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Biber J, Jabri Y, Glänzer S, Dort A, Hoffelner P, Schmidt CQ, Bludau O, Pauly D, Grosche A. Gliosis-dependent expression of complement factor H truncated variants attenuates retinal neurodegeneration following ischemic injury. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:56. [PMID: 38388518 PMCID: PMC10885619 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited, age-related, and acute retinal diseases are often exacerbated by an aberrant or excessive activity of the complement system. Consequently, cells not directly affected by an acute event or genetic variants may degenerate, resulting in enhanced visual impairment. The therapeutic potential of supplementation of complement factor H (FH), a key regulator of the complement cascade, is therefore particularly promising in the context of retinal diseases caused by complement activation. In this study, we engineered adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) containing sequences of two truncated human FH variants. The expression of these variants was regulated by the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, which is selectively active in gliotic Müller cells. Both FH variants consisted of FH domains 19-20, which were connected to domains 1-4 and 1-7, respectively, by a polyglycine linker. These AAVs were intravitreally injected following ischemic injury of C57BL/6J mouse retinas. We observed transgene expression in gliotic Müller cells and to some extent in astrocytes. The expression correlated directly with damage severity. Interventions resulted in decreased complement activation, accelerated normalization of microglia activity and morphological improvements. Reduced levels of C3 transcripts and C3d protein in conjunction with higher transcript levels of inhibitory regulators like Cfi and Cfh, hinted at attenuated complement activity. This study demonstrates the great potential of complement regulatory gene addition therapy. With further in vivo testing it could be applied to treat a wide range of retinal diseases where no causative therapies are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Biber
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yassin Jabri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Glänzer
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Aaron Dort
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Hoffelner
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christoph Q Schmidt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Biochemical Pharmacy Group, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Oliver Bludau
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Diana Pauly
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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2
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Chen DW, Kang T, Xu XZ, Xia WJ, Ye X, Wu YB, Xu YR, Liu J, Ren H, Deng J, Chen YK, Ding HQ, Aslam M, Zelek WM, Morgan BP, Kapur R, Santoso S, Fu YS. Mechanism and intervention of murine transfusion-related acute lung injury caused by anti-CD36 antibodies. JCI Insight 2023; 8:165142. [PMID: 36809299 PMCID: PMC10070104 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD36 Abs have been suggested to induce transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) upon blood transfusion, particularly in Asian populations. However, little is known about the pathological mechanism of anti-CD36 Ab-mediated TRALI, and potential therapies have not yet been identified. Here, we developed a murine model of anti-CD36 Ab-mediated TRALI to address these questions. Administration of mouse mAb against CD36 (mAb GZ1) or human anti-CD36 IgG, but not GZ1 F(ab')2 fragments, induced severe TRALI in Cd36+/+ male mice. Predepletion of recipient monocytes or complement, but not neutrophils or platelets, prevented the development of murine TRALI. Moreover, plasma C5a levels after TRALI induction by anti-CD36 Abs increased more than 3-fold, implying a critical role of complement C5 activation in the mechanism of Fc-dependent anti-CD36-mediated TRALI. Administration of GZ1 F(ab')2, antioxidant (N-acetyl cysteine, NAC), or C5 blocker (mAb BB5.1) before TRALI induction completely protected mice from anti-CD36-mediated TRALI. Although no significant amelioration in TRALI was observed when mice were injected with GZ1 F(ab')2 after TRALI induction, significant improvement was achieved when mice were treated postinduction with NAC or anti-C5. Importantly, anti-C5 treatment completely rescued mice from TRALI, suggesting the potential role of existing anti-C5 drugs in the treatment of patients with TRALI caused by anti-CD36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tian Kang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-Zhang Xu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xia
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Bin Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao-Ri Xu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang-Kai Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao-Qiang Ding
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wioleta M Zelek
- Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rick Kapur
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sentot Santoso
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yong-Shui Fu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Llorián-Salvador M, Byrne EM, Szczepan M, Little K, Chen M, Xu H. Complement activation contributes to subretinal fibrosis through the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:182. [PMID: 35831910 PMCID: PMC9447479 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02546-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported higher plasma levels of complement fragments C3a and C5a in neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration (nAMD) patients with macular fibrosis. This study aimed to understand whether complement activation contributes to the development of macular fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms involved. Methods Complement activation was blocked using a C5 neutralizing antibody (BB5.1) in C57BL/6J mice after induction of subretinal fibrosis using the two-stage laser protocol. Fibrotic lesions were examined 10 days after the 2nd laser through fundus examination and immunohistochemistry. The expression of C5aR in fibrotic lesions and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cultures were examined by confocal microscopy. Primary murine RPE cells were treated with C3a or C5a (10–100 ng/mL) or TGF-β2 (10 ng/mL). Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was assessed through various readouts. The expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin, α-SMA, Slug, ERK/AKT and pSMAD2/3 were determined by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Collagen contraction and wound-healing assays were used as functional readouts of EMT. The production of IL-6, TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and VEGF by RPE cells were determined by ELISA. PMX53 was used to block C5aR in RPE cultures and in vivo in mice with subretinal fibrosis. Results Extensive C5b-9 deposition was detected at the site of subretinal fibrosis. BB5.1 treatment completely abrogated complement activation and significantly reduced subretinal fibrosis. C5aR was detected in RPE and infiltrating MHC-II+ cells in subretinal fibrosis. In vitro, RPE cells constitutively express C5/C5a and C5aR, and their expression was increased by TGF-β2 treatment. C5a but not C3a increased fibronectin, α-SMA, vimentin and Slug expression, and decreased E-cadherin expression in RPE cells. C5a treatment also increased the contractility and migration of RPE cells and enhanced the production of VEGF and TGF-β1/2. C5a treatment induced pSmad2/3 and pERK1/2 expression in RPE cells and this was blocked by PMX53. PMX53 treatment significantly reduced sodium fluorescein leakage in the subretinal fibrosis model, while collagen-I+ lesions only mildly reduced. Conclusions Complement activation is critically involved in the development of subretinal fibrosis, partially through C5a–C5aR-mediated EMT in RPE cells. Targeting complement activation rather than C5a may be a novel approach for the management of macular fibrosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02546-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Llorián-Salvador
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.,Vall d´Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eimear M Byrne
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manon Szczepan
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Karis Little
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mei Chen
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Heping Xu
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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4
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Garred P, Tenner AJ, Mollnes TE. Therapeutic Targeting of the Complement System: From Rare Diseases to Pandemics. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:792-827. [PMID: 33687995 PMCID: PMC7956994 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system was discovered at the end of the 19th century as a heat-labile plasma component that "complemented" the antibodies in killing microbes, hence the name "complement." Complement is also part of the innate immune system, protecting the host by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, complement is multifunctional far beyond infectious defense. It contributes to organ development, such as sculpting neuron synapses, promoting tissue regeneration and repair, and rapidly engaging and synergizing with a number of processes, including hemostasis leading to thromboinflammation. Complement is a double-edged sword. Although it usually protects the host, it may cause tissue damage when dysregulated or overactivated, such as in the systemic inflammatory reaction seen in trauma and sepsis and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Damage-associated molecular patterns generated during ischemia-reperfusion injuries (myocardial infarction, stroke, and transplant dysfunction) and in chronic neurologic and rheumatic disease activate complement, thereby increasing damaging inflammation. Despite the long list of diseases with potential for ameliorating complement modulation, only a few rare diseases are approved for clinical treatment targeting complement. Those currently being efficiently treated include paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Rare diseases, unfortunately, preclude robust clinical trials. The increasing evidence for complement as a pathogenetic driver in many more common diseases suggests an opportunity for future complement therapy, which, however, requires robust clinical trials; one ongoing example is COVID-19 disease. The current review aims to discuss complement in disease pathogenesis and discuss future pharmacological strategies to treat these diseases with complement-targeted therapies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The complement system is the host's defense friend by protecting it from invading pathogens, promoting tissue repair, and maintaining homeostasis. Complement is a double-edged sword, since when dysregulated or overactivated it becomes the host's enemy, leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and, in worst case, death. A number of acute and chronic diseases are candidates for pharmacological treatment to avoid complement-dependent damage, ranging from the well established treatment for rare diseases to possible future treatment of large patient groups like the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.G.); Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California (A.J.T.); and Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway (T.E.M.); Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (T.E.M.); and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.E.M.)
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.G.); Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California (A.J.T.); and Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway (T.E.M.); Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (T.E.M.); and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.E.M.)
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.G.); Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California (A.J.T.); and Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway (T.E.M.); Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (T.E.M.); and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.E.M.)
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5
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Milling S. From functions to mechanisms of the prototypic complement C5 antibody BB5.1. Immunology 2021; 161:81-82. [PMID: 33460089 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that bind complement components were first identified over 30 years ago. Investigations into their functions in animal models motivated clinical studies that have now generated licensed products and a strong pipeline of future therapeutics. Despite this, the mechanisms of action of one of the first effective C5-binding antibodies, BB5.1, were not known. Here, we report a new study that reveals these mechanisms, enabling new approaches for designing C5-binding molecules for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Milling
- Institute of Immunity, Infection, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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6
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Leukotriene B 4 and Its Receptor in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis and in Human Retinal Tissues: Clinical Severity and LTB 4 Dependence of Retinal Th17 Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:320-334. [PMID: 33159884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nomacopan, a drug originally derived from tick saliva, has dual functions of sequestering leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and inhibiting complement component 5 (C5) activation. Nomacopan has been shown to provide therapeutic benefit in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Longer acting forms of nomacopan were more efficacious in mouse EAU models, and the long-acting variant that inhibited only LTB4 was at least as effective as the long-acting variant that inhibited both C5 and LTB4, preventing structural damage to the retina and a significantly reducing effector T helper 17 cells and inflammatory macrophages. Increased levels of LTB4 and C5a (produced upon C5 activation) were detected during disease progression. Activated retinal lymphocytes were shown to express LTB4 receptors (R) in vitro and in inflamed draining lymph nodes. Levels of LTB4R-expressing active/inflammatory retinal macrophages were also increased. Within the draining lymph node CD4+ T-cell population, 30% expressed LTB4R+ following activation in vitro, whereas retinal infiltrating cells expressed LTB4R and C5aR. Validation of expression of those receptors in human uveitis and healthy tissues suggests that infiltrating cells could be targeted by inhibitors of the LTB4-LTB4 receptor 1 (BLT1) pathway as a novel therapeutic approach. This study provides novel data on intraocular LTB4 and C5a in EAU, their associated receptor expression by retinal infiltrating cells in mouse and human tissues, and in attenuating EAU via the dual inhibitor nomacopan.
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7
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Zelek WM, Menzies GE, Brancale A, Stockinger B, Morgan BP. Characterizing the original anti-C5 function-blocking antibody, BB5.1, for species specificity, mode of action and interactions with C5. Immunology 2020; 161:103-113. [PMID: 32557571 PMCID: PMC7496778 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The implication of complement in multiple diseases over the last 20 years has fuelled interest in developing anti-complement drugs. To date, the focus has been on C5; blocking cleavage of C5 prevents formation of two pro-inflammatory activities, C5a anaphylatoxin and membrane attack complex. The concept of C5 blockade to inhibit inflammation dates back 30 years to the description of BB5.1, an anti-C5 blocking monoclonal antibody raised in C5-deficient mice. This antibody proved an invaluable tool to demonstrate complement involvement in mouse disease models and catalysed enthusiasm for anti-complement drug development, culminating in the anti-human C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab, the most successful anti-complement drug to date, already in clinical use for several rare diseases. Despite its key role in providing proof-of-concept for C5 blockade, the mechanism of BB5.1 inhibition remains poorly understood. Here, we characterized BB5.1 cross-species inhibition, C5 binding affinity and chain specificity. BB5.1 efficiently inhibited C5 in mouse serum but not in human or other rodent sera; it prevented C5 cleavage and C5a generation. BB5.1 bound the C5 α-chain with high affinity and slow off-rate. BB5.1 complementarity-determining regions were obtained and docking algorithms were used to predict the likely binding interface on mouse C5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta M. Zelek
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Bryan Paul Morgan
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Dementia Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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8
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Gassel CJ, Reinehr S, Gomes SC, Dick HB, Joachim SC. Preservation of optic nerve structure by complement inhibition in experimental glaucoma. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:293-306. [PMID: 32676862 PMCID: PMC8285355 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by a progressive damage of the retina and the optic nerve. Despite a huge research interest, the exact pathomechanisms are still unknown. In the experimental autoimmune glaucoma model, rats develop glaucoma-like damage of the retina and the optic nerve after immunization with an optic nerve antigen homogenate (ONA). An early activation of the complement system, even before optic nerve degeneration, was reported in this model. Here, we investigated the effects of a monoclonal antibody against complement factor C5 on optic nerves. Rats were immunized with ONA and compared to controls. In one eye of some ONA animals, the antibody against C5 was intravitreally injected (15 μmol: ONA + C5-I or 25 μmol: ONA + C5-II) before immunization and then every 2 weeks. After 6 weeks, optic nerves were processed for histology (n = 6/group). These analyses demonstrated that the intravitreal therapy reduced the depositions of the membrane attack complex compared to ONA animals (ONA + C5-I: p = 0.005; ONA + C5-II: p = 0.002). Cellular infiltration was significantly reduced in the ONA + C5-I group (p = 0.003), but not in ONA + C5-II tissues (p = 0.41). Furthermore, SMI-32 staining revealed that neurofilament was preserved in both treatment groups compared to ONA optic nerves (both p = 0.002). A decreased amount of microglia was found in treated animals in comparison to the ONA group (ONA + C5-I: p = 0.03; ONA + C5-II: p = 0.009). We observed, for the first time, that a complement system inhibition could prevent optic nerve damage in an autoimmune glaucoma model. Therefore, complement inhibition could serve as a new therapeutic tool for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Gassel
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sara C Gomes
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany.
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9
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Lipski DA, Foucart V, Dewispelaere R, Caspers LE, Defrance M, Bruyns C, Willermain F. Retinal endothelial cell phenotypic modifications during experimental autoimmune uveitis: a transcriptomic approach. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:106. [PMID: 32183784 PMCID: PMC7076950 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-1333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-retinal barrier cells are known to exhibit a massive phenotypic change during experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) development. In an attempt to investigate the mechanisms of blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown at a global level, we studied the gene regulation of total retinal cells and retinal endothelial cells during non-infectious uveitis. METHODS Retinal endothelial cells were isolated by flow cytometry either in Tie2-GFP mice (CD31+ CD45- GFP+ cells), or in wild type C57BL/6 mice (CD31+ CD45- endoglin+ cells). EAU was induced in C57BL/6 mice by adoptive transfer of IRBP1-20-specific T cells. Total retinal cells and retinal endothelial cells from naïve and EAU mice were sorted and their gene expression compared by RNA-Seq. Protein expression of selected genes was validated by immunofluorescence on retinal wholemounts and cryosections and by flow cytometry. RESULTS Retinal endothelial cell sorting in wild type C57BL/6 mice was validated by comparative transcriptome analysis with retinal endothelial cells sorted from Tie2-GFP mice, which express GFP under the control of the endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase promoter Tie2. RNA-Seq analysis of total retinal cells mainly brought to light upregulation of genes involved in antigen presentation and T cell activation during EAU. Specific transcriptome analysis of retinal endothelial cells allowed us to identify 82 genes modulated in retinal endothelial cells during EAU development. Protein expression of 5 of those genes (serpina3n, lcn2, ackr1, lrg1 and lamc3) was validated at the level of inner BRB cells. CONCLUSION Those data not only confirm the involvement of known pathogenic molecules but further provide a list of new candidate genes and pathways possibly implicated in inner BRB breakdown during non-infectious posterior uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Lipski
- Ophthalmology Group, IRIBHM (Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Erasme Campus, Building C, Room C6.117, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department of Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Foucart
- Ophthalmology Group, IRIBHM (Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Erasme Campus, Building C, Room C6.117, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department of CHU Saint-Pierre, 322 Rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department of CHU Brugmann, 4 Place Van Gehuchten, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rémi Dewispelaere
- Ophthalmology Group, IRIBHM (Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Erasme Campus, Building C, Room C6.117, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department of CHU Saint-Pierre, 322 Rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure E. Caspers
- Ophthalmology Department of CHU Saint-Pierre, 322 Rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Defrance
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, La Plaine Campus, BC building, 6th floor, CP 263, Triomflaan, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Bruyns
- Ophthalmology Group, IRIBHM (Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Erasme Campus, Building C, Room C6.117, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Willermain
- Ophthalmology Group, IRIBHM (Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Erasme Campus, Building C, Room C6.117, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department of CHU Saint-Pierre, 322 Rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department of CHU Brugmann, 4 Place Van Gehuchten, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Reinehr S, Gomes SC, Gassel CJ, Asaad MA, Stute G, Schargus M, Dick HB, Joachim SC. Intravitreal Therapy Against the Complement Factor C5 Prevents Retinal Degeneration in an Experimental Autoimmune Glaucoma Model. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1381. [PMID: 31849650 PMCID: PMC6901014 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In glaucoma, studies revealed an involvement of the complement system. In an experimental autoimmune glaucoma model, immunization with an optic nerve homogenate antigen (ONA) led to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, while intraocular pressure (IOP) remained unchanged. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of a complement system inhibition in this model. Hence, rats were immunized with ONA and compared to controls. In one eye of the ONA animals, an antibody against complement factor C5 was intravitreally injected (15 μmol: ONA+C5-I or 25 μmol: ONA+C5-II) before immunization and then every two weeks. IOP was measured weekly. After 6 weeks, spectral-domain optical coherence tomographies (SD-OCT), electroretinograms (ERG), immunohistochemistry, and quantitative real-time PCR analyses were performed. IOP and retinal thickness remained unchanged within all groups. The a-wave amplitudes were not altered in the ONA and ONA+C5-I groups, whereas a decrease was noted in ONA+C5-II animals (p < 0.05). ONA immunization provoked a significant decrease of the b-wave amplitude (p < 0.05), which could be preserved in ONA+C5-I, but not in ONA+C5-II animals. ONA animals showed a loss of RGCs (p = 0.001), while ONA+C5-I and ONA+C5-II retinae had similar cell counts as controls. A significant downregulation of apoptotic Bax/Bcl2 mRNA was noted in ONA+C5-I retinae (p = 0.02). Significantly more C3+ and MAC+ cells were observed in ONA animals (p < 0.001). The amount of C3+ cells in both treatment groups was significantly increased (p < 0.01), while the number of MAC+ cells in the treated retinas did not differ from controls. The number of activated microglia cells remained unchanged in ONA animals, but was increased in the treatment groups (p < 0.05). Recoverin+ cells were diminished in ONA animals (p = 0.049), but not in treated ones. Rho mRNA was downregulated in ONA and in ONA+C5-II retinas (both p = 0.014). Less opsin+ cones were observed in ONA animals (p = 0.009), but not in the treated groups. Our results indicate that the C5 antibody inhibits activation of the complement system, preventing the loss of retinal function as well as RGC, cone bipolar, and photoreceptor loss. Therefore, this approach might be a suitable new treatment for glaucoma patients, in which immune dysregulation plays an important factor for the development and progression of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sara C Gomes
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline J Gassel
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Ali Asaad
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gesa Stute
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc Schargus
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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11
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Wadhwa M, Prabhakar A, Anand JP, Ray K, Prasad D, Kumar B, Panjwani U. Complement activation sustains neuroinflammation and deteriorates adult neurogenesis and spatial memory impairment in rat hippocampus following sleep deprivation. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:129-144. [PMID: 31408672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between neuroinflammation, reduced adult neurogenesis, and cognitive impairment has been established in sleep deprivation (SD). Complement receptors are expressed on neuronal and glial cells, thus, regulate the neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and learning/memory. However, understanding of the effect of SD on the brain-immune system interaction associated with cognitive dysfunction and its mechanisms is obscure. We hypothesized that complement activation induced changes in inflammatory and neurogenesis related proteins might be involved in the cognitive impairment during SD. METHODOLOGY Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were used. Rats were sleep deprived for 48 h using a novel automated SD apparatus. Dosage of BrdU (50 mg/kg/day, i.p. in 0.07 N NaOH), complement C3a receptor antagonist (C3aRA; SB290157; 1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) in 1.16% v/v PBS and complement C5a receptor antagonist (C5aRA; W-54011; 1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) in normal saline were used. Rats were subjected to spatial memory evaluation following SD. Hippocampal tissue was collected for biochemical, molecular, and immunohistochemical studies. T-test and ANOVA were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS An up-regulation in the levels of complement components (C3, C5, C3a, C5a) and receptors (C3aR and C5aR) in hippocampus, displayed the complement activation during SD. Selective antagonism of C3aR/C5aR improved the spatial memory performance of sleep-deprived rats. C3aR antagonist (C3aRA) or C5aR antagonist (C5aRA) treatment inhibited the gliosis, maintained inflammatory cytokines balance in hippocampus during SD. Complement C3aR/C5aR antagonism improved hippocampal adult neurogenesis via up-regulating the BDNF level following SD. Administration of C3aRA and C5aRA significantly maintained synaptic homeostasis in hippocampus after SD. Gene expression analysis showed down-regulation in the mRNA levels of signal transduction pathways (Notch and Wnt), differentiation and axogenous proteins, which were found to be improved after C3aRA/C5aRA treatment. These findings were validated at protein and cellular level. Changes in the corticosterone level and ATP-adenosine-NO pathway were established as the key mechanisms underlying complement activation mediated consequences of SD. CONCLUSION Our study suggests complement (C3a-C3aR and C5a-C5aR) activation as the novel mechanism underlying spatial memory impairment via promoting neuroinflammation and adult neurogenesis decline in hippocampus during SD, thereby, complement (C3aR/C5aR) antagonist may serve as the novel therapeutics to improve the SD mediated consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meetu Wadhwa
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Amit Prabhakar
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Jag Pravesh Anand
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Koushik Ray
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Dipti Prasad
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Bhuvnesh Kumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Usha Panjwani
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, India.
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12
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Zelek WM, Taylor PR, Morgan BP. Development and characterization of novel anti-C5 monoclonal antibodies capable of inhibiting complement in multiple species. Immunology 2019; 157:283-295. [PMID: 31120547 PMCID: PMC6620185 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been an explosion in complement therapies; one-third of the drugs in the clinic or in development target C5 protein. Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds C5 and blocks its cleavage by the convertase, is the current reference standard treatment for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) and in clinical trials for many other diseases. Here we describe a panel of novel anti-C5 mAb, including mAb that, like Eculizumab, are efficient inhibitors of complement but, unlike Eculizumab, inhibit across species, including human, rat, rabbit and guinea pig. Several inhibitory anti-C5 mAb were identified and characterized for C5 binding and lytic inhibitory capacity in comparison to current therapeutic anti-C5 mAb; three clones, 4G2, 7D4 and 10B6, were selected and further characterized for ligand specificity and affinity and cross-species inhibitory activity. The mAb 10B6 was human-specific whereas mAb 4G2 and 7D4 efficiently inhibited lysis by human, rabbit and rat serum, and weakly inhibited guinea pig complement; 7D4 also weakly inhibited mouse complement in vitro The rat C5-cross-reactive mAb 4G2, when administered intraperitoneally in a rat model of myasthenia gravis, effectively blocked the disease and protected muscle endplates from destruction. To our knowledge this is the first report of an anti-C5 function blocking mAb that permits preclinical studies in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta M. Zelek
- Division of Infection and ImmunitySchool of MedicineSystems Immunity Research InstituteCardiff UniversityWalesUK
| | - Philip R. Taylor
- Division of Infection and ImmunitySchool of MedicineSystems Immunity Research InstituteCardiff UniversityWalesUK
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- Division of Infection and ImmunitySchool of MedicineSystems Immunity Research InstituteCardiff UniversityWalesUK
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13
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Yang J, Ramirez Moral I, van 't Veer C, de Vos AF, de Beer R, Roelofs JJTH, Morgan BP, van der Poll T. Complement factor C5 inhibition reduces type 2 responses without affecting group 2 innate lymphoid cells in a house dust mite induced murine asthma model. Respir Res 2019; 20:165. [PMID: 31340811 PMCID: PMC6657208 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Complement factor C5 can either aggravate or attenuate the T-helper type 2 (TH2) immune response and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in murine models of allergic asthma. The effect of C5 during the effector phase of allergen-induced asthma is ill-defined. Objectives We aimed to determine the effect of C5 blockade during the effector phase on the pulmonary TH2 response and AHR in a house dust mite (HDM) driven murine asthma model. Methods BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged repeatedly with HDM via the airways to induce allergic lung inflammation. Sensitized mice received twice weekly injections with a blocking anti-C5 or control antibody 24 h before the first challenge. Results HDM challenge in sensitized mice resulted in elevated C5a levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Anti-C5 administered to sensitized mice prior to the first HDM challenge prevented this rise in C5a, but did not influence the influx of eosinophils or neutrophils. While anti-C5 did not impact the recruitment of CD4 T cells upon HDM challenge, it reduced the proportion of TH2 cells recruited to the airways, attenuated IL-4 release by regional lymph nodes restimulated with HDM ex vivo and mitigated the plasma IgE response. Anti-C5 did not affect innate lymphoid cell (ILC) proliferation or group 2 ILC (ILC2) differentiation. Anti-C5 attenuated HDM induced AHR in the absence of an effect on lung histopathology, mucus production or vascular leak. Conclusions Generation of C5a during the effector phase of HDM induced allergic lung inflammation contributes to TH2 cell differentiation and AHR without impacting ILC2 cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-019-1136-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Yang
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivan Ramirez Moral
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina de Beer
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Shah M, Cabrera-Ghayouri S, Christie LA, Held KS, Viswanath V. Translational Preclinical Pharmacologic Disease Models for Ophthalmic Drug Development. Pharm Res 2019; 36:58. [PMID: 30805711 PMCID: PMC6394514 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of human diseases are critical to our understanding of disease etiology, pathology, and progression and enable the development of effective treatments. An ideal model of human disease should capture anatomical features and pathophysiological mechanisms, mimic the progression pattern, and should be amenable to evaluating translational endpoints and treatment approaches. Preclinical animal models have been developed for a variety of human ophthalmological diseases to mirror disease mechanisms, location of the affected region in the eye and severity. These models offer clues to aid in our fundamental understanding of disease pathogenesis and enable progression of new therapies to clinical development by providing an opportunity to gain proof of concept (POC). Here, we review preclinical animal models associated with development of new therapies for diseases of the ocular surface, glaucoma, presbyopia, and retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We have focused on summarizing the models critical to new drug development and described the translational features of the models that contributed to our understanding of disease pathogenesis and establishment of preclinical POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Shah
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Sara Cabrera-Ghayouri
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Lori-Ann Christie
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Katherine S Held
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Veena Viswanath
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA.
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15
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Elmasry K, Ibrahim AS, Abdulmoneim S, Al-Shabrawey M. Bioactive lipids and pathological retinal angiogenesis. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:93-109. [PMID: 30276789 PMCID: PMC6284336 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, disruption of the retinal barrier, leukocyte-adhesion and oedema are cardinal signs of proliferative retinopathies that are associated with vision loss. Therefore, identifying factors that regulate these vascular dysfunctions is critical to target pathological angiogenesis. Given the conflicting role of bioactive lipids reported in the current literature, the goal of this review is to provide the reader a clear road map of what has been accomplished so far in the field with specific focus on the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-derived metabolites in proliferative retinopathies. This necessarily entails a description of the different retina cells, blood retina barriers and the role of (PUFAs)-derived metabolites in diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and age-related macular degeneration as the most common types of proliferative retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elmasry
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear & Department of ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed S Ibrahim
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Samer Abdulmoneim
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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16
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Krogh Nielsen M, Subhi Y, Molbech CR, Falk MK, Singh A, Nissen MH, Sørensen TL. Patients with a fast progression profile in geographic atrophy have increased CD200 expression on circulating monocytes. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 47:69-78. [PMID: 30047199 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Geographic atrophy (GA) is a progressing atrophy of the neuroretina with no treatment option. BACKGROUND Age-related malfunction of retinal microglia amplifies response towards age-related tissue stress in age-related macular degeneration. Here, we investigated monocyte CD200 expression - the circulating middleman negotiating retinal microglial activity - in a poorly understood subtype of age-related macular degeneration. DESIGN Prospective case-control study. PARTICIPANTS Forty-six patients with GA and 26 healthy controls were included. METHODS All participants were subjected to a structured interview and detailed retinal examination. Controls were recruited from patient's spouses accompanying them in the clinic to match the groups best possibly. Participants had no history of immune disorders or cancer, and did not receive any immune-modulating medication. Patients did not have any history or sign of choroidal neovascularization in either eye. Fresh drawn blood was stained with monoclonal antibodies and prepared for flow cytometry to evaluate CD200 expression in monocytes and their functional subsets. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The percentage of CD200+ monocytes in patients and controls. RESULTS We found that monocytes were more CD200 positive in patients with GA compared to healthy age-matched controls. Then, we explored the potential relationship between CD200 expression and important fundus autofluorescence patterns that predict disease progression. Patients with a high risk of progression (patients with high degree of hyperautofluorescence) had distinctly increased CD200 expression compared to other patients with GA. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our data reveals that abnormal monocytic CD200 expression is present in GA, and in particular among those identified as fast progressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Krogh Nielsen
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yousif Subhi
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher R Molbech
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads K Falk
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Amardeep Singh
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mogens H Nissen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Eye Research Unit, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben L Sørensen
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Harris CL, Pouw RB, Kavanagh D, Sun R, Ricklin D. Developments in anti-complement therapy; from disease to clinical trial. Mol Immunol 2018; 102:89-119. [PMID: 30121124 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is well known for its role in innate immunity and in maintenance of tissue homeostasis, providing a first line of defence against infection and playing a key role in flagging apoptotic cells and debris for disposal. Unfortunately complement also contributes to pathogenesis of a number of diseases; in some cases driving pathology, and in others amplifying or exacerbating the inflammatory and damaging impact of non-complement disease triggers. The role of complement in pathogenesis of an expanding number of diseases has driven industry and academia alike to develop an impressive arsenal of anti-complement drugs which target different proteins and functions of the complement cascade. Evidence from genetic and biochemical analyses, combined with improved identification of complement biomarkers and supportive data from sophisticated animal models of disease, has driven a drug development landscape in which the indications selected for clinical trial cluster in three 'target' tissues: the kidney, eye and vasculature. While the disease triggers may differ, complement activation and amplification is a common feature in many diseases which affect these three tissues. An abundance of drugs are in clinical development, some show favourable progression whereas others experience significant challenges. However, these hurdles in themselves drive an ever-evolving portfolio of 'next-generation' drugs with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties. In this review we discuss the indications which are in the drug development 'spotlight' and review the relevant indication validation criteria. We present current progress in clinical trials, highlighting successes and difficulties, and look forward to approval of a wide selection of drugs for use in man which give clinicians choice in mechanistic target, modality and route of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Harris
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Building 26, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.
| | - Richard B Pouw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Kavanagh
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Building 26, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Ruyue Sun
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Kumar B, Cashman SM, Kumar-Singh R. Complement-Mediated Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Its Inhibition by AAV-Mediated Delivery of CD59 in a Model of Uveitis. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1568-1580. [PMID: 29678656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveitis is an inflammatory disorder of the eye responsible for approximately 10%-15% of blindness in the US. In this study, we examined the role of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) and the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in normal and C9-/- mice that are incapable of assembling the MAC. We discovered that the MAC and the NLRP3 inflammasome and associated production of IL-1β are elevated in EAU mice and that MAC may be involved in regulation of Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation. In contrast, MAC and the NLRP3 inflammasome were not elevated in C9-/- mice. However, EAU-associated pathophysiology including retinal structure and function were not rescued in C9-/- mice. Unexpectedly, AAV-mediated delivery of sCD59, an inhibitor of C9 incorporation into the MAC, successfully attenuated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and EAU pathology as well as MAC. Our studies provide an improved understanding of the role of the MAC and the NLRP3 inflammasome in EAU as well as suggest a novel approach for the treatment of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binit Kumar
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Siobhan M Cashman
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Rajendra Kumar-Singh
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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19
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Mukai R, Okunuki Y, Husain D, Kim CB, Lambris JD, Connor KM. The Complement System Is Critical in Maintaining Retinal Integrity during Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:15. [PMID: 29497373 PMCID: PMC5818470 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a key component of innate immunity comprised of soluble components that form a proteolytic cascade leading to the generation of effector molecules involved in cellular clearance. This system is highly activated not only under general inflammatory conditions such as infections, collagen diseases, nephritis, and liver diseases, but also in focal ocular diseases. However, little is known about the role of the complement system in retinal homeostasis during aging. Using young (6-week-old) and adult (6-month-old) mice in wild type (C57BL/6) and complement knockout strains (C1q−/−, Mbl a/c−/−, Fb−/−, C3−/−, and C5−/−), we compared amplitudes of electroretinograms (ERG) and thicknesses of retinal layers in spectral domain optical coherence tomography between young and adult mice. The ERG amplitudes in adult mice were significantly decreased (p < 0.001, p < 0.0001) compared to that of young mice in all complement knockout strains, and there were significant decreases in the inner nuclear layer (INL) thickness in adult mice compared to young mice in all complement knockout strains (p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in ERG amplitude or thickness of the INL between young and adult control mice. These data suggest that the complement system plays an important role in maintaining normal retinal integrity over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Mukai
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoko Okunuki
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deeba Husain
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Clifford B Kim
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kip M Connor
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
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20
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Zeng HL, Shi JM. The role of microglia in the progression of glaucomatous neurodegeneration- a review. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:143-149. [PMID: 29376003 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.01.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a serious leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) does not always stop glaucomatous neurodegeneration and the optic nerve may continue to be damaged in the normal IOP. Microglial activity has been recognized to play essential roles in pathogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival. The relationship between the neurodegeneration and the microglia cells in glaucoma is very complicated and still remains unclear. In the present review, we summarize the recent studies of mechanisms of microglia in glaucoma neurodegeneration, which might provide new ways to treat glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lan Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing-Ming Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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21
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Syed SN, Rau E, Ziegelmann M, Sogkas G, Brüne B, Schmidt RE. C5aR activation in the absence of C5a: A new disease mechanism of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:696-704. [PMID: 29277896 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
IgG Fc receptors (FcγRs) and the C5a anaphylatoxin receptor (C5aR) were identified as key regulators of type II autoimmune injury in mice. However, and with respect to C5aR, the relative importance of C5a for IgG autoantibody-induced cellular destruction remained unclear. Using an experimental model of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), we here report marked differences in the development of AIHA between mice lacking C5aR and C5-deficient (Hc0 ) strain, indicating a limited role of C5 in this type of C5aR-regulated disease. Ex-vivo-analyses of liver homogenates from anemic Hc0 mice demonstrate C5a-independent C5aR activation, upregulation of FcγR expression and amplification of erythrophagocytosis by macrophages. As assessed by pharmacological inhibition studies, targeting of C5aR, but not of C5, is effective in treating experimental AIHA. Collectively, these results define a previously unrecognized disease mechanism of C5aR activation in AIHA that does not necessarily involve C5 and C5a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad N Syed
- Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eduard Rau
- Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mareen Ziegelmann
- Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georgios Sogkas
- Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Reinhold E Schmidt
- Molecular Immunology Research Unit, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Mullins RF, Warwick AN, Sohn EH, Lotery AJ. From compliment to insult: genetics of the complement system in physiology and disease in the human retina. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:R51-R57. [PMID: 28482029 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of visual impairment that affects the central retina. Genome wide association studies and candidate gene screens have identified members of the complement pathway as contributing to the risk of AMD. In this review, we discuss the complement system, its importance in retinal development and normal physiology, how its dysregulation may contribute to disease, and how it might be targeted to prevent damage to the aging choriocapillaris in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.,Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alasdair N Warwick
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Elliott H Sohn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.,Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrew J Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Wang C, Cao S, Zhang D, Li H, Kijlstra A, Yang P. Increased Complement 3a Receptor is Associated with Behcet's disease and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15579. [PMID: 29138505 PMCID: PMC5686138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Behcet's disease (BD) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH) are systemic and recurrent autoimmune diseases associated with abnormal T cell immune response. Complement 3a receptor (C3aR) and complement 5a receptor (C5aR) have been reported to be involved in T cell mediated autoimmune disease. This study aimed to investigate the role of C3aR and C5aR in these two diseases. The C3aR expression in PBMCs was increased in patients with active BD (aBD) and active VKH (aVKH). No statistical difference was found concerning the expression of C5aR in PBMCs between patients with aBD or aVKH and normal controls. After the intraocular inflammation in BD and VKH patients was controlled, the C3aR expression returned back to normal levels. The serum from patients with aBD and aVKH significantly induced C3aR expression by PBMCs. C3a induced IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α secretion, while inhibited the production of IL-10 by monocytes. Activation of C3aR in CD4+T cells could upregulate IL-17 production and inhibit IL-10 production, but had no detectable influence on IFN-γ production. Our data indicates that increased C3aR expression may lead to over activation of the Th17 cell response and may therefore contribute to the pathogenesis of BD and VKH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaokui Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Guangren Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Dike Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hong Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Aize Kijlstra
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China.
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24
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Zhang L, Bell BA, Li Y, Caspi RR, Lin F. Complement Component C4 Regulates the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis through a T Cell-Intrinsic Mechanism. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1116. [PMID: 28955337 PMCID: PMC5601957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its conventional roles in the innate immune system, complement has been found to directly regulate T cells in the adaptive immune system. Complement components, including C3, C5, and factor D, are important in regulating T cell responses. However, whether complement component C4 is involved in regulating T cell responses remains unclear. In this study, we used a T cell-dependent model of autoimmunity, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) to address this issue. We compared disease severity in wild-type (WT) and C4 knockout (KO) mice using indirect ophthalmoscopy, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and histopathological analysis. We also explored the underlying mechanism by examining T cell responses in ex vivo antigen-specific recall assays and in in vitro T cell priming assays using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, splenic dendritic cells, and T cells from WT or C4 KO mice. We found that C4 KO mice develop less severe retinal inflammation than WT mice in EAU and show reduced autoreactive T cell responses and decreased retinal T cell infiltration. We also found that T cells, but not dendritic cells, from C4 KO mice have impaired function. These results demonstrate a previously unknown role of C4 in regulating T cell responses, which affects the development of T cell-mediated autoimmunity, as exemplified by EAU. Our data could shed light on the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brent A Bell
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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25
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Guo DD, Hu B, Tang HY, Sun YY, Liu B, Tian QM, Bi HS. Proteomic Profiling Analysis Reveals a Link between Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis and Complement Activation in Rats. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:331-342. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. D. Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases; Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong; Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Jinan China
| | - B. Hu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Jinan China
| | - H. Y. Tang
- The Second Clinical Medical College; Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Jinan China
| | - Y. Y. Sun
- The Second Clinical Medical College; Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Jinan China
| | - B. Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College; Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Jinan China
| | - Q. M. Tian
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Jinan China
| | - H. S. Bi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases; Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong; Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Jinan China
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Jinan China
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26
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Xu H, Chen M. Targeting the complement system for the management of retinal inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 787:94-104. [PMID: 26948311 PMCID: PMC5026403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The retina, an immune privileged tissue, has specialized immune defense mechanisms against noxious insults that may exist in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), uveoretinitis and glaucoma. The defense system consists of retinal innate immune cells (including microglia, perivascular macrophages, and a small population of dendritic cells) and the complement system. Under normal aging conditions, retinal innate immune cells and the complement system undergo a low-grade activation (parainflammation) which is important for retinal homeostasis. In disease states such as AMD and DR, the parainflammatory response is dysregulated and develops into detrimental chronic inflammation. Complement activation in the retina is an important part of chronic inflammation and may contribute to retinal pathology in these disease states. Here, we review the evidence that supports the role of uncontrolled or dysregulated complement activation in various retinal degenerative and angiogenic conditions. We also discuss current strategies that are used to develop complement-based therapies for retinal diseases such as AMD. The potential benefits of complement inhibition in DR, uveoretinitis and glaucoma are also discussed, as well as the need for further research to better understand the mechanisms of complement-mediated retinal damage in these disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK.
| | - Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK.
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27
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Montiel M, Bonilla E, Valero N, Mosquera J, Espina LM, Quiroz Y, Álvarez-Mon M. Melatonin decreases brain apoptosis, oxidative stress, and CD200 expression and increased survival rate in mice infected by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Antivir Chem Chemother 2016; 24:99-108. [PMID: 27503577 DOI: 10.1177/2040206616660851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pro-inflammatory and oxidative events during brain Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection could lead to apoptosis and induce anti-inflammatory responses (increased expression of CD200). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of melatonin on brain apoptosis, oxidative stress, and CD200 molecule in mice and neuroblastoma cultures infected by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. METHODS Mice were infected with 10 median lethal doses (LD50) of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, treated with melatonin (500 µg/kg bw; three days before infection and during all experimental time) and sacrificed on days 1, 3, and 5 postinfection. Brain samples were obtained at those periods of time. In addition, infected neuroblastoma cell cultures (multiplicity of infection [MOI]: 1) were treated with 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM of melatonin and analyzed at 2, 4, and 6 h. CD200 and apoptosis expressions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assay, respectively. Nitrites and malondialdehyde were determined by appropriate biochemical methods. RESULTS Increased brain expression of apoptosis, nitrite, and malondialdehyde productions and CD200 of infected mice were found. Melatonin diminished those expressions. Similarly, high apoptosis expression and nitrite and malondialdehyde productions on infected neuroblastoma cultures were diminished by melatonin. Melatonin increased the survival rate (25%) in Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-infected animals compared with untreated infected mice (0%). CONCLUSIONS Neurological damage during brain Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection could be mediated by apoptosis and oxidative stress and CD200 molecule could be an important anti-inflammatory response. Melatonin could be beneficial reducing apoptosis and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Montiel
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela de Bioanalisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Ernesto Bonilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Nereida Valero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Jesús Mosquera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Luz M Espina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Yasmir Quiroz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Departamento de Enfermedades Inmunitarias y Oncología, Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias," Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
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28
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Xu D, Yi H, Yu S, Li X, Qiao Y, Deng W. Association of Complement C5 Gene Polymorphisms with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy of Type 2 Diabetes in a Chinese Han Population. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149704. [PMID: 26934706 PMCID: PMC4775016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the association of C5 SNPs with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods A total of four C5 SNPs including rs2269067, rs7040033, rs1017119 and rs7027797 were genotyped in 400 PDR patients with T2D (cases) and 600 non- proliferative diabetic retinopathy PDR (NPDR) with T2D patients (controls) by using PCR-RFLP method. mRNA expression was examined by real-time PCR. Cytokine production was detected by ELISA. Results The frequency of GG genotype of C5 rs2269067 was significantly increased in cases compared with controls (Pc = 3.4×10−5, OR = 1.87). And C5 mRNA expression was significantly increased in rs2269067 GG cases as compared with CG or CC cases (P = 0.003, P = 0.001, respectively). Moreover, the production of IL-6 was significantly increased in rs2269067 GG cases compared to CG cases or CC cases (P = 0.002, P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions C5 rs2269067 GG genotype confers risk for PDR of T2D in Chinese han population and is associated with an elevated C5 mRNA expression and an increased IL-6 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Xu
- Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing EYE and ENT Hospital, Chongqing, P R China
| | - Hong Yi
- Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing EYE and ENT Hospital, Chongqing, P R China
| | - Shizhi Yu
- Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing EYE and ENT Hospital, Chongqing, P R China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Chongqing Center for Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Municipal People's Hospital, Chongqing, P R China
| | - Yanbin Qiao
- Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing EYE and ENT Hospital, Chongqing, P R China
- * E-mail: (WD); (YQ)
| | - Weiwei Deng
- Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, P R China
- * E-mail: (WD); (YQ)
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29
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Lintner KE, Wu YL, Yang Y, Spencer CH, Hauptmann G, Hebert LA, Atkinson JP, Yu CY. Early Components of the Complement Classical Activation Pathway in Human Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:36. [PMID: 26913032 PMCID: PMC4753731 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system consists of effector proteins, regulators, and receptors that participate in host defense against pathogens. Activation of the complement system, via the classical pathway (CP), has long been recognized in immune complex-mediated tissue injury, most notably systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Paradoxically, a complete deficiency of an early component of the CP, as evidenced by homozygous genetic deficiencies reported in human, are strongly associated with the risk of developing SLE or a lupus-like disease. Similarly, isotype deficiency attributable to a gene copy-number (GCN) variation and/or the presence of autoantibodies directed against a CP component or a regulatory protein that result in an acquired deficiency are relatively common in SLE patients. Applying accurate assay methodologies with rigorous data validations, low GCNs of total C4, and heterozygous and homozygous deficiencies of C4A have been shown as medium to large effect size risk factors, while high copy numbers of total C4 or C4A as prevalent protective factors, of European and East-Asian SLE. Here, we summarize the current knowledge related to genetic deficiency and insufficiency, and acquired protein deficiencies for C1q, C1r, C1s, C4A/C4B, and C2 in disease pathogenesis and prognosis of SLE, and, briefly, for other systemic autoimmune diseases. As the complement system is increasingly found to be associated with autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated diseases, it has become an attractive therapeutic target. We highlight the recent developments and offer a balanced perspective concerning future investigations and therapeutic applications with a focus on early components of the CP in human systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Lintner
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Yee Ling Wu
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Charles H Spencer
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Georges Hauptmann
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Rhumatologie Moleculaire, INSERM UMR_S 1109, LabEx Transplantex, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Lee A Hebert
- Division of Nephrology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - John P Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - C Yung Yu
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
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Chen M, Xu H. Parainflammation, chronic inflammation, and age-related macular degeneration. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:713-25. [PMID: 26292978 PMCID: PMC4733662 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ri0615-239r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an adaptive response of the immune system to noxious insults to maintain homeostasis and restore functionality. The retina is considered an immune-privileged tissue as a result of its unique anatomic and physiologic properties. During aging, the retina suffers from a low-grade chronic oxidative insult, which sustains for decades and increases in level with advancing age. As a result, the retinal innate-immune system, particularly microglia and the complement system, undergoes low levels of activation (parainflammation). In many cases, this parainflammatory response can maintain homeostasis in the healthy aging eye. However, in patients with age-related macular degeneration, this parainflammatory response becomes dysregulated and contributes to macular damage. Factors contributing to the dysregulation of age-related retinal parainflammation include genetic predisposition, environmental risk factors, and old age. Dysregulated parainflammation (chronic inflammation) in age-related macular degeneration damages the blood retina barrier, resulting in the breach of retinal-immune privilege, leading to the development of retinal lesions. This review discusses the basic principles of retinal innate-immune responses to endogenous chronic insults in normal aging and in age-related macular degeneration and explores the difference between beneficial parainflammation and the detrimental chronic inflammation in the context of age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
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31
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Zhu Y, Dai B, Li Y, Peng H. C5a and toll-like receptor 4 crosstalk in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Mol Vis 2015; 21:1122-9. [PMID: 26487798 PMCID: PMC4588711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of the complement activation product C5a on toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-induced responses in RPE cells. METHODS Confluent cultures of human RPE cells (ARPE-19) were stimulated with C5a, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or a combination of the two. The expression of TLR4 was determined by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Cytokine profiles were determined by real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The phosphorylation of p38, ERK 1/2, and JNK was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS C5a stimulation enhanced the expression of TLR4 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. C5a was able to stimulate the production of TLR4-induced IL-6 and IL-8 by ARPE-19 cells. Blocking experiments showed that the effect of C5a on cytokine production was mediated via C5aR. ERK1/2, but not JNK or p38, were involved in the production of IL-6 and IL-8. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that C5a can induce the TLR4 expression and enhance the production of TLR4-induced IL-6 and IL-8 by ARPE-19. The effect of C5a on cytokine production was mediated by C5aR and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- The People’s Hospital of Kai County, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingling Dai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongguo Li
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
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32
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Zhang L, Bell BA, Yu M, Chan CC, Peachey NS, Fung J, Zhang X, Caspi RR, Lin F. Complement anaphylatoxin receptors C3aR and C5aR are required in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:447-54. [PMID: 26394814 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0415-157r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that reagents inhibiting complement activation could be effective in treating T cell mediated autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune uveitis. However, the precise role of the complement anaphylatoxin receptors (C3a and C5a receptors) in the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis remains elusive and controversial. We induced experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice deficient or sufficient in both C3a and C5a receptors and rigorously compared their retinal phenotype using various imaging techniques, including indirect ophthalmoscopy, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, topical endoscopic fundus imaging, and histopathological analysis. We also assessed retinal function using electroretinography. Moreover, we performed Ag-specific T cell recall assays and T cell adoptive transfer experiments to compare pathogenic T cell activity between wild-type and knockout mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis. These experiments showed that C3a receptor/C5a receptor-deficient mice developed much less severe uveitis than did control mice using all retinal examination methods and that these mice had reduced pathogenic T cell responses. Our data demonstrate that both complement anaphylatoxin receptors are important for the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis, suggesting that targeting these receptors could be a valid approach for treating patients with autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhang
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brent A Bell
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Minzhong Yu
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neal S Peachey
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John Fung
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- *Eye Research Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, and Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Copy number variations and gene polymorphisms of complement components in ocular Behcet's disease and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12989. [PMID: 26269006 PMCID: PMC4534762 DOI: 10.1038/srep12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement is involved in many immune-mediated diseases. However, the association of its copy number variations (CNVs) and polymorphisms with Behcet’s disease (BD) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKH) is unknown. We examined copy number and mRNA expression by real-time PCR. Cytokine production by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in genotyped individuals was measured by ELISA. The frequencies of having more than two copies of C3 were significantly increased in BD and VKH, whereas CNV of C5 was only associated with BD. Increased frequencies of the GG genotype of C3 rs408290 and C5 rs2269067 were found in BD. No association was observed between C3 and C5 SNPs and VKH. mRNA expression in the high CNV group and GG cases of C3 and C5 was significantly higher compared to other genotypes. Increased interleukin-17 and IFN-γ was observed in the high CNV group and GG genotype cases of C3. Interleukin-17 but not IFN-γ was increased in the high CNV group and GG genotype cases of C5. No effect of C3 or C5 genetic variants was seen on the production of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-8. Our study thus provides further evidence for a role of complement in the pathogenesis of uveitis.
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Vecino E, Rodriguez FD, Ruzafa N, Pereiro X, Sharma SC. Glia-neuron interactions in the mammalian retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 51:1-40. [PMID: 26113209 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian retina provides an excellent opportunity to study glia-neuron interactions and the interactions of glia with blood vessels. Three main types of glial cells are found in the mammalian retina that serve to maintain retinal homeostasis: astrocytes, Müller cells and resident microglia. Müller cells, astrocytes and microglia not only provide structural support but they are also involved in metabolism, the phagocytosis of neuronal debris, the release of certain transmitters and trophic factors and K(+) uptake. Astrocytes are mostly located in the nerve fibre layer and they accompany the blood vessels in the inner nuclear layer. Indeed, like Müller cells, astrocytic processes cover the blood vessels forming the retinal blood barrier and they fulfil a significant role in ion homeostasis. Among other activities, microglia can be stimulated to fulfil a macrophage function, as well as to interact with other glial cells and neurons by secreting growth factors. This review summarizes the main functional relationships between retinal glial cells and neurons, presenting a general picture of the retina recently modified based on experimental observations. The preferential involvement of the distinct glia cells in terms of the activity in the retina is discussed, for example, while Müller cells may serve as progenitors of retinal neurons, astrocytes and microglia are responsible for synaptic pruning. Since different types of glia participate together in certain activities in the retina, it is imperative to explore the order of redundancy and to explore the heterogeneity among these cells. Recent studies revealed the association of glia cell heterogeneity with specific functions. Finally, the neuroprotective effects of glia on photoreceptors and ganglion cells under normal and adverse conditions will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vecino
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - F David Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, E-37007, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Noelia Ruzafa
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Xandra Pereiro
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Sansar C Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science at Dept. Cell Biology and Histology, UPV/EHU, Spain
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Kopplin LJ, Shifera AS, Suhler EB, Lin P. Biological response modifiers in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2015; 55:19-36. [PMID: 25730617 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Karlstetter M, Scholz R, Rutar M, Wong WT, Provis JM, Langmann T. Retinal microglia: just bystander or target for therapy? Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 45:30-57. [PMID: 25476242 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Resident microglial cells can be regarded as the immunological watchdogs of the brain and the retina. They are active sensors of their neuronal microenvironment and rapidly respond to various insults with a morphological and functional transformation into reactive phagocytes. There is strong evidence from animal models and in situ analyses of human tissue that microglial reactivity is a common hallmark of various retinal degenerative and inflammatory diseases. These include rare hereditary retinopathies such as retinitis pigmentosa and X-linked juvenile retinoschisis but also comprise more common multifactorial retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and uveitis as well as neurological disorders with ocular manifestation. In this review, we describe how microglial function is kept in balance under normal conditions by cross-talk with other retinal cells and summarize how microglia respond to different forms of retinal injury. In addition, we present the concept that microglia play a key role in local regulation of complement in the retina and specify aspects of microglial aging relevant for chronic inflammatory processes in the retina. We conclude that this resident immune cell of the retina cannot be simply regarded as bystander of disease but may instead be a potential therapeutic target to be modulated in the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory diseases of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Karlstetter
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Scholz
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matt Rutar
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Wai T Wong
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jan M Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Nicholls SM, Copland DA, Vitova A, Kuffova L, Forrester JV, Dick AD. Local targeting of the CD200-CD200R axis does not promote corneal graft survival. Exp Eye Res 2014; 130:1-8. [PMID: 25450061 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Corneal graft rejection is primarily a CD4(+) T cell-mediated mechanism in which macrophages may play an important inflammatory role. CD200Fc fusion protein is an artificial agonist of CD200R1, a receptor expressed predominantly on myeloid cells, engagement of which is known to down-regulate macrophage function. We therefore wished to test whether CD200Fc could be used as a therapeutic agent to prolong corneal graft survival. The distribution of CD200R1 and CD200, its natural ligand, was examined by immunohistology in the cornea and conjunctiva of unoperated rats and rats that had received corneal allografts. Mouse CD200Fc was injected subconjunctivally into transplanted rats on six occasions from the day of surgery until day 10 after transplantation. Control groups received injections of mouse IgG or diluent PBS. Allo-transplants were also performed in CD200(-/-) and control mice. The ability of CD200Fc to bind rat macrophages in vitro and to inhibit nitric oxide production was tested. Mean day of rejection in CD200Fc, IgG and PBS-treated rats was 12, 10 and 9 respectively (p=0.24). Mean day of rejection in CD200(-/-) and wild type mice was 17.5 and 16.0 respectively (p=0.07). Mouse CD200Fc bound to rat macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, but was unable to inhibit nitric oxide production. The fact that treatment with CD200Fc did not inhibit graft rejection and the failure of CD200 deficiency to affect graft survival suggests that local targeting of the CD200-CD200R axis to suppress macrophage activation is not a useful therapeutic strategy in corneal graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Nicholls
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - David A Copland
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrea Vitova
- Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Lucia Kuffova
- Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - John V Forrester
- Section of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation (Ocular Immunology), Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; Ocular Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew D Dick
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
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Lee RW, Nicholson LB, Sen HN, Chan CC, Wei L, Nussenblatt RB, Dick AD. Autoimmune and autoinflammatory mechanisms in uveitis. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:581-94. [PMID: 24858699 PMCID: PMC4186974 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The eye, as currently viewed, is neither immunologically ignorant nor sequestered from the systemic environment. The eye utilises distinct immunoregulatory mechanisms to preserve tissue and cellular function in the face of immune-mediated insult; clinically, inflammation following such an insult is termed uveitis. The intra-ocular inflammation in uveitis may be clinically obvious as a result of infection (e.g. toxoplasma, herpes), but in the main infection, if any, remains covert. We now recognise that healthy tissues including the retina have regulatory mechanisms imparted by control of myeloid cells through receptors (e.g. CD200R) and soluble inhibitory factors (e.g. alpha-MSH), regulation of the blood retinal barrier, and active immune surveillance. Once homoeostasis has been disrupted and inflammation ensues, the mechanisms to regulate inflammation, including T cell apoptosis, generation of Treg cells, and myeloid cell suppression in situ, are less successful. Why inflammation becomes persistent remains unknown, but extrapolating from animal models, possibilities include differential trafficking of T cells from the retina, residency of CD8+ T cells, and alterations of myeloid cell phenotype and function. Translating lessons learned from animal models to humans has been helped by system biology approaches and informatics, which suggest that diseased animals and people share similar changes in T cell phenotypes and monocyte function to date. Together the data infer a possible cryptic infectious drive in uveitis that unlocks and drives persistent autoimmune responses, or promotes further innate immune responses. Thus there may be many mechanisms in common with those observed in autoinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Lee
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS, Foundation Trust, and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Chen J, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Yang Z, Ding Y, Zhou Z, Zhong E, Arulanandam B, Baseman J, Zhong G. Chlamydial induction of hydrosalpinx in 11 strains of mice reveals multiple host mechanisms for preventing upper genital tract pathology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95076. [PMID: 24736397 PMCID: PMC3988139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The female lower genital tract is constantly exposed to microbial infection, some of which can ascend to and cause pathology such as hydrosalpinx in the upper genital tract, which can affect fertility. To understand host mechanisms for preventing upper genital tract pathology, we screened 11 inbred strains of mice for hydrosalpinx induction by C. muridarum. When examined on days 60 to 80 after intravaginal infection, the 11 strains fell into 3 groups based on their hydrosalpinx severity: CBA/J and SJL/J mice were highly susceptible with a hydrosalpinx score of 5 or greater; Balb/c, C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN were susceptible with a score between 1 and <5; NOD/ShiLtJ, DBA/1J, DBA/2J and A/J were resistant with a score of <1. The diverse range of mouse susceptibility to hydrosalpinx induction may reflect the varied clinical outcomes of C. trachomatis-infected women. When the 11 strains were infected via an intrauterine inoculation to bypass the requirement for ascension, higher incidence and more severe hydrosalpinges were induced in most mice, indicating that the interaction between chlamydial ascension and host control of ascension is critical for determining susceptibility to hydrosalpinx development in many mice. However, a few mouse strains resisted significant exacerbation of hydrosalpinx by intrauterine infection, indicating that these mice have evolved ascension-independent mechanisms for preventing upper genital tract pathology. Together, the above observations have demonstrated that different strains of mice can prevent upper genital tract pathology by using different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhangsheng Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yiling Ding
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Edward Zhong
- Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bernard Arulanandam
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joel Baseman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lack of long-lasting hydrosalpinx in A/J mice correlates with rapid but transient chlamydial ascension and neutrophil recruitment in the oviduct following intravaginal inoculation with Chlamydia muridarum. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2688-96. [PMID: 24711570 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00055-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and C. muridarum can induce long-lasting hydrosalpinx in the upper genital tract of women and female mice, respectively. However, A/J mice were highly resistant to induction of long-lasting hydrosalpinx by C. muridarum. We further compared host inflammatory responses and chlamydial infection courses between the hydrosalpinx-resistant A/J mice and CBA/J mice known to be susceptible to hydrosalpinx induction. Both mouse strains developed robust pyosalpinx during the acute phase followed by hydrosalpinx during the chronic phase. However, the hydrosalpinges disappeared in A/J mice by day 60 after infection, suggesting that some early hydrosalpinges are reversible. Although the overall inflammatory responses were indistinguishable between CBA/J and A/J mice, we found significantly more neutrophils in oviduct lumen of A/J mice on days 7 and 10, which correlated with a rapid but transient oviduct invasion by C. muridarum with a peak infection on day 7. In contrast, CBA/J mice developed a delayed and extensive oviduct infection. These comparisons have revealed an important role of the interactions of oviduct infection with inflammatory responses in chlamydial induction of long-lasting hydrosalpinx, suggesting that a rapid but transient invasion of oviduct by chlamydial organisms can prevent the development of the long-lasting hydrosalpinges.
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The future of uveitis treatment. Ophthalmology 2013; 121:365-376. [PMID: 24169255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveitis is a heterogeneous collection of diseases with polygenic and environmental influences. This heterogeneity presents challenges in trial design and selection of end points. Despite the multitude of causes, therapeutics targeting common inflammatory pathways are effective in treating diverse forms of uveitis. These treatments, including corticosteroids and immunomodulatory agents, although often effective, can have untoward side effects, limiting their utility. The search for drugs with equal or improved efficacy that are safe is therefore paramount. A mechanism-based approach is most likely to yield the future breakthroughs in the treatment of uveitis. We review the literature and provide examples of the nuances of immune regulation and dysregulation that can be targeted for therapeutic benefit. As our understanding of the causes of uveitis grows we will learn how to better apply antibodies designed to block interaction between inflammatory cytokines and their receptors. T-lymphocyte activation can be targeted by blocking co-stimulatory pathways or inhibiting major histocompatibility complex protein interactions. Furthermore, intracellular downstream molecules from cytokine or other pathways can be inhibited using small molecule inhibitors, which have the benefit of being orally bioavailable. An emerging field is the lipid-mediated inflammatory and regulatory pathways. Alternatively, anti-inflammatory cytokines can be provided by administering recombinant protein, and intracellular "brakes" of inflammatory pathways can be introduced potentially by gene therapy. Novel approaches of delivering a therapeutic substance include, but are not limited to, the use of small interfering RNA, viral and nonviral gene therapy, and microparticle or viscous gel sustained-release drug-delivery platforms.
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Read RW, Vogt SD, Barnum SR. The complement anaphylatoxin receptors are not required for the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 264:127-9. [PMID: 24035596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To determine if complement anaphylatoxin-mediated inflammation contributes to the development and progression of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), we induced disease in wild type and complement anaphylatoxin receptor-deficient mice (C3a receptor(-/-), C5a receptor(-/-) and C3aR(-/-)/C5aR(-/-)) and evaluated the eyes three weeks post-induction. No differences in disease severity or in disease incidence were seen between wild type controls and anaphylatoxin receptor-deficient mice. Our data indicate that C3a and C5a-mediated functions are not critical to the development of EAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Read
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-1150, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-1150, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-1150, USA.
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Luo C, Zhao J, Madden A, Chen M, Xu H. Complement expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells is modulated by activated macrophages. Exp Eye Res 2013; 112:93-101. [PMID: 23644095 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation is involved in a variety of retinal diseases. We have shown previously that a number of complement components and regulators can be produced locally in the eye, and that retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are the major source of complement expression at the retina-choroidal interface. The expression of complement components by RPE cells is regulated by inflammatory cytokines. Under aging or inflammatory conditions, microglia and macrophages accumulate in the subretinal space, where they are in close contact with RPE cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of activated macrophages on complement expression by RPE cells. Mouse RPE cells were treated with the supernatants from un-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BM-DMs), the classically activated BM-DMs (M1) and different types of the alternatively activated BM-DMs (M2a by IL-4, M2b by immune complex and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), M2c by IL-10). The expression of inflammatory cytokines and complement genes by RPE cells were determined by real-time RT-PCR. The protein expression of CFB, C3, C1INH, and C1r was examined by Western blot. Our results show that un-stimulated RPE cells express a variety of complement-related genes, and that the expression levels of complement regulators, including C1r, factor H (CFH), DAF1, CD59, C1INH, Crry, and C4BP genes are significantly higher than those of complement component genes (C2, C4, CFB, C3, and C5). Macrophage supernatants increased inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS), chemokine (CCL2) and complement expression in RPE cells. The supernatants from M0, M2a and M2c macrophages mildly up-regulated (2-3.5-fold) CFB, CFH and C3 gene expression in RPE cells, whereas the supernatants from M1 and M2b macrophages massively increased (10-30-fold) CFB and C3 gene expression in RPE cells. The expression of other genes, including C1r, C2, C4, CFH, Masp1, C1INH, and C4BP in RPE cells was also increased by the supernatants of M1 and M2b macrophages; however, the increment levels were significantly lower than CFB and C3 genes. M1 and M2b macrophage supernatants enhanced CFB (Bb fragment) protein expression and C3 secretion by RPE cells. M1 macrophages may affect complement expression in RPE cells through the STAT1 pathway. Our results suggest that under inflammatory conditions, activated macrophages could promote the alternative pathway of complement activation in the retina via induction of RPE cell CFB and C3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Luo
- Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT12 6BA Belfast, UK
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Durigutto P, Macor P, Ziller F, De Maso L, Fischetti F, Marzari R, Sblattero D, Tedesco F. Prevention of arthritis by locally synthesized recombinant antibody neutralizing complement component C5. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58696. [PMID: 23505550 PMCID: PMC3591401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of patients suffering from chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis with recombinant antibodies is time consuming and fairly expensive and can be associated with side effects due to generalized depletion of the target molecule. We have addressed these issues by developing an alternative approach consisting of the intraarticular injection of a DNA vector encoding for the anti-C5 neutralizing recombinant miniantibody MB12/22. This method allows local production of the antibody in sufficient amount to be effective in preventing joint inflammation in a rat model of antigen-induced arthritis. Injection of the DNA vector in a right knee of normal rats resulted in the production of the minibody detected in the synovial washes by western blot with a strong signal peaking at 3 days after administration. DNA encoding for the minibody was shown for 14 days in the synovial tissue and was undetectable in the controlateral knee and in other organs. The preventive effect of this approach was evaluated in rats receiving a single injection of the vector 3 days before the induction of antigen-induced arthritis and analyzed 3 days later. The treated rats exhibited a lower increase in swelling, associated with a lower number of PMN in the articular washes and reduced deposition of C9 in synovial tissue compared to control rats. These results suggest that treating the inflamed joints with a vector that induces a local production of a neutralizing anti-C5 antibody may represent a useful strategy to inhibit in situ complement activation and to treat patients with monoarthritis. Moreover, this approach may be adopted as a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent monoarthritis as an alternative to local treatment with antibodies commonly used in this form of arthritis, with the advantages of the lower cost and the longer persistence of antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Durigutto
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Macor
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Federica Ziller
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca De Maso
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Fischetti
- Dipartimento Universitario Clinico di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e della Salute, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Marzari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniele Sblattero
- Department of Medical Sciences and IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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Luo C, Chen M, Madden A, Xu H. Expression of complement components and regulators by different subtypes of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Inflammation 2013; 35:1448-61. [PMID: 22450524 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Under inflammatory conditions, macrophages can differentiate into different functional subtypes. We show that bone marrow-derived macrophages constitutively express different levels of various complement-related genes. The relative expression levels are C1qb > Crry > CFH > C3 > C1r > CFB > DAF1 > CD59a > C2 > C1INH > C1s > C4. Upon activation, the expression of C1r, C1s, C3, C2, CFB, and C1INH was up-regulated, and CFH, CD59a, and DAF1, down-regulated in M1 (induced by interferon-γ + lipopolysaccharides (LPS)) and M2b (induced by immune complex + LPS) macrophages. The expression of C4 and CFH was slightly up-regulated in interleukin (IL)-10-induced M2c macrophages. Complement gene expression in IL-4-induced M2a macrophages was weakly down-regulated as compared to resting M0 macrophages. Higher levels of C3, C1INH, and CFB but lower levels of CFH expression in M1 and M2b macrophage suggests that they may be involved in the alternative pathway of complement activation during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Luo
- Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, BT12 6BA, Belfast, UK
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McConnell AD, Do M, Neben TY, Spasojevic V, MacLaren J, Chen AP, Altobell L, Macomber JL, Berkebile AD, Horlick RA, Bowers PM, King DJ. High affinity humanized antibodies without making hybridomas; immunization paired with mammalian cell display and in vitro somatic hypermutation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49458. [PMID: 23166676 PMCID: PMC3498135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A method has been developed for the rapid generation of high-affinity humanized antibodies from immunized animals without the need to make conventional hybridomas. Rearranged IgH D(J) regions were amplified from the spleen and lymph tissue of mice immunized with the human complement protein C5, fused with a limited repertoire of human germline heavy chain V-genes to form intact humanized heavy chains, and paired with a human light chain library. Completed heavy and light chains were assembled for mammalian cell surface display and transfected into HEK 293 cells co-expressing activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Numerous clones were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and affinity maturation, initiated by AID, resulted in the rapid evolution of high affinity, functional antibodies. This approach enables the efficient sampling of an immune repertoire and the direct selection and maturation of high-affinity, humanized IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter M. Bowers
- AnaptysBio, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Willermain F, Rosenbaum JT, Bodaghi B, Rosenzweig HL, Childers S, Behrend T, Wildner G, Dick AD. Interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in the development of non-infectious uveitis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:182-94. [PMID: 22120610 PMCID: PMC3288447 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the innate and adaptive immune systems have evolved seamlessly to protect the host by rapidly responding to danger signals, eliminating pathogens and creating immunological memory as well as immunological tolerance to self. The innate immune system harnesses receptors that recognize conserved pathogen patterns and alongside the more specific recognition systems and memory of adaptive immunity, their interplay is evidenced by respective roles during generation and regulation of immune responses. The hallmark of adaptive immunity which requires engagement of innate immunity is an ability to discriminate between self and non-self (and eventually between pathogen and symbiont) as well as peripheral control mechanisms maintaining immunological health and appropriate responses. Loss of control mechanisms and/or regulation of either the adaptive or the innate immune system lead to autoimmunity and autoinflammation respectively. Although autoimmune pathways have been largely studied to date in the context of development of non-infectious intraocular inflammation, the recruitment and activation of innate immunity is required for full expression of the varied phenotypes of non-infectious uveitis. Since autoimmunity and autoinflammation implicate different molecular pathways, even though some convergence occurs, increasing our understanding of their respective roles in the development of uveitis will highlight treatment targets and influence our understanding of immune mechanisms operative in other retinal diseases. Herein, we extrapolate from the basic mechanisms of activation and control of innate and adaptive immunity to how autoinflammatory and autoimmune pathways contribute to disease development in non-infectious uveitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Willermain
- Department of Ophthalmology, CHU St-Pierre and Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
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48
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Dick AD. Road to Fulfilment: Taming the Immune Response to Restore Vision. Ophthalmic Res 2012; 48:43-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000335982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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49
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Lee RWJ, Dick AD. Current concepts and future directions in the pathogenesis and treatment of non-infectious intraocular inflammation. Eye (Lond) 2011; 26:17-28. [PMID: 21960067 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blockbuster drug paradigm is under increasing scrutiny across the biopharmaceutical industry. Intraocular inflammation poses particular challenges to this, given the heterogeneity of conditions in the uveitis spectrum, and the increasing acknowledgement of individual patient and disease variance in underlying immune responses. This need has triggered a drive towards personalised and stratified medicine, supported and enabled as a result of continued development of both experimental models and molecular biological techniques and improved clinical classification. As such we have the ability now to systematically appraise at a genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic level individual immunophenotype, and the promise that in the eye this can be augmented by in vivo immune imaging to identify individual immunopathology. With such advances all running in parallel, we are entering an era of experimental medicine that will facilitate early diagnosis, generate biomarkers for accurate prognostication, and enable the development of individualised and targeted therapies, which can progress rapidly into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W J Lee
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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50
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Dysregulation in retinal para-inflammation and age-related retinal degeneration in CCL2 or CCR2 deficient mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22818. [PMID: 21850237 PMCID: PMC3151263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that a para-inflammatory response exists at the retinal/choroidal interface in the aging eye; and this response plays an important role in maintaining retinal homeostasis under chronic stress conditions. We hypothesized that dysregulation of the para-inflammatory response may result in an overt pro-inflammatory response inducing retinal degeneration. In this study, we examined this hypothesis in mice deficient in chemokine CCL2 or its cognate receptor CCR2. CCL2- or CCR2-deficient mice developed retinal degenerative changes with age, characterized as retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell and photoreceptor cell death. Retinal cell death was associated with significantly more subretinal microglial accumulation and increased complement activation. In addition, monocytes from CCL2- or CCR2-deficient mice had reduced capacity for phagocytosis and chemotaxis, expressed less IL-10 but more iNOS, IL-12 and TNF-α when compared to monocytes from WT mice. Complement activation at the site of RPE cell death resulted in C3b/C3d but not C5b-9 deposition, indicating only partial activation of the complement pathway. Our results suggest that altered monocyte functions may convert the protective para-inflammatory response into an overtly harmful inflammation at the retina/choroidal interface in CCL2- or CCR2-deficient mice, leading to RPE and photoreceptor degeneration. These data support a concept whereby a protective para-inflammatory response relies upon a normally functioning innate immune system. If the innate immune system is deficient chronic stress may tip the balance towards an overt inflammatory response causing cell/tissue damage.
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