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Ballarin CS, Vizentin-Bugoni J, Hachuy-Filho L, Amorim FW. Imprints of indirect interactions on a resource-mediated ant-plant network across different levels of network organization. Oecologia 2024; 204:661-673. [PMID: 38448764 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Indirect interactions are pivotal in the evolution of interacting species and the assembly of populations and communities. Nevertheless, despite recently being investigated in plant-animal mutualism at the community level, indirect interactions have not been studied in resource-mediated mutualisms involving plant individuals that share different animal species as partners within a population (i.e., individual-based networks). Here, we analyzed an individual-based ant-plant network to evaluate how resource properties affect indirect interaction patterns and how changes in indirect links leave imprints in the network across multiple levels of network organization. Using complementary analytical approaches, we described the patterns of indirect interactions at the micro-, meso-, and macro-scale. We predicted that plants offering intermediate levels of nectar quantity and quality interact with more diverse ant assemblages. The increased number of ant species would cause a higher potential for indirect interactions in all scales evaluated. We found that nectar properties modified patterns of indirect interactions of plant individuals that share mutualistic partners, leaving imprints across different network scales. To our knowledge, this is the first study tracking indirect interactions in multiple scales within an individual-based network. We show that functional traits of interacting species, such as nectar properties, may lead to changes in indirect interactions, which could be tracked across different levels of the network organization evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio S Ballarin
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações, LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil.
| | - Jeferson Vizentin-Bugoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade Animal, Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Capão do Leão, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brasil
| | - Leandro Hachuy-Filho
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações, LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Felipe W Amorim
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações, LEPI, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
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2
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Encinas-Viso F, Bovill J, Albrecht DE, Florez-Fernandez J, Lessard B, Lumbers J, Rodriguez J, Schmidt-Lebuhn A, Zwick A, Milla L. Pollen DNA metabarcoding reveals cryptic diversity and high spatial turnover in alpine plant-pollinator networks. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6377-6393. [PMID: 36065738 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpine plant-pollinator communities play an important role in the functioning of alpine ecosystems, which are highly threatened by climate change. However, we still have a poor understanding of how environmental factors and spatiotemporal variability shape these communities. Here, we investigate what drives structure and beta diversity in a plant-pollinator metacommunity from the Australian alpine region using two approaches: pollen DNA metabarcoding (MB) and observations. Individual pollinators often carry pollen from multiple plant species, and therefore we expected MB to reveal a more diverse and complex network structure. We used two gene regions (ITS2 and trnL) to identify plant species present in the pollen loads of 154 insect pollinator specimens from three alpine habitats and construct MB networks, and compared them to networks based on observations alone. We compared species and interaction turnover across space for both types of networks, and evaluated their differences for plant phylogenetic diversity and beta diversity. We found significant structural differences between the two types of networks; notably, MB networks were much less specialized but more diverse than observation networks, with MB detecting many cryptic plant species. Both approaches revealed that alpine pollination networks are very generalized, but we estimated a high spatial turnover of plant species (0.79) and interaction rewiring (0.6) as well as high plant phylogenetic diversity (0.68) driven by habitat differences based on the larger diversity of plant species and species interactions detected with MB. Overall, our findings show that habitat and microclimatic heterogeneity drives diversity and fine-scale spatial turnover of alpine plant-pollinator networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Encinas-Viso
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jessica Bovill
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - David E Albrecht
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jaime Florez-Fernandez
- Australian National Insect Collection, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Bryan Lessard
- Australian National Insect Collection, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - James Lumbers
- Australian National Insect Collection, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Juanita Rodriguez
- Australian National Insect Collection, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alexander Schmidt-Lebuhn
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andreas Zwick
- Australian National Insect Collection, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Liz Milla
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
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3
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Ortiz E, Ramos-Jiliberto R, Arim M. Prey selection along a predators' body size gradient evidences the role of different trait-based mechanisms in food web organization. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292374. [PMID: 37797081 PMCID: PMC10553361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in prey richness, prey size and predator trophic position with predator body size has been consistently reported as prime features of food web organization. These trends have been explained by non-exclusive mechanisms. First, the increase in energy demand with body size determines that larger predators must reduce prey selectivity for achieving the required number of resources, being consumption relationships independent of prey traits. Second, when consumption is restricted by gape limitation, small predators are constrained to select among small prey. However, this selection weakens over large predators, which progressively consume more and larger prey. Finally, the optimal foraging mechanism predicts that larger predators optimize their diet by selecting only large prey with high energy reward. Each one of these mechanisms can individually explain the increase in prey richness, prey size and predator trophic position with predator body size but their relative importance or the direct evidence for their combined role was seldom considered. Here we use the community assembly by trait selection (CATS) theory for evaluating the support for each one of these mechanisms based on the prey selection patterns that they predict. We analyzed how prey body size and trophic guild determine prey selection by predators of increasing body size in a killifish guild from a temporary pond system. Results support the combination of the three mechanisms to explain the structural trends in our food web, although their strength is contingent on prey trophic group. Overall, high energy prey are preferred by larger predators, and small predators select small prey of all trophic status. However, large predators prefer large primary producers and avoid large carnivorous prey, probably because of the inherent risk of consuming other carnivorous. Our study provides a mechanistic understanding of how predator traits determine the selection of prey traits affecting food web assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Ortiz
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental-Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Universidad de la República, Maldonado, Uruguay
| | | | - Matías Arim
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental-Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Universidad de la República, Maldonado, Uruguay
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Centomo E, Roner L, Salvatori M, Pedrini P, Romano A. Rare and Hungry: Feeding Ecology of the Golden Alpine Salamander, an Endangered Amphibian in the Alps. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2135. [PMID: 37443933 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are considered critical species in the nutrient flow within and across ecosystems, and knowledge on their trophic ecology and niches is crucial for their conservation. For the first time we studied the trophic ecology of the rare and endemic Salamandra atra aurorae in a mixed temperate forest in northern Italy. We aimed to define the realized trophic niche, investigate the prey selectivity and explore possible levels of individual specialization. In summer 2022 we obtained stomach contents from 53 salamanders by stomach flushing and prey availability using pitfall traps. We used the Costello graphical method to analyse the realized trophic niche, and the relativized electivity index to study prey selectivity. Our results show that the Golden Alpine salamander adopts a generalist feeding strategy with positive selection of few prey categories (e.g., Myriapoda, Hymenoptera except Formicidae). Food preference seems to be driven by size, movement ability and chitinization of the prey. A high degree of inter-individual diet variation, modularity and clustering was found, describing a scenario that can be framed in a Distinct Preference model framework. This study gives new insights on the trophic ecology of the Alpine salamander complex, whose subspecies appear to adopt similar feeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Centomo
- Ambito Biologia della Conservazione, Ufficio Ricerca e Collezioni, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, I-38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Roner
- Ambito Biologia della Conservazione, Ufficio Ricerca e Collezioni, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, I-38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Salvatori
- Ambito Biologia della Conservazione, Ufficio Ricerca e Collezioni, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, I-38122 Trento, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Pedrini
- Ambito Biologia della Conservazione, Ufficio Ricerca e Collezioni, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, I-38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Antonio Romano
- Ambito Biologia della Conservazione, Ufficio Ricerca e Collezioni, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, I-38122 Trento, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la BioEconomia, Via dei Taurini 19, I-00100 Roma, Italy
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Oitaven LPC, Calado SS, da Costa HN, Cruz GS, Monrós JS, Mesquita DO, Teixeira ÁAC, Teixeira VW, de Moura GJB. Trophic ecology of Gymnodactylus geckoides Spix, 1825 (Squamata, Phyllodactylidae) from Caatinga, Northeastern Brazil. HERPETOZOA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.35.e87199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The diet of lizards is mainly composed of arthropods. It can be affected by biotic and abiotic factors, which influence the energy supply provided by the composition of the animal´s diet. The richness and abundance of many arthropod species can be influenced by environmental seasonality, especially in the Caatinga ecoregion, due to the rainfall regimes. The present study aims to describe aspects of the seasonal and morphological variation in the lizard Gymnodactylus geckoides diet and their energy content. We collected 157 individuals (63 females, 68 males, and 26 juveniles) at the Catimbau National Park, Northeastern Brazil, of which 72 were analyzed for the dry season and 59 for the rainy season. Our data indicates Isoptera to be the most common prey in G. geckoides’s diet. Energy content, prey number was higher in the dry season, whereas prey volume and glycogen content increased in the rainy season. Proteins and lipids did not show marked differences. The present study represents the first effort to understand variations in G. geckoide’s trophic ecology, indicating that this specie presents a wide variation in their diet, especially when considering seasonal factors, revealing their needs and restrictions according to prey availability and environmental conditions.
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Šunje E, Courant J, Vesnić A, Koren T, Lukić Bilela L, Van Damme R. Patterns of variation in dietary composition among four populations of Alpine salamanders (Salamandra atra prenjensis). AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-bja10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this paper we studied the diet in four allopatric populations of alpine salamanders in the Dinarides (Salamandra atra prenjensis). Food consumption was assessed by stomach flushing while food availability by pitfall traps and netting. We aimed to: (i) assess the realized dietary niche, (ii) investigate prey preferences, (ii) explore individual specialization, clustering and nestedness. All populations have an equally wide dietary span that is among the largest reported for terrestrial salamanders. On the other hand, the amount of ingested prey is rather low compared to other salamander species; the quantity of consumed prey did not differ among populations but younger individuals fed more than adults. Food composition somewhat differed among populations but not among sex/age classes. In all four populations, the bulk of diet consisted of beetles, spiders, snails and millipedes; except for beetles, such prey was also preffered together with centipedes and isopods. For most of the prey categories, the direction of the electivity indices was the same across populations. In none of the populations a nested pattern in the interindividual subdivision of dietary resources was registered. However, indications for individual specialization and modularity were observed disclosing that the broad niche of populations is composed of smaller individual niches that cluster along the dietary axis. Overall, the four populations have very similar structural characteristics of the dietary niche and there is little evidence for local dietary differentiation probably due to the absence of drivers for change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Šunje
- Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Herpetological Association in Bosnia and Herzegovina, ATRA (BH-HU: ATRA), Urijan dedina 137, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Julien Courant
- UMR 7179, Département Adaptation du vivant, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS/MNHN), rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adi Vesnić
- Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Toni Koren
- Hyla Association, Lipovac I, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lada Lukić Bilela
- Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Raoul Van Damme
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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7
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Carlson BS, Rotics S, Nathan R, Wikelski M, Jetz W. Individual environmental niches in mobile organisms. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4572. [PMID: 34315894 PMCID: PMC8316569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual variation is increasingly recognized as a central component of ecological processes, but its role in structuring environmental niche associations remains largely unknown. Species' responses to environmental conditions are ultimately determined by the niches of single individuals, yet environmental associations are typically captured only at the level of species. Here, we develop scenarios for how individual variation may combine to define the compound environmental niche of populations, use extensive movement data to document individual environmental niche variation, test associated hypotheses of niche configuration, and examine the consistency of individual niches over time. For 45 individual white storks (Ciconia ciconia; 116 individual-year combinations), we uncover high variability in individual environmental associations, consistency of individual niches over time, and moderate to strong niche specialization. Within populations, environmental niches follow a nested pattern, with individuals arranged along a specialist-to-generalist gradient. These results reject common assumptions of individual niche equivalency among conspecifics, as well as the separation of individual niches into disparate parts of environmental space. These findings underscore the need for a more thorough consideration of individualistic environmental responses in global change research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S Carlson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Shay Rotics
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Movement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ran Nathan
- Movement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Carvalho RL, Anjos DV, Fagundes R, Luna P, Ribeiro SP. Similar topologies of individual‐based plant‐herbivorous networks in forest interior and anthropogenic edges. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Carvalho
- Departamento de Biodiversidade Evolução e Meio Ambiente Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Ouro Preto Minas GeraisC.P. 35400‐000Brazil
- Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia Minas GeraisC.P. 38400‐902Brazil
| | - Diego V Anjos
- Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia Minas GeraisC.P. 38400‐902Brazil
| | - Roberth Fagundes
- Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro‐Brasileira Redenção CearáC.P. 62790‐000Brazil
| | - Pedro Luna
- Red de Ecoetología Instituto de Ecología AC Xalapa VeracruzC.P. 91070Mexico
| | - Sérvio Pontes Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biodiversidade Evolução e Meio Ambiente Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Ouro Preto Minas GeraisC.P. 35400‐000Brazil
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Chavarie L, Howland KL, Harris LN, Gallagher CP, Hansen MJ, Tonn WM, Muir AM, Krueger CC. Among-individual diet variation within a lake trout ecotype: Lack of stability of niche use. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1457-1475. [PMID: 33598144 PMCID: PMC7863394 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a polyphenic species, differences in resource use are expected among ecotypes, and homogeneity in resource use is expected within an ecotype. Yet, using a broad resource spectrum has been identified as a strategy for fishes living in unproductive northern environments, where food is patchily distributed and ephemeral. We investigated whether specialization of trophic resources by individuals occurred within the generalist piscivore ecotype of lake trout from Great Bear Lake, Canada, reflective of a form of diversity. Four distinct dietary patterns of resource use within this lake trout ecotype were detected from fatty acid composition, with some variation linked to spatial patterns within Great Bear Lake. Feeding habits of different groups within the ecotype were not associated with detectable morphological or genetic differentiation, suggesting that behavioral plasticity caused the trophic differences. A low level of genetic differentiation was detected between exceptionally large-sized individuals and other piscivore individuals. We demonstrated that individual trophic specialization can occur within an ecotype inhabiting a geologically young system (8,000-10,000 yr BP), a lake that sustains high levels of phenotypic diversity of lake trout overall. The characterization of niche use among individuals, as done in this study, is necessary to understand the role that individual variation can play at the beginning of differentiation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Chavarie
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural EnvironmentIBAHCMGlasgowUK
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeCenter for Systems Integration and SustainabilityMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Kimberly L. Howland
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaWinnipegMBCanada
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | | | | | - Michael J. Hansen
- U.S. Geological Survey (retired)Hammond Bay Biological StationMillersburgMIUSA
| | - William M. Tonn
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | | | - Charles C. Krueger
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeCenter for Systems Integration and SustainabilityMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
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Costa A, Romano A, Rosa G, Salvidio S. Weighted individual-resource networks in prey-predator systems: the role of prey availability on the emergence of modular structures. Integr Zool 2021; 17:115-127. [PMID: 33415838 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ecological networks, usually depicting interactions among species, have been recently down-scaled to the individual level, permitting description of patterns of inter-individual resource variation that are usually hindered at the species level. Optimal diet theory (ODT) models, applied to prey-predator systems, predict different patterns of nestedness and modularity in the network, depending on the available resources and intra-specific competition. The effect of resource availability on the emergence of networks structures, and ODT framework, has not yet fully been clarified. Here, we analyzed the structural patterns of individual-resource networks in 3 species of Mediterranean salamanders, in relation to changes in prey availability. We used weighted individual-resource network metrics to interpret the observed patterns, according to 3 ODT models. We found significant nestedness recurring in our study system, indicating that both selective and opportunistic individuals occur in the same population. Prey diversity, rather than abundance, was apparently related to inter-individual resource variation and promoted the emergence of significant modularity within all networks. The observed patterns of nestedness and modularity, together with the variation in resource diversity and intra-specific competition, are in agreement with the distinct preferences model of ODT. These findings suggest that in the focal prey-predator systems, individuals were able to perceive changes in prey diversity and to exploit in different ways the variations in composition of available resources, shifting their diet assembly rules accordingly. Our findings also confirm that the use of weighted individual-resource networks, in prey-predator systems, allows to disclose dynamics that are masked at the species or population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Costa
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Romano
- Italian National Research Council (CNR), Agriculture and Food Sciences Department (IBE), Institute of Bioeconomy - Biology, Roma, RM, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rosa
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Salvidio
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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11
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Araujo JM, Correa SB, Anderson J, Penha J. Fruit preferences by fishes in a Neotropical floodplain. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joisiane Mendes Araujo
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Cuiabá Brazil
| | - Sandra Bibiana Correa
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - Jill Anderson
- Department of Genetics, and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Jerry Penha
- Centro de Biodiversidade Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Cuiabá Brazil
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12
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Balza U, Lois NA, Polito MJ, Pütz K, Salom A, Raya Rey A. The dynamic trophic niche of an island bird of prey. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12264-12276. [PMID: 33209286 PMCID: PMC7663050 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal foraging theory predicts an inverse relationship between the availability of preferred prey and niche width in animals. Moreover, when individuals within a population have identical prey preferences and preferred prey is scarce, a nested pattern of trophic niche is expected if opportunistic and selective individuals can be identified. Here, we examined intraspecific variation in the trophic niche of a resident population of striated caracara (Phalcoboenus australis) on Isla de los Estados (Staten Island), Argentina, using pellet and stable isotope analyses. While this raptor specializes on seabird prey, we assessed this population's potential to forage on terrestrial prey, especially invasive herbivores as carrion, when seabirds are less accessible. We found that the isotopic niche of this species varies with season, age, breeding status, and, to a lesser extent, year. Our results were in general consistent with classic predictions of the optimal foraging theory, but we also explore other possible explanations for the observed pattern. Isotopic niche was broader for groups identified a priori as opportunistic (i.e., nonbreeding adults during the breeding season and the whole population during the nonbreeding season) than it was for individuals identified a priori as selective. Results suggested that terrestrial input was relatively low, and invasive mammals accounted for no more than 5% of the input. The seasonal pulse of rockhopper penguins likely interacts with caracara's reproductive status by constraining the spatial scale on which individuals forage. Niche expansion in spatially flexible individuals did not reflect an increase in terrestrial prey input; rather, it may be driven by a greater variation in the types of marine prey items consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Balza
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Vida SilvestreCentro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC‐CONICET)UshuaiaArgentina
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y EvoluciónFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Nicolás A. Lois
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y EvoluciónFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
- Instituto de Ecología Genética y Evolución de Buenos AiresCONICETBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Michael J. Polito
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLAUSA
| | | | - Amira Salom
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Vida SilvestreCentro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC‐CONICET)UshuaiaArgentina
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y EvoluciónFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Andrea Raya Rey
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conservación de Vida SilvestreCentro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC‐CONICET)UshuaiaArgentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (ICPA)Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (UNTdF)UshuaiaArgentina
- Wildlife Conservation Society Representación ArgentinaBuenos AiresArgentina
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13
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Bogoni JA, Navarro AB, Graipel ME, Peroni N. Modeling the frugivory of a plant with inconstant productivity and solid interaction with relictual vertebrate biota. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Santamaría S, Enoksen CA, Olesen JM, Tavecchia G, Rotger A, Igual JM, Traveset A. Diet composition of the lizard Podarcis lilfordi (Lacertidae) on 2 small islands: an individual-resource network approach. Curr Zool 2019; 66:39-49. [PMID: 32467703 PMCID: PMC7245015 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite it is widely accepted that intrapopulation variation is fundamental to ecological and evolutionary processes, this level of information has only recently been included into network analysis of species/population interactions. When done, it has revealed non-random patterns in the distribution of trophic resources. Nestedness in resource use among individuals is the most recurrent observed pattern, often accompanied by an absence of modularity, but no previous studies examine bipartite modularity. We use network analysis to describe the diet composition of the Balearic endemic lizard Podarcis lilfordi in 2 islets at population and individual levels, based on the occurrence of food items in fecal samples. Our objectives are to 1) compare niche structure at both levels, 2) characterize niche partition using nestedness and modularity, and 3) assess how size, sex, season, and spatial location influence niche structure. At population-level niche width was wide, but narrow at the level of the individual. Both islet networks were nested, indicating similar ranking of the food preferences among individuals, but also modular, which was partially explained by seasonality. Sex and body size did not notably affect diet composition. Large niche overlap and therefore possibly relaxed competition were observed among females in one of the islets and during spring on both islets. Likewise, higher modularity in autumn suggests that higher competition could lead to specialization in both populations, because resources are usually scarce in this season. The absence of spatial location influence on niche might respond to fine-grained spatio-temporally distribution of food resources. Behavioral traits, not included in this study, could also influence resource partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Santamaría
- Global Change Research Group, Inst. Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, E07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Camilla Aviaaja Enoksen
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Giacomo Tavecchia
- Animal Ecology and Demography Group, Inst. Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, E07190, Spain
| | - Andreu Rotger
- Animal Ecology and Demography Group, Inst. Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, E07190, Spain
| | - José Manuel Igual
- Animal Ecology and Demography Group, Inst. Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, E07190, Spain
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Inst. Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, E07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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15
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Cirtwill AR, Eklöf A, Roslin T, Wootton K, Gravel D. A quantitative framework for investigating the reliability of empirical network construction. Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R. Cirtwill
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM)Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Anna Eklöf
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM)Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kate Wootton
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologieUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Canada
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16
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de Camargo NF, de Oliveira HFM, Ribeiro JF, de Camargo AJA, Vieira EM. Availability of food resources and habitat structure shape the individual-resource network of a Neotropical marsupial. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3946-3957. [PMID: 31015979 PMCID: PMC6468053 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal variation in networks has been reported in different studies. However, the many effects of habitat structure and food resource availability variation on network structures have remained poorly investigated, especially in individual-based networks. This approach can shed light on individual specialization of resource use and how habitat variations shape trophic interactions.To test hypotheses related to habitat variability on trophic interactions, we investigated seasonal and spatial variation in network structure of four populations of the marsupial Gracilinanus agilis in the highly seasonal tropical savannas of the Brazilian Cerrado.We evaluated such variation with network nestedness and modularity considering both cool-dry and warm-wet seasons, and related such variations with food resource availability and habitat structure (considered in the present study as environmental variation) in four sites of savanna woodland forest.Network analyses showed that modularity (but not nestedness) was consistently lower during the cool-dry season in all G. agilis populations. Our results indicated that nestedness is related to habitat structure, showing that this metric increases in sites with thick and spaced trees. On the other hand, modularity was positively related to diversity of arthropods and abundance of fruits.We propose that the relationship between nestedness and habitat structure is an outcome of individual variation in the vertical space and food resource use by G. agilis in sites with thick and spaced trees. Moreover, individual specialization in resource-rich and population-dense periods possibly increased the network modularity of G. agilis. Therefore, our study reveals that environment variability considering spatial and temporal components is important for shaping network structure of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nícholas F. de Camargo
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade de BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
| | | | - Juliana F. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade de BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
| | | | - Emerson M. Vieira
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade de BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
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17
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Crestani A, Mello M, Cazetta E. Interindividual variations in plant and fruit traits affect the structure of a plant-frugivore network. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Interaction networks of macrofungi and mycophagous beetles reflect diurnal variation and the size and spatial arrangement of resources. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Koch EBA, Dáttilo W, Camarota F, Vasconcelos HL. From species to individuals: does the variation in ant–plant networks scale result in structural and functional changes? POPUL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-018-0634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elmo B. A. Koch
- Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ecologia e BiomonitoramentoUniversidade Federal da BahiaSalvadorBahiaBrazil
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Instituto de Ecología A.C., Red de EcoetologíaXalapaVeracruzMexico
| | - Flávio Camarota
- Department of Biological SciencesThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Heraldo L. Vasconcelos
- Instituto de BiologiaUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU)UberlândiaMinas GeraisBrazil
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20
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McPeek MA. Mechanisms influencing the coexistence of multiple consumers and multiple resources: resource and apparent competition. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences; Dartmouth College; Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA
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21
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Bogoni JA, Graipel ME, Peroni N. The ecological footprint of Acca sellowiana domestication maintains the residual vertebrate diversity in threatened highlands of Atlantic Forest. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195199. [PMID: 29617455 PMCID: PMC5884537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Past and contemporary human actions are causing numerous changes in patterns and processes at various ecosystem scales and trophic levels, including unintended downstream changes, such as species interactions. In its native range Acca sellowiana (Feijoa) combines some characteristics of human interactions: incipient domestication, restricted to subtropical Atlantic Forest highlands, associated with the threatened conifer Araucaria angustifolia (Araucaria), within a domesticated landscape with anthropogenic forest patches, and provides fruit at a time of resource shortage (Araucaria seeds—pinhão). We quantify the trophic relationships between Feijoa and vertebrates, and evaluate the influences on interactions caused by environmental variations, Feijoa domestication evidences, spatial distance and fruit availability. In four sites within protected areas, we selected 28 focal individuals of Feijoa (seven/site) and collected three temporal replicas between 2015 and 2016, when we measured productivity and frugivory via 45-second videos taken with camera traps. Using ecological network, rarefaction curves and variation partitioning analyses, we evaluate the frugivory network topology, the spatiotemporal structure of communities in relation to fruit availability and the influence of predictive variables on frugivory. We found a large spatiotemporal variation in productivity of Feijoa and that 20 species consumed Feijoa fruits, with a species degree of 2.8 (±5.7) and average Feijoa degree of 14.4 (±10.1), in a modular network with intermediary connectance. Rarefaction curves showed that richness and the independent records are congruent with the fruit amount. Variation partitioning showed that, for the focal individuals, canopy area, green coverage, patch size and distance to water influenced frugivory, and the Feijoa domestication influenced significantly the mammalian frugivory. Feijoa is an important resource that provides food during the time of year when Pinhão is absent, and attracts frugivores, maintain the residual diversity of vertebrates contributing to the structure of communities in highlands. Our insights allowed us to evaluate the magnitude of the interactions between vertebrates and an incipient domesticated tree, in a cultural landscape and highly threatened environment, under a basal foodweb approach with implications for bottom-up and top-down forces. The results contribute to understanding animal-plant relationships, including concepts that can be replicated for other sessile prey and mobile predators in any region or habitat under different gradients of management. Thus, this work shows how human actions can change not only patterns of distribution and abundance but also the diversity and direction of interspecific interactions among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano André Bogoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Maurício Eduardo Graipel
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nivaldo Peroni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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22
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Carvalho-Rocha V, Lopes BC, Neckel-Oliveira S. Interindividual patterns of resource use in three subtropical Atlantic Forest frogs. AUSTRAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Carvalho-Rocha
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Brazil
- Vítor Carvalho-Rocha; 88040-900 Florianópolis - SC; Bairro Córrego Grande; Brazil
| | - Benedito Cortês Lopes
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Selvino Neckel-Oliveira
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Brazil
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23
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Zwolak R. How intraspecific variation in seed-dispersing animals matters for plants. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:897-913. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Zwolak
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89; 61-614 Poznań Poland
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24
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Intraspecific variation in fruit-frugivore interactions: effects of fruiting neighborhood and consequences for seed dispersal. Oecologia 2017; 185:233-243. [PMID: 28875387 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The extent of specialization/generalization continuum in fruit-frugivore interactions at the individual level remains poorly explored. Here, we investigated the interactions between the Neotropical treelet Miconia irwinii (Melastomataceae) and its avian seed dispersers in Brazilian campo rupestre. We built an individual-based network to derive plant degree of interaction specialization regarding disperser species. Then, we explored how intraspecific variation in interaction niche breadth relates to fruit availability on individual plants in varying densities of fruiting conspecific neighbors, and how these factors affect the quantity of viable seeds dispersed. We predicted broader interaction niche breadths for individuals with larger fruit crops in denser fruiting neighborhoods. The downscaled network included nine bird species and 15 plants, which varied nearly five-fold in their degree of interaction specialization. We found positive effects of crop size on visitation and fruit removal rates, but not on degree of interaction specialization. Conversely, we found that an increase in the density of conspecific fruiting neighbors both increased visitation rate and reduced plant degree of interaction specialization. We suggest that tracking fruit-rich patches by avian frugivore species is the main driver of density-dependent intraspecific variation in plants' interaction niche breadth. Our study shed some light on the overlooked fitness consequences of intraspecific variation in interaction niches by showing that individuals along the specialization/generalization continuum may have their seed dispersed with similar effectiveness. Our study exemplifies how individual-based networks linking plants to frugivore species that differ in their seed dispersal effectiveness can advance our understanding of intraspecific variation in the outcomes of fruit-frugivore interactions.
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25
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Kuhnen VV, Romero GQ, Linhares AX, Vizentin-Bugoni J, Porto EAC, Setz EZF. Diet overlap and spatial segregation between two neotropical marsupials revealed by multiple analytical approaches. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181188. [PMID: 28704561 PMCID: PMC5507539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Species co-existence depends on how organisms utilize their environment and resources. When two sympatric species are similar in some ecological requirements, their coexistence may arise from differences in resource use over time and/or space. Interactions among coexisting marsupials remain poorly understood, especially in the Neotropics. Here we combine spatial niche measurements, individual-resource networks, and isotopic niche approaches, to investigate the ecological strategies used by the Neotropical marsupials Didelphis aurita and Metachirus nudicaudatus to co-occur in an area of Serra do Mar State Park (southeast of Brazil). Both individual-resource networks and isotopic niche approaches indicate similar patterns of omnivory for both species. Isotopic analysis showed the species’ trophic niche to be similar, with 52% of overlap, and no differences between proportional contributions of each resource to their diets. Moreover, individual-resource network analysis found no evidence of diet nestedness or segregation. The trophic niche overlap observed was associated with spatial segregation between species. Despite using the same area over the year, D. aurita and M. nudicaudatus exhibited spatial segregation among seasons. These results illustrate that the detection of spatial segregation is scale-dependent and must be carefully considered. In conclusion, our findings provide a new perspective on the ecology of these two Neotropical marsupials by illustrating how the association of distinct but complementary methods can be applied to reach a more complete understanding of resource partitioning and species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Villanova Kuhnen
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Gustavo Quevedo Romero
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arício Xavier Linhares
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Vizentin-Bugoni
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erica Aline Correa Porto
- Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eleonore Zulnara Freire Setz
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Abstract
Biological networks pervade nature. They describe systems throughout all levels of biological organization, from molecules regulating metabolism to species interactions that shape ecosystem dynamics. The network thinking revealed recurrent organizational patterns in complex biological systems, such as the formation of semi-independent groups of connected elements (modularity) and non-random distributions of interactions among elements. Other structural patterns, such as nestedness, have been primarily assessed in ecological networks formed by two non-overlapping sets of elements; information on its occurrence on other levels of organization is lacking. Nestedness occurs when interactions of less connected elements form proper subsets of the interactions of more connected elements. Only recently these properties began to be appreciated in one-mode networks (where all elements can interact) which describe a much wider variety of biological phenomena. Here, we compute nestedness in a diverse collection of one-mode networked systems from six different levels of biological organization depicting gene and protein interactions, complex phenotypes, animal societies, metapopulations, food webs and vertebrate metacommunities. Our findings suggest that nestedness emerge independently of interaction type or biological scale and reveal that disparate systems can share nested organization features characterized by inclusive subsets of interacting elements with decreasing connectedness. We primarily explore the implications of a nested structure for each of these studied systems, then theorize on how nested networks are assembled. We hypothesize that nestedness emerges across scales due to processes that, although system-dependent, may share a general compromise between two features: specificity (the number of interactions the elements of the system can have) and affinity (how these elements can be connected to each other). Our findings suggesting occurrence of nestedness throughout biological scales can stimulate the debate on how pervasive nestedness may be in nature, while the theoretical emergent principles can aid further research on commonalities of biological networks.
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Chavarie L, Harford WJ, Howland KL, Fitzsimons J, Muir AM, Krueger CC, Tonn WM. Multiple generalist morphs of Lake Trout: Avoiding constraints on the evolution of intraspecific divergence? Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7727-7741. [PMID: 30128124 PMCID: PMC6093156 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A generalist strategy, as an adaptation to environmental heterogeneity, is common in Arctic freshwater systems, often accompanied, however, by intraspecific divergence that promotes specialization in niche use. To better understand how resources may be partitioned in a northern system that supports intraspecific diversity of Lake Trout, trophic niches were compared among four shallow‐water morphotypes in Great Bear Lake (N65° 56′ 39″, W120° 50′ 59″). Bayesian mixing model analyses of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were conducted on adult Lake Trout. Major niche overlap in resource use among four Lake Trout morphotypes was found within littoral and pelagic zones, which raises the question of how such polymorphism can be sustained among opportunistic generalist morphotypes. Covariances of our morphological datasets were tested against δ13C and δ15N values. Patterns among morphotypes were mainly observed for δ15N. This link between ecological and morphological differentiation suggested that selection pressure(s) operate at the trophic level (δ15N), independent of habitat, rather than along the habitat‐foraging opportunity axis (δ13C). The spatial and temporal variability of resources in Arctic lakes, such as Great Bear Lake, may have favored the presence of multiple generalists showing different degrees of omnivory along a weak benthic–pelagic gradient. Morphs 1–3 had more generalist feeding habits using both benthic and pelagic habitats than Morph 4, which was a top‐predator specialist in the pelagic habitat. Evidence for frequent cannibalism in Great Bear Lake was found across all four morphotypes and may also contribute to polymorphism. We suggest that the multiple generalist morphs described here from Great Bear Lake are a unique expression of diversity due to the presumed constraints on the evolution of generalists and contrast with the development of multiple specialists, the standard response to intraspecific divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Chavarie
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA.,Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - William J Harford
- Cooperative Institute of Marine & Atmospheric Studies University of Miami Miami FL USA
| | - Kimberly L Howland
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada.,Fisheries and Oceans Canada Winnipeg MB Canada
| | | | | | - Charles C Krueger
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - William M Tonn
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
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28
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Benitez-Malvido J, Martínez-Falcón AP, Dattilo W, González-DiPierro AM, Lombera Estrada R, Traveset A. The role of sex and age in the architecture of intrapopulation howler monkey-plant networks in continuous and fragmented rain forests. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1809. [PMID: 26989638 PMCID: PMC4793308 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the structure of intrapopulation howler monkey-plant interactions by focusing on the plant species consumed by different sex and age classes in continuous and fragmented forests in southern Mexico. For this we used network analysis to evaluate the impact of fragmentation on howler population traits and on resource availability and food choice. A total of 37 tree and liana species and seven plant items (bark, immature fruits, flowers, mature fruits, immature leaves, mature leaves and petioles) were consumed, but their relative consumption varied according to sex and age classes and habitat type. Overall, adult females consumed the greatest number of plant species and items while infants and juveniles the lowest. For both continuous and fragmented forests, we found a nested diet for howler monkey-plant networks: diets of more selective monkeys represent subsets of the diets of other individuals. Nestedness was likely due to the high selectivity of early life stages in specific food plants and items, which contrasts with the generalized foraging behaviour of adults. Information on the extent to which different plant species and primate populations depend on such interactions in different habitats will help to make accurate predictions about the potential impact of disturbances on plant-animal interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Benitez-Malvido
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico , Morelia, Michoacán , Mexico
| | - Ana Paola Martínez-Falcón
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Wesley Dattilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología AC , Xalapa, Veracruz , Mexico
| | - Ana María González-DiPierro
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Las Margaritas, Universidad Intercultural de Chiapas , Las Margaritas Chiapas , Mexico
| | - Rafael Lombera Estrada
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Las Margaritas, Universidad Intercultural de Chiapas , Las Margaritas Chiapas , Mexico
| | - Anna Traveset
- Ecología Terrestre Group, Biodiversity and Conservation, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB) , Esporles, Mallorca , Spain
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29
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Mateus L, Ortega J, Mendes A, Penha J. Nonlinear effect of density on trophic niche width and between-individual variation in diet in a neotropical cichlid. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia Mateus
- Centro de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá MT Brazil
| | - Jean Ortega
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de ambientes aquáticos continentais; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá PR Brazil
| | - Angélica Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá MT Brazil
| | - Jerry Penha
- Centro de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá MT Brazil
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Lemos-Costa P, Pires MM, Araújo MS, de Aguiar MAM, Guimarães PR. Network analyses support the role of prey preferences in shaping resource use patterns within five animal populations. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lemos-Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Inst. de Biocências; Univ. de São Paulo; São Paulo Brasil
- Depto de Física da Matéria Condensada, Inst. de Física “Gleb Wataghin”; Univ. Estadual de Campinas; Campinas Brasil
| | - Mathias M. Pires
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Inst. de Biocências; Univ. de São Paulo; São Paulo Brasil
- Depto de Ecologia, Inst. de Biociências; Univ. de São Paulo; São Paulo Brasil
| | - Márcio S. Araújo
- Depto de Ecologia; Univ. Estadual “Julio de Mesquita Filho”; Rio Claro Brasil
| | - Marcus A. M. de Aguiar
- Depto de Física da Matéria Condensada, Inst. de Física “Gleb Wataghin”; Univ. Estadual de Campinas; Campinas Brasil
| | - Paulo R. Guimarães
- Depto de Ecologia, Inst. de Biociências; Univ. de São Paulo; São Paulo Brasil
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Pires MM, Cantor M, Guimarães PR, de Aguiar MAM, Dos Reis SF, Coltri PP. The network organization of protein interactions in the spliceosome is reproduced by the simple rules of food-web models. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14865. [PMID: 26443080 PMCID: PMC4595644 DOI: 10.1038/srep14865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The network structure of biological systems provides information on the underlying processes shaping their organization and dynamics. Here we examined the structure of the network depicting protein interactions within the spliceosome, the macromolecular complex responsible for splicing in eukaryotic cells. We show the interactions of less connected spliceosome proteins are nested subsets of the connections of the highly connected proteins. At the same time, the network has a modular structure with groups of proteins sharing similar interaction patterns. We then investigated the role of affinity and specificity in shaping the spliceosome network by adapting a probabilistic model originally designed to reproduce food webs. This food-web model was as successful in reproducing the structure of protein interactions as it is in reproducing interactions among species. The good performance of the model suggests affinity and specificity, partially determined by protein size and the timing of association to the complex, may be determining network structure. Moreover, because network models allow building ensembles of realistic networks while encompassing uncertainty they can be useful to examine the dynamics and vulnerability of intracelullar processes. Unraveling the mechanisms organizing the spliceosome interactions is important to characterize the role of individual proteins on splicing catalysis and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias M Pires
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, 05508-090, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício Cantor
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - Paulo R Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, 05508-090, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus A M de Aguiar
- Departamento de Física da Matéria Condensada, Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', 13083-859, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sérgio F Dos Reis
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patricia P Coltri
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, 05508-000, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Generalisation within specialization: inter-individual diet variation in the only specialized salamander in the world. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13260. [PMID: 26292804 PMCID: PMC4543951 DOI: 10.1038/srep13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialization is typically inferred at population and species level but in the last decade many authors highlighted this trait at the individual level, finding that generalist populations can be composed by both generalist and specialist individual. Despite hundreds of reported cases of individual specialization there is a complete lack of information on inter-individual diet variation in specialist species. We studied the diet of the Italian endemic Spectacled Salamander (Salamandrina perspicillata), in a temperate forest ecosystem, to disclose the realised trophic niche, prey selection strategy in function of phenotypic variation and inter-individual diet variation. Our results showed that Salamandrina is highly specialized on Collembola and the more specialized individuals are the better performing ones. Analyses of inter-individual diet variation showed that a subset of animals exhibited a broader trophic niche, adopting different foraging strategies. Our findings reflects the optimal foraging theory both at population and individual level, since animals in better physiological conditions are able to exploit the most profitable prey, suggesting that the two coexisting strategies are not equivalent. At last this species, feeding on decomposers of litter detritus, could play a key role determining litter retention rate, nutrient cycle and carbon sequestration.
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33
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Kernaléguen L, Dorville N, Ierodiaconou D, Hoskins AJ, Baylis AMM, Hindell MA, Semmens J, Abernathy K, Marshall GJ, Cherel Y, Arnould JPY. From video recordings to whisker stable isotopes: a critical evaluation of timescale in assessing individual foraging specialisation in Australian fur seals. Oecologia 2015; 180:657-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dáttilo W, Aguirre A, Quesada M, Dirzo R. Tropical forest fragmentation affects floral visitors but not the structure of individual-based palm-pollinator networks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121275. [PMID: 25826702 PMCID: PMC4380365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing knowledge about the effects of habitat loss on pollinators in natural landscapes, information is very limited regarding the underlying mechanisms of forest fragmentation affecting plant-pollinator interactions in such landscapes. Here, we used a network approach to describe the effects of forest fragmentation on the patterns of interactions involving the understory dominant palm Astrocaryum mexicanum (Arecaceae) and its floral visitors (including both effective and non-effective pollinators) at the individual level in a Mexican tropical rainforest landscape. Specifically, we asked: (i) Does fragment size affect the structure of individual-based plant-pollinator networks? (ii) Does the core of highly interacting visitor species change along the fragmentation size gradient? (iii) Does forest fragment size influence the abundance of effective pollinators of A. mexicanum? We found that fragment size did not affect the topological structure of the individual-based palm-pollinator network. Furthermore, while the composition of peripheral non-effective pollinators changed depending on fragment size, effective core generalist species of pollinators remained stable. We also observed that both abundance and variance of effective pollinators of male and female flowers of A. mexicanum increased with forest fragment size. These findings indicate that the presence of effective pollinators in the core of all forest fragments could keep the network structure stable along the gradient of forest fragmentation. In addition, pollination of A. mexicanum could be more effective in larger fragments, since the greater abundance of pollinators in these fragments may increase the amount of pollen and diversity of pollen donors between flowers of individual plants. Given the prevalence of fragmentation in tropical ecosystems, our results indicate that the current patterns of land use will have consequences on the underlying mechanisms of pollination in remnant forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Dáttilo
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Armando Aguirre
- Red de Interacciones Multitróficas, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, campus Morelia, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Vidal MM, Hasui E, Pizo MA, Tamashiro JY, Silva WR, Guimarães PR. Frugivores at higher risk of extinction are the key elements of a mutualistic network. Ecology 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-1584.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Benítez-Malvido J, Martínez-Falcón AP, Dáttilo W, Del Val E. Diversity and network structure of invertebrate communities associated to Heliconia species in natural and human disturbed tropical rain forests. Glob Ecol Conserv 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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37
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Dáttilo W, Díaz-Castelazo C, Rico-Gray V. Ant dominance hierarchy determines the nested pattern in ant-plant networks. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Dáttilo
- Instituto de Neuroetología; Universidad Veracruzana; Xalapa Veracruz C.P. 91190 Mexico
| | - Cecilia Díaz-Castelazo
- Red de Interacciones Multitroficas; Instituto de Ecología A.C.; Xalapa Veracruz C.P. 91070 Mexico
| | - Victor Rico-Gray
- Instituto de Neuroetología; Universidad Veracruzana; Xalapa Veracruz C.P. 91190 Mexico
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38
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Ballesteros Y, Polidori C, Tormos J, Baños-Picón L, Asís JD. Complex-to-predict generational shift between nested and clustered organization of individual prey networks in digger wasps. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102325. [PMID: 25019164 PMCID: PMC4096507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diet has traditionally been considered to be a property of the species or populations as a whole, there is nowadays extensive knowledge that individual specialization is widespread among animal populations. Nevertheless, the factors determining the shape of interactions within food webs remain largely undiscovered, especially in predatory insects. We used an aggregation of the digger wasp Bembix merceti to 1) analyse patterns of individual prey use across three flying seasons in a network-based context; and 2) test the effect of four potential factors that might explain network topologies (wasp mass, nest spatial distribution, simultaneous nest-provisioning, prey availability). Inter-individual diet variation was found in all three years, under different predator-prey network topologies: Individuals arranged in dietary clusters and displayed a checkerboard pattern in 2009, but showed nestedness in 2008 and 2010. Network topologies were not fully explained by the tested factors. Larger females consumed a higher proportion of the total number of prey species captured by the population as a whole, in such a way that nested patterns may arise from mass-dependent prey spectrum width. Conversely, individuals with similar body mass didn't form clusters. Nested patterns seemed to be associated with a greater availability of the main prey species (a proxy for reduced intra-specific competition). Thus, according with theory, clusters seemed to appear when competition increased. On the other hand, the nests of the individuals belonging to a given cluster were not more closely located, and neither did individuals within a cluster provision their nests simultaneously. Thus, a female-female copying behaviour during foraging was unlikely. In conclusion, wasp populations can maintain a considerable individual variation across years under different food web organizations. The tested factors only partially accounted for the shift in network properties, and new analyses should be carried out to elucidate how diet network topologies arise in wasp populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Ballesteros
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlo Polidori
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Tormos
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Baños-Picón
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Josep Daniel Asís
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Pires MM, Galetti M, Donatti CI, Pizo MA, Dirzo R, Guimarães PR. Reconstructing past ecological networks: the reconfiguration of seed-dispersal interactions after megafaunal extinction. Oecologia 2014; 175:1247-56. [PMID: 24865393 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The late Quaternary megafaunal extinction impacted ecological communities worldwide, and affected key ecological processes such as seed dispersal. The traits of several species of large-seeded plants are thought to have evolved in response to interactions with extinct megafauna, but how these extinctions affected the organization of interactions in seed-dispersal systems is poorly understood. Here, we combined ecological and paleontological data and network analyses to investigate how the structure of a species-rich seed-dispersal network could have changed from the Pleistocene to the present and examine the possible consequences of such changes. Our results indicate that the seed-dispersal network was organized into modules across the different time periods but has been reconfigured in different ways over time. The episode of megafaunal extinction and the arrival of humans changed how seed dispersers were distributed among network modules. However, the recent introduction of livestock into the seed-dispersal system partially restored the original network organization by strengthening the modular configuration. Moreover, after megafaunal extinctions, introduced species and some smaller native mammals became key components for the structure of the seed-dispersal network. We hypothesize that such changes in network structure affected both animal and plant assemblages, potentially contributing to the shaping of modern ecological communities. The ongoing extinction of key large vertebrates will lead to a variety of context-dependent rearranged ecological networks, most certainly affecting ecological and evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias M Pires
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 11294, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil,
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40
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Resano-Mayor J, Hernández-Matías A, Real J, Moleón M, Parés F, Inger R, Bearhop S. Multi-scale effects of nestling diet on breeding performance in a terrestrial top predator inferred from stable isotope analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95320. [PMID: 24743233 PMCID: PMC3990674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual diet variation within populations is likely to have important ecological and evolutionary implications. The diet-fitness relationships at the individual level and the emerging population processes are, however, poorly understood for most avian predators inhabiting complex terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we use an isotopic approach to assess the trophic ecology of nestlings in a long-lived raptor, the Bonelli’s eagle Aquila fasciata, and investigate whether nestling dietary breath and main prey consumption can affect the species’ reproductive performance at two spatial scales: territories within populations and populations over a large geographic area. At the territory level, those breeding pairs whose nestlings consumed similar diets to the overall population (i.e. moderate consumption of preferred prey, but complemented by alternative prey categories) or those disproportionally consuming preferred prey were more likely to fledge two chicks. An increase in the diet diversity, however, related negatively with productivity. The age and replacements of breeding pair members had also an influence on productivity, with more fledglings associated to adult pairs with few replacements, as expected in long-lived species. At the population level, mean productivity was higher in those population-years with lower dietary breadth and higher diet similarity among territories, which was related to an overall higher consumption of preferred prey. Thus, we revealed a correspondence in diet-fitness relationships at two spatial scales: territories and populations. We suggest that stable isotope analyses may be a powerful tool to monitor the diet of terrestrial avian predators on large spatio-temporal scales, which could serve to detect potential changes in the availability of those prey on which predators depend for breeding. We encourage ecologists and evolutionary and conservation biologists concerned with the multi-scale fitness consequences of inter-individual variation in resource use to employ similar stable isotope-based approaches, which can be successfully applied to complex ecosystems such as the Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Resano-Mayor
- Equip de Biologia de la Conservació, Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Hernández-Matías
- Equip de Biologia de la Conservació, Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Real
- Equip de Biologia de la Conservació, Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marcos Moleón
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francesc Parés
- Equip de Biologia de la Conservació, Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Richard Inger
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Bearhop
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
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41
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Dáttilo W, Serio-Silva JC, Chapman CA, Rico-Gray V. Highly nested diets in intrapopulation monkey-resource food webs. Am J Primatol 2014; 76:670-8. [PMID: 24497349 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently several studies have focused on the structure of ecological networks to provide insights into ecological and coevolutionary dynamics of interacting species. However, rarely have the tools of ecological networks been used to understand how feeding relationships vary among individuals of the same population. Here we use 7 years of data and network analyzed to examine the intrapopulation diet variation in a group of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata). We show that individual monkey-resource food webs are nested, but not modular and the stability of these patterns is independent of time of day or season. Our findings indicated that individuals do not forage randomly when compared to null models and that the diets of more selective monkeys represent subsets of the diets of other individuals. Moreover, there are no subgroups that eat a particular set of available plant species more frequently than other sets, suggesting that the spatial strategy of group foraging plays an important role in the feeding ecology of each group given that individuals of the same group tend to share similar resources while the group remains at a feeding site. Since the diets of more selective individuals are a subset of other monkeys, we suggest that more selective monkeys are able to outcompete others for preferred foods. Additionally, we did not observe differences in nutritional content or spatial abundance of more frequently eaten plant species when compared with less frequently eaten species, but in most cases, the more frequently eaten plant species were Ficus (Moraceae). This reinforces the important role that Ficus trees play in howler monkey feeding ecology, likely due to its year-round availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Dáttilo
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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42
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Dáttilo W, Marquitti FMD, Guimarães PR, Izzo TJ. The structure of ant–plant ecological networks: Is abundance enough? Ecology 2014; 95:475-85. [DOI: 10.1890/12-1647.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Melián CJ, Baldó F, Matthews B, Vilas C, González-Ortegón E, Drake P, Williams RJ. Individual Trait Variation and Diversity in Food Webs. ADV ECOL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801374-8.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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44
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Tur C, Vigalondo B, Trøjelsgaard K, Olesen JM, Traveset A. Downscaling pollen-transport networks to the level of individuals. J Anim Ecol 2013; 83:306-17. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tur
- IMEDEA- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
| | - Beatriz Vigalondo
- IMEDEA- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
| | - Kristian Trøjelsgaard
- Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jens M. Olesen
- Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Anna Traveset
- IMEDEA- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
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45
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Cantor M, Pires MM, Longo GO, Guimarães PR, Setz EZF. Individual variation in resource use by opossums leading to nested fruit consumption. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Blick RAJ, Burns KC, Moles AT. Dominant network interactions are not correlated with resource availability: a case study using mistletoe host interactions. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Moleón M, Sebastián-González E, Sánchez-Zapata JA, Real J, Pires MM, Gil-Sánchez JM, Bautista J, Palma L, Bayle P, Guimarães PR, Beja P. Changes in intrapopulation resource use patterns of an endangered raptor in response to a disease-mediated crash in prey abundance. J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:1154-1160. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Tim Tinker M, Guimarães PR, Novak M, Marquitti FMD, Bodkin JL, Staedler M, Bentall G, Estes JA. Structure and mechanism of diet specialisation: testing models of individual variation in resource use with sea otters. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:475-83. [PMID: 22414160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of consumer-resource interactions suggest that individual diet specialisation is empirically widespread and theoretically important to the organisation and dynamics of populations and communities. We used weighted networks to analyze the resource use by sea otters, testing three alternative models for how individual diet specialisation may arise. As expected, individual specialisation was absent when otter density was low, but increased at high-otter density. A high-density emergence of nested resource-use networks was consistent with the model assuming individuals share preference ranks. However, a density-dependent emergence of a non-nested modular network for 'core' resources was more consistent with the 'competitive refuge' model. Individuals from different diet modules showed predictable variation in rank-order prey preferences and handling times of core resources, further supporting the competitive refuge model. Our findings support a hierarchical organisation of diet specialisation and suggest individual use of core and marginal resources may be driven by different selective pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tim Tinker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
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