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Wenzlau JM, DiLisio JE, Barbour G, Dang M, Hohenstein AC, Nakayama M, Delong T, Baker RL, Haskins K. Insulin B-chain hybrid peptides are agonists for T cells reactive to insulin B:9-23 in autoimmune diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926650. [PMID: 36032090 PMCID: PMC9399855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is considered to be a key antigenic target of T cells in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse with particular focus on the B-chain amino acid sequence B:9-23 as the primary epitope. Our lab previously discovered that hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs), comprised of insulin C-peptide fragments fused to other β-cell granule peptides, are ligands for several pathogenic CD4 T cell clones derived from NOD mice and for autoreactive CD4 T cells from T1D patients. A subset of CD4 T cell clones from our panel react to insulin and B:9-23 but only at high concentrations of antigen. We hypothesized that HIPs might also be formed from insulin B-chain sequences covalently bound to other endogenously cleaved ß-cell proteins. We report here on the identification of a B-chain HIP, termed the 6.3HIP, containing a fragment of B:9-23 joined to an endogenously processed peptide of ProSAAS, as a strong neo-epitope for the insulin-reactive CD4 T cell clone BDC-6.3. Using an I-Ag7 tetramer loaded with the 6.3HIP, we demonstrate that T cells reactive to this B-chain HIP can be readily detected in NOD mouse islet infiltrates. This work suggests that some portion of autoreactive T cells stimulated by insulin B:9-23 may be responding to B-chain HIPs as peptide ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Wenzlau
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James E DiLisio
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Gene Barbour
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mylinh Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anita C Hohenstein
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics-Barbara Davis Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Thomas Delong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rocky L Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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2
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Erausquin E, Serra P, Parras D, Santamaria P, López-Sagaseta J. Structural plasticity in I-Ag7 links autoreactivity to hybrid insulin peptides in type I diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:924311. [PMID: 35967292 PMCID: PMC9365947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.924311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently provided evidence for promiscuous recognition of several different hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) by the highly diabetogenic, I-Ag7-restricted 4.1-T cell receptor (TCR). To understand the structural determinants of this phenomenon, we solved the structure of an agonistic HIP/I-Ag7 complex, both in isolation as well as bound to the 4.1-TCR. We find that HIP promiscuity of the 4.1-TCR is dictated, on the one hand, by an amino acid sequence pattern that ensures I-Ag7 binding and, on the other hand, by the presence of three acidic residues at positions P5, P7 and P8 that favor an optimal engagement by the 4.1-TCR’s complementary determining regions. Surprisingly, comparison of the TCR-bound and unbound HIP/I-Ag7 structures reveals that 4.1-TCR binding triggers several novel and unique structural motions in both the I-Ag7 molecule and the peptide that are essential for docking. This observation indicates that the type 1 diabetes-associated I-Ag7 molecule is structurally malleable and that this plasticity allows the recognition of multiple peptides by individual TCRs that would otherwise be unable to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Erausquin
- Unit of Protein Crystallography and Structural Immunology, Navarrabiomed, Navarra, Spain
- Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra University Hospital, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Parras
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jacinto López-Sagaseta, ; Pere Santamaria,
| | - Jacinto López-Sagaseta
- Unit of Protein Crystallography and Structural Immunology, Navarrabiomed, Navarra, Spain
- Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra University Hospital, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jacinto López-Sagaseta, ; Pere Santamaria,
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3
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Chatenoud L, Marquet C, Valette F, Scott L, Quan J, Bu CH, Hildebrand S, Moresco EMY, Bach JF, Beutler B. Modulation of autoimmune diabetes by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea- induced mutations in non-obese diabetic mice. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275575. [PMID: 35502705 PMCID: PMC9178510 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic association studies of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans, and in congenic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice harboring DNA segments from T1D-resistant mice, face the challenge of assigning causation to specific gene variants among many within loci that affect disease risk. Here, we created random germline mutations in NOD/NckH mice and used automated meiotic mapping to identify mutations modifying T1D incidence and age of onset. In contrast with association studies in humans or congenic NOD mice, we analyzed a relatively small number of genetic changes in each pedigree, permitting implication of specific mutations as causative. Among 844 mice from 14 pedigrees bearing 594 coding/splicing changes, we identified seven mutations that accelerated T1D development, and five that delayed or suppressed T1D. Eleven mutations affected genes not previously known to influence T1D (Xpnpep1, Herc1, Srrm2, Rapgef1, Ppl, Zfp583, Aldh1l1, Col6a1, Ccdc13, Cd200r1, Atrnl1). A suppressor mutation in Coro1a validated the screen. Mutagenesis coupled with automated meiotic mapping can detect genes in which allelic variation influences T1D susceptibility in NOD mice. Variation of some of the orthologous/paralogous genes may influence T1D susceptibility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Cindy Marquet
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Valette
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Lindsay Scott
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jiexia Quan
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chun Hui Bu
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sara Hildebrand
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eva Marie Y Moresco
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jean-François Bach
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Aubin AM, Lombard-Vadnais F, Collin R, Aliesky HA, McLachlan SM, Lesage S. The NOD Mouse Beyond Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:874769. [PMID: 35572553 PMCID: PMC9102607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.874769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes arises spontaneously in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice, and the pathophysiology of this disease shares many similarities with human type 1 diabetes. Since its generation in 1980, the NOD mouse, derived from the Cataract Shinogi strain, has represented the gold standard of spontaneous disease models, allowing to investigate autoimmune diabetes disease progression and susceptibility traits, as well as to test a wide array of potential treatments and therapies. Beyond autoimmune diabetes, NOD mice also exhibit polyautoimmunity, presenting with a low incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis and Sjögren’s syndrome. Genetic manipulation of the NOD strain has led to the generation of new mouse models facilitating the study of these and other autoimmune pathologies. For instance, following deletion of specific genes or via insertion of resistance alleles at genetic loci, NOD mice can become fully resistant to autoimmune diabetes; yet the newly generated diabetes-resistant NOD strains often show a high incidence of other autoimmune diseases. This suggests that the NOD genetic background is highly autoimmune-prone and that genetic manipulations can shift the autoimmune response from the pancreas to other organs. Overall, multiple NOD variant strains have become invaluable tools for understanding the pathophysiology of and for dissecting the genetic susceptibility of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. An interesting commonality to all autoimmune diseases developing in variant strains of the NOD mice is the presence of autoantibodies. This review will present the NOD mouse as a model for studying autoimmune diseases beyond autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Aubin
- Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Félix Lombard-Vadnais
- Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roxanne Collin
- Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- CellCarta, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Holly A. Aliesky
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sandra M. McLachlan
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Immunology-Oncology Division, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Sylvie Lesage, ;
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5
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Houeiss P, Boitard C, Luce S. Preclinical Models to Evaluate the Human Response to Autoantigen and Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy in Human Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:883000. [PMID: 35498419 PMCID: PMC9044628 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.883000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells by auto-reactive T cells. The clinical management of T1D faces the lack of fully predictive biomarkers in its preclinical stage and of antigen-specific therapies to induce or re-induce immune tolerance to β-cell autoantigens and prevent its development. From a therapeutic standpoint, preclinical models of T1D have fallen short of directly translating into humans. To circumvent this limitation, preclinical models are being optimized to allow defining autoantigen epitopes that are presented to T cells and directly apply to the human. In this review, we propose to make a point on the latest available models such as humanized immunodeficient NOD mice models and HLA and autoantigen transgenic mice and their application in the context of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Houeiss
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Christian Boitard
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Luce
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
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6
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VEGF-A, PDGF-BB and HB-EGF engineered for promiscuous super affinity to the extracellular matrix improve wound healing in a model of type 1 diabetes. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:76. [PMID: 34795305 PMCID: PMC8602425 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-healing wounds, frequently caused by diabetes, lead to lower quality of life, infection, and amputation. These wounds have limited treatment options. We have previously engineered growth factors to bind to exposed extracellular matrix (ECM) in the wound environment using the heparin-binding domain of placental growth factor-2 (PlGF-2123–144), which binds promiscuously to ECM proteins. Here, in the type 1 diabetic (T1D) NOD mouse model, engineered growth factors (eGFs) improved both re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation. eGFs were even more potent in combination, and the “triple therapy” of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-PlGF-2123–144), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB-PlGF-2123–144), and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF-PlGF-2123–144) both improved wound healing and remained at the site of administration for significantly longer than wild-type growth factors. In addition, we also found that changes in the cellular milieu of a wound, including changing amounts of M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages and effector T cells, are most predictive of wound-healing success in the NOD mouse model. These results suggest that the triple therapy of VEGF-PlGF-2123–144, PDGF-BB-PlGF-2123–144, and HB-EGF-PlGF-2123–144 may be an effective therapy for chronic non-healing wounds in that occur as a complication of diabetes.
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7
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Parras D, Solé P, Delong T, Santamaría P, Serra P. Recognition of Multiple Hybrid Insulin Peptides by a Single Highly Diabetogenic T-Cell Receptor. Front Immunol 2021; 12:737428. [PMID: 34527002 PMCID: PMC8435627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.737428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) type 1 diabetes (T1D) association remain incompletely understood. We have previously shown that thymocytes expressing the highly diabetogenic, I-Ag7-restricted 4.1-T-cell receptor (TCR) are MHCII-promiscuous, and that, in MHCII-heterozygous mice, they sequentially undergo positive and negative selection/Treg deviation by recognizing pro- and anti-diabetogenic MHCII molecules on cortical thymic epithelial cells and medullary hematopoietic antigen-presenting cells (APCs), respectively. Here, we use a novel autoantigen discovery approach to define the antigenic specificity of this TCR in the context of I-Ag7. This was done by screening the ability of random epitope-GS linker-I- A β g 7 chain fusion pools to form agonistic peptide-MHCII complexes on the surface of I- A α d chain-transgenic artificial APCs. Pool deconvolution, I-Ag7-binding register-fixing, TCR contact residue mapping, and alanine scanning mutagenesis resulted in the identification of a 4.1-TCR recognition motif XL(G/A)XEXE(D/E)X that was shared by seven agonistic hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) resulting from the fusion of several different chromogranin A and/or insulin C fragments, including post-translationally modified variants. These data validate a novel, highly sensitive MHCII-restricted epitope discovery approach for orphan TCRs and suggest thymic selection of autoantigen-promiscuous TCRs as a mechanism for the murine T1D-I-Ag7-association.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Coculture Techniques
- Cricetulus
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Epitopes
- HEK293 Cells
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/immunology
- Insulin/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Parras
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Solé
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Delong
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (SSPPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Pere Santamaría
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Beik P, Ciesielska M, Kucza M, Kurczewska A, Kuźmińska J, Maćkowiak B, Niechciał E. Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2805. [PMID: 32872668 PMCID: PMC7563637 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas, caused by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Despite the introduction of advanced technologies for diabetes management, most patients fail to achieve target glycemic control, and T1D still has a high burden of long-term end-organ complications. Over several decades, multiple clinical trials have attempted to find prevention for T1D in at-risk individuals or to stabilize, ultimately reverse, the disease in those with T1D. To date, T1D remains yet incurable condition; however, recently improved understanding of the natural history of the disease may lead to new strategies to preserve or improve beta-cell function in those at increased risk and T1D patients. This publication aims to provide an overview of past experiences and recent findings in the prevention of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elżbieta Niechciał
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Street 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland; (P.B.); (M.C.); (M.K.); (A.K.); (J.K.); (B.M.)
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9
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The MHC-II peptidome of pancreatic islets identifies key features of autoimmune peptides. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:455-463. [PMID: 32152506 PMCID: PMC7117798 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nature of autoantigens that trigger autoimmune diseases has been much discussed, but direct biochemical identification is lacking for most. Addressing this question demands unbiased examination of the self-peptides displayed by a defined autoimmune major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecule. Here we examined the immunopeptidome of the pancreatic islets in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes based on the I-Ag7 variant of MHCII. The relevant peptides that induced pathogenic CD4+ T cells at the initiation of diabetes derived from proinsulin. These peptides were also found in the MHCII peptidome of the pancreatic lymph nodes and spleen. The proinsulin-derived peptides followed a trajectory from their generation and exocytosis in β cells, to uptake and presentation in islets and peripheral sites. Such a pathway generated conventional epitopes but also resulted in the presentation of post-translationally modified peptides, including deamidated sequences. These analyses reveal the key features of a restricted component in the self-MHCII peptidome that caused autoreactivity.
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10
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Unanue ER, Wan X. The Immunoreactive Platform of the Pancreatic Islets Influences the Development of Autoreactivity. Diabetes 2019; 68:1544-1551. [PMID: 31331989 PMCID: PMC6692819 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is maintained through a finely tuned balance between the immune system and the organ-resident cells. Disruption of this process not only results in organ dysfunction but also may trigger detrimental autoimmune responses. The islet of Langerhans consists of the insulin-producing β-cells essential for proper control of body metabolism, but less appreciated is that these cells naturally interact with the immune system, forming a platform by which the β-cell products are sensed, processed, and responded to by the local immune cells, particularly the islet-resident macrophages. Although its physiological outcomes are not completely understood, this immunoreactive platform is crucial for precipitating islet autoreactivity in individuals carrying genetic risks, leading to the development of type 1 diabetes. In this Perspective, we summarize recent studies that examine the cross talk between the β-cells and various immune components, with a primary focus on discussing how antigenic information generated during normal β-cell catabolism can be delivered to the resident macrophage and further recognized by the adaptive CD4 T-cell system, a critical step to initiate autoimmune diabetes. The core nature of the islet immune platform can be extrapolated to other endocrine tissues and may represent a common mechanism underlying the development of autoimmune syndromes influencing multiple endocrine organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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11
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Schloss J, Ali R, Babad J, Guerrero-Ros I, Pongsachai J, He LZ, Keler T, DiLorenzo TP. Development and Characterization of a Preclinical Model for the Evaluation of CD205-Mediated Antigen Delivery Therapeutics in Type 1 Diabetes. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:236-253. [PMID: 31356169 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the production of adaptive immune responses to disease-causing microbes. However, in the steady state (i.e., in the absence of an infection or when Ags are experimentally delivered without a DC-activating adjuvant), DCs present Ags to T cells in a tolerogenic manner and are important for the establishment of peripheral tolerance. Delivery of islet Ags to DCs using Ag-linked Abs to the DC endocytic receptor CD205 has shown promise in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). It is important to note, however, that all myeloid DCs express CD205 in humans, whereas in mice, only one of the classical DC subsets does (classical DC1; CD8α+ in spleen). Thus, the evaluation of CD205-targeted treatments in mice will likely not accurately predict the results observed in humans. To overcome this challenge, we have developed and characterized a novel NOD mouse model in which all myeloid DCs transgenically express human CD205 (hCD205). This NOD.hCD205 strain displays a similar T1D incidence profile to standard NOD mice. The presence of the transgene does not alter DC development, phenotype, or function. Importantly, the DCs are able to process and present Ags delivered via hCD205. Because Ags taken up via hCD205 can be presented on both class I and class II MHC, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells can be modulated. As both T cell subsets are important for T1D pathogenesis, NOD.hCD205 mice represent a unique, patient-relevant tool for the development and optimization of DC-directed T1D therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schloss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Riyasat Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jeffrey Babad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | - Jillamika Pongsachai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827
| | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; .,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461.,Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and.,The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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12
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Feduska JM, Tse HM. The proinflammatory effects of macrophage-derived NADPH oxidase function in autoimmune diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 125:81-89. [PMID: 29723665 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease culminating in the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. While ultimately a T cell-mediated disease, macrophages play an indispensable role in disease initiation and progression. Infiltrating macrophages generate an inflammatory environment by releasing NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide and proinflammatory cytokines. The synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is acknowledged as putative factors contributing to autoimmunity and β-cell damage in T1D. In addition to direct lysis, free radicals collectively participate in β-cell destruction by providing a redox-dependent third signal necessary for islet-reactive CD4 and CD8 T cell maturation and by inducing oxidative post-translational modifications of β-cell epitopes to further exacerbate autoimmune responses. This review will provide an overview of macrophage function and a synergistic cross-talk with redox biology that contributes to autoimmune dysregulation in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Feduska
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, United States
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, United States.
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13
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Gene silencing of ZnT8 attenuates inflammation and protects pancreatic tissue injury in T1D. Immunol Lett 2018; 198:1-6. [PMID: 29601938 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocyte mediated inflammation contributes to the development of T1D. Zinc Transporter 8 (ZnT8) has emerged as a target of autoreactive T cells in human T1D in recent years. However, the regulating of ZnT8 in T1D has not been identified. We make a hypothesis that whether alternation of ZnT8 level could attenuate inflammation and protect pancreatic tissue injury in T1D. In this study, we utilized ZnT8 shRNA to inhibit ZnT8 expression, and detected inflammation, glucose tolerance and pancreatic tissue of NOD mice. We found that ZnT8 shRNA attenuated specific CD8+ T cell activation and cytotoxicity. In addition, ZnT8 shRNA protected glucose tolerance and pancreatic tissue injury via down-regulation of ZnT8 in NOD mice. Therefore, the results suggest that RNAi represents a promising target reducing ZnT8 mediated inflammation, and provides a novel therapeutical clue in T1D.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current standard therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) is insulin replacement. Autoimmune diseases are typically treated with broad immunosuppression, but this has multiple disadvantages. Induction of antigen-specific tolerance is preferable. The application of nanomedicine to the problem of T1D can take different forms, but one promising way is the development of tolerogenic nanoparticles, the aim of which is to mitigate the islet-destroying autoimmunity. We review the topic and highlight recent strategies to produce tolerogenic nanoparticles for the purpose of treating T1D. RECENT FINDINGS Several groups are making progress in applying tolerogenic nanoparticles to rodent models of T1D, while others are using nanotechnology to aid other potential T1D treatments such as islet transplant and islet encapsulation. The strategies behind how nanoparticles achieve tolerance are varied. It is likely the future will see even greater diversity in tolerance induction strategies as well as a greater focus on how to translate this technology from preclinical use in mice to treatment of T1D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 6-713 Tarry Building, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 6-713 Tarry Building, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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15
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Thelin MA, Kissler S, Vigneault F, Watters AL, White D, Koshy ST, Vermillion SA, Mooney DJ, Serwold T, Ali OA. In Vivo Enrichment of Diabetogenic T Cells. Diabetes 2017; 66:2220-2229. [PMID: 28396510 PMCID: PMC5521861 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional T cells can mediate autoimmunity, but the inaccessibility of autoimmune tissues and the rarity of autoimmune T cells in the blood hinder their study. We describe a method to enrich and harvest autoimmune T cells in vivo by using a biomaterial scaffold loaded with protein antigens. In model antigen systems, we found that antigen-specific T cells become enriched within scaffolds containing their cognate antigens. When scaffolds containing lysates from an insulin-producing β-cell line were implanted subcutaneously in autoimmune diabetes-prone NOD mice, β-cell-reactive T cells homed to these scaffolds and became enriched. These T cells induced diabetes after adoptive transfer, indicating their pathogenicity. Furthermore, T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing identified many expanded TCRs within the β-cell scaffolds that were also expanded within the pancreata of NOD mice. These data demonstrate the utility of biomaterial scaffolds loaded with disease-specific antigens to identify and study rare, therapeutically important T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frederic Vigneault
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander L Watters
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Des White
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sandeep T Koshy
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sarah A Vermillion
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - David J Mooney
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas Serwold
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Omar A Ali
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA
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16
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Apportioning Blame: Autoreactive CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:275-284. [PMID: 28083620 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most studied archetypal organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Although many clinical, epidemiological, and pathological characteristics have been described, there are still important issues which need to be resolved as these will have a major impact on the development of future antigen-specific immunotherapies. An important question relates to T lymphocytes in the development of the disease, in particular their role in the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Since the discovery that certain class II histocompatibility complex molecules (HLA) are linked to the development of T1D, much research has focused on CD4+ helper T lymphocytes; however, recent studies highlight class I HLA molecules as an independent risk factor; hence, research into the role played by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes has gained momentum. In this review, we summarize recent studies clarifying the role played by both sets of autoreactive T lymphocytes in T1D, discuss the targets recognized by these cells and their phenotype in T1D patients. Finally, we will examine the possible generation of regulatory CD8+ T lymphocytes upon different immuno-intervention strategies.
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17
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Bettini ML, Bettini M. Understanding Autoimmune Diabetes through the Prism of the Tri-Molecular Complex. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:351. [PMID: 29312143 PMCID: PMC5735072 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The strongest susceptibility allele for Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is human leukocyte antigen (HLA), which supports a central role for T cells as the drivers of autoimmunity. However, the precise mechanisms that allow thymic escape and peripheral activation of beta cell antigen-specific T cells are still largely unknown. Studies performed with the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse have challenged several immunological dogmas, and have made the NOD mouse a key experimental system to study the steps of immunodysregulation that lead to autoimmune diabetes. The structural similarities between the NOD I-Ag7 and HLA-DQ8 have revealed the stability of the T cell receptor (TCR)/HLA/peptide tri-molecular complex as an important parameter in the development of autoimmune T cells, as well as afforded insights into the key antigens targeted in T1D. In this review, we will provide a summary of the current understanding with regard to autoimmune T cell development, the significance of the antigens targeted in T1D, and the relationship between TCR affinity and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Bettini
- Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew L. Bettini, ; Maria Bettini,
| | - Maria Bettini
- Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew L. Bettini, ; Maria Bettini,
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18
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Mauvais FX, Diana J, van Endert P. Beta cell antigens in type 1 diabetes: triggers in pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27158463 PMCID: PMC4847563 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7411.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Research focusing on type 1 diabetes (T1D) autoantigens aims to explore our understanding of these beta cell proteins in order to design assays for monitoring the pathogenic autoimmune response, as well as safe and efficient therapies preventing or stopping it. In this review, we will discuss progress made in the last 5 years with respect to mechanistic understanding, diagnostic monitoring, and therapeutic modulation of the autoantigen-specific cellular immune response in T1D. Some technical progress in monitoring tools has been made; however, the potential of recent technologies for highly multiplexed exploration of human cellular immune responses remains to be exploited in T1D research, as it may be the key to the identification of surrogate markers of disease progression that are still wanting. Detailed analysis of autoantigen recognition by T cells suggests an important role of non-conventional antigen presentation and processing in beta cell-directed autoimmunity, but the impact of this in human T1D has been little explored. Finally, therapeutic administration of autoantigens to T1D patients has produced disappointing results. The application of novel modes of autoantigen administration, careful translation of mechanistic understanding obtained in preclinical studies and
in vitro with human cells, and combination therapies including CD3 antibodies may help to make autoantigen-based immunotherapy for T1D a success story in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Mauvais
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Unité 1151, Paris, 75015, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, 75015, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Julien Diana
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Unité 1151, Paris, 75015, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, 75015, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Peter van Endert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Unité 1151, Paris, 75015, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, 75015, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75015, France
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19
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Yu C, Burns JC, Robinson WH, Utz PJ, Ho PP, Steinman L, Frey AB. Identification of Candidate Tolerogenic CD8(+) T Cell Epitopes for Therapy of Type 1 Diabetes in the NOD Mouse Model. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:9083103. [PMID: 27069933 PMCID: PMC4812430 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9083103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing pancreatic islet β cells are the target of self-reactive B and T cells. T cells reactive with epitopes derived from insulin and/or IGRP are critical for the initiation and maintenance of disease, but T cells reactive with other islet antigens likely have an essential role in disease progression. We sought to identify candidate CD8(+) T cell epitopes that are pathogenic in type 1 diabetes. Proteins that elicit autoantibodies in human type 1 diabetes were analyzed by predictive algorithms for candidate epitopes. Using several different tolerizing regimes using synthetic peptides, two new predicted tolerogenic CD8(+) T cell epitopes were identified in the murine homolog of the major human islet autoantigen zinc transporter ZnT8 (aa 158-166 and 282-290) and one in a non-β cell protein, dopamine β-hydroxylase (aa 233-241). Tolerizing vaccination of NOD mice with a cDNA plasmid expressing full-length proinsulin prevented diabetes, whereas plasmids encoding ZnT8 and DβH did not. However, tolerizing vaccination of NOD mice with the proinsulin plasmid in combination with plasmids expressing ZnT8 and DβH decreased insulitis and enhanced prevention of disease compared to vaccination with the plasmid encoding proinsulin alone.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cation Transport Proteins/genetics
- Cation Transport Proteins/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte
- Female
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Proinsulin/genetics
- Proinsulin/immunology
- Time Factors
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Zinc Transporter 8
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jeremy C. Burns
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Paul J. Utz
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peggy P. Ho
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alan B. Frey
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- *Alan B. Frey:
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20
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Gómez-Touriño I, Simón-Vázquez R, Alonso-Lorenzo J, Arif S, Calviño-Sampedro C, González-Fernández Á, Pena-González E, Rodríguez J, Viñuela-Roldán J, Verdaguer J, Cordero OJ, Peakman M, Varela-Calvino R. Characterization of the autoimmune response against the nerve tissue S100β in patients with type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:207-17. [PMID: 25516468 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in pancreatic islets and is characterized by islet cell autoimmunity. Autoreactivity against non-beta cell-specific antigens has also been reported, including targeting of the calcium-binding protein S100β. In preclinical models, reactivity of this type is a key component of the early development of insulitis. To examine the nature of this response in type 1 diabetes, we identified naturally processed and presented peptide epitopes derived from S100β, determined their affinity for the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*04:01 molecule and studied T cell responses in patients, together with healthy donors. We found that S100β reactivity, characterized by interferon (IFN)-γ secretion, is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes of varying duration. Our results confirm S100β as a target of the cellular autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes with the identification of new peptide epitopes targeted during the development of the disease, and support the preclinical findings that autoreactivity against non-beta cell-specific autoantigens may have a role in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gómez-Touriño
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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21
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Motozono C, Pearson JA, De Leenheer E, Rizkallah PJ, Beck K, Trimby A, Sewell AK, Wong FS, Cole DK. Distortion of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Binding Groove to Accommodate an Insulin-derived 10-Mer Peptide. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18924-33. [PMID: 26085090 PMCID: PMC4521012 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.622522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-obese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes continues to be an important tool for delineating the role of T-cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that enable this disease pathway. We show that insulin reactivity by a CD8+ T-cell clone, known to induce type 1 diabetes, is characterized by weak T-cell antigen receptor binding to a relatively unstable peptide-MHC. The structure of the native 9- and 10-mer insulin epitopes demonstrated that peptide residues 7 and 8 form a prominent solvent-exposed bulge that could potentially be the main focus of T-cell receptor binding. The C terminus of the peptide governed peptide-MHC stability. Unexpectedly, we further demonstrate a novel mode of flexible peptide presentation in which the MHC peptide-binding groove is able to “open the back door” to accommodate extra C-terminal peptide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Motozono
- From the Division of Infection and Immunity and the Department of Immunology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka 589-8511, Japan, and
| | - James A Pearson
- the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Evy De Leenheer
- the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Konrad Beck
- the Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - F Susan Wong
- the Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom,
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Malaguti C, La Guardia PG, Leite ACR, Oliveira DN, de Lima Zollner RL, Catharino RR, Vercesi AE, Oliveira HCF. Oxidative stress and susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition precedes the onset of diabetes in autoimmune non-obese diabetic mice. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1494-504. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.966706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Szablewski L. Role of immune system in type 1 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:182-91. [PMID: 24993340 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is the body's natural defense system against invading pathogens. It protects the body from infection and works to communicate an individual's well-being through a complex network of interconnected cells and cytokines. This system is an associated host defense. An uncontrolled immune system has the potential to trigger negative complications in the host. Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of pancreatic β-cells by a β-cell-specific autoimmune process. Examples of β-cell autoantigens are insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine phosphatase, and insulinoma antigen. There are many autoimmune diseases, but type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of the well-characterized autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms involved in the β-cell destruction are still not clear; it is generally believed that β-cell autoantigens, macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes are involved in the β-cell-specific autoimmune process. It is necessary to determine what exact factors are causing the immune system to become unregulated in such a manner as to promote an autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Szablewski
- General Biology and Parasitology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Chalubinskiego Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland.
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24
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Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of Type 1 diabetes: lessons from the NOD mouse. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 126:1-18. [PMID: 24020444 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T1D (Type 1 diabetes) is an autoimmune disease caused by the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Studies in T1D patients have been limited by the availability of pancreatic samples, a protracted pre-diabetic phase and limitations in markers that reflect β-cell mass and function. The NOD (non-obese diabetic) mouse is currently the best available animal model of T1D, since it develops disease spontaneously and shares many genetic and immunopathogenic features with human T1D. Consequently, the NOD mouse has been extensively studied and has made a tremendous contribution to our understanding of human T1D. The present review summarizes the key lessons from NOD mouse studies concerning the genetic susceptibility, aetiology and immunopathogenic mechanisms that contribute to autoimmune destruction of β-cells. Finally, we summarize the potential and limitations of immunotherapeutic strategies, successful in NOD mice, now being trialled in T1D patients and individuals at risk of developing T1D.
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Jeong J, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM. Pharmacological inhibition of myostatin/TGF-β receptor/pSmad3 signaling rescues muscle regenerative responses in mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1052-60. [PMID: 23770987 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the influence of acute experimental diabetes on the regenerative potential of muscle stem (satellite) cells in mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6 young mice were injected with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 180 mg/kg, ip) to induce diabetes. The diabetic mice were treated with insulin (0.75 U/kg, ip), follistatin (12 μg/kg, im) or Alk5 inhibitor (5 μmol/L per kg, sc) once a day. On the first day when high glucose levels were found, cardiotoxin (CTX) was focally injected into tibialis anterior and gastronemius muscles of the mice. The muscles were harvested 3 d and 5 d after CTX injection, and myofibers and satellite cells were isolated. Quantitative ex-vivo and in-vivo assays of myogenic potential were used to evaluate the muscle regenerative responses. RESULTS The satellite cells from the diabetic mice 3 d after CTX injection fail to activate, and the repair of muscle deteriorates, resembling that observed in old control mice. Furthermore, the satellite cells have excessive levels of myostatin, TGF-β receptor 1, pSmad3 and the cell cycle inhibitor p15, while the level of TGF-β1 remain unchanged. Treatment of the diabetic mice with insulin rescued muscle regenerative responses, and restored the expression levels of myostatin, TGF-β receptor 1, pSmad3, and p15 to those similar of healthy controls. Treatment of the diabetic mice with the myostatin antagonist follistatin, or with the Alk5 inhibitor of TGF-β receptor 1 (which did not diminish the blood glucose levels) rescued muscle regenerative responses and attenuated the myostatin/TGFβ receptor/pSmad3 signaling. CONCLUSION The muscle regenerative responses are incapacitated and repair of the tissue fails within hours after the initiation of hyperglycemia in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes, but stem cell function is rescued by insulin, as well as follistatin or an Alk5 inhibitor that blocks TGF-β receptor signaling.
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26
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Gurr W, Shaw M, Herzog RI, Li Y, Sherwin R. Vaccination with single chain antigen receptors for islet-derived peptides presented on I-A(g7) delays diabetes in NOD mice by inducing anergy in self-reactiveT-cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69464. [PMID: 23894487 PMCID: PMC3722102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a vaccination approach for prevention of type 1 diabetes (T1D) that selectively attenuates self-reactive T-cells targeting specific autoantigens, we selected phage-displayed single chain antigen receptor libraries for clones binding to a complex of the NOD classII MHC I-A(g7) and epitopes derived from the islet autoantigen RegII. Libraries were generated from B-cell receptor repertoires of classII-mismatched mice immunized with RegII-pulsed NOD antigen presenting cells or from T-cell receptor repertoires in pancreatic lymph nodes of NOD mice. Both approaches yielded clones recognizing a RegII-derived epitope in the context of I-A(g7), which activated autoreactive CD4(+) T-cells. A receptor with different specificity was obtained by converting the BDC2.5 TCR into single chain form. B- but not T-cells from donors vaccinated with the clones transferred protection from diabetes to NOD-SCID recipients if the specificity of the diabetes inducer cell and the single chain receptor were matched. B-cells and antibodies from donors vaccinated with the BDC2.5 single chain receptor induced a state of profound anergy in T-cells of BDC2.5 TCR transgenic NOD recipients while B-cells from donors vaccinated with a single chain receptor specific for I-A(g7) RegII peptide complexes induced only partial non-responsiveness. Vaccination of normal NOD mice with receptors recognizing I-A(g7) RegII peptide complexes or with the BDC2.5 single chain receptor delayed onset of T1D. Thus anti-idiotypic vaccination can be successfully applied to T1D with vaccines either generated from self-reactive T-cell clones or derived from antigen receptor libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Gurr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
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Delong T, Baker RL, He J, Haskins K. Novel autoantigens for diabetogenic CD4 T cells in autoimmune diabetes. Immunol Res 2013; 55:167-72. [PMID: 22971988 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive CD4 T cells play a central role in the development of type 1 diabetes. The BDC panel of diabetogenic T cell clones was originally isolated from non-obese diabetic mice and has been used to study the role of autoreactive CD4 T cells and T cell autoantigens in the development of diabetes. Recent studies by our group have led to the identification of two new target antigens for clones of this panel. This review describes the proteomic strategy used for antigen identification, the antigens identified, and the potential contribution of post-translational modification to autoantigen generation. In addition, we compare peptide epitopes for the T cell clones and discuss their potential applications in investigating the role of T cell autoantigens in the pathogenesis and regulation of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Delong
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Alkemade GM, Clemente-Casares X, Yu Z, Xu BY, Wang J, Tsai S, Wright JR, Roep BO, Santamaria P. Local autoantigen expression as essential gatekeeper of memory T-cell recruitment to islet grafts in diabetic hosts. Diabetes 2013; 62:905-11. [PMID: 23160528 PMCID: PMC3581210 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that inflammatory cues can attract noncognate, "bystander" T-cell specificities to sites of inflammation. We have shown that recruitment of naive and in vitro activated autoreactive CD8⁺ T cells into endogenous islets requires local autoantigen expression. Here, we demonstrate that absence of an autoantigen in syngeneic extrapancreatic islet grafts in diabetic hosts renders the grafts "invisible" to cognate memory (and naive) T cells. We monitored the recruitment of islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP)₂₀₆₋₂₁₄-reactive CD8⁺ T cells into IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄-competent and IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄-deficient islet grafts in diabetic wild-type or IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄(-/-) nonobese diabetic hosts (harboring either naive and memory T cells or only naive IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄-specific T-cells, respectively). All four host-donor combinations had development of recurrent diabetes within 2 weeks. Wild-type hosts recruited IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄-specific T cells into IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄(+/+) but not IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄(-/-) grafts. In IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄(-/-) hosts, there was no recruitment of IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄-specific T cells, regardless of donor type. Graft-derived IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄ activated naive IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄-specific T cells, but graft destruction invariably predated their recruitment. These results indicate that recurrent diabetes is exclusively driven by autoreactive T cells primed during the primary autoimmune response, and demonstrate that local antigen expression is a sine qua non requirement for accumulation of memory T cells into islet grafts. These findings underscore the importance of tackling autoreactive T-cell memory after β-cell replacement therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/analysis
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Epitopes
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase/analysis
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase/genetics
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase/metabolism
- Graft Survival
- Immunologic Memory
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/adverse effects
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/pathology
- Kidney
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pancreas/immunology
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/analysis
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/immunology
- Transplantation, Isogeneic/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Isogeneic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonnie M. Alkemade
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhenguo Yu
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bao-You Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jinguo Wang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James R. Wright
- Department of Pathology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bart O. Roep
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author: Pere Santamaria,
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Shameli A, Yamanouchi J, Tsai S, Yang Y, Clemente-Casares X, Moore A, Serra P, Santamaria P. IL-2 promotes the function of memory-like autoregulatory CD8+T cells but suppresses their development via FoxP3+Treg cells. Eur J Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Shameli
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Jun Yamanouchi
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Medicine, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory; MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging; Department of Radiology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Charlestown MA USA
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer - Hospital Clinic de Barcelona; Centre Esther Koplowitz Barcelona Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Departments of Microbiology; Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer - Hospital Clinic de Barcelona; Centre Esther Koplowitz Barcelona Spain
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Énée É, Kratzer R, Arnoux JB, Barilleau E, Hamel Y, Marchi C, Beltrand J, Michaud B, Chatenoud L, Robert JJ, van Endert P. ZnT8 is a major CD8+ T cell-recognized autoantigen in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61:1779-84. [PMID: 22586580 PMCID: PMC3379659 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of β-cells by an autoimmune T-cell response assisted by antigen-presenting B cells producing autoantibodies. CD8(+) T-cell responses against islet cell antigens, thought to play a central role in diabetes pathogenesis, can be monitored using enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays. However, such assays have been applied to monitoring of adult patients only, leaving aside the large and increasing pediatric patient population. The objective of this study was twofold: 1) to develop a CD8(+) T-cell interferon-γ ELISpot assay for pediatric patients and 2) to determine whether zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8), a recently described target of autoantibodies in a majority of patients, is also recognized by autoreactive CD8(+) T cells. Using DNA immunization of humanized mice, we identified nine HLA-A2-restricted ZnT8 epitopes. Among 36 HLA-A2(+) children with diabetes, 29 responded to ZnT8 epitopes, whereas only 3 of 16 HLA-A2(+) control patients and 0 of 17 HLA-A2(-) control patients responded. Some single ZnT8 epitopes performed as well as the group of epitopes in discriminating between patients and control individuals. Thus, ZnT8 is a major CD8(+) T-cell autoantigen, and ELISpot assays display similar performance in adult and pediatric type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émmanuelle Énée
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Roland Kratzer
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Arnoux
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
- Hôpital Necker, Service d’endocrinologie, Unité fonctionnelle diabétologie, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Barilleau
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Yamina Hamel
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Marchi
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Beltrand
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
- Hôpital Necker, Service d’endocrinologie, Unité fonctionnelle diabétologie, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Michaud
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Robert
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
- Hôpital Necker, Service d’endocrinologie, Unité fonctionnelle diabétologie, Paris, France
| | - Peter van Endert
- INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
- Corresponding author: Peter van Endert,
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Silva DRD, Castro SLD, Alves MCDS, Batista WDS, Oliveira GMD. Acute experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection: establishing a murine model that utilises non-invasive measurements of disease parameters. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:211-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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33
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Tooley JE, Waldron-Lynch F, Herold KC. New and future immunomodulatory therapy in type 1 diabetes. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:173-81. [PMID: 22342807 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a common autoimmune disease that affects millions of people worldwide and has an incidence that is increasing at a striking rate, especially in young children. It results from the targeted self-destruction of the insulin-secreting β cells of the pancreas and requires lifelong insulin treatment. The effects of chronic hyperglycemia - the result of insulin deficiency - include secondary endorgan complications. Over the past two decades our increased understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease has led to the development of new immunomodulatory treatments. None have yet received regulatory approval, but this report highlights recent progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Tooley
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Haskins K, Cooke A. CD4 T cells and their antigens in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:739-45. [PMID: 21917439 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is mediated by effector T cells and CD4 Th1 and Th17T cells have important roles in this process. While effector function of Th1 cells is well established, because of their inherent plasticity Th17 cells have been more controversial. Th17 cells contribute to pathogenicity, but several studies indicate that Th17 cells transfer disease through conversion to Th1 cells in vivo. CD4T cells are attracted to islets by β-cell antigens which include insulin and the two new autoantigens, chromogranin A and islet amyloid polypeptide, all proteins of the secretory granule. Peptides of insulin and ChgA bind to the NOD class II molecule in an unconventional manner and since autoantigenic peptides may typically bind to MHC with low affinity, it is postulated that post-translational modifications of β-cell peptides could contribute to the interaction between peptides, MHC, and the autoreactive TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA.
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Delong T, Baker RL, Reisdorph N, Reisdorph R, Powell RL, Armstrong M, Barbour G, Bradley B, Haskins K. Islet amyloid polypeptide is a target antigen for diabetogenic CD4+ T cells. Diabetes 2011; 60:2325-30. [PMID: 21734016 PMCID: PMC3161333 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate autoantigens in β-cells, we have used a panel of pathogenic T-cell clones that were derived from the NOD mouse. Our particular focus in this study was on the identification of the target antigen for the highly diabetogenic T-cell clone BDC-5.2.9. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To purify β-cell antigens, we applied sequential size exclusion chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to membrane preparations of β-cell tumors. The presence of antigen was monitored by measuring the interferon-γ production of BDC-5.2.9 in response to chromatographic fractions in the presence of NOD antigen-presenting cells. Peak antigenic fractions were analyzed by ion-trap mass spectrometry, and candidate proteins were further investigated through peptide analysis and, where possible, testing of islet tissue from gene knockout mice. RESULTS Mass-spectrometric analysis revealed the presence of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in antigen-containing fractions. Confirmation of IAPP as the antigen target was demonstrated by the inability of islets from IAPP-deficient mice to stimulate BDC-5.2.9 in vitro and in vivo and by the existence of an IAPP-derived peptide that strongly stimulates BCD-5.2.9. CONCLUSIONS IAPP is the target antigen for the diabetogenic CD4 T-cell clone BDC-5.2.9.
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Shameli A, Clemente-Casares X, Wang J, Santamaria P. Development of memory-like autoregulatory CD8+ T cells is CD4+ T cell dependent. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2859-66. [PMID: 21824864 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Progression of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes is associated with development of a disease-countering negative-feedback regulatory loop that involves differentiation of low-avidity autoreactive CD8(+) cells into memory-like autoregulatory T cells. Such T cells blunt diabetes progression by suppressing the presentation of both cognate and noncognate Ags to pathogenic high-avidity autoreactive CD8(+) T cells in the pancreas-draining lymph nodes. In this study, we show that development of autoregulatory CD8(+) T cell memory is CD4(+) T cell dependent. Transgenic (TG) NOD mice expressing a low-affinity autoreactive TCR were completely resistant to autoimmune diabetes, even after systemic treatment of the mice with agonistic anti-CD40 or anti-4-1BB mAbs or autoantigen-pulsed dendritic cells, strategies that dramatically accelerate diabetes development in TG NOD mice expressing a higher affinity TCR for the same autoantigenic specificity. Furthermore, whereas abrogation of RAG-2 expression, hence endogenous CD4(+) T cell and B cell development, decelerated disease progression in high-affinity TCR-TG NOD mice, it converted the low-affinity TCR into a pathogenic one. In agreement with these data, polyclonal CD4(+) T cells from prediabetic NOD mice promoted disease in high-affinity TCR-TG NOD.Rag2(-/-) mice, but inhibited it in low-affinity TCR-TG NOD.Rag2(-/-) mice. Thus, in chronic autoimmune responses, CD4(+) Th cells contribute to both promoting and suppressing pathogenic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Shameli
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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