriving nutrient or non/semi-essential amino acids to which cancerous cells are auxotrophic remains one such promising anticancer strategy. L-Arginine (Arg) is a semi-essential vital amino acid involved in versatile metabolic processes, signaling pathways, and cancer cell proliferation. Hence, the administration of Arg depriving enzymes (ADE) such as arginase, arginine decarboxylase (ADC), and arginine deiminase (ADI) could be effective in cancer therapy. The Arg auxotrophic cancerous cells like hepatocellular carcinoma, human colon cancer, leukemia, and breast cancer cells are sensitive to ADE treatment due to low expression of crucial enzymes argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), and ornithine transcarbamylase (OCT). These therapeutic enzyme treatments induce cell death through inducing autophagy, apoptosis, generation of oxidative species, i.e., oxidative stress, and arresting the progression and expansion of cancerous cells at certain cell cycle checkpoints. The enzymes are undergoing clinical trials and could be successfully exploited as potential anticancer agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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12
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Zhang Y, Chung SF, Tam SY, Leung YC, Guan X. Arginine deprivation as a strategy for cancer therapy: An insight into drug design and drug combination. Cancer Lett 2021; 502:58-70. [PMID: 33429005 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies have shown that cancer cells have specific nutrient auxotrophy and thus have much a higher demand for certain nutrients than normal cells. Amino acid deprivation has attracted much attention in cancer therapy with positive outcomes from clinical trials. Arginine, as one of the conditionally essential amino acids, plays a pivotal role in cellular division and metabolism. Since many types of cancer cells exhibit decreased expression of argininosuccinate synthetase and/or ornithine transcarbamylase, they are auxotrophic for arginine, which makes arginine deprivation an accessible choice for cancer treatment. Arginine deiminase (ADI) and human arginase (hArg) are the two major protein drugs used for arginine deprivation and are undergoing many clinical trials. However, the clinical application of ADI and hArg is facing some common problems, including their short half-lives, immunogenicity and inconsistent production, which underlines the importance of improving these drugs using protein engineering techniques. Thus, we systematically review the latest studies of protein engineering and anti-cancer studies based on in vitro, in vivo and clinical models of ADI and hArg, and we include the latest studies on drug combinations consisting of ADI/hArg with chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Lo Ka Chung Research Center for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai-Fung Chung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Lo Ka Chung Research Center for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suet-Ying Tam
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Lo Ka Chung Research Center for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Chung Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Lo Ka Chung Research Center for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Chung SF, Kim CF, Kwok SY, Tam SY, Chen YW, Chong HC, Leung SL, So PK, Wong KY, Leung YC, Lo WH. Mono-PEGylation of a Thermostable Arginine-Depleting Enzyme for the Treatment of Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124234. [PMID: 32545874 PMCID: PMC7353006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
L-arginine (L-Arg) depletion induced by randomly PEGylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) can treat arginosuccinate synthase (ASS)-negative cancers, and ADI-PEG20 is undergoing phase III clinical trials. Unfortunately, ASS-positive cancers are resistant to ADI-PEG20. Moreover, the yield of ADI production is low because of the formation of inclusion bodies. Here, we report a thermostable arginine-depleting enzyme, Bacillus caldovelox arginase mutant (BCA-M: Ser161->Cys161). An abundant amount of BCA-M was easily obtained via high cell-density fermentation and heat treatment purification. Subsequently, we prepared BCA-M-PEG20, by conjugating a single 20 kDa PEG monomer onto the Cys161 residue via thio-chemistry. Unlike ADI-PEG20, BCA-M-PEG20 significantly inhibited ASS-positive lung cancer cell growth. Pharmacodynamic studies showed that a single intraperitoneal injection (i.p). administration of 250 U/mouse of BCA-M-PEG20 induced low L-Arg level over 168 h. The mono-PEGylation of BCA-M prolonged its elimination half-life from 6.4 to 91.4 h (a 14-fold increase). In an A549 lung cancer xenograft model, a weekly administration of 250 U/mouse of BCA-M-PEG20 suppressed tumor growth significantly. We also observed that BCA-M-PEG20 did not cause any significant safety issue in mouse models. Overall, BCA-M-PEG20 showed excellent results in drug production, potency, and stability. Thereby, it has great potential to become a promising candidate for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- Correspondence: (K.-Y.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-H.L.); Tel.: +852-3400-8661 (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yun-Chung Leung
- Correspondence: (K.-Y.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-H.L.); Tel.: +852-3400-8661 (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Wai-Hung Lo
- Correspondence: (K.-Y.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-H.L.); Tel.: +852-3400-8661 (Y.-C.L.)
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Bala K, Husain I, Sharma A. Arginine deaminase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PS2: purification, biochemical characterization and in-vitro evaluation of anticancer activity. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:226. [PMID: 32373418 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, arginine deaminase (ADI) was purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PS2 which showed relative molecular mass of 70 ± 3 kDa on native-PAGE and 36 ± 0.5 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Purified ADI exhibited optimum activity at pH 6.5 and temperature 40 ºC. Metal ions, K+ and Mg2+ had positive, while Mn2+, Cr2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ had negative effects on catalytic activity of ADI. Purified enzyme showed high substrate specificity towards natural substrate L-arginine and did not hydrolyse its structural analogues. In-vitro serum half-life of purified ADI was 40 h, whereas proteolytic half-life was 28, 27, and 32 min against trypsin, elastase-I and proteinase-K, respectively. Anticancer activity of ADI has been evaluated against panel of human cancer cell lines (LS-180, HCT-116, MCF-7, BT-549, T47D, HL-60, MOLT-4, K-562, and PC-3) but lowest IC50 1.2 IU ml-1 was recorded with MCF-7 cells. Colony forming assay, wound-healing migration assay, phase contrast microscopy, DAPI staining, cell cycle analysis and DNA laddering assay revealed that ADI treatment induced apoptotic cell death in dose dependent manner. Increased level of MMP loss, ROS generation and decreased level of SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH displayed ADI treatment induced mitochondrial dysfunctioning. Furthermore, purified ADI had no substantial toxicity against human normal cell lines and blood erythrocytes. These findings suggesting that purified ADI could be developed as an anticancer agent but more in depth studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala
- 1Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Islam Husain
- 1Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
- 2Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Anjana Sharma
- 1Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India
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Abdollahi S, Morowvat MH, Savardashtaki A, Irajie C, Najafipour S, Zarei M, Ghasemi Y. Amino Acids Sequence-based Analysis of Arginine Deiminase from Different Prokaryotic Organisms: An In Silico Approach. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2020; 14:235-246. [PMID: 32208128 DOI: 10.2174/1872208314666200324114441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginine deiminase is a bacterial enzyme, which degrades L-arginine. Some human cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and melanoma are auxotrophic for arginine. Therefore, PEGylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) is a good anticancer candidate with antitumor effects. It causes local depletion of L-arginine and growth inhibition in arginineauxotrophic tumor cells. The FDA and EMA have granted orphan status to this drug. Some recently published patents have dealt with this enzyme or its PEGylated form. OBJECTIVE Due to increasing attention to it, we aimed to evaluate and compare 30 arginine deiminase proteins from different bacterial species through in silico analysis. METHODS The exploited analyses included the investigation of physicochemical properties, multiple sequence alignment (MSA), motif, superfamily, phylogenetic and 3D comparative analyses of arginine deiminase proteins thorough various bioinformatics tools. RESULTS The most abundant amino acid in the arginine deiminase proteins is leucine (10.13%) while the least amino acid ratio is cysteine (0.98%). Multiple sequence alignment showed 47 conserved patterns between 30 arginine deiminase amino acid sequences. The results of sequence homology among 30 different groups of arginine deiminase enzymes revealed that all the studied sequences located in amidinotransferase superfamily. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, two major clusters were identified. Considering the results of various in silico studies; we selected the five best candidates for further investigations. The 3D structures of the best five arginine deiminase proteins were generated by the I-TASSER server and PyMOL. The RAMPAGE analysis revealed that 81.4%-91.4%, of the selected sequences, were located in the favored region of arginine deiminase proteins. CONCLUSION The results of this study shed light on the basic physicochemical properties of thirty major arginine deiminase sequences. The obtained data could be employed for further in vivo and clinical studies and also for developing the related therapeutic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Morowvat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Cambyz Irajie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sohrab Najafipour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 74616-86688, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Zarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
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16
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Garcia-Bermudez J, Williams RT, Guarecuco R, Birsoy K. Targeting extracellular nutrient dependencies of cancer cells. Mol Metab 2020; 33:67-82. [PMID: 31926876 PMCID: PMC7056928 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells rewire their metabolism to meet the energetic and biosynthetic demands of their high proliferation rates and environment. Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells may result in strong dependencies on nutrients that could be exploited for therapy. While these dependencies may be in part due to the nutrient environment of tumors, mutations or expression changes in metabolic genes also reprogram metabolic pathways and create addictions to extracellular nutrients. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the major nutrient dependencies of cancer cells focusing on their discovery and potential mechanisms by which metabolites become limiting for tumor growth. We further detail available therapeutic interventions based on these metabolic features and highlight opportunities for restricting nutrient availability as an anti-cancer strategy. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Strategies to limit nutrients required for tumor growth using dietary interventions or nutrient degrading enzymes have previously been suggested for cancer therapy. The best clinical example of exploiting cancer nutrient dependencies is the treatment of leukemia with l-asparaginase, a first-line chemotherapeutic that depletes serum asparagine. Despite the success of nutrient starvation in blood cancers, it remains unclear whether this approach could be extended to other solid tumors. Systematic studies to identify nutrient dependencies unique to individual tumor types have the potential to discover targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garcia-Bermudez
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Robert T Williams
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rohiverth Guarecuco
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kıvanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Zarei M, Rahbar MR, Negahdaripour M, Morowvat MH, Nezafat N, Ghasemi Y. Cell Penetrating Peptide: Sequence-Based Computational Prediction for Intercellular Delivery of Arginine Deiminase. CURR PROTEOMICS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164616666190701120351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs), a family of short peptides, are broadly used as the carrier in the delivery of drugs and different therapeutic agents. Thanks to the existence of valuable databases, computational screening of the experimentally validated CPPs can help the researchers to select more effective CPPs for the intercellular delivery of therapeutic proteins. Arginine deiminase of Mycoplasma hominis, an arginine-degrading enzyme, is currently in the clinical trial for treating several arginine auxotrophic cancers. However, some tumor cells have developed resistance to ADI treatment. The ADI resistance arises from the over-expression of argininosuccinate synthetase 1 enzyme, which is involved in arginine synthesis. Intracellular delivery of ADI into tumor cells is suggested as an efficient approach to overcome the aforesaid drawback.Objective:In this study, in-silico tools were used for evaluating the experimentally validated CPPs to select the best CPP candidates for the intracellular delivery of ADI.Results:In this regard, 150 CPPs of protein cargo available at CPPsite were retrieved and evaluated by the CellPPD server. The best CPP candidates for the intracellular delivery of ADI were selected based on stability and antigenicity of the ADI-CPP fusion form. The conjugated forms of ADI with each of the three CPPs including EGFP-hcT (9-32), EGFP-ppTG20, and F(SG)4TP10 were stable and nonantigenic; thus, these sequences were introduced as the best CPP candidates for the intracellular delivery of ADI. In addition, the proposed CPPs had appropriate positive charge and lengths for an efficient cellular uptake.Conclusion:These three introduced CPPs not only are appropriate for the intracellular delivery of ADI, but also can overcome the limitation of its therapeutic application, including short half-life and antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Zarei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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18
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Dhankhar R, Kumar A, Kumar S, Chhabra D, Shukla P, Gulati P. Multilevel algorithms and evolutionary hybrid tools for enhanced production of arginine deiminase from Pseudomonas furukawaii RS3. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 290:121789. [PMID: 31326652 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study a high arginine deiminase (ADI) yielding bacterium was isolated from soil samples of Haryana, India and identified as Pseudomonas furukawaii. The specific enzyme activity was optimized to 1.420 IU/ml by OFAT and further enhanced to 2.708 IU/ml (an increase of 90.7%) with the help of statistical parametric optimization approaches using GA-ANN and GA-ANFIS. The obtained value of the coefficient of correlation (R = 0.88) for ANN and epoch error (0.12) for ANFIS, indicates the prediction accuracy and strength of these data training models. ADI production was improved significantly in simple super broth media supplemented with 1.5% fructose and 1.75% arginine at pH 7 at 37 °C using multilevel algorithms and evolutionary hybrid tools. The native enzyme was partially purified (ten-fold) up to a specific enzyme activity of 29.559 IU/mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Dhankhar
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Optimization and Mechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Deepak Chhabra
- Optimization and Mechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
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19
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Zou S, Wang X, Liu P, Ke C, Xu S. Arginine metabolism and deprivation in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109210. [PMID: 31330440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain cancer cells with nutrient auxotrophy and have a much higher nutrient demand compared with normal human cells. Arginine as a versatile amino acid, has multiple biological functions in metabolic and signaling pathways. Depletion of this amino acid by arginine depletor is generally well tolerated and has become a targeted therapy for arginine auxotrophic cancers. However, the modulatory eff ;ect of arginine on cancer cells is very complicated and still controversial. Therefore, this article focuses on arginine metabolism and depletion therapy in cancer treatment to provide systemical review on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyun Zou
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangmei Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Po Liu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changneng Ke
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shi Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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20
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Patil MD, Rathod VP, Bihade UR, Banerjee UC. Purification and characterization of arginine deiminase from Pseudomonas putida: Structural insights of the differential affinities of l-arginine analogues. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:129-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Zarei M, Rahbar MR, Morowvat MH, Nezafat N, Negahdaripour M, Berenjian A, Ghasemi Y. Arginine Deiminase: Current Understanding and Applications. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2019; 13:124-136. [PMID: 30569861 DOI: 10.2174/1872208313666181220121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginine deiminase (ADI), an arginine catabolizing enzyme, is considered as an anti-tumor agent for the treatment of arginine auxotrophic cancers. However, some obstacles limit its clinical applications. OBJECTIVE This review will summarize the clinical applications of ADI, from a brief history to its limitations, and will discuss the different ways to deal with the clinical limitations. METHOD The structure analysis, cloning, expression, protein engineering and applications of arginine deiminase enzyme have been explained in this review. CONCLUSION Recent patents on ADI are related to ADI engineering to increase its efficacy for clinical application. The intracellular delivery of ADI and combination therapy seem to be the future strategies in the treatment of arginine auxotrophic cancers. Applying ADIs with optimum features from different sources and or ADI engineering, are promising strategies to improve the clinical application of ADI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Zarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahbar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Morowvat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science & Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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22
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Savaraj N, Wu C, Kuo MT, You M, Wangpaichitr M, Robles C, Spector S, Feun L. The Relationship of Arginine Deprivation, Argininosuccinate Synthetase and Cell Death in Melanoma. Drug Target Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117739280700200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niramol Savaraj
- VA Medical Center, Hematology-Oncology, Miami, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Chunjing Wu
- University of Miami, Hematology-Oncology, Miami, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Marcus Tien Kuo
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Molecular Pathology, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Min You
- University of Miami, Hematology-Oncology, Miami, Florida, U.S.A
| | | | - Carlos Robles
- VA Medical Center, Hematology-Oncology, Miami, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Seth Spector
- VA Medical Center, Hematology-Oncology, Miami, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Lynn Feun
- University of Miami, Hematology-Oncology, Miami, Florida, U.S.A
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23
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Husain I, Bala K, Wani A, Makhdoomi U, Malik F, Sharma A. Arginase purified from endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa IH2: Induce apoptosis through both cell cycle arrest and MMP loss in human leukemic HL-60 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 274:35-49. [PMID: 28690100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arginase is a therapeutic enzyme for arginine-auxotrophic cancers but their low anticancer activity, less proteolytic tolerance and shorter serum half-life are the major shortcomings. In this study, arginase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa IH2 was purified to homogeneity and estimated as 75 kDa on native-PAGE and 37 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Arginase showed optimum activity at pH 8 and temperature 35 °C. Mn2+ and Mg2+ ions enhanced arginase activity while, Li+, Cu2+, and Al3+ ions reduced arginase activity. In-vitro serum half-life of arginase was 36 h and proteolytic half-life against trypsin and proteinase-K was 25 and 29 min, respectively. Anticancer activity of arginase was evaluated against colon, breast, leukemia, and prostate cancer cell lines and lowest IC50 (0.8 IU ml-1) was found against leukemia cell line HL-60. Microscopic studies and flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V/PI staining of HL-60 cells revealed that arginase induced apoptosis in dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis suggested that arginase induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. The increasing level of MMP loss, ROS generation and decreasing level of SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH suggested that arginase treatment triggered dysfunctioning of mitochondria. The cleavage of caspase-3, PARP-1, activations of caspase-8, 9 and high expression of proapoptotic protein Bax, low expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 indicated that arginase treatment activates mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Purified arginase did not exert cytotoxic effects on human noncancer cells. Our study strongly supports that arginase could be used as potent anticancer agent but further studies are required which are underway in our lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Husain
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kiran Bala
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abubakar Wani
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Ubaid Makhdoomi
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Anjana Sharma
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Starikova EA, Sokolov AV, Vlasenko AY, Burova LA, Freidlin IS, Vasilyev VB. Biochemical and biological activity of arginine deiminase from Streptococcus pyogenes M22. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:129-37. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus; GAS) is an important gram-positive extracellular bacterial pathogen responsible for a number of suppurative infections. This micro-organism has developed complex virulence mechanisms to avoid the host’s defenses. We have previously reported that SDSC from GAS type M22 causes endothelial-cell dysfunction, and inhibits cell adhesion, migration, metabolism, and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting cell viability. This work aimed to isolate and characterize a component from GAS type M22 supernatant that suppresses the proliferation of endothelial cells (EA.hy926). In the process of isolating a protein possessing antiproliferative activity we identified arginine deiminase (AD). Further study showed that this enzyme is most active at pH 6.8. Calculating Km and Vmax gave the values of 0.67 mmol·L–1 and 42 s−1, respectively. A distinctive feature of AD purified from GAS type M22 is that its optimum activity and the maximal rate of the catalytic process is close to neutral pH by comparison with enzymes from other micro-organisms. AD from GAS type M22 suppressed the proliferative activity of endothelial cells in a dose-dependent mode. At the same time, in the presence of AD, the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase increased. When l-Arg was added at increasing concentrations to the culture medium containing AD (3 μg·mL–1), the enzyme’s capacity to inhibit cell proliferation became partially depressed. The proportion of cells in phases S/G2 increased concomitantly, although the cells did not fully recover their proliferation activity. This suggests that AD from GAS type M22 has potential for the suppression of excessive cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora A. Starikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Sokolov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, 7–9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Anna Yu. Vlasenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Larisa A. Burova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Irina S. Freidlin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Vadim B. Vasilyev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, 7–9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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Savaraj N, Wu C, Li YY, Wangpaichitr M, You M, Bomalaski J, He W, Kuo MT, Feun LG. Targeting argininosuccinate synthetase negative melanomas using combination of arginine degrading enzyme and cisplatin. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6295-309. [PMID: 25749046 PMCID: PMC4467438 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) expression in melanoma makes these tumor cells vulnerable to arginine deprivation. Pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) which degrades arginine to citrulline and ammonia has been used clinically and partial responses and stable disease have been noted with minimal toxicity. In order to improve the therapeutic efficacy of ADI-PEG20, we have combined ADI-PEG20 with a DNA damaging agent, cisplatin. We have shown that the combination of the two drugs together significantly improved the therapeutic efficacy when compared to ADI-PEG20 alone or cisplatin alone in 4 melanoma cell lines, regardless of their BRAF mutation. In-vivo study also exhibited the same effect as in-vitro with no added toxicity to either agent alone. The underlying mechanism is complex, but increased DNA damage upon arginine deprivation due to decreased DNA repair proteins, FANCD2, ATM, and CHK1/2 most likely leads to increased apoptosis. This action is further intensified by increased proapoptotic protein, NOXA, and decreased antiapoptotic proteins, SURVIVIN, BCL2 and XIAP. The autophagic process which protects cells from apoptosis upon ADI-PEG20 treatment also dampens upon cisplatin administration. Thus, the combination of arginine deprivation and cisplatin function in concert to kill tumor cells which do not express ASS without added toxicity to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niramol Savaraj
- Miami VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Chunjing Wu
- Miami VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Miami VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Min You
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Wei He
- Polaris Group, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Macus Tien Kuo
- Departments of Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lynn G Feun
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Kaur B, Kaur R. Purification of a dimeric arginine deiminase from Enterococcus faecium GR7 and study of its anti-cancerous activity. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 125:53-60. [PMID: 26363115 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The arginine deiminase (ADI, E.C 3.5.3.6) - a key enzyme of ADI pathway of Enterococcus faecium GR7 was purified to homogeneity. A sequential purification strategy involving ammonium sulfate fractionation, molecular sieve followed by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration was applied to the crude culture filtrate to obtain a pure enzyme preparation. The enzyme was purified with a fold of 16.92 and showed a final specific activity of 76.65IU/mg with a 49.17% yield. The dimeric ADI has a molecular mass of about 94,364.929Da, and comprises of hetrodimers of 49.1kDa and 46.5kDa as determined by MALDI-TOF and PAGE analysis. To assess anti-cancerous activity of ADI by MTT assay was carried out against cancer cell lines (MCF-7, Sp2/0-Ag14 and Hep-G2). Purified ADI exhibited the most profound antiproliferative activity against Hep-G2 cells; with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.95μg/ml. Purified ADI from E. faecium GR7 was observed to induce apoptosis in the Hep-G2 cells by DNA fragmentation assay. Our findings suggest the possibility of a future use of ADI from E. faecium GR7 as a potential anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
| | - Rajinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
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27
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Maddala SP, Mastroianni G, Velluto D, Sullivan AC. Intracellular delivery of BSA by phosphonate@silica nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6057-6070. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00555h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Folate receptor mediated delivery of BSA to HeLa cells by a mesoporous phosphonate@silica nanoparticle carrier is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Prakash Maddala
- School of Biological and Chemical Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E14NS
- UK
| | - Giulia Mastroianni
- School of Biological and Chemical Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E14NS
- UK
| | - Diana Velluto
- School of Biological and Chemical Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E14NS
- UK
| | - Alice C. Sullivan
- School of Biological and Chemical Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London E14NS
- UK
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28
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Zhang L, Liu M, Jamil S, Han R, Xu G, Ni Y. PEGylation and pharmacological characterization of a potential anti-tumor drug, an engineered arginine deiminase originated from Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:346-354. [PMID: 25462857 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arginine deiminase (ADI) has been studied as a potential anti-cancer agent for arginine-auxotrophic tumors. PEGylation is one of the best methods to formulate a bioconjugated protein with extended physical stability and reduced immunogenicity. Here, PEGylation and pharmacological properties of an engineered ADI originated from Pseudomonas plecoglossicida were studied. Among polyethylene glycol (PEG) reagents with succinimidyl ester groups varying in size and linkers, three PEGylated products with high yield and catalytic activity were further characterized, named ADI-SS(20 kDa), ADI-SC(20 kDa), and ADI-SPA(20 kDa). In the pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic (PD/PK) studies with ADI-SPA(20 kDa), a remarkable improvement in circulating half-life compared with native ADI was observed. ADI-SPA(20 kDa) injections via intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes all exhibited superior efficacy than native ADI on depleting serum arginine. Additionally, our results demonstrated that single ADI-SPA(20 kDa) administration of 5 U/mouse via intravenous injection could maintain serum arginine at an undetectable level for 5 days with a half-life of 53.2 h, representing 11-fold improvement in half-life than that of the native ADI. In a mice H22 hepatocarcinoma model, ADI-SPA(20 kDa) dosage of 5 U per 5 days showed an inhibition rate of 95.02% on tumor growth during 15-day treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Menghan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Serwanja Jamil
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruizhi Han
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guochao Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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29
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Ahn KY, Lee B, Han KY, Song JA, Lee DS, Lee J. Synthesis of Mycoplasma arginine deiminase in E. coli using stress-responsive proteins. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 63:46-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Fayura L. Development of Cultivation Technology for the Escherichia Coli Recombinant Strain Producing Arginine Deiminase of Mycoplasma Hominis. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION 2014. [DOI: 10.15407/scine10.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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31
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Synakiewicz A, Stachowicz-Stencel T, Adamkiewicz-Drozynska E. The role of arginine and the modified arginine deiminase enzyme ADI-PEG 20 in cancer therapy with special emphasis on Phase I/II clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1517-29. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.934808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Wang Y, Li YZ. Cultivation to improve in vivo solubility of overexpressed arginine deiminases in Escherichia coli and the enzyme characteristics. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:53. [PMID: 24908259 PMCID: PMC4072490 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of foreign genes in Escherichia coli cells is an efficient means to obtain recombinant proteins. The technique is, however, often hampered by misfolding, degradation, aggregation and formation in inclusion bodies of products. RESULTS In this study, we reported that in vivo solubility of overexpressed arginine deiminases (ADI) improved by changing the cultivation conditions. ADI is enzymes that convert L-arginine to L-citrulline. After codon optimization, we synthesized the ADI gene of Pseudomonas putida and constructed it for overexpression in E. coli cells. The rADI products were mainly in inclusion body forms. We performed a series of optimization to enhance solubility of the protein. Co-expression with the GroES-GroEL chaperone team increased approximately 5-fold of the rADI activity. In addition the combination of L-arginine and D-glucose in the Luria-Bertani (LB) growth medium further increased the total activity to about 15 times. Separate L-arginine and D-glucose or the addition of other saccharides or amino acids had no such effects. The solubilization effects of the combination of L-arginine and D-glucose were further confirmed in the overexpression of another ADI from Listeria welshimeri. The enzymatic and conversion characteristics of the rADI products were further determined. CONCLUSIONS Combined addition of L-arginine and D-glucose in the LB medium significantly improved in vivo solubility of rADI proteins. The present study suggested a new strategy to increase the solubilization of overexpressed recombinant proteins in E. coli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue-Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P, R, China.
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33
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Reconstitution of an active arginine deiminase pathway in Mycoplasma pneumoniae M129. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3742-9. [PMID: 23897620 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00441-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some species of the genus Mycoplasma code for the arginine deiminase pathway (ADI), which enables these bacteria to produce ATP from arginine by the successive reaction of three enzymes: arginine deiminase (ArcA), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (ArcB), and carbamate kinase (ArcC). It so far appears that independently isolated strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae encode an almost identical truncated version of the ADI pathway in which the proteins ArcA and ArcB have lost their original enzymatic activities due to the deletion of significant regions of these proteins. To study the consequences of a functional ADI pathway, M. pneumoniae M129 was successfully transformed with the cloned functional arcA, arcB, and arcC genes from Mycoplasma fermentans. Enzymatic tests showed that while the M. pneumoniae ArcAB and ArcABC transformants possess functional arginine deiminase, ornithine carbamoyltransferase, and carbamate kinase, they were unable to grow on arginine as the sole energy source. Nevertheless, infection of a lung epithelial cell line, A549, with the M. pneumoniae transformants showed that almost 100% of the infected host cells were nonviable, while most of the lung cells infected with nontransformed M. pneumoniae were viable under the same experimental conditions.
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34
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Changou CA, Wolfson DL, Ahluwalia BS, Bold RJ, Kung HJ, Chuang FYS. Quantitative analysis of autophagy using advanced 3D fluorescence microscopy. J Vis Exp 2013:e50047. [PMID: 23665532 DOI: 10.3791/50047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the leading form of malignancies among men in the U.S. While surgery carries a significant risk of impotence and incontinence, traditional chemotherapeutic approaches have been largely unsuccessful. Hormone therapy is effective at early stage, but often fails with the eventual development of hormone-refractory tumors. We have been interested in developing therapeutics targeting specific metabolic deficiency of tumor cells. We recently showed that prostate tumor cells specifically lack an enzyme (argininosuccinate synthase, or ASS) involved in the synthesis of the amino acid arginine(1). This condition causes the tumor cells to become dependent on exogenous arginine, and they undergo metabolic stress when free arginine is depleted by arginine deiminase (ADI)(1,10). Indeed, we have shown that human prostate cancer cells CWR22Rv1 are effectively killed by ADI with caspase-independent apoptosis and aggressive autophagy (or macroautophagy)(1,2,3). Autophagy is an evolutionarily-conserved process that allows cells to metabolize unwanted proteins by lysosomal breakdown during nutritional starvation(4,5). Although the essential components of this pathway are well-characterized(6,7,8,9), many aspects of the molecular mechanism are still unclear - in particular, what is the role of autophagy in the death-response of prostate cancer cells after ADI treatment? In order to address this question, we required an experimental method to measure the level and extent of autophagic response in cells - and since there are no known molecular markers that can accurately track this process, we chose to develop an imaging-based approach, using quantitative 3D fluorescence microscopy(11,12). Using CWR22Rv1 cells specifically-labeled with fluorescent probes for autophagosomes and lysosomes, we show that 3D image stacks acquired with either widefield deconvolution microscopy (and later, with super-resolution, structured-illumination microscopy) can clearly capture the early stages of autophagy induction. With commercially available digital image analysis applications, we can readily obtain statistical information about autophagosome and lysosome number, size, distribution, and degree of colocalization from any imaged cell. This information allows us to precisely track the progress of autophagy in living cells and enables our continued investigation into the role of autophagy in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun A Changou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA.
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35
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Yoon JK, Frankel AE, Feun LG, Ekmekcioglu S, Kim KB. Arginine deprivation therapy for malignant melanoma. Clin Pharmacol 2012; 5:11-9. [PMID: 23293541 PMCID: PMC3534294 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s37350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent development of promising immunotherapeutic and targeted drugs, prognosis in patients with advanced melanoma remains poor, and a cure for this disease remains elusive in most patients. The success of melanoma therapy depends on a better understanding of the biology of melanoma and development of drugs that effectively target the relevant genes or proteins essential for tumor cell survival. Melanoma cells frequently lack argininosuccinate synthetase, an essential enzyme for arginine synthesis, and as a result they become dependent on the availability of exogenous arginine. Accordingly, a therapeutic approach involving depletion of available arginine has been shown to be effective in preclinical studies. Early clinical studies have demonstrated sufficient antitumor activity to give rise to cautious optimism. In this article, the rationale for arginine deprivation therapy is discussed. Additionally, various strategies for depleting arginine are discussed and the preclinical and clinical investigations of arginine deprivation therapy in melanoma are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ki Yoon
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA ; Hwasung Public Health Center, Hwasung, South Korea
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36
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Džunková M, D’Auria G, Pérez-Villarroya D, Moya A. Hybrid sequencing approach applied to human fecal metagenomic clone libraries revealed clones with potential biotechnological applications. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47654. [PMID: 23082187 PMCID: PMC3474745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural environments represent an incredible source of microbial genetic diversity. Discovery of novel biomolecules involves biotechnological methods that often require the design and implementation of biochemical assays to screen clone libraries. However, when an assay is applied to thousands of clones, one may eventually end up with very few positive clones which, in most of the cases, have to be "domesticated" for downstream characterization and application, and this makes screening both laborious and expensive. The negative clones, which are not considered by the selected assay, may also have biotechnological potential; however, unfortunately they would remain unexplored. Knowledge of the clone sequences provides important clues about potential biotechnological application of the clones in the library; however, the sequencing of clones one-by-one would be very time-consuming and expensive. In this study, we characterized the first metagenomic clone library from the feces of a healthy human volunteer, using a method based on 454 pyrosequencing coupled with a clone-by-clone Sanger end-sequencing. Instead of whole individual clone sequencing, we sequenced 358 clones in a pool. The medium-large insert (7-15 kb) cloning strategy allowed us to assemble these clones correctly, and to assign the clone ends to maintain the link between the position of a living clone in the library and the annotated contig from the 454 assembly. Finally, we found several open reading frames (ORFs) with previously described potential medical application. The proposed approach allows planning ad-hoc biochemical assays for the clones of interest, and the appropriate sub-cloning strategy for gene expression in suitable vectors/hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Džunková
- Joint Unit of Research in Genomics and Health, Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP) - Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe D’Auria
- Joint Unit of Research in Genomics and Health, Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP) - Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - David Pérez-Villarroya
- Joint Unit of Research in Genomics and Health, Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP) - Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Joint Unit of Research in Genomics and Health, Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP) - Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
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37
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Lee GKC, Kwok SY, Yu CH, Tam K, Chong HC, Leung YC, Tsang SCE. Immobilization of engineered arginase on gold-carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7693-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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38
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Kuo MT, Savaraj N, Feun LG. Targeted cellular metabolism for cancer chemotherapy with recombinant arginine-degrading enzymes. Oncotarget 2011; 1:246-51. [PMID: 21152246 PMCID: PMC2998341 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that a subset of human cancers, notably, melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are auxotrophic for arginine (Arg), because they do not express argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of arginine from citrulline. These ASS-negative cancer cells require Arg from extracellular sources for survival. When they are exposed to recombinant Arg-degrading enzymes, e.g. arginine deiminase (ADI) or arginase, they die because of Arg starvation; whereas normal cells which express ASS are able to survive. A pegylated ADI (ADI-PEG20) has been developed for clinical trials for advanced melanoma and HCC; and favorable results have been obtained. ADI-PEG20 treatment induces autophagy in auxotrophic cancer cells leading to cell death. Clinical studies in melanoma patients show that re-expression of ASS is associated with ADI-PEG20 resistance. ADI-PEG20 treatment down-regulates the expression of HIF-1α but up-regulates c-Myc in culture melanoma cells. Induction of ASS by ADI-PEG20 involves positive regulators c-Myc and Sp4 and negative regulator HIF1α. Since both HIF-1α and c-Myc play important roles in cancer cell energy metabolism, together these results suggest that targeted cancer cell metabolism through modulation of HIF-1α and c-Myc expression may improve the efficacy of ADI-PEG20 in treating Arg auxotrophic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macus Tien Kuo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
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39
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Ni Y, Liu Y, Schwaneberg U, Zhu L, Li N, Li L, Sun Z. Rapid evolution of arginine deiminase for improved anti-tumor activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:193-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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40
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Haines RJ, Pendleton LC, Eichler DC. Argininosuccinate synthase: at the center of arginine metabolism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 2:8-23. [PMID: 21494411 PMCID: PMC3074183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The levels of L-arginine, a cationic, semi-essential amino acid, are often controlled within a cell at the level of local availability through biosynthesis. The importance of this temporal and spatial control of cellular L-arginine is highlighted by the tissue specific roles of argininosuccinate synthase (argininosuccinate synthetase) (EC 6.3.4.5), as the rate-limiting step in the conversion of L-citrulline to L-arginine. Since its discovery, the function of argininosuccinate synthase has been linked almost exclusively to hepatic urea production despite the fact that alternative pathways involving argininosuccinate synthase were defined, such as its role in providing arginine for creatine and for polyamine biosynthesis. However, it was the discovery of nitric oxide that meaningfully extended our understanding of the metabolic importance of non-hepatic argininosuccinate synthase. Indeed, our knowledge of the number of tissues that manage distinct pools of arginine under the control of argininosuccinate synthase has expanded significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricci J Haines
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC Box 7, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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41
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Lam TL, Wong GKY, Chow HY, Chong HC, Chow TL, Kwok SY, Cheng PNM, Wheatley DN, Lo WH, Leung YC. Recombinant human arginase inhibits the in vitro and in vivo proliferation of human melanoma by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 24:366-76. [PMID: 21029397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma has been shown to require arginine for growth, thus providing a potential Achilles' heel for therapeutic exploitation. Our investigations show that arginine depletion, using a recombinant form of human arginase I (rhArg), efficiently inhibits the growth of mammalian melanoma cell lines in vitro. These cell lines are consistently deficient in ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) expression, correlating with their sensitivity to rhArg. Cell cycle distribution of A375 human melanoma cells treated with rhArg showed a remarkable dual-phase cell cycle arrest in S and G₂/M phases, in contrast to the G₂/M single-phase arrest observed with arginine deiminase (ADI), another arginine-degrading enzyme. rhArg and ADI both induced substantial apoptosis in A375 cells, accompanied by global modulation of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related transcription. Moreover, PEGylated rhArg dramatically inhibited the growth of A375 and B16 melanoma xenografts in vivo. Our results establish for the first time that (PEGylated) rhArg is a promising candidate for effective melanoma treatment, with fewer safety issues than ADI. Insight into the mechanism behind the antiproliferative activity of rhArg could inform us in designing combination therapies for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Lun Lam
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Lo Ka Chung Centre for Natural Anti-Cancer Drug Development, The Hong Kong, China
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42
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Savaraj N, You M, Wu C, Wangpaichitr M, Kuo MT, Feun LG. Arginine deprivation, autophagy, apoptosis (AAA) for the treatment of melanoma. Curr Mol Med 2010; 10:405-12. [PMID: 20459375 DOI: 10.2174/156652410791316995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The majority of melanoma cells do not express argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), and hence cannot synthesize arginine from citrulline. Their growth and proliferation depend on exogenous supply of arginine. Arginine degradation using arginine deiminase (ADI) leads to growth inhibition and eventually cell death while normal cell which express ASS can survive. This notion has been translated into clinical trial. Pegylated ADI (ADI-PEG20) has shown antitumor activity in melanoma. However, the sensitivity to ADI is different among ASS(-) melanoma cells. We have investigated and reviewed the signaling pathways which are affected by arginine deprivation and their consequences which lead to cell death. We have found that arginine deprivation inhibits mTOR signaling but leads to activation of MEK and ERK with no changes in BRAF. These changes most likely lead to autophagy, a possible mechanism to survive by recycling intracellular arginine. However apoptosis does occur which can be both caspase dependent or independent In order to increase the therapeutic efficacy of this form of treatment, one should consider adding other agent(s) which can drive the cells toward apoptosis or inhibit the autophagic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Savaraj
- VA Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
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43
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Zhu L, Tee KL, Roccatano D, Sonmez B, Ni Y, Sun ZH, Schwaneberg U. Directed Evolution of an Antitumor Drug (Arginine Deiminase PpADI) for Increased Activity at Physiological pH. Chembiochem 2010; 11:691-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Reduced expression of ASS is closely related to clinicopathological features and post-resectional survival of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:31-36. [PMID: 22966251 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) has previously been proven to be reductively expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and various types of HCC cell lines. Arginine, the product of ASS, has been used as a target in HCC by recombinant human arginase or arginine deiminase, which is now in the phase II clinical trial stage. This study aimed to present the levels of ASS expression in HCCs and its correlation with clinicopathological features and prognosis of HCC patients. Immunohistochemical detection of ASS was performed on samples from 71 patients with HCC. Positive staining was found in 21 HCCs, with a score of 2, as well as in normal liver tissues. Reduced ASS staining was found in 70.4% (50/71) of HCC tissues, including 21 with a score of 0 and 29 with a score of 1. The staining score in cancer tissues was significantly associated with gender, background liver, histopathological differentiation, recurrence, TNM staging and portal vein invasion (P<0.05), but not with age, viral status, tumor size and serum α-fetoprotein level. Patients with a high ASS expression had significantly poorer overall and disease-free survival (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). These data showed that ASS was reductively or negatively expressed in a large portion of HCC, and that ASS levels in HCCs correlated inversely with prognosis. In conclusion, a high expression of ASS may be a novel marker of poor prognosis of patients presenting with HCC.
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Kozai M, Sasamori E, Fujihara M, Yamashita T, Taira H, Harasawa R. Growth inhibition of human melanoma cells by a recombinant arginine deiminase expressed in Escherichia coli. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1343-7. [PMID: 19887741 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.001343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned the arginine deiminase (ADI) gene from Mycoplasma hominis PG21 genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction, and changed four TGA tryptophan codons (stop codon in E. coli) to TGG codons in the coding region by site-directed mutagenesis in order to express in E. coli. The recombinant ADI (rADI) was purified to apparent homogeneity by Ni-affinity chromatography after extraction from inclusion bodies followed by refolding. The rADI expressed in E. coli was estimated to be 50 kDa. Dimeric forms of rADI exerted enzymatic activity. We found that high concentration of potassium dihydrogenphosphate (PDP) and L-arginine addition in refolding reaction increases the enzyme activity. The specific activity of rADl was calculated as 0.618 U/mg. In addition, the enzyme activity of purified rADI remained for at least one month in 100 mM PDP solution (pH 6.5), but diminished within one week in 100 mM PDP solution (pH 7.4). Anti-tumor activity of the purified rADI was estimated to be 0.036 U/ml as 50% growth inhibitory activity against human melanoma cell line G-361.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kozai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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Pasut G, Veronese FM. PEG conjugates in clinical development or use as anticancer agents: an overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:1177-88. [PMID: 19671438 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During the almost forty years of PEGylation, several antitumour agents, either proteins, peptides or low molecular weight drugs, have been considered for polymer conjugation but only few entered clinical phase studies. The results from the first clinical trials have shared and improved the knowledge on biodistribution, clearance, mechanism of action and stability of a polymer conjugate in vivo. This has helped to design conjugates with improved features. So far, most of the PEG conjugates comprise of a protein, which in the native form has serious shortcomings that limit the full exploitation of its therapeutic action. The main issues can be short in vivo half-life, instability towards degrading enzymes or immunogenicity. PEGylation proved to be effective in shielding sensitive sites at the protein surface, such as antigenic epitopes and enzymatic degradable sequences, as well as in prolonging the drug half-life by decreasing the kidney clearance. In this review PEG conjugates of proteins or low molecular weight drugs, in clinical development or use as anticancer agents, will be taken into consideration. In the case of PEG-protein derivatives the most represented are depleting enzymes, which act by degrading amino acids essential for cancer cells. Interestingly, PEGylated conjugates have been also considered as adjuvant therapy in many standard anticancer protocols, in this regard the case of PEG-G-CSF and PEG-interferons will be presented.
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Lam TL, Wong GKY, Chong HC, Cheng PNM, Choi SC, Chow TL, Kwok SY, Poon RTP, Wheatley DN, Lo WH, Leung YC. Recombinant human arginase inhibits proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing cell cycle arrest. Cancer Lett 2009; 277:91-100. [PMID: 19138817 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has an elevated requirement for arginine in vitro, and pegylated recombinant human arginase I (rhArg-PEG), an arginine-depleting enzyme, can inhibit the growth of arginine-dependent tumors. While supplementation of the culture medium with ornithine failed to rescue Hep3B cells from growth inhibition induced by rhArg-PEG, citrulline successfully restored cell growth. The data support the roles previously proposed for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) in the arginine auxotrophy and rhArg-PEG sensitivity of HCC cells. Expression profiling of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) and OTC in 40 HCC tumor biopsy specimens predicted that 16 of the patients would be rhArg-sensitive, compared with 5 who would be sensitive to arginine deiminase (ADI), another arginine-depleting enzyme with anti-tumor activity. Furthermore, rhArg-PEG-mediated deprivation of arginine from the culture medium of different HCC cell lines produced cell cycle arrests at the G(2)/M or S phase, possibly mediated by transcriptional modulation of cyclins and/or cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). Based on these results, together with further validation of the in vivo efficacy of rhArg-PEG against HCC, we propose that the application of rhArg-PEG alone or in combination with existing chemotherapeutic drugs may represent a specific and effective therapeutic strategy against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Lam
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Afshar B, Nicholas RAJ, Pitcher D, Fielder MD, Miles RJ. Biochemical and genetic variation in Mycoplasma fermentans strains from cell line, human and animal sources. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:498-505. [PMID: 19302296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the inter-strain variation in (i) substrate utilization and (ii) the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern based on the distribution of an insertion element (IS1550) in Mycoplasma fermentans strains, and to establish any correlation between subgroups within the species and their source or habitat. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a sensitive dynamic pH method, the pattern and kinetics of substrate utilization by a panel of 17 M. fermentans strains from various sources was determined. This study correlated the biochemical characteristics of these strains with RFLP patterns based on the distribution of an insertion sequence (IS1550) with the sources of the strains. The test isolates were divided into four major groups according to the pattern of substrates metabolized. Interestingly, two strains isolated from cell lines in RFLP cluster I failed to utilize arginine. Ovine strains showed distinct substrate utilization patterns and produced RFLP patterns not previously encountered. CONCLUSIONS All strains utilized glucose, but the ability to utilize arginine, fructose and N-acetyl glucosamine varied. There was also some correlation evident between the metabolic data and the RFLP clusters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study has provided a better understanding of the biochemical and genetic diversity of M. fermentans strains from various sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Afshar
- Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Kim RH, Coates JM, Bowles TL, McNerney GP, Sutcliffe J, Jung JU, Gandour-Edwards R, Chuang FYS, Bold RJ, Kung HJ. Arginine deiminase as a novel therapy for prostate cancer induces autophagy and caspase-independent apoptosis. Cancer Res 2009; 69:700-8. [PMID: 19147587 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arginine deprivation as an anticancer therapy has historically been met with limited success. The development of pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) has renewed interest in arginine deprivation for the treatment of some cancers. The efficacy of ADI-PEG20 is directly correlated with argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) deficiency. CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cells do not express ASS, the rate-limiting enzyme in arginine synthesis, and are susceptible to ADI-PEG20 in vitro. Interestingly, apoptosis by 0.3 microg/mL ADI-PEG20 occurs 96 hours posttreatment and is caspase independent. The effect of ADI-PEG20 in vivo reveals reduced tumor activity by micropositron emission tomography as well as reduced tumor growth as a monotherapy and in combination with docetaxel against CWR22Rv1 mouse xenografts. In addition, we show autophagy is induced by single amino acid depletion by ADI-PEG20. Here, autophagy is an early event that is detected within 1 to 4 hours of 0.3 microg/mL ADI-PEG20 treatment and is an initial protective response to ADI-PEG20 in CWR22Rv1 cells. Significantly, the inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine and Beclin1 siRNA knockdown enhances and accelerates ADI-PEG20-induced cell death. PC3 cells, which express reduced ASS, also undergo autophagy and are responsive to autophagy inhibition and ADI-PEG20 treatment. In contrast, LNCaP cells highly express ASS and are therefore resistant to both ADI-PEG20 and autophagic inhibition. These data point to an interrelationship among ASS deficiency, autophagy, and cell death by ADI-PEG20. Finally, a tissue microarray of 88 prostate tumor samples lacked expression of ASS, indicating ADI-PEG20 is a potential novel therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer
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Affiliation(s)
- Randie H Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Division of Surgical Oncology, Center for Biophotonics and Science Technology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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Liu YM, Sun ZH, Ni Y, Zheng P, Liu YP, Meng FJ. Isolation and identification of an arginine deiminase producing strain Pseudomonas plecoglossicida CGMCC2039. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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