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McDonald EG, Afshar A, Assiri B, Boyles T, Hsu JM, Khuong N, Prosty C, So M, Sohani ZN, Butler-Laporte G, Lee TC. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in people living with HIV: a review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0010122. [PMID: 38235979 PMCID: PMC10938896 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00101-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii is a ubiquitous opportunistic fungus that can cause life-threatening pneumonia. People with HIV (PWH) who have low CD4 counts are one of the populations at the greatest risk of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). While guidelines have approached the diagnosis, prophylaxis, and management of PCP, the numerous studies of PCP in PWH are dominated by the 1980s and 1990s. As such, most studies have included younger male populations, despite PCP affecting both sexes and a broad age range. Many studies have been small and observational in nature, with an overall lack of randomized controlled trials. In many jurisdictions, and especially in low- and middle-income countries, the diagnosis can be challenging due to lack of access to advanced and/or invasive diagnostics. Worldwide, most patients will be treated with 21 days of high-dose trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, although both the dose and the duration are primarily based on historical practice. Whether treatment with a lower dose is as effective and less toxic is gaining interest based on observational studies. Similarly, a 21-day tapering regimen of prednisone is used for patients with more severe disease, yet other doses, other steroids, or shorter durations of treatment with corticosteroids have not been evaluated. Now with the widespread availability of antiretroviral therapy, improved and less invasive PCP diagnostic techniques, and interest in novel treatment strategies, this review consolidates the scientific body of literature on the diagnosis and management of PCP in PWH, as well as identifies areas in need of more study and thoughtfully designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. McDonald
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Canadian Medication Appropriateness and Deprescribing Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Avideh Afshar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bander Assiri
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tom Boyles
- Right to Care, NPC, Centurion, South Africa
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimmy M. Hsu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ninh Khuong
- Canadian Medication Appropriateness and Deprescribing Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Connor Prosty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Miranda So
- Sinai Health System-University Health Network Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zahra N. Sohani
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Butler-Laporte
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Todd C. Lee
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Schnyder JL, de Jong HK, Bache EB, van Hest RM, Schlagenhauf P, Borrmann S, Hanscheid T, Grobusch MP. On the potential for discontinuing atovaquone-proguanil (AP) ad-hoc post-exposure and other abbreviated AP-regimens: Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and perspectives. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 52:102520. [PMID: 36526126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
According to current guidelines, atovaquone-proguanil (AP) malaria chemoprophylaxis should be taken once daily starting one day before travel and continued for seven days post-exposure. However, drug-sparing regimens, including discontinuing AP after leaving malaria-endemic areas are cost-saving and probably more attractive to travelers, and may thus enhance adherence. AP has causal prophylactic effects, killing malaria parasites during the hepatic stage. If early hepatic stages were already targeted by AP, AP could possibly be discontinued upon return. Pharmacokinetic data and studies on drug-sparing AP regimens suggest this to be the case. Nevertheless, the evidence is weak and considered insufficient to modify current recommendations. Field trials require large numbers of travelers and inherently suffer from the lack of a control group. Safely-designed controlled human malaria infection trials could significantly reduce study participant numbers and safely establish an effective AP abbreviated regimen which we propose as the optimal trial design to test this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Schnyder
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanna K de Jong
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel B Bache
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reinier M van Hest
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy & Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Patricia Schlagenhauf
- University of Zurich Centre for Travel Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Travelers' Health, Department of Public and Global Health, Military Medicine Biology Competence Centre, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Centre de Recherches Médicales en Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Thomas Hanscheid
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute of Tropical Medicine, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Centre de Recherches Médicales en Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon; Masanga Medical Research Unit (MMRU), Masanga, Sierra Leone; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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3
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Chase Dosing of Lipid Formulations to Enhance Oral Bioavailability of Nilotinib in Rats. Pharm Res 2020; 37:124. [PMID: 32524365 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipid-based formulations (LBF) have shown oral bioavailability enhancement of lipophilic drugs, but not necessarily in the case of hydrophobic drugs. This study explored the potential of lipid vehicles to improve the bioavailability of the hydrophobic drug nilotinib comparing a chase dosing approach and lipid suspensions. METHODS Nilotinib in vivo bioavailability in rats was determined after administering an aqueous suspension chase dosed with blank olive oil, Captex 1000, Peceol or Capmul MCM, respectively. Absolute bioavailability was determined (relative to an intravenous formulation). Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared to lipid suspensions. RESULTS Compared to the lipid suspensions, the chase dosed lipids showed a 2- to 7-fold higher bioavailability. Both long chain chase dosed excipients also significantly increased the bioavailability up to 2-fold compared to the aqueous suspension. Deconvolution of the pharmacokinetic data indicated that chase dosing of nilotinib resulted in prolonged absorption compared to the aqueous suspension. CONCLUSION Chase dosed LBF enhanced the in vivo bioavailability of nilotinib. Long chain lipids showed superior performance compared to medium chain lipids. Chase dosing appeared to prolong the absorption phase of the drug. Therefore, chase dosing of LBF is favourable compared to lipid suspensions for 'brick dust' molecules such as nilotinib. Graphical Abstract The potential of bio-enabling lipid vehicles, administered via chase dosing and lipid suspensions, has been evaluated as an approach to enhance oral bioavailability of nilotinib.
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do Nascimento MFA, Borgati TF, de Souza LCR, Tagliati CA, de Oliveira AB. In silico, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of natural Bignoniaceous naphthoquinones in comparison with atovaquone targeting the selection of potential antimalarial candidates. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 401:115074. [PMID: 32464218 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The natural naphthoquinones lapachol, α- and β-lapachone are found in Bignoniaceous Brazilian plant species of the Tabebuia genus (synonym Handroanthus) and are recognized for diverse bioactivities, including as antimalarial. The aim of the present work was to perform in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluating the antimalarial potential of these three naphthoquinones in comparison with atovaquone, a synthetic antimalarial. The ADMET properties of these compounds were predicted in silico by the preADMET program. The in vitro toxicity assays were experimentally determined in immortalized and tumoral cells from different organs. In vivo acute oral toxicity was also evaluated for lapachol. Several favorable pharmacokinetics data were predicted although, as expected, high cytotoxicity was experimentally determined for β-lapachone. Lapachol was not cytotoxic or showed low cytotoxicity to all of the cells assayed (HepG2, A549, Neuro 2A, LLC-PK1, MRC-5), it was nontoxic in the acute oral test and disclosed the best parasite selectivity index in the in vitro assays against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 strain. On the other hand, α- and β-lapachone were more potent than lapachol in the antiplasmodial assays but with low parasite selectivity due to their cytotoxicity. The diversity of data here reported disclosed lapachol as a promising candidate to antimalarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Alves do Nascimento
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Freitas Borgati
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Larissa Camila Ribeiro de Souza
- Departamento de Inovação Tecnológica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas, Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Tagliati
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas, Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31.270-901, Brazil.
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5
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Yadav YC, Pathak K, Pathak D. Review on Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Food (Beverages, Fruits and Vegetables) and Drug Interactions: Mechanism and Safety. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666190126141424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background:The therapeutic potency and efficacy of drugs can be affected by a patient’s dietary habit. The food composition and their nutritional value interact with drugs that lead to alteration of the therapeutic response of drugs in patients.Objective:This present review is an attempt to illustrate clinical reports of food-drug interaction. Further, it also highlights specific interaction mechanism(s) and the safety thereof.Methods:Through the search engine “Scopus”; literature on recent advances in food and drug interactions includes almost all therapeutic categories such as antimicrobials, antiviral, antifungal, antihistamines, anticoagulants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and drugs acting on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system.Results:Preclinical and clinical studies that have been conducted by various researchers affirm significant drug-food interactions across the various therapeutic categories of drugs. Preclinical studies have documented the effects of food, milk products, alcohols, fruit and vegetables on the drug absorption, metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. The clinical studies on fruits/vegetables and drugs interactions report significant alteration in therapeutic response.Conclusion:Based on the preclinical and clinical reports, it can be concluded that the interaction of food with drug(s) significantly alters their therapeutic potential. The inputs from clinical practitioners to elucidate potential risk of food-drug interaction need to be intensified in order to prevent adverse clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh C. Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, 206130, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, 206130, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devender Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, 206130, Uttar Pradesh, India
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New Insights into Using Lipid Based Suspensions for 'Brick Dust' Molecules: Case Study of Nilotinib. Pharm Res 2019; 36:56. [PMID: 30796596 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipid suspensions have been shown to be a suitable bio-enabling formulation approach for highly lipophilic or 'grease ball' drug molecules, but studies on 'brick dust' drugs are lacking. This study explored the utility of lipid suspensions for enhancing oral bioavailability of the rather hydrophobic drug nilotinib in vivo in rats. METHODS Four lipid suspensions were developed containing long chain triglycerides, medium chain triglyceride, long chain monoglycerides and medium chain monoglycerides and in vivo bioavailability was compared to an aqueous suspension. Additionally, in vitro lipolysis and wettability tests were conducted. RESULTS Nilotinib lipid suspensions did not show a bioavailability increase compared to an aqueous suspension. The bioavailability was lower for triglyceride suspensions, relative to both monoglyceride and an aqueous suspension. The long chain monoglyceride displayed a significantly higher bioavailability relative to triglycerides. In vitro lipolysis results suggested entrapment of nilotinib crystals within poorly dispersible triglycerides, leading to slower nilotinib release and absorption. This was further supported by higher wettability of nilotinib by lipids. CONCLUSION Monoglycerides improved oral bioavailability of nilotinib in rats, relative to triglycerides. For 'brick dust' drugs formulated as lipid suspensions, poorly dispersible formulations may delay the release of drug crystals from the formulation leading to reduced absorption. Graphical Abstract An aqueous and four lipid suspensions have been evaluated in in vitro and in vivo to gain insights into the potential benefits and limitations of lipid suspensions.
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7
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Lau CL, Ramsey L, Mills LC, Furuya-Kanamori L, Mills DJ. Drug-free Holidays: Compliance, Tolerability, and Acceptability of a 3-Day Atovaquone/Proguanil Schedule for Pretravel Malaria Chemoprophylaxis in Australian Travelers. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 69:137-143. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
- Dr Deb the Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Lani Ramsey
- Travel-Bug Vaccination Clinic, Travel Medicine Alliance, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Laura C Mills
- Dr Deb the Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha
| | - Deborah J Mills
- Dr Deb the Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Queensland
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8
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Baxevanis F, Kuiper J, Fotaki N. Strategic drug analysis in fed-state gastric biorelevant media based on drug physicochemical properties. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:326-341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Robin C, Lê MP, Melica G, Massias L, Redjoul R, Khoudour N, Leclerc M, Beckerich F, Maury S, Hulin A, Cordonnier C. Plasma concentrations of atovaquone given to immunocompromised patients to prevent Pneumocystis jirovecii. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018. [PMID: 28651341 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Atovaquone is one of the alternatives to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised patients. In volunteers, there was wide inter-individual variability in atovaquone bioavailability. The aim of this study was to assess the plasma concentrations of atovaquone in immunocompromised patients under PCP prophylaxis. Methods Adult haematology or HIV-positive patients receiving atovaquone (750 mg oral suspension twice a day) for PCP prophylaxis were included. Plasma concentrations were assessed using UV-HPLC, around 12 h after the evening dose (Cmin) and 1-5 h after the morning dose (Cmax). Results A total of 82 measurements were performed in 33 patients. This included 19 HSCT recipients, 7 haematology non-transplant patients and 7 HIV-positive patients. The median Cmin (IQR) was 11.3 μg/mL (6.2-27.8) and the median Cmax was 13.4 μg/mL (6.0-28.3). The Cmin and Cmax of atovaquone were not different between HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients, or between HSCT and non-HSCT patients. Atovaquone concentrations were not influenced by the co-administration of valaciclovir (n = 20) or ciclosporin (n = 11), by gut graft-versus-host disease (n = 7) or by the intake of atovaquone with food. Nineteen of the 33 (58%) patients had Cmin <15 μg/mL, a threshold associated with a low rate of clinical response in PCP treatment. Conclusions Atovaquone is poorly absorbed in more than half of immunocompromised patients and its bioavailability varies between individuals. These unpredictable variations raise the question of therapeutic drug monitoring, in order to identify patients with low concentrations and those who could benefit from regimen adaptation or from alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Robin
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Department of Haematology, Créteil, France.,University Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Minh Patrick Lê
- APHP, Bichat-Claude Bernard Teaching Hospital, Pharmacology Laboratory, Paris, France.,IAME, Inserm UMR1137, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Giovanna Melica
- AP-HP, Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Immunology, Créteil, France
| | - Laurent Massias
- APHP, Bichat-Claude Bernard Teaching Hospital, Pharmacology Laboratory, Paris, France.,IAME, Inserm UMR1137, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rabah Redjoul
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Department of Haematology, Créteil, France
| | - Nihel Khoudour
- AP-HP, Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, Créteil, France
| | - Mathieu Leclerc
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Department of Haematology, Créteil, France.,University Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Florence Beckerich
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Department of Haematology, Créteil, France.,University Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Sébastien Maury
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Department of Haematology, Créteil, France.,University Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Anne Hulin
- AP-HP, Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, Créteil, France
| | - Catherine Cordonnier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Department of Haematology, Créteil, France.,University Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
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Argy N, Le Gal S, Coppée R, Song Z, Vindrios W, Massias L, Kao WC, Hunte C, Yazdanpanah Y, Lucet JC, Houzé S, Clain J, Nevez G. Pneumocystis Cytochrome b Mutants Associated With Atovaquone Prophylaxis Failure as the Cause of Pneumocystis Infection Outbreak Among Heart Transplant Recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Argy
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Hôpital Bichat–Claude Bernard, APHP, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- MERIT UMR 216 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France
| | - Solène Le Gal
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Brest, France
- GEIHP EA 3142, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - Romain Coppée
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- MERIT UMR 216 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France
| | - Zehua Song
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Laurent Massias
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Bichat–Claude Bernard, APHP, France
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Wei-Chun Kao
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carola Hunte
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, France
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lucet
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- Unité d’Hygiène et de Lutte Contre l’Infection Nosocomiale, Hôpital Bichat–Claude Bernard, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Houzé
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Hôpital Bichat–Claude Bernard, APHP, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- MERIT UMR 216 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France
| | - Jérôme Clain
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- MERIT UMR 216 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France
| | - Gilles Nevez
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Brest, France
- GEIHP EA 3142, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
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Deng J, Zhu X, Chen Z, Fan CH, Kwan HS, Wong CH, Shek KY, Zuo Z, Lam TN. A Review of Food–Drug Interactions on Oral Drug Absorption. Drugs 2017; 77:1833-1855. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Vindrios W, Argy N, Le Gal S, Lescure FX, Massias L, Le MP, Wolff M, Yazdanpanah Y, Nevez G, Houze S, Dorent R, Lucet JC. Outbreak of Pneumocystis jirovecii Infection Among Heart Transplant Recipients: Molecular Investigation and Management of an Interhuman Transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:1120-1126. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Kourentas A, Vertzoni M, Symillides M, Goumas K, Gibbon R, Butler J, Reppas C. Effectiveness of supersaturation promoting excipients on albendazole concentrations in upper gastrointestinal lumen of fasted healthy adults. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 91:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Issa FH, Al-Habori M, Chance ML. Effect of Khat (Catha edulis) Use on the Bioavailability, Plasma Levels and Antimalarial Activity of Chloroquine. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2016; 16:e182-8. [PMID: 27226909 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2016.16.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effect of khat (Catha edulis) on chloroquine (CQ) bioavailability in healthy Yemeni adults and its effect on CQ plasma levels and parasite clearance among malaria patients. METHODS This study took place between January and April 2007 in Bajil and Sana'a, Yemen. Two CQ doses (600 mg each) were given to 15 healthy males on separate occasions; the first dose was followed by a khat-chewing session (phase one) while controls abstained from khat-chewing for the second (phase two). Additionally, 103 patients with Plasmodium falciparum-induced malaria, including both regular khat chewers (n = 57) and non-khat chewers (n = 46), were treated with CQ (25 mg/kg) over three days. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed among both controls and malaria patients. Parasite clearance was also investigated for the latter group. RESULTS The mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was 2,108.9 versus 2,797.4 ng/hour/mL, mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 415.6 versus 508.7 ng/mL and mean time to reach Cmax was 3.8 versus 3.6 hours for controls in phase one versus phase two, respectively; both AUC and Cmax levels were significantly reduced by khat-chewing (P <0.050). For khat- versus non-khat-chewing malaria patients, mean plasma CQ concentrations were 266.4 ng/mL versus 427.5 ng/mL (P <0.001). Furthermore, CQ was effective in 71.7% and 75.4% of non-khat and khat-chewing malaria patients, respectively (P = 0.823). CONCLUSION Khat-chewing was found to significantly reduce plasma CQ levels among healthy volunteers and malaria patients. While receiving CQ treatment, patients should be advised not to chew khat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza H Issa
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Molhem Al-Habori
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Michael L Chance
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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15
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Sugano K, Terada K. Rate- and Extent-Limiting Factors of Oral Drug Absorption: Theory and Applications. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2777-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Influence of Food on Paediatric Gastrointestinal Drug Absorption Following Oral Administration: A Review. CHILDREN-BASEL 2015; 2:244-71. [PMID: 27417362 PMCID: PMC4928757 DOI: 10.3390/children2020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to review existing information regarding food effects on drug absorption within paediatric populations. Mechanisms that underpin food-drug interactions were examined to consider potential differences between adult and paediatric populations, to provide insights into how this may alter the pharmacokinetic profile in a child. Relevant literature was searched to retrieve information on food-drug interaction studies undertaken on: (i) paediatric oral drug formulations; and (ii) within paediatric populations. The applicability of existing methodology to predict food effects in adult populations was evaluated with respect to paediatric populations where clinical data was available. Several differences in physiology, anatomy and the composition of food consumed within a paediatric population are likely to lead to food-drug interactions that cannot be predicted based on adult studies. Existing methods to predict food effects cannot be directly extrapolated to allow predictions within paediatric populations. Development of systematic methods and guidelines is needed to address the general lack of information on examining food-drug interactions within paediatric populations.
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Mohtar N, A. K. Khan N, Darwis Y. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Atovaquone Based on 2(4) Full-Factorial Design. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2015; 14:989-1000. [PMID: 26664366 PMCID: PMC4673927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles of atovaquone (ATQ-SLN) were prepared by high shear homogenization method using tripalmitin, trilaurin, and Compritol 888 ATO as the lipid matrices and Phospholipon 90H, Tween 80, and poloxamer 188 as the surfactants. Optimization of the formulations was conducted using 6 sets of 2(4) full-factorial design based on four independent variables that were the number of homogenizing cycles, concentration of the lipid, concentration of the co-surfactant, and concentration of the main surfactant. The dependent variables were particle size and polydispersity index (PdI). The homogenizing cycles showed a negative influence on the dependent variables which reduced both the particle size and the PdI value. Moreover, a combination of certain percentages of the main surfactant and co-surfactant also showed a negative influence that reduced both the particle size and PdI value. Selected formulations from each design were further characterized for the entrapment efficiency and yield. The optimised formulation of ATQ-SLN consisted of trilaurin, Phospholipon 90H and Tween 80 with a particle size of 89.4 ± 0.2 nm and entrapment efficiency of 83.0 ± 1.7%. The in-vitro release evaluation of the formulation showed a complete and immediate release of ATQ from the SLN that could be a solution to improve the poor aqueous solubility and hence poor bioavailability of the drug.
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18
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Sjögren E, Abrahamsson B, Augustijns P, Becker D, Bolger MB, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Flanagan T, Harwood M, Heinen C, Holm R, Juretschke HP, Kubbinga M, Lindahl A, Lukacova V, Münster U, Neuhoff S, Nguyen MA, Peer AV, Reppas C, Hodjegan AR, Tannergren C, Weitschies W, Wilson C, Zane P, Lennernäs H, Langguth P. In vivo methods for drug absorption – Comparative physiologies, model selection, correlations with in vitro methods (IVIVC), and applications for formulation/API/excipient characterization including food effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:99-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Veer VS, Pingale SG, Mangaonkar KV. ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ATOVAQUONE AND PROGUANIL IN RABBIT PLASMA AND ITS APPLICATION TO A PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.825854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S. Veer
- a Department of Chemistry, Mithibai College of Arts , Chauhan Institute of Science & Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics, Vile Parle (W) , Mumbai , India
| | - Satish G. Pingale
- a Department of Chemistry, Mithibai College of Arts , Chauhan Institute of Science & Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics, Vile Parle (W) , Mumbai , India
| | - Kiran V. Mangaonkar
- a Department of Chemistry, Mithibai College of Arts , Chauhan Institute of Science & Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics, Vile Parle (W) , Mumbai , India
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20
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Population pharmacokinetic assessment of the effect of food on piperaquine bioavailability in patients with uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2052-8. [PMID: 24449770 PMCID: PMC4023753 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02318-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously published literature reports various impacts of food on the oral bioavailability of piperaquine. The aim of this study was to use a population modeling approach to investigate the impact of concomitant intake of a small amount of food on piperaquine pharmacokinetics. This was an open, randomized comparison of piperaquine pharmacokinetics when administered as a fixed oral formulation once daily for 3 days with (n = 15) and without (n = 15) concomitant food to patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of piperaquine and the influence of concomitant food intake. A modified Monte Carlo mapped power approach was applied to evaluate the relationship between statistical power and various degrees of covariate effect sizes of the given study design. Piperaquine population pharmacokinetics were described well in fasting and fed patients by a three-compartment distribution model with flexible absorption. The final model showed a 25% increase in relative bioavailability per dose occasion during recovery from malaria but demonstrated no clinical impact of concomitant intake of a low-fat meal. Body weight and age were both significant covariates in the final model. The novel power approach concluded that the study was adequately powered to detect a food effect of at least 35%. This modified Monte Carlo mapped power approach may be a useful tool for evaluating the power to detect true covariate effects in mixed-effects modeling and a given study design. A small amount of food does not affect piperaquine absorption significantly in acute malaria.
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21
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Nixon GL, Moss DM, Shone AE, Lalloo DG, Fisher N, O'Neill PM, Ward SA, Biagini GA. Antimalarial pharmacology and therapeutics of atovaquone. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:977-85. [PMID: 23292347 PMCID: PMC4344550 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atovaquone is used as a fixed-dose combination with proguanil (Malarone) for treating children and adults with uncomplicated malaria or as chemoprophylaxis for preventing malaria in travellers. Indeed, in the USA, between 2009 and 2011, Malarone prescriptions accounted for 70% of all antimalarial pre-travel prescriptions. In 2013 the patent for Malarone will expire, potentially resulting in a wave of low-cost generics. Furthermore, the malaria scientific community has a number of antimalarial quinolones with a related pharmacophore to atovaquone at various stages of pre-clinical development. With this in mind, it is timely here to review the current knowledge of atovaquone, with the purpose of aiding the decision making of clinicians and drug developers involved in the future use of atovaquone generics or atovaquone derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Nixon
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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22
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Chotivanich K, Mungthin M, Ruengweerayuth R, Udomsangpetch R, Dondorp AM, Singhasivanon P, Pukrittayakamee S, White NJ. The effects of serum lipids on the in vitro activity of lumefantrine and atovaquone against Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2012; 11:177. [PMID: 22640826 PMCID: PMC3426466 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumefantrine and atovaquone are highly lipophilic anti-malarial drugs. As a consequence absorption is increased when the drugs are taken together with a fatty meal, but the free fraction of active drug decreases in the presence of triglyceride-rich plasma lipoproteins. In this study, the consequences of lipidaemia on anti-malarial drug efficacy were assessed in vitro. METHODS Serum was obtained from non-immune volunteers under fasting conditions and after ingestion of a high fat meal and used in standard Plasmodium falciparum in-vitro susceptibility assays. Anti-malarial drugs, including lumefantrine, atovaquone and chloroquine in five-fold dilutions (range 0.05 ng/ml-1 ug/mL) were diluted in culture medium supplemented with fasting or post-prandial 10% donor serum. The in-vitro drug susceptibility of parasite isolates was determined using the ³H-hypoxanthine uptake inhibition method and expressed as the concentration which gave 50% inhibition of hypoxanthine uptake (IC₅₀). RESULTS Doubling plasma triglyceride concentrations (from 160 mg/dL to 320 mg/dL), resulted in an approximate doubling of the IC₅₀ for lumefantrine (191 ng/mL to 465 ng/mL, P < 0.01) and a 20-fold increase in the IC₅₀ for atovaquone (0.5 ng/mL to 12 ng/ml; P < 0.01). In contrast, susceptibility to the hydrophilic anti-malarial chloroquine did not change in relation to triglyceride content of the medium. CONCLUSIONS Lipidaemia reduces the anti-malarial activity of lipophilic anti-malarial drugs. This is an important confounder in laboratory in vitro testing and it could have therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesinee Chotivanich
- MORU, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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23
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Deye GA, Miller RS, Miller L, Salas CJ, Tosh D, Macareo L, Smith BL, Fracisco S, Clemens EG, Murphy J, Sousa JC, Dumler JS, Magill AJ. Prolonged Protection Provided by a Single Dose of Atovaquone-Proguanil for the Chemoprophylaxis of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in a Human Challenge Model. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 54:232-9. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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24
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Cyclodextrin/poly(anhydride) nanoparticles as drug carriers for the oral delivery of atovaquone. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:1015-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-011-9571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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A small amount of fat does not affect piperaquine exposure in patients with malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3971-6. [PMID: 21709087 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00279-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine is a new, highly effective, and well-tolerated combination treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The lipophilic characteristic of piperaquine suggests that administration together with fat will increase the oral bioavailability of the drug, and this has been reported for healthy volunteers. This pharmacokinetic study monitored 30 adult patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria for 4.5 months to evaluate the effects of the concomitant intake of fat on the total piperaquine exposure. The fixed-drug combination of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine was given with water to fasting patients (n = 15) or was coadministered with 200 ml milk containing 6.4 g fat (n = 15). The drug combination was generally well tolerated, and there were no severe adverse effects reported for either group during the study. Total piperaquine exposure (area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity [AUC(0-∞)]; results are given as medians [ranges]) were not statistically different between fed (29.5 h · μg/ml [20.6 to 58.7 h · μg/ml]) and fasting (23.9 h · μg/ml [11.9 to 72.9 h · μg/ml]) patients, but the interindividual variation was reduced in the fed group. Overall, none of the pharmacokinetic parameters differed statistically between the groups. Total piperaquine exposure correlated well with the day 7 concentrations in the fasted group, but the fed group showed a poor correlation. In conclusion, the coadministration of 6.4 g fat did not have any significant effect on piperaquine pharmacokinetics in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria.
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26
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[Atovaquone-proguanil treatment failure in Plasmodium falciparum]. Presse Med 2011; 40:1081-3. [PMID: 21570798 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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27
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Kataoka M, Itsubata S, Masaoka Y, Sakuma S, Yamashita S. In Vitro Dissolution/Permeation System to Predict the Oral Absorption of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs: Effect of Food and Dose Strength on It. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:401-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shinji Sakuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University
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28
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Patel KN, Patel JK, Patel MP, Rajput GC. A validated method for development of atovaquone as API and tablet dosage forms by UV spectroscopy. Pharm Methods 2010; 1:61-4. [PMID: 23781419 PMCID: PMC3658023 DOI: 10.4103/2229-4708.72234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple new spectrophotometric method has been developed for estimation of Atovaquone in bulk and tablet dosage form. Atovaquone is estimated to be 251 nm in methanol. The Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 1-10 μg/mL of the drug. The slope and intercept values are 0.111 and 0.012, respectively. Results of analysis of this method have been validated statically and by recovery studies. The method is applied to the marketed tablet formulation. A result of the analysis of tablet formulation, given as a percentage of label claim ± standard deviation, is 99.14 ± 0.66. The precision and accuracy has been examined by performing recovery studies and found to be 100.09 ± 1.14. The developed method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible, and can be used for the routine analysis of Atovaquone in bulk and tablet dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpesh N Patel
- Nootan Pharmacy College, Kamana Crossing, Visnagar - 384 315, India
| | - Jayvadan K Patel
- Nootan Pharmacy College, Kamana Crossing, Visnagar - 384 315, India
| | - Manish P Patel
- Nootan Pharmacy College, Kamana Crossing, Visnagar - 384 315, India
| | - Ganesh C Rajput
- Nootan Pharmacy College, Kamana Crossing, Visnagar - 384 315, India
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29
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Gurule S, Goswami D, Khuroo AH, Monif T. LC-APCI mass spectrometric method development and validation for the determination of atovaquone in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:497-505. [PMID: 19711297 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed LC-APCI mass spectrometric method is described for human plasma determination of atovaquone using lapachol internal standard. A single-step protein precipitation technique for plasma extraction of atovaquone achieving mean recovery of 94.17% (CV 8%) without compromising sensitivity (limit of quantitation 50.3 ng/mL) or linearity (50.3 ng/mL-23924.6 ng/mL) is delineated in this paper. Heated nebulizer in negative multiple reaction monitoring mode was employed with transitions m/z 365.2 --> m/z 337.1 and m/z 240.9 --> m/z 185.7 for atovaquone and lapachol respectively in this liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method. Excellent chromatographic separation on a Synergi 4 micro Polar-RP 80A (150 x 2.0 mm) column, using 100 microL of plasma extraction volume along with 10 microL of injection load, completing analysis run-time within 2.5 min, highlights this simple yet unique bioanalytical method. The developed method can be successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies on atovaquone suspension administered in healthy volunteers or HIV-infected patients. Moreover full method validation results not published before are presented and discussed in detail for the first time in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Gurule
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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30
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Winterhalter S, Severing K, Stammen J, Maier AK, Godehardt E, Joussen AM. Does atovaquone prolong the disease-free interval of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248:1187-92. [PMID: 20437247 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the efficacy of suppressing a recurrence of Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis after treatment with atovaquone. METHODS Retrospective, nonrandomized, clinical trial. Forty-one immunocompetent patients were treated for Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis with atovaquone between 1999 and 2006. The diagnosis was based on clinical signs alone. Atovaquone was given 750 mg two to three times daily together with oral steroids. Lesion location, time interval until recurrence, visual function, and adverse events were recorded. RESULTS Forty-two eyes of 41 patients were treated with atovaquone for Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Side-effects were usually mild and only one patient stopped therapy with atovaquone because of nausea. Reactivation of retinochoroiditis occurred in 18 patients (44%) during a time interval of 3-70 months. CONCLUSIONS The therapy of Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis with atovaquone is well tolerated. Our data suggests that therapy with atovaquone has the potential to prolong the time to recurrence of Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. A prospective randomized comparative long-term clinical trial would be necessary to confirm our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Winterhalter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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31
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Sugano K, Kataoka M, da Costa Mathews C, Yamashita S. Prediction of food effect by bile micelles on oral drug absorption considering free fraction in intestinal fluid. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:118-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Shubar HM, Lachenmaier S, Heimesaat MM, Lohman U, Mauludin R, Mueller RH, Fitzner R, Borner K, Liesenfeld O. SDS-coated atovaquone nanosuspensions show improved therapeutic efficacy against experimental acquired and reactivated toxoplasmosis by improving passage of gastrointestinal and blood-brain barriers. J Drug Target 2010; 19:114-24. [PMID: 20367080 DOI: 10.3109/10611861003733995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) is the most common clinical manifestation of reactivated infection with Toxoplasma gondii in immunocompromised patients that is lethal if untreated. The combination of pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine or clindamycin is the standard therapy for the treatment of TE, but these combinations are associated with hematologic toxicity and/or life-threatening allergic reactions. Therefore, alternative treatment options are needed. Atovaquone is safe and highly effective against T. gondii in vitro, but the oral micronized solution shows poor bioavailability. We synthesized atovaquone nanosuspensions (ANSs) coated with poloxamer 188 (P188) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to improve oral bioavailability and passage through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Coating of ANSs with SDS resulted in enhanced oral bioavailability and enhanced brain uptake of atovaquone compared to Wellvone(®) in murine models of acute and reactivated toxoplasmosis as measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Parasite loads and inflammatory changes in brains of mice treated with SDS-coated ANS were significantly reduced compared to untreated controls and to Wellvone(®)-treated mice. In conclusion, nanosuspensions coated with SDS may ultimately lead to improvements in the treatment of TE and other cerebral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M Shubar
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Sek L, Boyd BJ, Charman WN, Porter CJH. Examination of the impact of a range of Pluronic surfactants on the in-vitro solubilisation behaviour and oral bioavailability of lipidic formulations of atovaquone. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:809-20. [PMID: 16734982 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.6.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Exogenous surfactants are increasingly used to enhance the dispersion properties of lipid-based formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs, yet their possible effects on formulation digestion and oral bioavailability in-vivo are not well documented. In this study, in-vitro dispersion and digestion experiments were conducted using formulations comprising a blend of long-chain glycerides, ethanol, a model poorly water-soluble drug (atovaquone), and a series of surfactants including Cremophor EL and a range of Pluronic surfactants (Pluronics L121, L61, L72, L43 and F68). Inclusion of Cremophor EL, a surfactant with a high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), promoted complete digestion of the formulation and effective dispersion and solubilisation of the lipolytic products and co-administered drug. Surprisingly, formulations containing the Pluronic (L121) with the lowest HLB (0.5) equally effectively promoted digestion and drug solubilisation and a trend towards decreased digestion and drug solubilisation was observed with Pluronics of increasing HLB values. All formulations effectively prevented drug precipitation, suggesting possible utility in-vivo, and no correlation was evident between the ability of the formulations to self-emulsify on dispersion and to promote drug solubilisation on digestion. Subsequent assessment of the oral bioavailability of atovaquone after administration of formulations containing Cremophor EL or Pluronic L121 or a simple solution of atovaquone in long-chain glycerides confirmed the utility of lipid-based formulations for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs such as atovaquone, but also indicated that in some cases microemulsion preconcentrate formulations may not provide additional bioavail-ability benefits beyond that achievable using simple lipid solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leab Sek
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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34
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Pingale SG, Nerurkar KK, Padgaonkar AM, Pawar UD, Mangaonkar KV. Determination of Atovaquone in Human Plasma by LC-MS-MS and Its Application to a Bioequivalence Study. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Shubar HM, Dunay IR, Lachenmaier S, Dathe M, Bushrab FN, Mauludin R, Müller RH, Fitzner R, Borner K, Liesenfeld O. The role of apolipoprotein E in uptake of atovaquone into the brain in murine acute and reactivated toxoplasmosis. J Drug Target 2009; 17:257-67. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860902718680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Population pharmacokinetics of piperaquine after two different treatment regimens with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1052-61. [PMID: 18180343 PMCID: PMC2258541 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00955-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The population pharmacokinetics of piperaquine in adults and children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria treated with two different dosage regimens of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine were characterized. Piperaquine pharmacokinetics in 98 Burmese and Karen patients aged 3 to 55 years were described by a two-compartment disposition model with first-order absorption and interindividual random variability on all parameters and were similar with the three- and four-dose regimens. Children had a lower body weight-normalized oral clearance than adults, resulting in longer terminal elimination half-lives and higher total exposure to piperaquine (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 63 days [AUC day 0-63]). However, children had lower plasma concentrations in the therapeutically relevant posttreatment prophylactic period (AUC day 3-20) because of smaller body weight-normalized central volumes of distribution and shorter distribution half-lives. Our data lend further support to a simplified once-daily treatment regimen to improve treatment adherence and efficacy and indicate that weight-adjusted piperaquine doses in children may need to be higher than in adults.
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Chattopadhyay R, Mahajan B, Kumar S. Assessment of safety of the major antimalarial drugs. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2007; 6:505-21. [PMID: 17877439 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.6.5.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antimalarial drugs remain the major intervention tool for the global malaria control efforts that save millions of lives. Nonetheless, emergence and spread of Plasmodium parasites resistant against chloroquine and other major antimalarial drugs has brought the urgency to develop a new generation of safe and effective drugs against malaria. In this article, the safety data for major antimalarial drugs is reviewed. Although an ample amount of clinical data regarding the safety and tolerability of several of these drugs in older children and adults is available, more critical safety and tolerability studies in pregnant women and young children is desirable. To offset the partial loss in efficacy due to drug resistance in malaria parasites acquired against specific drugs, treatment regimens often rely upon the combination of two or more drugs. However, combination therapy requires additional safety, toxicity and tolerability studies in all population groups where these drugs are administered. A uniform standard in assessing the safety and tolerability of antimalarial drugs will be useful in the formulation and implementation of malaria treatment policies that are based on the drug effectiveness, safety and tolerability.
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Fatouros DG, Karpf DM, Nielsen FS, Mullertz A. Clinical studies with oral lipid based formulations of poorly soluble compounds. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2007; 3:591-604. [PMID: 18472981 PMCID: PMC2374933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is an attempt to give an overview of the clinical data available on lipid based formulations. Lipid and surfactant based formulations are recognized as a feasible approach to improve bioavailability of poorly soluble compounds. However not many clinical studies have been published so far. Several drug products intended for oral administration have been marketed utilizing lipid and surfactant based formulations. Sandimmune((R)) and Sandimmune Neoral((R)) (cyclosporin A, Novartis), Norvir((R)) (ritonavir), and Fortovase((R)) (saquinavir) have been formulated in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). This review summarizes published pharmacokinetic studies of orally administered lipid based formulations of poorly aqueous soluble drugs in human subjects. Special attention has been paid to the physicochemical characteristics of the formulations, when available and the impact of these properties on the in vivo performance of the formulation. Equally important is the effect of concurrent food intake on the bioavailability of poorly soluble compounds. The effect of food on the bioavailability of compounds formulated in lipid and surfactant based formulations is also reviewed.
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Cuong BT, Binh VQ, Dai B, Duy DN, Lovell CM, Rieckmann KH, Edstein MD. Does gender, food or grapefruit juice alter the pharmacokinetics of primaquine in healthy subjects? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 61:682-9. [PMID: 16722829 PMCID: PMC1885124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effects of gender, food and grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of primaquine in healthy subjects. METHODS In a randomized, two-phase cross-over study, 10 male and 10 female healthy Vietnamese subjects were administered 30 mg primaquine in the fasting state or with food, followed by administration of primaquine with grapefruit juice. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of primaquine were comparable between male and female subjects, with geometric mean ratios of Cmax = 0.89 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65, 1.22] and AUC = 0.80 (95% CI 0.56, 1.15). The mean CL/F of primaquine was slightly higher in males than in females [0.52 l h(-1) kg(-1)vs. 0.43 l h(-1) kg(-1), mean difference of 0.09 (95% CI -0.10, 0.28), P = 0.32]. When compared with fasting state values, food increased the geometric mean Cmax of primaquine by 26% (95% CI 12, 40) and the AUC by 14% (95% CI 3, 27). Similarly, grapefruit juice increased the geometric mean Cmax by 23% (95% CI 4, 45) and the AUC by 19% (95% CI 4, 37). CONCLUSIONS The disposition of primaquine was comparable between genders, suggesting no need to modify the dose of primaquine for malaria treatment or prophylaxis. Food increased the oral bioavailability of primaquine, which may lead to higher antimalarial efficacy. Grapefruit juice increased the bioavailability of primaquine, with marked interindividual differences suggesting that people should not take primaquine with grapefruit juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Tri Cuong
- Department of Infectious Disease, Central Military Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
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McGready R, Stepniewska K, Ward SA, Cho T, Gilveray G, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F. Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin following oral artesunate treatment of pregnant women with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62:367-71. [PMID: 16552504 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-006-0118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetic properties of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) following oral artesunate treatment in women with recrudescent multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria, in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. METHODS Serial plasma concentrations of artesunate and DHA were measured in 24 women after the final dose of a 3 day treatment with artesunate (4 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) and atovaquone (20 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) plus proguanil (8 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), daily. Conventional non-compartmental modelling and a population one-compartment pharmacokinetic model were applied to the data. RESULTS Artesunate was very rapidly eliminated. For DHA the median [90% range] estimate of oral clearance (CI/F) was 4.0 [0.8-20.7] l hour(-1) kg(-1), total apparent volume of distribution (Vd/f) was 3.4 [0.9-60.7] l/kg, and terminal elimination half-life was 1.0 [0.6-2.4] h. CONCLUSION The kinetics of DHA are modified by pregnancy. The plasma levels of the active antimalarial metabolite DHA are lower than reported previously in non-pregnant adults. Dose-optimisation studies in pregnant women are needed.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Analysis of Variance
- Antimalarials/administration & dosage
- Antimalarials/pharmacokinetics
- Antimalarials/therapeutic use
- Artemisinins/administration & dosage
- Artemisinins/pharmacokinetics
- Artemisinins/therapeutic use
- Artesunate
- Atovaquone/administration & dosage
- Atovaquone/pharmacokinetics
- Atovaquone/therapeutic use
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Half-Life
- Humans
- Malaria, Falciparum/blood
- Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy
- Malaria, Falciparum/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/blood
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/drug therapy
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/metabolism
- Pregnancy Outcome
- Pregnancy Trimester, Second
- Pregnancy Trimester, Third
- Proguanil/administration & dosage
- Proguanil/pharmacokinetics
- Proguanil/therapeutic use
- Sesquiterpenes/administration & dosage
- Sesquiterpenes/pharmacokinetics
- Sesquiterpenes/therapeutic use
- Thailand
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Affiliation(s)
- R McGready
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, P.O. Box 46, Mae Sot, Thailand
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41
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Edstein MD, Kotecka BM, Anderson KL, Pombo DJ, Kyle DE, Rieckmann KH, Good MF. Lengthy antimalarial activity of atovaquone in human plasma following atovaquone-proguanil administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 49:4421-2. [PMID: 16189139 PMCID: PMC1251540 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.10.4421-4422.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Dao NVH, Quoc NP, Ngoa ND, Thuy LT, The ND, Dai B, Binh VQ, Rieckmann KH, Edstein MD. Fatty food does not alter blood mefloquine concentrations in the treatment of falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005; 99:927-31. [PMID: 16143357 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Food has been reported to increase the bioavailability of mefloquine in healthy volunteers, but its role in increasing blood mefloquine concentrations in malaria patients treated with mefloquine is unclear. In this study, we compared blood mefloquine concentrations after the administration of artesunate (8 mg/kg) and mefloquine (15 mg/kg) over 12h with either a low-fat (approximately 3g of fat) or high-fat (approximately 30 g of fat) meal for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 12 Vietnamese patients. No statistical differences were detected in the following kinetic parameters between the low-fat (n=6) and high-fat (n=6) groups, respectively: maximum blood mefloquine concentrations (2838+/-531 ng/ml and 2556+/-657 ng/ml, 95% CI -486 to 1050 ng/ml, P=0.43) and the area under the blood mefloquine concentration versus time curves (246.8+/-58.3 microg.h/ml and 238.3+/-28.4 microg.h/ml, 95% CI -50.5 to 67.5 microg.h/ml, P=0.75). A fatty meal does not appear to increase the bioavailability of mefloquine in malaria patients and should not affect the response of malaria infections to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Hoang Dao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Military Hospital 175, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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Musset L, Pradines B, Parzy D, Durand R, Bigot P, Le Bras J. Apparent absence of atovaquone/proguanil resistance in 477 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from untreated French travellers. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 57:110-5. [PMID: 16319183 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the atovaquone in vitro susceptibility and the cytochrome b (cytb) gene polymorphism of African Plasmodium falciparum isolates during the first years of atovaquone/proguanil use. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 1999 and 2004, we collected blood samples from French P. falciparum-infected patients returning from African countries. Atovaquone susceptibility was determined using an in vitro isotopic test and cytb genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing. These results were analysed according to the clinical response to atovaquone/proguanil treatment. RESULTS No in vitro atovaquone resistance (IC50 > 1900 nM) and no cytb mutation leading to the Y268S substitution were detected among 477 unexposed African P. falciparum isolates. Eight cytb polymorphisms were found outside the ubiquinone reduction site by sequencing the entire gene of 270 isolates. One atovaquone/proguanil treatment failure was documented; the post-treatment isolate had an atovaquone susceptibility of 8230 nM and the Ser268 Cytb change; the pre-treatment isolate, obtained 4 weeks previously, was Cytb Tyr268 (wild-type). CONCLUSIONS No atovaquone/proguanil resistance was detected by phenotyping or genotyping among 477 unexposed African P. falciparum isolates. Atovaquone/proguanil-resistant parasite was detectable only in the post-treatment isolate from a treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Musset
- Centre National de Référence pour la Chimiosensibilité du Paludisme, APHP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
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Sim IK, Davis TME, Ilett KF. Effects of a high-fat meal on the relative oral bioavailability of piperaquine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2407-11. [PMID: 15917540 PMCID: PMC1140540 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.6.2407-2411.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperaquine (PQ) is an antimalarial drug whose high lipid solubility suggests that its absorption can be increased by a high-fat meal. We examined the pharmacokinetics of PQ phosphate (500 mg given orally) in the fasting state and after a high-fat meal in eight healthy Caucasian volunteers (randomized crossover). Plasma PQ concentration-time profiles were analyzed by using noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. In the fed state, the geometric mean Cmax increased by 213%, from 21.0 to 65.8 microg/liter (P<0.001). The time of Cmax was not significantly different between the fasting and fed states. The geometric mean area under the concentration-time curve from zero onward (AUC0-infinity) increased by 98%, from 3,724 to 7,362 microg h/liter (P=0.006). The oral bioavailability of PQ relative to the fasting state was 121% greater after the high-fat meal (95% confidence interval, 26 to 216% increase; P=0.020). The side effects, postural blood pressure changes, electrocardiographic corrected QT interval, serum glucose, and other biochemical and hematological indices were similar in the fasting and fed states over 28 days of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Kye Sim
- Medicine Unit Fremantle, M510, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
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45
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Dunay IR, Heimesaat MM, Bushrab FN, Müller RH, Stocker H, Arasteh K, Kurowski M, Fitzner R, Borner K, Liesenfeld O. Atovaquone maintenance therapy prevents reactivation of toxoplasmic encephalitis in a murine model of reactivated toxoplasmosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 48:4848-54. [PMID: 15561866 PMCID: PMC529229 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.12.4848-4854.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute therapy with pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine is the treatment of choice for reactivated toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). Acute therapy is followed by lifelong maintenance therapy (secondary prophylaxis) with the same drugs at lower dosages. The use of pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine is hampered by severe side effects including allergic reactions and hematotoxicity. Alternative treatment regimens with pyrimethamine plus clindamycin or other antiparasitic drugs are less efficacious. Atovaquone nanosuspensions show excellent therapeutic effects for "acute" intravenous (i.v.) treatment of reactivated TE in a murine model. In the present study, the therapeutic efficacy of atovaquone for oral "maintenance" therapy was investigated. Mice with a targeted mutation in the interferon regulatory factor 8 gene were latently infected with Toxoplasma gondii, developed reactivated TE, and received acute i.v. therapy with atovaquone nanosuspensions. Mice were then treated orally with atovaquone suspension or other antiparasitic drugs to prevent relapse of TE. Maintenance therapy with atovaquone at daily doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg (body weight) protected mice against reactivated TE and death. This maintenance treatment was superior to standard therapy with pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine. The latter combination was superior to the combination of pyrimethamine plus clindamycin. Inflammatory changes in the brain parenchyma and meninges, as well as parasite numbers, in the brains of mice confirmed the therapeutic efficacy of atovaquone for maintenance therapy. Atovaquone was detectable in sera, brains, livers, and lungs of infected mice by high-performance liquid chromatography and/or mass spectrometry. In conclusion, atovaquone appears to be superior to the standard maintenance therapy regimens in a murine model of reactivated TE. The therapeutic efficacy of atovaquone for maintenance therapy against TE should be further investigated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko R Dunay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Infection Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
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46
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Singh BN. A quantitative approach to probe the dependence and correlation of food-effect with aqueous solubility, dose/solubility ratio, and partition coefficient (LogP) for orally active drugs administered as immediate-release formulations. Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Piperaquine is a bisquinoline antimalarial drug that was first synthesised in the 1960s, and used extensively in China and Indochina as prophylaxis and treatment during the next 20 years. A number of Chinese research groups documented that it was at least as effective as, and better tolerated than, chloroquine against falciparum and vivax malaria, but no pharmacokinetic characterisation was undertaken. With the development of piperaquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and the emergence of the artemisinin derivatives, its use declined during the 1980s. However, during the next decade, piperaquine was rediscovered by Chinese scientists as one of a number of compounds suitable for combination with an artemisinin derivative. The rationale for such artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) was to provide an inexpensive, short-course treatment regimen with a high cure rate and good tolerability that would reduce transmission and protect against the development of parasite resistance. This approach has now been endorsed by the WHO. Piperaquine-based ACT began as China-Vietnam 4 (CV4): dihydroartemisinin [DHA], trimethoprim, piperaquine phosphate and primaquine phosphate), which was followed by CV8 (the same components as CV4 but in increased quantities), Artecom (in which primaquine was omitted) and Artekin or Duo-Cotecxin (DHA and piperaquine phosphate only). Recent Indochinese studies have confirmed the excellent clinical efficacy of piperaquine-DHA combinations (28-day cure rates >95%), and have demonstrated that currently recommended regimens are not associated with significant cardiotoxicity or other adverse effects. The pharmacokinetic properties of piperaquine have also been characterised recently, revealing that it is a highly lipid-soluble drug with a large volume of distribution at steady state/bioavailability, long elimination half-life and a clearance that is markedly higher in children than in adults. The tolerability, efficacy, pharmacokinetic profile and low cost of piperaquine make it a promising partner drug for use as part of an ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M E Davis
- Medicine Unit Fremantle and Pharmacology Unit Nedlands, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
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Drabant S, Nemes KB, Horváth V, Tolokán A, Grézal G, Anttila M, Gachályi B, Kanerva H, Al-Behaisi S, Horvai G, Klebovich I. Influence of food on the oral bioavailability of deramciclane from film-coated tablet in healthy male volunteers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 58:689-95. [PMID: 15451546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a high-fat meal on the oral bioavailability of deramciclane 30 mg tablet was evaluated in 18 healthy male volunteers in a randomised, single dose, two-way crossover study. The drug was administered following an overnight fast or a standardised high-fat breakfast. The plasma concentrations of deramciclane and N-desmethylderamciclane were determined by using a validated HPLC-MS -MS/MS method. An effect of food on the bioavailability was indicated if the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the ratio of geometric means of fed and fasted treatments was not contained in the equivalence limit of 0.8-1.25 for AUC and C(max). The ratios of the mean C(max) and AUC(0-infinity) values of deramciclane were 1.24 (90% CI 1.12-1.38) and 1.31 (90% CI 1.21-1.41) in fed versus fasted subjects, which overlapped but exceeded the equivalence limit. In contrast to the parent compound, the 90% CI of the mean ratios for AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) of N-desmethylderamciclane were within the predefined range. The 24 and 31% increase in C(max) and AUC(0-infinity) of deramciclane, respectively, under fed condition is modest and probably has no clinical significance since it is relatively small compared to the inter-individual variability of these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Drabant
- EGIS Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Research and Development Directorate, Budapest, Hungary
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Abstract
Bicalutamide is a nonsteroidal pure antiandrogen given at a dosage of 150 mg once daily as monotherapy for the treatment of early (localised or locally advanced) nonmetastatic prostate cancer. It is used at a dosage of 50 mg once daily in combination with a luteinising hormone-releasing hormone analogue or surgical castration for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Bicalutamide is a racemate and its antiandrogenic activity resides almost exclusively in the (R)-enantiomer, with little, if any, activity in the (S)-enantiomer. (R)-Bicalutamide is slowly and saturably absorbed, but absorption is unaffected by food. It has a long plasma elimination half-life (1 week) and accumulates about 10-fold in plasma during daily administration. (S)-Bicalutamide is much more rapidly absorbed and cleared from plasma; steady-state concentrations (Css) of (R)-bicalutamide are 100-fold higher than those of (S)-bicalutamide. Css increases linearly with doses up to 50 mg, but nonlinearly at higher doses, reaching a plateau above 300 mg. Css is higher in Japanese than in Caucasians, but no relationship with degree of renal impairment, bodyweight or age exists. Although mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment does not affect pharmacokinetics, there is evidence for slower elimination of (R)-bicalutamide in subjects with severe hepatic impairment. Bicalutamide metabolites are excreted almost equally in urine and faeces with little or no unchanged drug excreted in urine; conversely, unchanged drug predominates in plasma. Bicalutamide in faeces is thought to arise from hydrolysis of bicalutamide glucuronide and from unabsorbed drug. Bicalutamide appears to be cleared almost exclusively by metabolism; this is largely mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) for (R)-bicalutamide, but glucuronidation is the predominant metabolic route for (S)-bicalutamide. (S)-Bicalutamide is metabolised in vitro by CYP3A4, and it is probable that this isoenzyme is also responsible for the metabolism of (R)-bicalutamide. In vitro data suggest that (R)-bicalutamide has the potential to inhibit CYP3A4 and, to a lesser extent, CYP2C9, 2C19 and 2D6. However, using midazolam as a specific CYP3A4 marker, no clinically relevant inhibition is observed in vivo with bicalutamide 150mg. Although bicalutamide is a CYP inducer in laboratory animals, dosages < or = 150 mg/day have shown no evidence of enzyme induction in humans. Daily administration of bicalutamide increases circulating levels of gonadotrophins and sex hormones; although testosterone increases by up to 80%, concentrations in most patients remain within the normal range. Bicalutamide produces a dose-related decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at dosages < or = 150 mg/day. However, little relationship is observed between median PSA reduction and (R)-bicalutamide Css.
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Edstein MD, Kocisko DA, Walsh DS, Eamsila C, Charles BG, Rieckmann KH. Plasma concentrations of tafenoquine, a new long-acting antimalarial agent, in thai soldiers receiving monthly prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:1654-8. [PMID: 14689348 DOI: 10.1086/379718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Accepted: 08/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured plasma tafenoquine concentrations in Thai soldiers given a monthly regimen of tafenoquine to determine whether these concentrations adequately suppressed malarial infections on the Thai-Cambodian border. After receiving a treatment course of artesunate and doxycycline, 104 male soldiers were administered a loading dose of tafenoquine (400 mg daily for 3 days), followed by tafenoquine monthly (400 mg every 4 weeks) for 5 months. Consecutive monthly mean (+/- standard deviation) trough plasma tafenoquine concentrations were 223+/-41, 127+/-29, 157+/-51, 120+/-24, and 88+/-20 ng/mL. Only 1 soldier developed malaria during the study. At the time of malaria diagnosis, his plasma tafenoquine concentration was 40 ng/mL, which was approximately 3-fold lower than the trough concentrations of the other soldiers. Although low tafenoquine concentrations appear to be uncommon, additional investigations are needed to determine the relationship between plasma tafenoquine concentrations and suppression of malaria.
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