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Stern LJ, Clement C, Galluzzi L, Santambrogio L. Non-mutational neoantigens in disease. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:29-40. [PMID: 38168954 PMCID: PMC11075006 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The ability of mammals to mount adaptive immune responses culminating with the establishment of immunological memory is predicated on the ability of the mature T cell repertoire to recognize antigenic peptides presented by syngeneic MHC class I and II molecules. Although it is widely believed that mature T cells are highly skewed towards the recognition of antigenic peptides originating from genetically diverse (for example, foreign or mutated) protein-coding regions, preclinical and clinical data rather demonstrate that novel antigenic determinants efficiently recognized by mature T cells can emerge from a variety of non-mutational mechanisms. In this Review, we describe various mechanisms that underlie the formation of bona fide non-mutational neoantigens, such as epitope mimicry, upregulation of cryptic epitopes, usage of non-canonical initiation codons, alternative RNA splicing, and defective ribosomal RNA processing, as well as both enzymatic and non-enzymatic post-translational protein modifications. Moreover, we discuss the implications of the immune recognition of non-mutational neoantigens for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Stern
- Department of Pathology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Clement
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Akama-Garren EH, Carroll MC. T Cell Help in the Autoreactive Germinal Center. Scand J Immunol 2022; 95:e13192. [PMID: 35587582 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center serves as a site of B cell selection and affinity maturation, critical processes for productive adaptive immunity. In autoimmune disease tolerance is broken in the germinal center reaction, leading to production of autoreactive B cells that may propagate disease. Follicular T cells are crucial regulators of this process, providing signals necessary for B cell survival in the germinal center. Here we review the emerging roles of follicular T cells in the autoreactive germinal center. Recent advances in immunological techniques have allowed study of the gene expression profiles and repertoire of follicular T cells at unprecedented resolution. These studies provide insight into the potential role follicular T cells play in preventing or facilitating germinal center loss of tolerance. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of T cell help in autoreactive germinal centers provides novel therapeutic targets for diseases of germinal center dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Lanz TV, Brewer RC, Ho PP, Moon JS, Jude KM, Fernandez D, Fernandes RA, Gomez AM, Nadj GS, Bartley CM, Schubert RD, Hawes IA, Vazquez SE, Iyer M, Zuchero JB, Teegen B, Dunn JE, Lock CB, Kipp LB, Cotham VC, Ueberheide BM, Aftab BT, Anderson MS, DeRisi JL, Wilson MR, Bashford-Rogers RJ, Platten M, Garcia KC, Steinman L, Robinson WH. Clonally expanded B cells in multiple sclerosis bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAM. Nature 2022; 603:321-327. [PMID: 35073561 PMCID: PMC9382663 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogenous autoimmune disease in which autoreactive lymphocytes attack the myelin sheath of the central nervous system. B lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with MS contribute to inflammation and secrete oligoclonal immunoglobulins1,2. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been epidemiologically linked to MS, but its pathological role remains unclear3. Here we demonstrate high-affinity molecular mimicry between the EBV transcription factor EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and the central nervous system protein glial cell adhesion molecule (GlialCAM) and provide structural and in vivo functional evidence for its relevance. A cross-reactive CSF-derived antibody was initially identified by single-cell sequencing of the paired-chain B cell repertoire of MS blood and CSF, followed by protein microarray-based testing of recombinantly expressed CSF-derived antibodies against MS-associated viruses. Sequence analysis, affinity measurements and the crystal structure of the EBNA1-peptide epitope in complex with the autoreactive Fab fragment enabled tracking of the development of the naive EBNA1-restricted antibody to a mature EBNA1-GlialCAM cross-reactive antibody. Molecular mimicry is facilitated by a post-translational modification of GlialCAM. EBNA1 immunization exacerbates disease in a mouse model of MS, and anti-EBNA1 and anti-GlialCAM antibodies are prevalent in patients with MS. Our results provide a mechanistic link for the association between MS and EBV and could guide the development of new MS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias V. Lanz
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States,Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany,Department of Neurology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Camille Brewer
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Peggy P. Ho
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jae-Seung Moon
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Kevin M. Jude
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Daniel Fernandez
- Stanford ChEM-H Institute, Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Alejandro M. Gomez
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Gabriel-Stefan Nadj
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Christopher M. Bartley
- Hanna H. Gray Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Rd, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln San Francisco, CA 94158, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ryan D. Schubert
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln San Francisco, CA 94158, San Francisco, United States
| | - Isobel A. Hawes
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln San Francisco, CA 94158, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sara E. Vazquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Manasi Iyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welsh Road, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - J. Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welsh Road, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Bianca Teegen
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, Seekamp 31, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeffrey E. Dunn
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 213 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Christopher B. Lock
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 213 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lucas B. Kipp
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 213 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Victoria C. Cotham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, and NYU Langone Health Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, NYU School of Medicine, 430 East 29th St, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - Beatrix M. Ueberheide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, and NYU Langone Health Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, NYU School of Medicine, 430 East 29th St, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - Blake T. Aftab
- Preclinical Science and Translational Medicine, Atara Biotherapeutics, 611 Gateway Blvd South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, University of California San Francisco, 499 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Michael R. Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln San Francisco, CA 94158, San Francisco, United States
| | - Rachael J.M. Bashford-Rogers
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany,Department of Neurology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States,Corresponding Author: William H. Robinson, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States,
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Tsai CY, Shen CY, Liu CW, Hsieh SC, Liao HT, Li KJ, Lu CS, Lee HT, Lin CS, Wu CH, Kuo YM, Yu CL. Aberrant Non-Coding RNA Expression in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Consequences for Immune Dysfunctions and Tissue Damage. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121641. [PMID: 33291347 PMCID: PMC7762297 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease with heterogeneous clinical manifestations. A diverse innate and adaptive immune dysregulation is involved in the immunopathogenesis of SLE. The dysregulation of immune-related cells may derive from the intricate interactions among genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Of these contributing factors, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the post-transcriptional mRNA expression of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, which are essential for immune modulation. In the present review, we emphasize the roles of ncRNA expression in the immune-related cells and cell-free plasma, urine, and tissues contributing to the immunopathogenesis and tissue damage in SLE. In addition, the circular RNAs (circRNA) and their post-translational regulation of protein synthesis in SLE are also briefly described. We wish these critical reviews would be useful in the search for biomarkers/biosignatures and novel therapeutic strategies for SLE patients in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/genetics
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/pathology
- RNA, Circular/genetics
- RNA, Circular/immunology
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Youh Tsai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (H.-T.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.T.); (C.-L.Y.)
| | - Chieh-Yu Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University School of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (H.-T.L.)
| | - Song-Chou Hsieh
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Hsien-Tzung Liao
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (H.-T.L.)
| | - Ko-Jen Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Cheng-Shiun Lu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Hui-Ting Lee
- Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay College of Medicine, Taipei 10449, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Sung Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ministry of Health and Welfare Taipei Hospital, New Taipei City 24213, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Han Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Chia-Li Yu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, & Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; (C.-Y.S.); (S.-C.H.); (K.-J.L.); (C.-S.L.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.-M.K.)
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.T.); (C.-L.Y.)
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5
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Buttari B, Profumo E, Capozzi A, Saso L, Sorice M, Riganò R. Post-translational modifications of proteins in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:511-525. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1650714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Capozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Riganò
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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6
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Antiochos B, Matyszewski M, Sohn J, Casciola-Rosen L, Rosen A. IFI16 filament formation in salivary epithelial cells shapes the anti-IFI16 immune response in Sjögren's syndrome. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120179. [PMID: 30232276 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) is an innate immune sensor that forms filamentous oligomers when activated by double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Anti-IFI16 autoantibodies occur in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and associate with severe phenotypic features. We undertook this study to determine whether the structural and functional properties of IFI16 play a role in its status as an SS autoantigen. IFI16 immunostaining in labial salivary glands (LSGs) yielded striking evidence of filamentous IFI16 structures in the cytoplasm of ductal epithelial cells, representing the first microscopic description of IFI16 oligomerization in human tissues, to our knowledge. Transfection of cultured epithelial cells with dsDNA triggered the formation of cytoplasmic IFI16 filaments with similar morphology to those observed in LSGs. We found that a majority of SS anti-IFI16 autoantibodies immunoprecipitate IFI16 more effectively in the oligomeric dsDNA-bound state. Epitopes in the C-terminus of IFI16 are accessible to antibodies in the DNA-bound oligomer and are preferentially targeted by SS sera. Furthermore, cytotoxic lymphocyte granule pathways (highly enriched in the SS gland) induce striking release of IFI16•dsDNA complexes from cultured cells. Our studies reveal that IFI16 is present in a filamentous state in the target tissue of SS and suggest that this property of DNA-induced filament formation contributes to its status as an autoantigen in SS. These studies highlight the role that tissue-specific modifications and immune effector pathways might play in the selection of autoantigens in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz Matyszewski
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jungsan Sohn
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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7
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Autoimmune aspects in glaucoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 787:105-18. [PMID: 27090926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of glaucoma, a common neurodegenerative disease, involves an immunologic component. Studies demonstrate changes of autoantibody concentrations against retinal and optic nerve head antigens in glaucoma patients. Furthermore we found antibody deposits in human glaucomatous retinae in a pro-inflammatory environment. Clinical studies showed up regulated, but also significantly down-regulated autoantibody levels. These antibodies belong to the natural autoimmunity. The upregulation of autoantibodies can be associated with fatal conditions, but several studies demonstrate that natural autoantibodies entail also neuroprotective characteristics and influence the protein expression of neuroretinal cells. A misbalance in the physiological equilibrium may shift from regulatory immunity into a neuroinflammatory degenerative process, what may lead to a predisposition to glaucoma. However, the protective nature of autoantibodies and the molecular mechanisms underlying the very sensitive equilibrium of natural autoimmunity between autoaggression and neuroprotection offer promising target sites for new therapeutic approaches. Finally, the changes in antibody profiles represent a new opportunity as highly sensitive and specific biomarkers for diagnostics purposes.
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8
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Konsta OD, Le Dantec C, Charras A, Cornec D, Kapsogeorgou EK, Tzioufas AG, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y. Defective DNA methylation in salivary gland epithelial acini from patients with Sjögren's syndrome is associated with SSB gene expression, anti-SSB/LA detection, and lymphocyte infiltration. J Autoimmun 2015; 68:30-8. [PMID: 26725749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is complex, in part due to DNA methylation abnormalities. This study was undertaken to evaluate the importance of global DNA methylation ((5m)C) as determined in minor salivary glands (MSG) from well characterized pSS patients. Twenty-two pSS patients and ten controls were selected, and MSG were stained with anti-(5m)C, anti-(5m)C/anti-cytokeratin (KRT)19, or with anti-SSB/La antibodies (Ab). The DNA methylation status at the SSB gene promoter P1 and P1' was evaluated by methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes (MSRE) coupled with PCR. The effect of the DNA demethylating drug 5 azacytidine (5-Aza) was tested in the human salivary gland (HSG) cell line. In pSS, the reduction of global DNA methylation ((5m)C) was associated with lymphocyte infiltration, the emergence of (5m)C(low) and KRT19(high) acini, and the detection of circulating anti-SSB/La Ab, but not with disease activity (ESSDAI). Next, treating HSG cells with 5-Aza was effective in inducing SSB expression. Finally in pSS patients positive for anti-SSB/La Ab, we further observed DNA demethylation at the SSB gene promoter P1 with consequent SSB overexpression at both the transcriptional and protein levels in salivary gland epithelial cells. In conclusion, our results highlight the importance of DNA methylation in the pathophysiology of pSS and to the emergence of anti-SSB/La Ab.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Konsta
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Greece
| | - C Le Dantec
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
| | - A Charras
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
| | - D Cornec
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
| | - E K Kapsogeorgou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Greece
| | - A G Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Greece
| | - J O Pers
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Y Renaudineau
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Morvan, Brest, France.
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9
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Shen ZJ, Malter JS. Regulation of AU-Rich Element RNA Binding Proteins by Phosphorylation and the Prolyl Isomerase Pin1. Biomolecules 2015; 5:412-34. [PMID: 25874604 PMCID: PMC4496679 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR), AU-rich element (ARE) containing mRNAs, are predominantly controlled at the post-transcriptional level. Regulation appears to rely on a variable and dynamic interaction between mRNA target and ARE-specific binding proteins (AUBPs). The AUBP-ARE mRNA recognition is directed by multiple intracellular signals that are predominantly targeted at the AUBPs. These include (but are unlikely limited to) methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and isomerization. These regulatory events ultimately affect ARE mRNA location, abundance, translation and stability. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of phosphorylation and its impact on conformation of the AUBPs, interaction with ARE mRNAs and highlight the role of Pin1 mediated prolyl cis-trans isomerization in these biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jian Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8548, USA.
| | - James S Malter
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8548, USA.
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Bhat S, Mary S, Banarjee R, Giri AP, Kulkarni MJ. Immune response to chemically modified proteome. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:19-34. [PMID: 24375944 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic PTMs of proteins involve chemical modifications. Some of these modifications are prerequisite for the normal functioning of cell, while other chemical modifications render the proteins as "neo-self" antigens, which are recognized as "non-self" leading to aberrant cellular and humoral immune responses. However, these modifications could be a secondary effect of autoimmune diseases, as in the case of type I diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to protein glycation. The enigma of chemical modifications and immune response is akin to the "chick-and-egg" paradox. Nevertheless, chemical modifications regulate immune response. In some of the well-known autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis, chemically modified proteins act as autoantigens forming immune complexes. In some instances, chemical modifications are also involved in regulating immune response during pathogen infection. Further, the usefulness of proteomic analysis of immune complexes is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Bhat
- Proteomics Facility, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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11
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The Clinical Significance of Posttranslational Modification of Autoantigens. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 47:73-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Bell K, Gramlich OW, Von Thun Und Hohenstein-Blaul N, Beck S, Funke S, Wilding C, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Does autoimmunity play a part in the pathogenesis of glaucoma? Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 36:199-216. [PMID: 23541978 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disease and one of the leading causes of blindness. Several risk factors have been described, e.g. an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), oxidative stress or mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, alterations in serum antibody profiles of glaucoma patients, upregulation (e.g. anti-HSP60, anti-MBP) and downregulation (e.g. anti-14-3-3), have been described, but it still remains elusive if the autoantibodies seen in glaucoma are an epiphenomenon or causative. However, it is known that elicited autoimmunity causes retinal ganglion cell loss resulting in glaucomatous-like damage and according to the autoaggressive nature of some autoantibodies we found antibody deposits in human glaucomatous retinae in a pro-inflammatory environment. Furthermore, glaucomatous serum has the potential to influence neuroretinal cell regulatory processes. Importantly, we demonstrate that some autoantibodies hold neuroprotective potential for neuroretinal cells. The protective nature of autoantibodies and the molecular mechanisms underlying the very sensitive equilibrium between autoaggression and protection remain subject of future examinations and offer promising target sites for new therapeutic approaches. Additionally, the changes in antibody profiles could be used as highly sensitive and specific marker for diagnostics purposes. Early diagnosis and intervention in risk patients would offer the chance of early treatment and to slow down the progression of glaucoma and delay the resulting blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bell
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutewnberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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13
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The applied basic research of systemic lupus erythematosus based on the biological omics. Genes Immun 2013; 14:133-46. [PMID: 23446742 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies directed against nuclear self-antigens and circulating immune complexes. This results in damages to various organs or systems, including skin, joints, kidneys and the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations of SLE could be diverse, including glomerulonephritis, dermatitis, thrombosis, vasculitis, seizures and arthritis. The complicated pathogenesis and varied clinical symptoms of SLE pose great challenges in the diagnosis and monitoring of this disease. Unfortunately, the etiological factors and pathogenesis of SLE are still not completely understood. It is noteworthy that recent advances in our understanding of the biological omics and emerging technologies have been providing new tools in the analyses of SLE, such as genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and so on. In this article, we summarize our current knowledge in this field for a better understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment for SLE.
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Bhattacharya SK, Lee RK, Grus FH. Molecular biomarkers in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:121-31. [PMID: 23297392 PMCID: PMC3544416 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard K. Lee
- From the
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and
| | - Franz H. Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary and lachrymal glands resulting in dry eyes and mouth. Genetic predisposition, pathogenic infections and hormones have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Studies in the last several years have revealed marked over-expression of the type I interferon (IFN)-inducible genes in the peripheral blood and salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome. The expression of the type I IFN-inducible genes in Sjögren's syndrome also positively correlates to titers of anti-Ro and anti-La autoantibodies, which are typical for this disease. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the major source of type I IFN production and activated pDC are detected in minor salivary gland biopsies from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. In addition, polymorphisms in genes important both for the production and response to type I IFN are associated to increased risk for Sjögren's syndrome. Because type I IFN bears a variety of biological functions, such as defense against viral infections and activation of the immune system, these results suggest that the type I IFN system has an important role in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome. A variety of mechanisms causing an activation of the type I IFN system are discussed in this review. Given the pivotal role of type I IFN in the disease process, therapeutic interventions targeting the type I IFN signaling pathway have the potential to benefit the patients with elevated type I IFN status and such hypothesis needs to be carefully evaluated in clinical development.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies targeting mainly the Ro/La ribonucleoprotein complex. It is now appreciated that the production of autoantibodies is an antigen-driven immune response. DESIGN In this review, candidate mechanisms for autoantigen presentation and perpetuation of the autoimmune response within the autoimmune tissue lesion of pSS are discussed. RESULTS Several studies have shown that the epithelial cell in labial salivary glands of patients with Sjogren's syndrome is activated, bearing characteristics of an antigen-presenting cell, as suggested by inappropriate expression of class II HLA and co-stimulatory molecules. Other studies have confirmed that in salivary glands, there is an increased autoantigen presentation via apoptotic blebs and bodies, exosomes and heat shock protein-mediated cross-priming. There is also an increased expression of interferon (IFN)-induced genes, such as the autoantigen Ro52, which provide negative feedback regulation in inflammation. Ro60 and La autoantigens also appear to play a major role in the local autoimmune response in Sjogren's syndrome. In this regard, La and Ro60 the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression is upregulated in the affected salivary glands with different isoforms of La autoantigen mRNA to be expressed in patients with pSS. At the protein level, La/SSB in pSS salivary glands is found to be post-translationally modified. CONCLUSIONS Autoantigen alterations in a microenvironment of local inflammation with increased in situ apoptosis, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling and antigen presentation may drive the autoimmune response and local autoantibody production in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Routsias
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece
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Bayfield MA, Yang R, Maraia RJ. Conserved and divergent features of the structure and function of La and La-related proteins (LARPs). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1799:365-78. [PMID: 20138158 PMCID: PMC2860065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genuine La proteins contain two RNA binding motifs, a La motif (LAM) followed by a RNA recognition motif (RRM), arranged in a unique way to bind RNA. These proteins interact with an extensive variety of cellular RNAs and exhibit activities in two broad categories: i) to promote the metabolism of nascent pol III transcripts, including precursor-tRNAs, by binding to their common, UUU-3'OH containing ends, and ii) to modulate the translation of certain mRNAs involving an unknown binding mechanism. Characterization of several La-RNA crystal structures as well as biochemical studies reveal insight into their unique two-motif domain architecture and how the LAM recognizes UUU-3'OH while the RRM binds other parts of a pre-tRNA. Recent studies of members of distinct families of conserved La-related proteins (LARPs) indicate that some of these harbor activity related to genuine La proteins, suggesting that their UUU-3'OH binding mode has been appropriated for the assembly and regulation of a specific snRNP (e.g., 7SK snRNP assembly by hLARP7/PIP7S). Analyses of other LARP family members suggest more diverged RNA binding modes and specialization for cytoplasmic mRNA-related functions. Thus it appears that while genuine La proteins exhibit broad general involvement in both snRNA-related and mRNA-related functions, different LARP families may have evolved specialized activities in either snRNA or mRNA-related functions. In this review, we summarize recent progress that has led to greater understanding of the structure and function of La proteins and their roles in tRNA processing and RNP assembly dynamics, as well as progress on the different LARPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Bayfield
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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19
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A common repertoire of autoantibodies is shared by cancer and autoimmune disease patients: Inflammation in their induction and impact on tumor growth. Cancer Lett 2008; 281:8-23. [PMID: 19091462 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The repertoire of autoantibodies found in cancer patients partly overlaps with that typical of patients with autoimmune diseases. Beside the biochemical and immunological properties of the target antigens and their altered expression in tumor tissues, the intratumoral inflammatory context can play a key role in the induction of autoimmune disease-associated autoantibodies in cancer patients. Furthermore, the impact of such antibodies on cancer growth and progression can be deeply influenced by the interplay with inflammation. The characterization of the spontaneous humoral responses occurring in cancer patients, of the mechanisms that trigger and sustain the autoantibody response and of the biological effects of such autoantibodies may help the rational design of anti-cancer immunotherapeutic protocols.
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20
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Zimina EP, Hofmann SC, Fritsch A, Kern JS, Sitaru C, Bruckner-Tuderman L. Bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies preferentially recognize phosphoepitopes in collagen XVII. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2736-2739. [PMID: 18548115 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena P Zimina
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silke C Hofmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Fritsch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes S Kern
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cassian Sitaru
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure does not explain glaucoma in all patients, but there is information that autoimmune mechanisms may be involved in this disorder. This review attempts to reveal the findings about specific changes in autoantibody profiles in glaucoma patients and their possible role in glaucoma. Considering that these changes in natural autoimmunity can be found consistently among different study populations, it might be a promising new tool for glaucoma detection.
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22
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Grus F, Sun D. Immunological mechanisms in glaucoma. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:121-6. [PMID: 18330572 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the most frequent causes of blindness worldwide. The elevated intraocular pressure does not explain glaucoma in all patients but can be considered as a risk factor of the disease. There are some evidences that autoimmune mechanisms may be involved in this disorder. This review attempts to demonstrate the findings about autoimmune mechanisms in glaucoma patients. Consistent up- and down-regulations in the autoantibody profiles against ocular antigens are present in glaucoma patients. These changes in natural autoimmunity could be found in independent study populations and might be a promising tool for glaucoma detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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23
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Huth JR, Song D, Mendoza RR, Black-Schaefer CL, Mack JC, Dorwin SA, Ladror US, Severin JM, Walter KA, Bartley DM, Hajduk PJ. Toxicological evaluation of thiol-reactive compounds identified using a la assay to detect reactive molecules by nuclear magnetic resonance. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1752-9. [PMID: 18001056 DOI: 10.1021/tx700319t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported on the development of a La assay to detect reactive molecules by nuclear magnetic resonance (ALARM NMR) to detect reactive false positive hits from high-throughput screening, in which we observed a surprisingly large number of compounds that can oxidize or form covalent adducts with protein thiols groups. In the vast majority of these cases, the covalent interactions are largely nonspecific (e.g., affect many protein targets) and therefore unsuitable for drug development. However, certain thiol-reactive species do appear to inhibit the target of interest in a specific manner. The question then arises as to the potential toxicology risks of developing a drug that can react with protein thiol groups. Here, we report on the evaluation of a large set of ALARM-reactive and -nonreactive compounds against a panel of additional proteins (aldehyde dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and three cytochrome P450 enzymes). It was observed that ALARM-reactive compounds have significantly increased risks of interacting with one or more of these enzymes in vitro. Thus, ALARM NMR seems to be a sensitive tool to rapidly identify compounds with an enhanced risk of producing side effects in humans, including alcohol intolerance, the formation of reactive oxygen species, and drug-drug interactions. In conjunction with other toxicology assays, ALARM NMR should be a valuable tool for prioritizing compounds for lead optimization and animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Huth
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
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Ehrlich JR, Caiazzo RJ, Qiu W, Tassinari OW, O'Leary MP, Richie JP, Liu BCS. A native antigen “reverse capture” microarray platform for autoantibody profiling of prostate cancer sera. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:476-85. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Stea EA, Routsias JG, Samiotaki M, Panayotou G, Papalambros E, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG. Analysis of parotid glands of primary Sjögren's syndrome patients using proteomic technology reveals altered autoantigen composition and novel antigenic targets. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 147:81-9. [PMID: 17177966 PMCID: PMC1810445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, destruction of the salivary and lacrimal glands and production of autoantibodies against a variety of cellular proteins. The aberrant immune response against these autoantigens may begin or extend to other proteins that are not yet defined. Several studies have shown that autoantibody production is taking place in the affected salivary glands. In the present study, using proteomic approaches, we aimed to: (a) identify new autoantigens in the salivary glands of primary SS (pSS) patients and (b) evaluate the epigenetic changes of known autoantigens. Total parotid gland extracts of pSS patients were analysed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblot with pSS patients' sera or purified autoantibodies and immunoprecipitation using homologous IgG. Identification of the unknown proteins was performed using mass spectrometry (MS). Immunoblot analysis on two-dimensional gels using purified anti-La/SSB antibodies revealed that pSS salivary glands contain high levels of post-translationally modified La/SSB autoantigen, while the native form of the protein is recognized faintly, in contrast to normal controls. Moreover, salivary glands of pSS patients contain post-translationally modified actin that becomes immunogenic in the microenviroment of the affected tissue. The alteration of the physicochemical properties of self-proteins could thus contribute to the break of immune tolerance against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Stea
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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26
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Terzoglou AG, Routsias JG, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG. Post-translational modifications of the major linear epitope 169-190aa of Ro60 kDa autoantigen alter the autoantibody binding. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 146:60-5. [PMID: 16968399 PMCID: PMC1809728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ro60 kDa is a member of the Ro/LaRNP ribonucleoprotein complex and its major linear B cell epitope, corresponding to the region 169-190aa, has been found to be the initial target of the autoimmune response in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. This sequence contains one serine and two arginine amino acid residues, which can potentially be modified post-translationally by phosphorylation or citrullination, respectively. The aim of this study was to develop an immunoassay for anti-Ro60 kDa epitope antibody detection and to investigate the changes in the antigenicity of the Ro60 kDa epitope when it is post-translationally modified, by either citrullination or phosphorylation. Peptide analogues corresponding to the unmodified form of the epitope, its phosphorylated form, and a form with both arginine residues citrullinated were synthesized. The peptide coating conditions were investigated and it was found that the use of highly hydrophilic surfaces increase the efficiency of the coating, as well as the sensitivity of the method for anti-peptide antibody detection. All peptides were tested by the optimized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against 119 sera from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis with anti-Ro/SSA reactivity, 20 sera from patients with systemic diseases without anti-Ro/SSA immune reactivity, as well as against 65 sera from normal individuals. A large proportion of the tested sera reacted against all three peptide analogues, although with a preference for the unmodified form of the epitope. In conclusion, post-translational modifications of the major Ro60 kDa B cell epitope can alter the autoantibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Terzoglou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece
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