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The characteristics of vessel lining cells in normal spleens and their role in the pathobiology of myelofibrosis. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1130-1145. [PMID: 29776986 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017015073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD34-CD8α+, sinusoid lining, littoral cells (LCs), and CD34+CD8α-, splenic vascular endothelial cells (SVECs) represent 2 distinct cellular types that line the vessels within normal spleens and those of patients with myelofibrosis (MF). To further understand the respective roles of LCs and SVECs, each was purified from normal and MF spleens, cultured, and characterized. Gene expression profiling indicated that LCs were a specialized type of SVEC. LCs possessed a distinct gene expression profile associated with cytoskeleton regulation, cellular interactions, endocytosis, and iron transport. LCs also were characterized by strong phagocytic activity, less robust tube-forming capacity and a limited proliferative potential. These characteristics underlie the role of LCs as cellular filters and scavengers. Although normal LCs and SVECs produced overlapping as well as distinct hematopoietic factors and adhesion molecules, the gene expression profile of MF LCs and SVECs distinguished them from their normal counterparts. MF SVECs were characterized by activated interferon signaling and cell cycle progression pathways and increased vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, angiopoietin-2, stem cell factor, interleukin (IL)-33, Notch ligands, and IL-15 transcripts. In contrast, the transcription profile of MF LCs was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced energy production, protein biosynthesis, and catabolism. Normal SVECs formed in vitro confluent cell layers that supported MF hematopoietic colony formation to a greater extent than normal colony formation. These data provide an explanation for the reduced density of LCs observed within MF spleens and indicate the role of SVECs in the development of extramedullary hematopoiesis in MF.
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Valencia J, Jiménez E, Martínez VG, Del Amo BG, Hidalgo L, Entrena A, Fernández-Sevilla LM, Del Río F, Varas A, Vicente Á, Sacedón R. Characterization of human fibroblastic reticular cells as potential immunotherapeutic tools. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:640-653. [PMID: 28262465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are essential players during adaptive immune responses not only as a structural support for the encounter of antigen-presenting cells and naive T lymphocytes but also as a source of modulatory signals. However, little is known about this cell population in humans. To address the phenotypical and functional analysis of human FRCs here we established splenic (SP) and mesenteric lymph node (LN) CD45-CD31-CD90+podoplanin+ myofibroblastic cell cultures. They shared the phenotypical characteristics distinctive of FRCs, including the expression of immunomodulatory factors and peripheral tissue antigens. Nevertheless, human FRCs also showed particular features, some differing from mouse FRCs, like the lack of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression after interferon (IFN)γstimulation. Interestingly, SP-FRCs expressed higher levels of interleukin (IL)-6, BMP4, CCL2, CXCL12 and Notch molecules, and strongly adapted their functional profile to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and IFNγ stimulation. In contrast, we found higher expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)β and Activin A in LN-FRCs that barely responded via Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)3 and constitutively expressed retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 enzyme, absent in SP-FRCs. This study reveals human FRCs can be valuable models to increase our knowledge about the physiology of human secondary lymphoid organs in health and disease and to explore the therapeutic options of FRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaris Valencia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor G Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Del Amo
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Hidalgo
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Entrena
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Del Río
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Varas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Vicente
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Sacedón
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
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Vo NTK, Bender AW, Ammendolia DA, Lumsden JS, Dixon B, Bols NC. Development of a walleye spleen stromal cell line sensitive to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV IVb) and to protection by synthetic dsRNA. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:83-93. [PMID: 25701636 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A cell line, WE-spleen6, has been developed from the stromal layer of primary spleen cell cultures. On conventional plastic, WE-spleen6 cells had a spindle-shaped morphology at low cell density but grew to become epithelial-like at confluency. On the commercial extracellular matrix (ECM), Matrigel, the cells remained spindle-shaped and formed lumen-like structures. WE-spleen6 cells had intermediate filament protein, vimentin and the ECM protein, collagen I, but not smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) and lacked alkaline phosphatase and phagocytic activities. WE-spleen6 was more susceptible to infection with VHSV IVb than a fibroblast and epithelial cell lines from the walleye caudal fin, WE-cfin11f and WE-cfin11e, respectively. Viral transcripts and proteins appeared earlier in WE-spleen6 cultures as did cytopathic effect (CPE) and significant virus production. The synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (pIC), induced the antiviral protein Mx in both cell lines. Treating WE-spleen6 cultures with pIC prior to infection with VHSV IVb inhibited the early accumulation of viral transcripts and proteins and delayed the appearance of CPE and significant viral production. Of particular note, pIC caused the disappearance of viral P protein 2 days post infection. WE-spleen6 should be useful for investigating the impact of VHSV IVb on hematopoietic organs and the actions of pIC on the rhabdovirus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aaron W Bender
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - John S Lumsden
- Ontario Veterinary College, Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N2G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Behrendt P, Buchenauer T, Horn R, Brabant G, Jacobs R, Bode F, Stephan M, Nave H. Diet-induced obesity, exogenous leptin-, and MADB106 tumor cell challenge affect tissue leukocyte distribution and serum levels of cytokines in F344 rats. Endocrine 2010; 38:104-12. [PMID: 20960110 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived catabolic protein leptin alters cell-mediated immunity and cytokine crosstalk. This may provide new insights into the altered immune response, seen in obese individuals. Therefore, we determined the tissue distribution of immune cells in diet-induced obese (dio) and normal weight F344 rats challenged with MADB106 tumor cells or leptin. Immune cell distribution in blood (by FACS analysis) and tissues (NK cells in spleen and liver, immunohistologically) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α; by flow cytometry) were investigated in 28 normal weight and 28 dio rats (n = 4-6/group). Pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased 3-fold for IL-6 and 7-fold for TNF-α in obese animals. Higher numbers of blood monocytes and NK cells were found in obese as compared to normal weight animals. In dio rats challenged with leptin and MADB106 tumor cells, monocyte numbers were decreased as compared to the obese control animals. Immunohistochemistry revealed an altered NK cell distribution in a compartment-, treatment-, and bodyweight-specific manner. In conclusion, our data reveal a distinct distribution pattern of monocytes and NK cells in dio rats as compared to normal weight littermates and an additional modulatory effect of a leptin- and MADB106 tumor cell challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Behrendt
- Institute for Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Phillips B, Giannoukakis N, Trucco M. Dendritic cell-based therapy in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:325-39. [PMID: 20477010 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy is a clinical reality. Despite two decades of considerable data demonstrating the feasibility of using DCs to prolong transplant allograft survival and to prevent autoimmunity, only now are these cells entering clinical trials in humans. Type 1 diabetes is the first autoimmune disorder to be targeted for treatment in humans using autologous-engineered DCs. This review will highlight the role of DCs in autoimmunity and the manner in which they have been engineered to treat these disorders in rodent models, either via the induction of immune hyporesponsiveness, which may be cell- and/or antigen-specific, or indirectly by upregulation of other immune cell networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Phillips
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunogenetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Rangos Research Center, 530 45th Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA.
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Human fibroblasts support the expansion of IL-17-producing T cells via up-regulation of IL-23 production by dendritic cells. Blood 2010; 116:1715-25. [PMID: 20538798 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-263509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of immune responses is associated with the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and their migration to draining lymph nodes. En route activated DCs encounter cells of the tissue microenvironment, such as fibroblasts. Because we have shown that DCs interact with fibroblasts during immune responses, we studied the impact of skin fibroblasts on human monocyte-derived DC function and subsequent human T-cell (TC) differentiation. We show that fibroblasts support interleukin-23 (IL-23) secretion from DCs preactivated by lipopolysaccharide (DC(act)) compared with lipopolysaccharide-activated DCs alone. The underlying complex feedback-loop mechanism involves IL-1β/tumor necrosis factor-α (from DC(act)), which stimulate fibroblasts prostaglandin E(2) production. Prostaglandin E(2), in turn, acts on DC(act) and increases their IL-23 release. Furthermore, fibroblast-stimulated DC(act) are far superior to DC(act) alone, in promoting the expansion of Th17 cells in a Cox-2-, IL-23-dependent manner. Using CD4(+)CD45RO(+) memory TCs and CD4(+)CD45RA(+) naive TCs, we showed that fibroblasts induce a phenotype of DC(act) that promotes the expansion of Th17 cells. Moreover, in psoriasis, a prototypic immune response in which the importance of IL-23/Th17 is known, high expression of Cox-2 in fibroblasts was observed. In conclusion, skin fibroblasts are involved in regulation of IL-23 production in DCs and, as a result, of Th17 expansion.
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Tan JKH, O'Neill HC. Concise Review: Dendritic Cell Development in the Context of the Spleen Microenvironment. Stem Cells 2009; 25:2139-45. [PMID: 17525232 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) population in spleen comprises a mixture of cells including endogenous DC progenitors, DC precursors migrating in from blood and bone marrow, and DC in different states of differentiation and activation. A role for different microenvironments in supporting the dynamic development of murine DC of different types or lineages is considered here. Recent evidence for production of DC dependent on splenic stromal cells is reviewed in the light of evidence that cell production is dependent on cells comprising an endothelial niche in spleen. The possibility that self-renewing progenitors in spleen give rise to DC with tolerogenic or regulatory rather than immunostimulatory function is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K H Tan
- School of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia 0200
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Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is caused by iterative cycles of tissue injury, inflammation, and repair. Although most causes of acute hepatitis resolve without scarring, chronic hepatitis is associated with persistent inflammation and matrix remodeling, which leads to fibrosis and, eventually, cirrhosis. The mechanisms that govern wound healing involve interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems and stromal cells within a microenvironment composed of cytokines, growth factors, and modified matricellular proteins. The immune system plays a central role in the regulation of fibrosis, tissue repair, and recovery that is vital for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis are inextricably linked and the cellular interactions between immune effector cells, local fibroblasts, and tissue macrophages at sites of scar formation determine the outcome of liver injury and the development of scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Holt
- Honorary Clinical Fellow in Hepatology, Liver Research Group, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham. U.K
| | - Mike Salmon
- Professor of Experimental Rheumatology, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- ARC Professor of Rheumatology, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - David H Adams
- Professor of Hepatology, Liver Research Group, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham. U.K
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Generation of a novel regulatory NK cell subset from peripheral blood CD34+ progenitors promoted by membrane-bound IL-15. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2241. [PMID: 18493613 PMCID: PMC2376096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NK cells have been long time considered as cytotoxic lymphocytes competent in killing virus-infected cells and tumors. However, NK cells may also play essential immuno-regulatory functions. In this context, the real existence of a defined NK subset with negative regulatory properties has been hypothesized but never clearly demonstrated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Herein, we show the in vitro generation from human peripheral blood haematopoietic progenitors (PB-HP), of a novel subset of non-cytolytic NK cells displaying a mature phenotype and remarkable immuno-regulatory functions (NK-ireg). The main functional hallmark of these NK-ireg cells is represented by the surface expression/release of HLA-G, a major immunosuppressive molecule. In addition, NK-ireg cells secrete two powerful immuno-regulatory factors: IL-10 and IL-21. Through these factors, NK-ireg cells act as effectors of the down-regulation of the immune response: reconverting mature myeloid DC (mDC) into immature/tolerogenic DC, blocking cytolytic functions on conventional NK cells and inducing HLA-G membrane expression on PB-derived monocytes. The generation of "NK-ireg" cells is obtained, by default, in culture conditions favouring cell-to-cell contacts, and it is strictly dependent on reciprocal trans-presentation of membrane-bound IL-15 forms constitutively and selectively expressed by human CD34(+) PB-HP. Finally, a small subset of NKp46(+) HLA-G(+) IL-10(+) is detected within freshly isolated decidual NK cells, suggesting that these cells could represent an in vivo counterpart of the NK-ireg cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, NK-ireg cells represent a novel truly differentiated non-cytolytic NK subset with a self-sustainable phenotype (CD56(+) CD16(+) NKp30(+) NKp44(+) NKp46(+) CD94(+) CD69(+) CCR7(+)) generated from specific pSTAT6(+) GATA3(+) precursors. NK-ireg cells could be employed to develop new immuno-suppressive strategies in autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection or graft versus host diseases. In addition, NK-ireg cells can be easily derived from peripheral blood of the patients and could constitute an autologous biotherapic tool to be used combined or in alternative to other immuno-regulatory cells.
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Saalbach A, Klein C, Sleeman J, Sack U, Kauer F, Gebhardt C, Averbeck M, Anderegg U, Simon JC. Dermal fibroblasts induce maturation of dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4966-74. [PMID: 17404278 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.4966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To trigger an effective T cell-mediated immune response in the skin, cutaneous dendritic cells (DC) migrate into locally draining lymph nodes, where they present Ag to naive T cells. Little is known about the interaction of DC with the various cellular microenvironments they encounter during their migration from the skin to lymphoid tissues. In this study, we show that human DC generated from peripheral blood monocytes specifically interact with human dermal fibroblasts via the interaction of beta(2) integrins on DC with Thy-1 (CD90) and ICAM-1 on fibroblasts. This induced the phenotypic maturation of DC reflected by expression of CD83, CD86, CD80, and HLA-DR in a TNF-alpha- and ICAM-1-dependent manner. Moreover, fibroblast-matured DC potently induced T cell activation reflected by CD25 expression and enhanced T cell proliferation. Together these data demonstrate that dermal fibroblasts that DC can encounter during their trafficking from skin to lymph node can act as potent regulators of DC differentiation and function, and thus may actively participate in the regulation and outcome of DC-driven cutaneous immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Saalbach
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty of Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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