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Pereira-Dias L, Oliveira-Pinto PR, Fernandes JO, Regalado L, Mendes R, Teixeira C, Mariz-Ponte N, Gomes P, Santos C. Peptaibiotics: Harnessing the potential of microbial secondary metabolites for mitigation of plant pathogens. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108223. [PMID: 37536466 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural systems are in need of low-cost, safe antibiotics to protect crops from pests and diseases. Peptaibiotics, a family of linear, membrane-active, amphipathic polypeptides, have been shown to exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity, and to be inducers of plant resistance against a wide range of phytopathogens. Peptaibiotics belong to the new generation of alternatives to agrochemicals, aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the One Health approach toward ensuring global food security and safety. Despite that, these fungi-derived, non-ribosomal peptides remain surprisingly understudied, especially in agriculture, where only a small number has been tested against a reduced number of phytopathogens. This lack of adoption stems from peptaibiotics' poor water solubility and the difficulty to synthesize and purify them in vitro, which compromises their delivery and inclusion in formulations. In this review, we offer a comprehensive analysis of peptaibiotics' classification, biosynthesis, relevance to plant protection, and mode of action against phytopathogens, along with the techniques enabling researchers to extract, purify, and elucidate their structure, and the databases holding such valuable data. It is also discussed how chemical synthesis and ionic liquids could increase their solubility, how genetic engineering and epigenetics could boost in vitro production, and how omics can reduce screenings' workload through in silico selection of the best candidates. These strategies could turn peptaibiotics into effective, ultra-specific, biodegradable tools for phytopathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Pereira-Dias
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Paulo R Oliveira-Pinto
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana O Fernandes
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Regalado
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael Mendes
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Teixeira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mariz-Ponte
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Santos
- iB(2) Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Liu J, Han Z, An L, Ghanizadeh H, Wang A. Evaluation of immobilized microspheres of Clonostachys rosea on Botrytis cinerea and tomato seedlings. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122217. [PMID: 37423183 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a popular vegetable crop which is widely cultivated around the world. However, the production of tomatoes is threatened by several phytopathogenic agents, including gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers.). Biological control using fungal agents such as Clonostachys rosea plays a pivotal role in managing gray mold. However, these biological agents can negatively be influenced by environmental factors. However, immobilization is a promising approach to tackle this issue. In this research, we used a nontoxic chemical material, sodium alginate as a carrier to immobilize C. rosea. For this, sodium alginate microspheres were prepared using sodium alginate prior to embedding C. rosea. The results showed that C. rosea was successfully embedded in sodium alginate microspheres, and immobilization enhanced the stability of the fungi. The embedded C. rosea was able to suppress the growth of gray mold efficiently. In addition, the activity of stress related enzymes, peroxidase superoxidase dismutase and polyphenol oxidation was promoted in tomatoes treated with the embedded C. rosea. By measuring photosynthetic efficiency, it was noted that the embedded C. rosea has positive impacts on tomato plants. Taken together, these results indicate that immobilization of C. rosea improved its stability without detrimentally affecting its efficiency on gray mold suppression and tomato growth. The results of this research can be used as a basis for research and development of new immobilized biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengyuan Han
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lidong An
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hossein Ghanizadeh
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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Lv B, Guo Y, Zhao X, Li S, Sun M. Glucose-6-phosphate 1-Epimerase CrGlu6 Contributes to Development and Biocontrol Efficiency in Clonostachys chloroleuca. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:764. [PMID: 37504752 PMCID: PMC10381721 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys chloroleuca (formerly classified as C. rosea) is an important mycoparasite active against various plant fungal pathogens. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are vital in mycoparasitic interactions; they participate in responses to diverse stresses and mediate fungal development. In previous studies, the MAPK-encoding gene Crmapk has been proven to be involved in mycoparasitism and the biocontrol processes of C. chloroleuca, but its regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Aldose 1-epimerases are key enzymes in filamentous fungi that generate energy for fungal growth and development. By protein-protein interaction assays, the glucose-6-phosphate 1-epimerase CrGlu6 was found to interact with Crmapk, and expression of the CrGlu6 gene was significantly upregulated when C. chloroleuca colonized Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia. Gene deletion and complementation analyses showed that CrGlu6 deficiency caused abnormal morphology of hyphae and cells, and greatly reduced conidiation. Moreover, deletion mutants presented much lower antifungal activities and mycoparasitic ability, and control efficiency against sclerotinia stem rot was markedly decreased. When the CrGlu6 gene was reinserted, all biological characteristics and biocontrol activities were recovered. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms of glucose-6-phosphate 1-epimerase in mycoparasitism and help to further reveal the regulation of MAPK and its interacting proteins in the biocontrol of C. chloroleuca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binna Lv
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shidong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Manhong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Orole OO, Adejumo TO, Link T, Voegele RT. Molecular identification of endophytes from maize roots and their biocontrol potential against toxigenic fungi of Nigerian maize. Sci Prog 2023; 106:368504231186514. [PMID: 37431272 PMCID: PMC10364792 DOI: 10.1177/00368504231186514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants benefit from plant-associated microorganisms, of which endophytes are of particular interest as they are transmitted from generation to generation. This study characterises endophytes from maize roots and determines their biocontrol potential against toxigenic fungi in Nigerian maize. Maize roots were collected from farms in Lafia, and stored grain samples were collected from the six Northern States of Nigeria, from which endophytes and toxigenic fungal strains were isolated. Molecular identification employing 16SrRNA/internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences for isolated fungal endophytes was carried out, and mycotoxins produced by fungi were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Biocontrol activity of the endophytes was determined using the dual culture confrontation test. Aspergillus and Fusarium genera were the prevalent isolated fungal species. Eight fungal endophytes were identified of which Trichoderma harzianum, Dichotomopilus erectus and Burkholderia spp. were the isolates with biocontrol activities, while 12 Aspergillus spp. were found to produce varying amounts of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1, respectively. T. harzianum showed the best inhibition (74%), followed by D. erectus (50%) and Burkholderia spp. (48%). T. harzianum showed poor inhibition of Aspergillus flavus (B7) at 30%. However, results from the Pakdaman Biological Control Index showed that T. harzianum has the best antifungal biocontrol activity of the three endophytes. The study concludes that antifungal biocontrol agents can be sourced from endophytes to obtain indigenous control activities that can check mycotoxin contamination of food and livestock feed, as well as elucidate possible metabolites for agricultural and industrial applications, which will help improve plant performance, increase crop yield and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Link
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Phytomedizin, Stuttgart, Germany
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Bahadoor A, Robinson KA, Loewen MC, Demissie ZA. Clonostachys rosea 'omics profiling: identification of putative metabolite-gene associations mediating its in vitro antagonism against Fusarium graminearum. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:352. [PMID: 37365507 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonostachys rosea is an established biocontrol agent. Selected strains have either mycoparasitic activity against known pathogens (e.g. Fusarium species) and/or plant growth promoting activity on various crops. Here we report outcomes from a comparative 'omics analysis leveraging a temporal variation in the in vitro antagonistic activities of C. rosea strains ACM941 and 88-710, toward understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning mycoparasitism. RESULTS Transcriptomic data highlighted specialized metabolism and membrane transport related genes as being significantly upregulated in ACM941 compared to 88-710 at a time point when the ACM941 strain had higher in vitro antagonistic activity than 88-710. In addition, high molecular weight specialized metabolites were differentially secreted by ACM941, with accumulation patterns of some metabolites matching the growth inhibition differences displayed by the exometabolites of the two strains. In an attempt to identify statistically relevant relationships between upregulated genes and differentially secreted metabolites, transcript and metabolomic abundance data were associated using IntLIM (Integration through Linear Modeling). Of several testable candidate associations, a putative C. rosea epidithiodiketopiperazine (ETP) gene cluster was identified as a prime candidate based on both co-regulation analysis and transcriptomic-metabolomic data association. CONCLUSIONS Although remaining to be validated functionally, these results suggest that a data integration approach may be useful for identification of potential biomarkers underlying functional divergence in C. rosea strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilah Bahadoor
- Metrology Research Center, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Kelly A Robinson
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michele C Loewen
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Zerihun A Demissie
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Venkatesan RM, Muthusamy K, Iruthayasamy J, Prithiviraj B, Kumaresan PV, Lakshmanan P, Perianadar IV. First Report of Clonostachys rosea as a Mycoparasite on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Causing Head Rot of Cabbage in India. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:199. [PMID: 36616328 PMCID: PMC9824872 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea, an ascomycetous, omnipresent, cellulose-decaying soil fungus, has been reported to be a well-known mycoparasitic biological control agent. In this study, we isolated C. rosea, a mycoparasitic fungus for the first time in India from sclerotia of the notorious plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causing head rot disease in cabbage. A total of five mycoparasitic fungi were isolated from the sclerotial bodies of S. sclerotiorum (TNAU-CR 01, 02, 03, 04 and 05). All the isolates were tested under morpho-molecular characterization. Among them, TNAU-CR 02 showed the greatest mycelial inhibition of 79.63% over the control. Similarly, the SEM imaging of effective C. rosea isolates indicated the presence of numerous conidia destroying the outer cortex layers of sclerotia. Metabolite fingerprinting of C. rosea TNAU-CR 02 identified 18 chemical compounds using GC-MS analysis. The crude antibiotics of C. rosea TNAU-CR 02 were verified for their antifungal activity against S. sclerotiorum and the results revealed 97.17% mycelial inhibition compared with the control. Similarly, foliar application of TNAU-CR 02 at 5 mL/litre on 30, 45 and 60 days after transplanting showed the lowest disease incidence of 15.1 PDI compared to the control. This discovery expands our understanding of the biology and the dissemination of C. rosea, providing a way for the exploitation of C. rosea against cabbage head rot pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruppavalli M. Venkatesan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Karthikeyan Muthusamy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
| | - Johnson Iruthayasamy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
| | - Balakrishnan Prithiviraj
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Parthiban V. Kumaresan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
| | - Pugalendhi Lakshmanan
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Irene Vethamoni Perianadar
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Song J, Lei T, Hao X, Yuan H, Sun W, Chen S. Synergistic Effects of Clonostachys rosea Isolates and Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors Fungicides against Gray Mold on Tomato. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010020. [PMID: 36677313 PMCID: PMC9863555 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease in tomatoes. Site-specific fungicide application is still key to disease management; however, chemical control has many drawbacks. Here, the combined application of a biological agent, Clonostachys rosea, with newly developed succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) fungicides showed stronger synergistic effects than the application of SDHI fungicides alone on tomato gray mold control. C. rosea 67-1 has been reported as an efficient biological control agent (BCA) for B. cinerea. Little information is currently available about the combination of C. rosea and fungicides in the control of gray mold. By testing the sensitivity to fungicides with different action mechanisms, C. rosea isolates showed high tolerance to SDHI fungicides (1000 μg mL-1) on PDA, and the conidial germination rate was almost not affected under 120 μg mL-1 of fluxapyroxad and fluopyram. In greenhouse experiments, the control effect of the combination of C. rosea and fluxapyroxad or fluopyram against tomato gray mold was significantly increased than the application of BCA or SDHI fungicides alone, and the combination allows a two-fold reduction of both the fungicide and BCA dose. Further, the biomass of B. cinerea and C. rosea on tomato plants was determined by qPCR. For B. cinerea, the trend of detection level for different treatments was consistent with that of the pot experiments, and the lowest biomass of B. cinerea was found when treated with C. rosea combined with fluxapyroxad and fluopyram, respectively. For C. rosea, qPCR assay confirmed its colonization on tomato plants when mixed with fluopyram and fluxapyroxad. These results indicated that combining C. rosea 67-1 with the SDHI fungicides could synergistically increase control efficacy against tomato gray mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehui Song
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology & Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tengyu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Huizhu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
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GENÇ KESİMCİ T, DEMİRCİ E. Çilekte Verticillium dahliae’ya Karşı Biyoetmen Olarak Clonostachys Türlerinin Etkileri. ULUSLARARASI TARIM VE YABAN HAYATI BILIMLERI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.24180/ijaws.1140271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Çilek bitkilerinde solgunluk hastalığına neden olan Verticillium dahliae’nın biyolojik mücadelesinde Clonostachys izolatlarının test edilmesi bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında çilek bitkilerinden yapılan izolasyonlar neticesinde 32 adet Clonostachys izolatı elde edilmiştir. Kültürel, morfolojik ve moleküler olarak tanıları yapılan bu izolatların Clonostachys rosea f. rosea (18 izolat) ve Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata (14 izolat) alt türlerine ait olduğu belirlenmiştir. In vitro koşullarda patojen ile C. rosea f. rosea ve C. rosea f. catenulata izolatları arasında yapılan karşılaştırma sonucunda engelleme oranlarının iki tür arasında önemli bir fark oluşturmadığı ve biyoetmenlere ait izolatların patojenin misel gelişimini engellemede farklı oranlarda etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen engelleme oranları değerlendirildiğinde en etkili izolatın %48.95 oranı ile C. rosea f. rosea Gr13 olduğu, bu izolatı %44.75 oranı ile C. rosea f. rosea Gr4’ün takip ettiği belirlenmiştir.
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Geiger A, Karácsony Z, Geml J, Váczy KZ. Mycoparasitism capability and growth inhibition activity of Clonostachys rosea isolates against fungal pathogens of grapevine trunk diseases suggest potential for biocontrol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273985. [PMID: 36067200 PMCID: PMC9447919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the capability of Clonostachys rosea isolates as a biological control agent against grapevine trunk diseases pathogens. Five C. rosea and 174 pathogenic fungal strains were isolated from grafted grapevines and subjected to in vitro confrontation tests. Efficient antagonism was observed against Eutypa lata and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora while mycoparasitism was observed to the pathogens of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Diaporthe spp. pathogens in in vitro dual culture assays. The conidia production of the C. rosea isolates were also measured on PDA plates. One isolate (19B/1) with high antagonistic capabilities and efficient conidia production was selected for in planta confrontation tests by mixing its conidia with the soil of Cabernet sauvignon grapevine cuttings artificially infected with B. dothidea, E. lata and P. chlamydospora. The length and/or the incidence of necrotic lesions caused by E. lata and P. chlamydospora at the inoculation point were significantly decreased after a three months incubation in the greenhouse on cuttings planted in soils inoculated with the conidia of strain 19B/1, while symptom incidence and severity were unaffected in the case of the pathogen B. dothidea. Based on the above results, we consider C. rosea a promising biological control agent against some grapevine trunk diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Geiger
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karácsony
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - József Geml
- MTA-EKE Lendület Environmental Microbiome Research Group, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Zoltán Váczy
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Screening and characterisation of proteins interacting with the mitogen-activated protein kinase Crmapk in the fungus Clonostachys chloroleuca. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9997. [PMID: 35705642 PMCID: PMC9200739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys chloroleuca 67-1 (formerly C. rosea 67-1) is a promising mycoparasite with great potential for controlling various plant fungal diseases. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-encoding gene Crmapk is of great importance to the mycoparasitism and biocontrol activities of C. chloroleuca. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of Crmapk in mycoparasitism, a high-quality yeast two hybrid (Y2H) library of C. chloroleuca 67-1 was constructed, and proteins interacting with Crmapk were characterised. The library contained 1.6 × 107 independent clones with a recombination rate of 96%, and most inserted fragments were > 1 kb. The pGBKT7-Crmapk bait vector with no self-activation or toxicity to yeast cells was used to screen interacting proteins from the Y2H library, resulting in 60 candidates, many linked to metabolism, cellular processes and signal transduction. Combined bioinformatics and transcriptome analyses of C. chloroleuca 67-1 and ΔCrmapk mutant mycoparasitising Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia, 41 differentially expressed genes were identified, which might be the targets of the Fus3/Kss1-MAPK pathway. The results provide a profile of potential protein interactions associated with MAPK enzymes in mycoparasites, and are of great significance for understanding the mechanisms of Crmapk regulating C. chloroleuca mycoparasitism.
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Liang S, Zheng W, Chen X, Liu J, Wang A. Study on the Preparation and Effect of Tomato Seedling Disease Biocontrol Compound Seed-Coating Agent. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:849. [PMID: 35743880 PMCID: PMC9225546 DOI: 10.3390/life12060849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato damping-off and root rot are the two most common diseases of tomatoes at the seedling stage. At present, biological compound seed-coating agents are gradually replacing chemical agents in preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests, regulating plant growth, and ensuring crop yields. In this study, five biocontrol bacteria (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Ba), Bacillus subtilis (Bs wy-1), Bacillus subtilis (WXCDD105), Pseudomonas fluorescens (WXCDD51), and Bacillus velezensis (WZ-37)), with broad antibacterial spectra were mixed with auxiliary factors (inactive components of seed-coating agent) after fermentation to compound a seed-coating agent. In this study, the formula for a compound seed-coating agent was selected through orthogonal experiment. Gaseous silica was used as a thickener, and gum arabic and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate were used as a film-forming agent and dispersant, respectively. The mass of fumed silica, gum arabic, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, and pearlescent powder was 1.3 g, 1 g, 0.05 g, and 0.5 g, respectively. Adding gibberellin can improve the ability of seed-coating agents to promote seed germination and plant growth. This showed high efficiency in preventing and controlling seedling diseases and promoting seedling growth. After 6 days of inoculation with Pythium aphanidermatum, which caused tomato damping-off disease, the seedling mortality rate was 26.7% lower than that of the sterile water control, and 20% lower than that of carbendazim. After 21 days of inoculation with Fusarium sp., which caused tomato root rot disease, the seedling mortality rate was 44.31% lower than that of the control, and 22.36% lower than that of carbendazim. The plant height, stem diameter, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of tomato seeds treated with biological compound seed-coating agent were significantly higher than that of the control. We tested the shelf life of the biological compound seed-coating agent, and found that the effect of seed germination and radicle growth did not decrease. This research provides information on the production technology and application of biological seed-coating agents in tomato production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yingying Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Sibo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wei Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiuling Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Jiayin Liu
- College of Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (W.Z.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
- College of Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
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12
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Monitoring Mycoparasitism of Clonostachys rosea against Botrytis cinerea Using GFP. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060567. [PMID: 35736050 PMCID: PMC9225460 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is an important mycoparasite, with great potential for controlling numerous plant fungal diseases. Understanding the mechanisms and modes of action will assist the development and application of this biocontrol fungus. In this study, the highly efficient C. rosea 67-1 strain was marked with the green fluorescent protein (GFP), and the transformant possessed the same biological characteristics as the wild-type strain. Fungal interactions with Botrytis cinerea during co-culture and encounter on tomato leaves were assessed by fluorescence confocal and electron microscopy. The results indicated that once the two fungi met, the hyphae of C. rosea grew alongside those of B. cinerea, then attached tightly to the host and developed special structures, via which the biocontrol fungus penetrated the host and absorbed nutrients, eventually disintegrating the cells of the pathogen. Mycoparasitism to B. cinerea was also observed on tomato leaves, suggesting that C. rosea can colonize on plants and act following the invasion of the pathogenic fungus.
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13
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Mascarin GM, da Silva AVR, da Silva TP, Kobori NN, Morandi MAB, Bettiol W. Clonostachys rosea: Production by Submerged Culture and Bioactivity Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Bemisia tabaci. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:851000. [PMID: 35602054 PMCID: PMC9120755 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.851000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the prospective biocontrol agents, the saprophytic filamentous fungus Clonostachys rosea is an excellent necrotrophic mycoparasite of numerous plant pathogenic fungi. However, its commercial development has been hampered by mass production difficulties during solid-state fermentation. Conversely, the submerged liquid fermentation shortens the cultivation time while increasing yields of fungal propagules. However, this method has been overlooked for C. rosea. In this work, we investigated the impact of liquid pre-culture inoculum on the spore production by the two-stage fermentation process using rice grains in comparison to the traditional solid-state fermentation. In parallel, we studied the submerged cultivation of C. rosea by manipulating carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio and nitrogen source, with the further optimization of spore production in a benchtop bioreactor. Additional bioassays included assessing the bioactivity of water-dispersible microgranules (that contained a submerged conidia) against the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci biotype B) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (causal agent of the white mold). Our results showed a maximum concentration of 1.1 × 109 conidia/g-dry-matter after 7 days of cultivation by two-stage fermentation process. The liquid fermentation yielded 1.4 × 109 submerged conidia/ml after 7 days using a medium with a 50:1 C:N ratio, and it also induced the production of microsclerotia (MS) up to 1.35 × 104/ml within 6 days with 10:1 C:N ratio; both media were supplemented with dextrose monohydrate and soybean meal. The fermentation batches carried out in a benchtop bioreactor with medium 50:1 C:N ratio and amended with soybean meal rendered a production peak on the fourth day, corresponding to 1.11 × 109 conidia/ml and 4.35 × 108 colony forming units (CFU)/ml. Following air-drying, the conidia production from air-dried microgranules of C. rosea biomass was estimated at 3.4 × 1010 conidia/g of formulated product upon re-hydration for 7 days. Both submerged conidia and MS of C. rosea inhibited 100% germination of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia by direct parasitism. The air-dried submerged conidia exhibited a suppressive activity on sclerotia (88% mycoparasitism) and early whitefly nymphs (76.2% mortality) that rendered LC50 values of 3.2 × 104 CFU/g soil and 1.5 × 107 CFU/ml, respectively. Therefore, the submerged liquid culture of C. rosea may offer a feasible and cost-effective method for its large-scale production, alleviating critical constraints to their commercial use while providing an additional tool for management of B. tabaci and S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wagner Bettiol
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, Brazil
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14
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Zhu GY, Shi XC, Wang SY, Wang B, Laborda P. Antifungal Mechanism and Efficacy of Kojic Acid for the Control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:845698. [PMID: 35360341 PMCID: PMC8963468 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.845698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot, which is caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a soybean disease that results in enormous economic losses worldwide. The control of S. sclerotiorum is a difficult task due to the pathogen's wide host range and its persistent structures, called sclerotia. In addition, there is lack of soybean cultivars with medium to high levels of resistance to S. sclerotiorum. In this work, kojic acid (KA), a natural bioactive compound commonly used in cosmetic industry, was evaluated for the management of Sclerotinia stem rot. Interestingly, KA showed strong antifungal activity against S. sclerotiorum by inhibiting chitin and melanin syntheses and, subsequently, sclerotia formation. The antifungal activity of KA was not obviously affected by pH, but was reduced in the presence of metal ions. Treatment with KA reduced the content of virulence factor oxalic acid in S. sclerotiorum secretions. Preventive applications of 50 mM KA (7.1 mg/ml) completely inhibited S. sclerotiorum symptoms in soybean; whereas, in curative applications, the combination of KA with prochloraz and carbendazim improved the efficacy of these commercial fungicides. Taken together, the antifungal activity of KA against S. sclerotiorum was studied for the first time, revealing new insights on the potential application of KA for the control of Sclerotinia stem rot in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin-Chi Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Su-Yan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Xuhuai District, Sweet Potato Research Institute, Xuzhou, China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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15
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Dou K, Pang G, Cai F, Chenthamara K, Zhang J, Liu H, Druzhinina IS, Chen J. Functional Genetics of Trichoderma Mycoparasitism. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Kang S, Lumactud R, Li N, Bell TH, Kim HS, Park SY, Lee YH. Harnessing Chemical Ecology for Environment-Friendly Crop Protection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1697-1710. [PMID: 33908803 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-21-0035-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy reliance on synthetic pesticides for crop protection has become increasingly unsustainable, calling for robust alternative strategies that do not degrade the environment and vital ecosystem services. There are numerous reports of successful disease control by various microbes used in small-scale trials. However, inconsistent efficacy has hampered their large-scale application. A better understanding of how beneficial microbes interact with plants, other microbes, and the environment and which factors affect disease control efficacy is crucial to deploy microbial agents as effective and reliable pesticide alternatives. Diverse metabolites produced by plants and microbes participate in pathogenesis and defense, regulate the growth and development of themselves and neighboring organisms, help maintain cellular homeostasis under various environmental conditions, and affect the assembly and activity of plant and soil microbiomes. However, research on the metabolites associated with plant health-related processes, except antibiotics, has not received adequate attention. This review highlights several classes of metabolites known or suspected to affect plant health, focusing on those associated with biocontrol and belowground plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. The review also describes how new insights from systematic explorations of the diversity and mechanism of action of bioactive metabolites can be harnessed to develop novel crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Rhea Lumactud
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Ningxiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Terrence H Bell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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17
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Wang H, Dong Y, Liao W, Zhang X, Wang Q, Li G, Xu JR, Liu H. High-Quality Genome Resource of Clonostachys rosea Strain CanS41 by Oxford Nanopore Long-Read Sequencing. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2231-2234. [PMID: 33529071 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-20-2615-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a necrotrophic mycoparasitic fungus with excellent biological control ability against numerous fungal plant pathogens. Here, we performed genomic sequencing of C. rosea strain CanS41 using Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology. We generated a high-quality genome assembly (>99.99% accuracy), which comprised 26 contigs containing 60.68 Mb sequences with a GC content of 48.55% and a repeat content of 8.38%. The N50 contig length is 3.02 Mb. In total, 20,818 protein-coding genes were identified and functionally annotated. Genes encoding secreted proteins and carbohydrate-active enzymes as well as secondary metabolic gene clusters were also identified and analyzed. In summary, the high-quality genome assembly and gene annotation provided here will allow further exploration of biological functions and enhance biological control ability of C. rosea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology of Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yongrong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology of Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weixue Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology of Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology of Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology of Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology of Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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18
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Ogaki MB, Pinto OHB, Vieira R, Neto AA, Convey P, Carvalho-Silva M, Rosa CA, Câmara PEAS, Rosa LH. Fungi Present in Antarctic Deep-Sea Sediments Assessed Using DNA Metabarcoding. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:157-164. [PMID: 33404819 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We assessed fungal diversity in deep-sea sediments obtained from different depths in the Southern Ocean using the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA by metabarcoding through high-throughput sequencing (HTS). We detected 655,991 DNA reads representing 263 fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), dominated by Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Chytridiomycota and Rozellomycota, confirming that deep-sea sediments can represent a hotspot of fungal diversity in Antarctica. The community diversity detected included 17 dominant fungal ASVs, 62 intermediate and 213 rare. The dominant fungi included taxa of Mortierella, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Pseudogymnoascus, Phaeosphaeria and Torula. Despite the extreme conditions of the Southern Ocean benthos, the total fungal community detected in these marine sediments displayed high indices of diversity and richness, and moderate dominance, which varied between the different depths sampled. The highest diversity indices were obtained in sediments from 550 m and 250 m depths. Only 49 ASVs (18.63%) were detected at all the depths sampled, while 16 ASVs were detected only in the deepest sediment sampled at 1463 m. Based on sequence identities, the fungal community included some globally distributed taxa, primarily recorded otherwise from terrestrial environments, suggesting transport from these to deep marine sediments. The assigned taxa included symbionts, decomposers and plant-, animal- and human-pathogenic fungi, suggesting that deep-sea sediments host a complex fungal diversity, although metabarcoding does not itself confirm that living or viable organisms are present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosemary Vieira
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Arthur Ayres Neto
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Henrique Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Horizonte, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Polar e Conexões Tropicais, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P. O. Box 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
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19
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Karlsson I, Persson P, Friberg H. Fusarium Head Blight From a Microbiome Perspective. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628373. [PMID: 33732223 PMCID: PMC7956947 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal genus Fusarium causes several diseases in cereals, including Fusarium head blight (FHB). A number of Fusarium species are involved in disease development and mycotoxin contamination. Lately, the importance of interactions between plant pathogens and the plant microbiome has been increasingly recognized. In this review, we address the significance of the cereal microbiome for the development of Fusarium-related diseases. Fusarium fungi may interact with the host microbiome at multiple stages during their life cycles and in different plant organs including roots, stems, leaves, heads, and crop residues. There are interactions between Fusarium and other fungi and bacteria as well as among Fusarium species. Recent studies have provided a map of the cereal microbiome and revealed how different biotic and abiotic factors drive microbiome assembly. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the cereal microbiome and the implications for Fusarium infection, FHB development, disease control, and mycotoxin contamination. Although annual and regional variations in predominant species are significant, much research has focused on Fusarium graminearum. Surveying the total Fusarium community in environmental samples is now facilitated with novel metabarcoding methods. Further, infection with multiple Fusarium species has been shown to affect disease severity and mycotoxin contamination. A better mechanistic understanding of such multiple infections is necessary to be able to predict the outcome in terms of disease development and mycotoxin production. The knowledge on the composition of the cereal microbiome under different environmental and agricultural conditions is growing. Future studies are needed to clearly link microbiome structure to Fusarium suppression in order to develop novel disease management strategies for example based on conservation biological control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Karlsson
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paula Persson
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Friberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Broberg M, Dubey M, Iqbal M, Gudmundssson M, Ihrmark K, Schroers H, Funck Jensen D, Brandström Durling M, Karlsson M. Comparative genomics highlights the importance of drug efflux transporters during evolution of mycoparasitism in Clonostachys subgenus Bionectria (Fungi, Ascomycota, Hypocreales). Evol Appl 2021; 14:476-497. [PMID: 33664789 PMCID: PMC7896725 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various strains of the mycoparasitic fungal species Clonostachys rosea are used commercially as biological control agents for the control of fungal plant diseases in agricultural crop production. Further improvements of the use and efficacy of C. rosea in biocontrol require a mechanistic understanding of the factors that determines the outcome of the interaction between C. rosea and plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we determined the genome sequences of 11 Clonostachys strains, representing five species in Clonostachys subgenus Bionectria, and performed a comparative genomic analysis with the aim to identify gene families evolving under selection for gene gains or losses. Several gene families predicted to encode proteins involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including polyketide synthases, nonribosomal peptide syntethases and cytochrome P450s, evolved under selection for gene gains (p ≤ .05) in the Bionectria subgenus lineage. This was accompanied with gene copy number increases (p ≤ .05) in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters predicted to contribute to drug efflux. Most Clonostachys species were also characterized by high numbers of auxiliary activity (AA) family 9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases, AA3 glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductases and additional carbohydrate-active enzyme gene families with putative activity (or binding) towards xylan and rhamnose/pectin substrates. Particular features of the C. rosea genome included expansions (p ≤ .05) of the ABC-B4 multidrug resistance transporters, the ABC-C5 multidrug resistance-related transporters and the 2.A.1.3 drug:H + antiporter-2 MFS drug resistance transporters. The ABC-G1 pleiotropic drug resistance transporter gene abcG6 in C. rosea was induced (p ≤ .009) by exposure to the antifungal Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (1121-fold) and various fungicides. Deletion of abcG6 resulted in mutants with reduced (p < .001) growth rates on media containing the fungicides boscalid, fenhexamid and iprodione. Our results emphasize the role of biosynthesis of, and protection against, secondary metabolites in Clonostachys subgenus Bionectria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Broberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mikael Gudmundssson
- Department of Molecular SciencesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Katarina Ihrmark
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mikael Brandström Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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21
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Silva-Valderrama I, Toapanta D, Miccono MDLA, Lolas M, Díaz GA, Cantu D, Castro A. Biocontrol Potential of Grapevine Endophytic and Rhizospheric Fungi Against Trunk Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:614620. [PMID: 33488557 PMCID: PMC7817659 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.614620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) are a major challenge to the grape industry worldwide. GTDs are responsible for considerable loss of quality, production, and vineyard longevity. Seventy-five percent of Chilean vineyards are estimated to be affected by GTDs. GTDs are complex diseases caused by several fungi species, including members of the Botryosphaeriaceae family and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, considered some of the most important causal agents for these diseases in Chile. In this study, we isolated 169 endophytic and 209 rhizospheric fungi from grapevines grown under organic and conventional farming in Chile. Multiple isolates of Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium sp., Clonostachys rosea, Epicoccum nigrum, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Trichoderma sp. were evaluated for their potential of biocontrol activity against Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Pa. chlamydospora. Tests of antagonism were carried out using two dual-culture-plate methods with multiple media types, including agar containing grapevine wood extract to simulate in planta nutrient conditions. Significant pathogen growth inhibition was observed by all isolates tested. Clonostachys rosea showed 98.2% inhibition of all pathogens in the presence of grapevine wood extract. We observed 100% pathogen growth inhibition when autoclaved lignified grapevine shoots were pre-inoculated with either C. rosea strains or Trichoderma sp. Overall, these results show that C. rosea strains isolated from grapevines are promising biocontrol agents against GTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Toapanta
- UC Davis Chile Life Sciences Innovation Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria de Los Angeles Miccono
- UC Davis Chile Life Sciences Innovation Center, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mauricio Lolas
- Laboratorio de Patología Frutal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A Díaz
- Laboratorio de Patología Frutal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alvaro Castro
- UC Davis Chile Life Sciences Innovation Center, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Iqbal M, Broberg M, Haarith D, Broberg A, Bushley KE, Brandström Durling M, Viketoft M, Funck Jensen D, Dubey M, Karlsson M. Natural variation of root lesion nematode antagonism in the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea and identification of biocontrol factors through genome-wide association mapping. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2264-2283. [PMID: 33005223 PMCID: PMC7513725 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological control is a promising approach to reduce plant diseases caused by nematodes to ensure high productivity in agricultural production. Large-scale analyses of genetic variation in fungal species used for biocontrol can generate knowledge regarding interaction mechanisms that can improve efficacy of biocontrol applications. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for in vitro antagonism against the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans in 53 previously genome re-sequenced strains of the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea. Nematode mortality in C. rosea potato dextrose broth (PDB) culture filtrates was highly variable and showed continuous variation (p < .001) between strains, indicating a polygenic inheritance. Twenty-one strains produced culture filtrates with higher (p ≤ .05) nematode mortality compared with the PDB control treatment, while ten strains lowered (p ≤ .05) the mortality. The difference in in vitro antagonism against P. penetrans correlated with antagonism against the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines, indicating lack of host specificity in C. rosea. An empirical Bayesian multiple hypothesis testing approach identified 279 single nucleotide polymorphism markers significantly (local false sign rate < 10-10) associated with the trait. Genes present in the genomic regions associated with nematicidal activity included several membrane transporters, a chitinase and genes encoding proteins predicted to biosynthesize secondary metabolites. Gene deletion strains of the predicted nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes nps4 and nps5 were generated and showed increased (p ≤ .001) fungal growth and conidiation rates compared to the wild type. Deletion strains also exhibited reduced (p < .001) nematicidal activity and reduced (p ≤ .05) biocontrol efficacy against nematode root disease and against fusarium foot rot on wheat. In summary, we show that the GWAS approach can be used to identify biocontrol factors in C. rosea, specifically the putative nonribosomal peptide synthetases NPS4 and NPS5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Martin Broberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Deepak Haarith
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kathryn E Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Mikael Brandström Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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23
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Wang M, Eyre AW, Thon MR, Oh Y, Dean RA. Dynamic Changes in the Microbiome of Rice During Shoot and Root Growth Derived From Seeds. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:559728. [PMID: 33013792 PMCID: PMC7506108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.559728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes form close associations with host plants including rice as both surface (epiphytes) and internal (endophytes) inhabitants. Yet despite rice being one of the most important cereal crops agriculturally and economically, knowledge of its microbiome, particularly core inhabitants and any functional properties bestowed is limited. In this study, the microbiome in rice seedlings derived directly from seeds was identified, characterized and compared to the microbiome of the seed. Rice seeds were sourced from two different locations in Arkansas, USA of two different rice genotypes (Katy, M202) from two different harvest years (2013, 2014). Seeds were planted in sterile media and bacterial as well as fungal communities were identified through 16S and ITS sequencing, respectively, for four seedling compartments (root surface, root endosphere, shoot surface, shoot endosphere). Overall, 966 bacterial and 280 fungal ASVs were found in seedlings. Greater abundance and diversity were detected for the microbiome associated with roots compared to shoots and with more epiphytes than endophytes. The seedling compartments were the driving factor for microbial community composition rather than other factors such as rice genotype, location and harvest year. Comparison with datasets from seeds revealed that 91 (out of 296) bacterial and 11 (out of 341) fungal ASVs were shared with seedlings with the majority being retained within root tissues. Core bacterial and fungal microbiome shared across seedling samples were identified. Core bacteria genera identified in this study such as Rhizobium, Pantoea, Sphingomonas, and Paenibacillus have been reported as plant growth promoting bacteria while core fungi such as Pleosporales, Alternaria and Occultifur have potential as biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Wang
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Alexander W Eyre
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Michael R Thon
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Villamayor, Spain
| | - Yeonyee Oh
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ralph A Dean
- Fungal Genomics Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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24
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Demissie ZA, Witte T, Robinson KA, Sproule A, Foote SJ, Johnston A, Harris LJ, Overy DP, Loewen MC. Transcriptomic and Exometabolomic Profiling Reveals Antagonistic and Defensive Modes of Clonostachys rosea Action Against Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:842-858. [PMID: 32116115 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-19-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mycoparasite Clonostachys rosea ACM941 is under development as a biocontrol organism against Fusarium graminearum, the causative agent of Fusarium head blight in cereals. To identify molecular factors associated with this interaction, the transcriptomic and exometabolomic profiles of C. rosea and F. graminearum GZ3639 were compared during coculture. Prior to physical contact, the antagonistic activity of C. rosea correlated with a response heavily dominated by upregulation of polyketide synthase gene clusters, consistent with the detected accumulation of corresponding secondary metabolite products. Similarly, prior to contact, trichothecene gene clusters were upregulated in F. graminearum, while those responsible for fusarielin and fusarin biosynthesis were downregulated, correlating with an accumulation of trichothecene products in the interaction zone over time. A concomitant increase in 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in the interaction zone was also detected, with C. rosea established as the source of this detoxified mycotoxin. After hyphal contact, C. rosea was found to predominantly transcribe genes encoding cell wall-degradation enzymes, major facilitator superfamily sugar transporters, anion:cation symporters, as well as alternative carbon source utilization pathways, together indicative of a transition to necrotropism at this stage. F. graminearum notably activated the transcription of phosphate starvation pathway signature genes at this time. Overall, a number of signature molecular mechanisms likely contributing to antagonistic activity by C. rosea against F. graminearum, as well as its mycotoxin tolerance, are identified in this report, yielding several new testable hypotheses toward understanding the basis of C. rosea as a biocontrol agent for continued agronomic development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun A Demissie
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Witte
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly A Robinson
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon J Foote
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Johnston
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David P Overy
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michele C Loewen
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Mehmood MA, Zhao H, Cheng J, Xie J, Jiang D, Fu Y. Sclerotia of a phytopathogenic fungus restrict microbial diversity and improve soil health by suppressing other pathogens and enriching beneficial microorganisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 259:109857. [PMID: 32072956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a notorious soil-borne pathogen of various important crops, produces numerous sclerotia to oversummer in the soil. Considering that sclerotia may also be attacked by other microbes in the soil, we hypothesized that sclerotia in soil may affect the community of soil microbes directly and/or indirectly. In this study, we inoculated sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum in soil collected from the field to observe changes in microbial diversity over three months using 16S rRNA and ITS2 sequencing techniques. Alpha diversity indices exhibited a decline in the diversity of microbial communities, while permanova results confirmed a significant difference in the microbial communities of sclerotia-amended and non-amended soil samples. In sclerotia-amended soil, fungal diversity showed enrichment of antagonists such as Clonostachys, Trichoderma, and Talaromyces and a drastic reduction in the plant pathogenic microbes compared to the non-amended soil. Sclerotia not only activated the antagonists but also enhanced the abundance of plant growth-promoting bacteria, such as Chitinophaga, Burkholderia, and Dyella. Moreover, the presence of sclerotia curtailed the growth of several notorious plant pathogenic fungi belonging to various genera such as Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Cladosporium, Athelia, Alternaria, and Macrophomina. Thus, we conclude that S. sclerotiorum when dormant in soil can reduce the diversity of soil microbes, including suppressing plant pathogens and enriching beneficial microbes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a plant pathogen has been found in soil that can significantly suppress other pathogens. Our findings may provide novel cues to understand the ecology of crop pathogens in soil and maintaining soil conditions that could be beneficial for constructing a healthy soil microorganism community required for mitigating soil-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Abid Mehmood
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Plant Pathology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Huizhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Fu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Gimeno A, Kägi A, Drakopoulos D, Bänziger I, Lehmann E, Forrer HR, Keller B, Vogelgsang S. From laboratory to the field: biological control of Fusarium graminearum on infected maize crop residues. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:680-694. [PMID: 32176428 PMCID: PMC7496986 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim To evaluate biological control agents (BCAs) against Fusarium graminearum on infected maize stalks as a means to reduce Fusarium head blight (FHB) in subsequently grown wheat. Methods and Results In the laboratory, BCAs were applied against F. graminearum on maize stalk pieces. Clonostachys rosea inhibited the perithecia development and ascospore discharge when applied before, simultaneously with and after the pathogen. In the field, we simulated a system with high disease pressure, that is, a maize‐wheat rotation under no‐tillage, by preparing maize stalks inoculated with F. graminearum. The infected stalks were treated with formulations of C. rosea selected in vitro or the commercial BCA strain Trichoderma atrobrunneum ITEM908 and exposed to field conditions over winter and spring between winter wheat rows. Monitoring with spore traps and of FHB symptoms, as well as quantification of F. graminearum incidence and DNA in harvested grain revealed significant reductions by C. rosea by up to 85, 91, 69 and 95% compared with an inoculated but untreated positive control, respectively. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) contents were reduced by up to 93 and 98%, respectively. Treatments with T. atrobrunneum were inconsistent, with significant reductions of DON and ZEN under warm and wet climatic conditions only. Conclusions The findings support the application of C. rosea against F. graminearum on residues of maize to suppress the primary inoculum of FHB. Significance and Impact of the Study As sustainable agriculture requires solutions to control FHB, hence, the application of C. rosea during the mulching of maize crop residues should be evaluated in on‐farm experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gimeno
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Plant Biology and Phytopathology, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Kägi
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Drakopoulos
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sustainable Agroecosystems, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich D-USYS, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I Bänziger
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Lehmann
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H-R Forrer
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Keller
- Molecular Plant Biology and Phytopathology, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Vogelgsang
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Sun ZB, Li SD, Ren Q, Xu JL, Lu X, Sun MH. Biology and applications of Clonostachys rosea. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:486-495. [PMID: 32115828 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a promising saprophytic filamentous fungus that belongs to phylum Ascomycota. Clonostachys rosea is widespread around the world and exists in many kinds of habitats, with the highest frequency in soil. As an excellent mycoparasite, C. rosea exhibits strong biological control ability against numerous fungal plant pathogens, nematodes and insects. These behaviours are based on the activation of multiple mechanisms such as secreted cell-wall-degrading enzymes, production of antifungal secondary metabolites and induction of plant defence systems. Besides having significant biocontrol activity, C. rosea also functions in the biodegradation of plastic waste, biotransformation of bioactive compounds, as a bioenergy sources and in fermentation. This mini review summarizes information about the biology and various applications of C. rosea and expands on its possible uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-B Sun
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S-D Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Q Ren
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - J-L Xu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - X Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - M-H Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Iqbal M, Dubey M, Broberg A, Viketoft M, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. Deletion of the Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene nps1 in the Fungus Clonostachys rosea Attenuates Antagonism and Biocontrol of Plant Pathogenic Fusarium and Nematodes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1698-1709. [PMID: 31120795 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-19-0042-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites produced by biological control agents may influence the outcome of their interactions with plant pathogenic microorganisms and plants. In the present study, we investigated the role of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene nps1 expressed by the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea. A gene expression analysis showed that nps1 was induced during confrontations with the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Gene deletion strains of nps1 displayed increased growth rates and conidiation. However, the nematicidal activity of culture filtrates from C. rosea Δnps1 strains was significantly weaker than that from wild-type filtrates (P ≤ 0.001); after 24 h of incubation with culture filtrates from nps1 deletion strains, only 13 to 33% of a mixed community of nematodes were dead compared with 42% of nematodes incubated with wild-type culture filtrates. The Δnps1 strains also showed reduced biocontrol efficacy during pot experiments, thus failing to protect wheat seedlings from foot rot disease caused by the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Furthermore, C. rosea Δnps1 strains were not able to reduce populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil or in roots of wheat as efficiently as the wild-type strain. Both C. rosea wild-type and Δnps1 strains increased the dry shoot weight and shoot length of wheat by 20 and 13%, respectively. We showed that NPS1, a putative nonribosomal peptide synthetase encoded by nps1, is a biocontrol factor, presumably by producing a hitherto unknown nonribosomal peptide compound with antifungal and nematicidal properties that contributes to the biocontrol properties of C. rosea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Dual species transcript profiling during the interaction between banana (Musa acuminata) and the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:519. [PMID: 31234790 PMCID: PMC6591919 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Banana wilt disease, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), is one of the most devastating diseases in banana (Musa spp.). Foc is a soil borne pathogen that causes rot of the roots or wilt of leaves by colonizing the xylem vessels. The dual RNA sequencing is used to simultaneously assess the transcriptomes of pathogen and host. This method greatly helps to understand the responses of pathogen and host to each other and discover the potential pathogenic mechanism. Results Plantlets of two economically important banana cultivars, Foc TR4 less susceptible cultivar NK and susceptible cultivar BX, were used to research the Foc-banana interaction mechanism. Notably, the infected NK had more significantly up-regulated genes on the respiration machinery including TCA cycle, glyoxylate, glycerol, and glycolysis compared to BX at 27 h post inoculation (hpi). In addition, genes involved in plant-pathogen interaction, starch, sucrose, linolenic acid and sphingolipid metabolisms were uniquely more greatly induced in BX than those in NK during the whole infection. Genes related to the biosynthesis and metabolism of SA and JA were greatly induced in the infected NK; while auxin and abscisic acid metabolisms related genes were strongly stimulated in the infected BX at 27 hpi. Furthermore, most of fungal genes were more highly expressed in the roots of BX than in those of NK. The fungal genes related to pathogenicity, pectin and chitin metabolism, reactive oxygen scavenging played the important roles during the infection of Foc. CCP1 (cytochrome c peroxidase 1) was verified to involve in cellulose utilization, oxidative stress response and pathogenicity of fungus. Conclusion The transcriptome indicated that NK had much faster defense response against Foc TR4 than BX and the expression levels of fungal genes were higher in BX than those in NK. The metabolisms of carbon, nitrogen, and signal transduction molecular were differentially involved in pathogen infection in BX and NK. Additionally, the putative virulence associated fungal genes involved in colonization, nutrition acquirement and transport provided more insights into the infection process of Foc TR4 in banana roots. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5902-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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30
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Broberg M, Dubey M, Sun MH, Ihrmark K, Schroers HJ, Li SD, Jensen DF, Brandström Durling M, Karlsson M. Out in the Cold: Identification of Genomic Regions Associated With Cold Tolerance in the Biocontrol Fungus Clonostachys rosea Through Genome-Wide Association Mapping. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2844. [PMID: 30524411 PMCID: PMC6262169 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing importance for using biocontrol agents in combating plant diseases sustainably and in the long term. As large scale genomic sequencing becomes economically viable, the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on biocontrol-associated phenotypes can be easily studied across entire genomes of fungal populations. Here, we improved a previously reported genome assembly of the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea strain IK726 using the PacBio sequencing platform, which resulted in a total genome size of 70.7 Mbp and 21,246 predicted genes. We further performed whole-genome re-sequencing of 52 additional C. rosea strains isolated globally using Illumina sequencing technology, in order to perform genome-wide association studies in conditions relevant for biocontrol activity. One such condition is the ability to grow at lower temperatures commonly encountered in cryic or frigid soils in temperate regions, as these will be prevalent for protecting growing crops in temperate climates. Growth rates at 10°C on potato dextrose agar of the 53 sequenced strains of C. rosea were measured and ranged between 0.066 and 0.413 mm/day. Performing a genome wide association study, a total of 1,478 SNP markers were significantly associated with the trait and located in 227 scaffolds, within or close to (< 1000 bp distance) 265 different genes. The predicted gene products included several chaperone proteins, membrane transporters, lipases, and proteins involved in chitin metabolism with possible roles in cold tolerance. The data reported in this study provides a foundation for future investigations into the genetic basis for cold tolerance in fungi, with important implications for biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Broberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Man-Hong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Katarina Ihrmark
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Shi-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Brandström Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Regulatory Networks Governing Methionine Catabolism into Volatile Organic Sulfur-Containing Compounds in Clonostachys rosea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01840-18. [PMID: 30217835 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01840-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to environmental perturbations requires living systems to coordinately regulate signaling pathways, gene expression, and metabolism. To better understand the mechanisms underlying adaptation, the regulatory nodes within networks must be elucidated. Here, ARO8-2 (which encodes an aminotransferase), PDC (which encodes a decarboxylase), and STR3 (which encodes a demethiolase) were identified as key genes involved in the catabolism of methionine in the mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea, isolated from Tuber melanosporum ascocarps. Exogenous Met induced the transcription of ARO8-2 and PDC but repressed the transcription of STR3, which is controlled by the putative MSN2 and GLN3 binding sites responding to nitrogen catabolite repression. Met and its structural derivatives function as glutamine synthetase inhibitors, resulting in the downregulation of STR3 expression. The putative GLN3 binding site was necessary for STR3 downregulation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Met and its structural derivatives also triggered downregulation of demethiolase gene expression. Altogether, the results indicated that exogenous Met triggered nitrogen catabolite repression, which stimulated the Ehrlich pathway and negatively regulated the demethiolation pathway via the methionine sulfoximine-responsive regulatory pathway. This finding revealed the regulatory nodes within the networks controlling the catabolism of Met into volatile organic sulfur-containing compounds, thereby enhancing our understanding of adaptation.IMPORTANCE Methionine shuttles organic nitrogen and plays a central role in nitrogen metabolism. Exogenous Met strongly induces the expression of ARO8-2 and PDC, represses the expression of STR3, and generates volatile organic sulfur-containing compounds via the Ehrlich and demethiolation pathways. In this study, we used genetic, bioinformatic, and metabolite-based analyses to confirm that transcriptional control of the aminotransferase gene ARO8-2, the decarboxylase gene PDC, and the demethiolase gene STR3 modulates Met catabolism into volatile organic sulfur-containing compounds. Importantly, we found that, in addition to the Ehrlich pathway, the demethiolation pathway was regulated by a nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive regulatory pathway that controlled the transcription of genes required to catabolize poor nitrogen sources. This work significantly advances our understanding of nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive transcriptional regulation of sulfur-containing amino acid catabolism and provides a basis for engineering Met catabolism pathways for the production of fuel and valuable flavor alcohols.
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Fatema U, Broberg A, Jensen DF, Karlsson M, Dubey M. Functional analysis of polyketide synthase genes in the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15009. [PMID: 30301915 PMCID: PMC6177402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a mycoparasitic fungus used for biological control of plant diseases. Its genome contains 31 genes putatively encoding for polyketide synthases (PKSs), 75% of which are arranged in biosynthetic gene clusters. Gene expression analysis during C. rosea interactions with the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum showed common and species-specific induction of PKS genes. Our data showed a culture media dependent correlation between PKS gene expression and degree of antagonism in C. rosea. The pks22 and pks29 genes were highly induced during fungal-fungal interactions but not during pigmentation, and gene deletion studies revealed that PKS29 was required for full antagonism against B. cinerea, and for biocontrol of fusarium foot rot on barley. Metabolite analysis revealed that Δpks29 strains has a 50% reduced production (P = 0.001) of an unknown polyketide with molecular formula C15H28O3, while Δpks22 strains lost the ability to produce four previously unknown polyketides named Clonorosein A-D. Clonorosein A and B were purified, their structures determined, and showed strong antifungal activity against B. cinerea and F. graminearum. These results show that PKS22 is required for production of antifungal polyketide Clonorosein A-D, and demonstrate the role of PKS29 in antagonism and biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umma Fatema
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, 412 Plant Science Building 1405 Veterans Drive, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Nygren K, Dubey M, Zapparata A, Iqbal M, Tzelepis GD, Durling MB, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. The mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea responds with both common and specific gene expression during interspecific interactions with fungal prey. Evol Appl 2018; 11:931-949. [PMID: 29928301 PMCID: PMC5999205 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a necrotrophic mycoparasitic fungus, used for biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms resulting in successful biocontrol is important for knowledge-based improvements of the application and use of biocontrol in agricultural production systems. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that C. rosea responded with both common and specific gene expression during interactions with the fungal prey species Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum. Genes predicted to encode proteins involved in membrane transport, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and carbohydrate-active enzymes were induced during the mycoparasitic attack. Predicted major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters constituted 54% of the induced genes, and detailed phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses showed that a majority of these genes belonged to MFS gene families evolving under selection for increased paralog numbers, with predicted functions in drug resistance and transport of carbohydrates and small organic compounds. Sequence analysis of MFS transporters from family 2.A.1.3.65 identified rapidly evolving loop regions forming the entry to the transport tunnel, indicating changes in substrate specificity as a target for selection. Deletion of the MFS transporter gene mfs464 resulted in mutants with increased growth inhibitory activity against F. graminearum, providing evidence for a function in interspecific fungal interactions. In summary, we show that the mycoparasite C. rosea can distinguish between fungal prey species and modulate its transcriptomic responses accordingly. Gene expression data emphasize the importance of secondary metabolites in mycoparasitic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Nygren
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Antonio Zapparata
- Department of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Georgios D. Tzelepis
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BiocenterLinnean Centre for Plant BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Mikael Brandström Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BiocenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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Demissie ZA, Foote SJ, Tan Y, Loewen MC. Profiling of the Transcriptomic Responses of Clonostachys rosea Upon Treatment With Fusarium graminearum Secretome. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1061. [PMID: 29930539 PMCID: PMC5999785 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea strain ACM941 is a fungal bio-control agent patented against the causative agent of Fusarium Head Blight, Fusarium graminearum. Although the molecular details remain enigmatic, previous studies have suggested that C. rosea may secrete F. graminearum growth inhibitors. Further toward this, experiments described herein show that induction of C. rosea cultures by the addition of an aliquot of F. graminearum(Fg)-spent media (including macroconidia), yield C. rosea (Cr)-spent media that elicited higher anti-F. graminearum activity than either control or deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced Cr-spent media. To gain additional insight into the genetic and metabolic factors modulating this interaction, transcriptomic (RNAseq) profiles of C. rosea in response to DON and Fg-spent media treatment, were developed. This analysis revealed 24,112 C. rosea unigenes, of which 5,605 and 6,285 were differentially regulated by DON and F-spent media, respectively. More than half of these unigenes were up-regulated, with annotations, most notably in the Fg-spent media treatment data, suggesting enhancement of polyketide (PK) and non-ribosomal peptide (NRP) secondary metabolite precursor synthesis, and PK/NRP-like synthases. Four ABC transporters were also up-regulated in response to Fg-spent media. Further analysis showed that the PK and NRP-like synthases belong to three gene clusters that also include ABC transporters, and other genes known to tailor secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The RNAseq data was further validated using quantitative RT-qPCR. Taken together, these results show that C. rosea responds to the presence of Fg-spent media (and to a lesser extent, DON-alone) by up-regulating unique aspects of its secondary metabolism-related genetic repertoire. The identities and roles of C. rosea secondary metabolites produced by the targeted gene clusters are now under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun A. Demissie
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Simon J. Foote
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yifang Tan
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michele C. Loewen
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Sun ZB, Zhang J, Sun MH, Li SD. Identification of genes related to chlamydospore formation in Clonostachys rosea 67-1. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00624. [PMID: 29635882 PMCID: PMC6341034 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydospores are specific structures that are of great significance to the commercialization of fungal biopesticides. To explore the genes associated with chlamydospore formation, a biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea 67‐1 that is capable of producing resistant spores under particular conditions was investigated by transcriptome sequencing and analysis. A total of 549,661,174 clean reads were obtained, and a series of differentially expressed genes potentially involved in fungal chlamydospore formation were identified. At 36 hr, 67 and 117 genes were up‐ and downregulated in C. rosea during chlamydospore production, compared with the control for conidiation, and 53 and 24 genes were up‐ and downregulated at 72 hr. GO classification suggested that the differentially expressed genes were related to cellular component, biological process, and molecular function categories. A total of 188 metabolism pathways were linked to chlamydospore production by KEGG analysis. Sixteen differentially expressed genes were verified by reverse transcription quantitative PCR, and the expression profiles were consistent with the transcriptome data. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on the genes associated with chlamydospore formation in C. rosea. The results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying C. rosea sporulation, which will assist the development of fungal biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Bin Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man-Hong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Dong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Vujanovic V, Kim SH. Adaptability of mitosporic stage in Sphaerodes mycoparasitica towards its mycoparasitic-polyphagous lifestyle. Mycologia 2018; 109:701-709. [PMID: 29336725 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2017.1400303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sphaerodes mycoparasitica Vuj. is a Fusarium-specific mycoparasite. Some recent discoveries recognize its biotrophic polyphagous lifestyle as an interesting biocontrol property against a broad spectrum of mycotoxigenic Fusarium hosts. Secondary metabolites such as mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. may play an important role in the signaling process, allowing an early mycoparasite-host recognition. A multiple-paper-disc assay has been conducted to test S. mycoparasitica hyphal adaptability to filtrates of 12 Fusarium spp. This study shows that shifts of adapted and nonadapted hyphal migration towards different Fusarium-host filtrates may partly explain S. mycoparasitica polyphagous lifestyle, and its adaptability depending on host preference or compatibility. In terms of host compatibility, the current findings suggest that S. mycoparasitica tends to prefer native Fusarium hosts more related to its origin and propose that the mycoparasite could possess diphasic interactions such as biotrophic-attraction and antagonistic-inhibition relationships based on relative radial growth. This implies that the mycoparasite may use a group of mycotoxins produced by specific Fusarium spp. as an adaptive selective mechanism that facilitates a parasite-host recognition and further successful mycoparasitism. In particular, relative polarity or hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of mycotoxins may be related to solubility and absorption properties in hyphae of the mycoparasite. Taken together, the studies of host compatibility and adaptability depending on host filtrates will aid in understanding complex mechanisms of S. mycoparasitica, as a promising model organism for a specific biotrophic mycoparasite to enhance and improve biocontrol efficacy against Fusaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vujanovic
- a Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences , University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon , SK S7N 5A8 , Canada
| | - Seon Hwa Kim
- a Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences , University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon , SK S7N 5A8 , Canada
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Ivanová H, Hamarová Ľ, Pristaš P. Clonostachys rosea associated with ponderosa and Coulter pine needles in Slovakia. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Transformation of the endochitinase gene Chi67-1 in Clonostachys rosea 67-1 increases its biocontrol activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. AMB Express 2017; 7:1. [PMID: 28050842 PMCID: PMC5209325 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a promising biocontrol fungus active against various plant fungal pathogens. In this study, the endochitinase-encoding gene Chi67-1, the expression of which is sharply upregulated in C. rosea 67-1 when induced by sclerotia, was transformed into the original isolate by protoplast transformation, and transformants were screened against Sclerotinia rot of soybean. The transformation efficiency was approximately 50 transformants per 1 × 107 protoplasts, and 68 stably heritable recombinants were assayed. The parasitic rates of 32.4% of the tested strains increased by more than 50% compared to 43.3% of the wild type strain in 16 h, and the Rc4-4 transformant showed a parasitic rate of 100% in 16 h. The control efficiencies of the selected efficient transformants to soybean Sclerotinia stem rot were evaluated in pots in the greenhouse, and the results revealed that Rc4-4 achieved the highest efficiency of 81.4%, which was 31.7% and 28.7% higher than the control achieved by the wide type and the pesticide carbendazim, respectively. Furthermore, the expression level of Chi67-1 was 107-fold higher in Rc4-4 than in the wild type, and accordingly, the chitinase activity of the recombinant increased by 140%. The results lay a foundation for the development of efficient genetically engineered strains of C. rosea.
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Gkarmiri K, Mahmood S, Ekblad A, Alström S, Högberg N, Finlay R. Identifying the Active Microbiome Associated with Roots and Rhizosphere Soil of Oilseed Rape. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e01938-17. [PMID: 28887416 PMCID: PMC5666129 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01938-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA stable isotope probing and high-throughput sequencing were used to characterize the active microbiomes of bacteria and fungi colonizing the roots and rhizosphere soil of oilseed rape to identify taxa assimilating plant-derived carbon following 13CO2 labeling. Root- and rhizosphere soil-associated communities of both bacteria and fungi differed from each other, and there were highly significant differences between their DNA- and RNA-based community profiles. Verrucomicrobia, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi were the most active bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere soil. Bacteroidetes were more active in roots. The most abundant bacterial genera were well represented in both the 13C- and 12C-RNA fractions, while the fungal taxa were more differentiated. Streptomyces, Rhizobium, and Flavobacterium were dominant in roots, whereas Rhodoplanes and Sphingomonas (Kaistobacter) were dominant in rhizosphere soil. "Candidatus Nitrososphaera" was enriched in 13C in rhizosphere soil. Olpidium and Dendryphion were abundant in the 12C-RNA fraction of roots; Clonostachys was abundant in both roots and rhizosphere soil and heavily 13C enriched. Cryptococcus was dominant in rhizosphere soil and less abundant, but was 13C enriched in roots. The patterns of colonization and C acquisition revealed in this study assist in identifying microbial taxa that may be superior competitors for plant-derived carbon in the rhizosphere of Brassica napusIMPORTANCE This microbiome study characterizes the active bacteria and fungi colonizing the roots and rhizosphere soil of Brassica napus using high-throughput sequencing and RNA-stable isotope probing. It identifies taxa assimilating plant-derived carbon following 13CO2 labeling and compares these with other less active groups not incorporating a plant assimilate. Brassica napus is an economically and globally important oilseed crop, cultivated for edible oil, biofuel production, and phytoextraction of heavy metals; however, it is susceptible to several diseases. The identification of the fungal and bacterial species successfully competing for plant-derived carbon, enabling them to colonize the roots and rhizosphere soil of this plant, should enable the identification of microorganisms that can be evaluated in more detailed functional studies and ultimately be used to improve plant health and productivity in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantia Gkarmiri
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shahid Mahmood
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alf Ekblad
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Sadhna Alström
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nils Högberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roger Finlay
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lysøe E, Dees MW, Brurberg MB. A Three-Way Transcriptomic Interaction Study of a Biocontrol Agent (Clonostachys rosea), a Fungal Pathogen (Helminthosporium solani), and a Potato Host (Solanum tuberosum). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:646-655. [PMID: 28585451 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-17-0062-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Helminthosporium solani causes silver scurf, which affects the quality of potato. The biocontrol agent Clonostachys rosea greatly limited the severity of silver scurf symptoms and amount of H. solani genomic DNA in laboratory experiments. Transcriptomic analysis during interaction showed that H. solani gene expression was highly reduced when coinoculated with the biocontrol agent C. rosea, whereas gene expression of C. rosea was clearly boosted as a response to the pathogen. The most notable upregulated C. rosea genes were those encoding proteins involved in cellular response to oxidative stress, proteases, G-protein signaling, and the methyltransferase LaeA. The most notable potato response to both fungi was downregulation of defense-related genes and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases. At a later stage, this shifted, and most potato defense genes were turned on, especially those involved in terpenoid biosynthesis when H. solani was present. Some biocontrol-activated defense-related genes in potato were upregulated during early interaction with C. rosea alone that were not triggered by H. solani alone. Our results indicate that the reductions of silver scurf using C. rosea are probably due to a combination of mechanisms, including mycoparasitism, biocontrol-activated stimulation of plant defense mechanisms, microbial competition for nutrients, space, and antibiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lysøe
- 1 Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Høgskoleveien 7, 1430 Ås, Norway; and
| | - Merete W Dees
- 1 Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Høgskoleveien 7, 1430 Ås, Norway; and
| | - May Bente Brurberg
- 1 Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Høgskoleveien 7, 1430 Ås, Norway; and
- 2 Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
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Zhang J, Sun Z, Li S, Sun M. Identification of suitable reference genes during the formation of chlamydospores in Clonostachys rosea 67-1. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28677248 PMCID: PMC5635156 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a potential biocontrol fungus that can produce highly resistant chlamydospores under specific conditions. To investigate the genes related to chlamydospore formation, we identified reliable reference genes for quantification of gene expression in C. rosea 67-1 during sporulation. In this study, nine reference genes, actin (ACT), elongation factor 1 (EF1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), histone (HIS), RNA polymerase II CTD phosphatase Fcp1 (RPP), succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSD), TATA-binding protein (TBP), ubiquitin (UBQ), and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UCE), were selected and cloned from 67-1, and their expression stability during chlamydospore formation was determined using reverse transcription quantitative PCR and assessed using the software geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. The Ct values of the candidates ranged from 19.9 to 29.7, among which HIS, ACT and SSD exhibited high expression levels. The statistical analysis showed that ACT and SSD were most stably expressed, while UBQ and GAPDH showed relatively large variations under different culture conditions. Calculation of pairwise variation value indicated that two reference genes were required for precise quantification. Finally, ACT and SSD were selected to normalize gene expression during chlamydospore production in C. rosea 67-1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of SSD as a reference gene. This study will facilitate the accurate quantification of differentially expressed genes during the generation of chlamydospores and contribute to the investigation of the molecular mechanism underlying chlamydospore formation in C. rosea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanbin Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shidong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manhong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Mycoparasitism is a lifestyle where one fungus establishes parasitic interactions with other fungi. Species of the genus Trichoderma together with Clonostachys rosea are among the most studied fungal mycoparasites. They have wide host ranges comprising several plant pathogens and are used for biological control of plant diseases. Trichoderma as well as C. rosea mycoparasites efficiently overgrow and kill their fungal prey by using infection structures and by applying lytic enzymes and toxic metabolites. Most of our knowledge on the putative signals and signaling pathways involved in prey recognition and activation of the mycoparasitic response is derived from studies with Trichoderma. These fungi rely on G-protein signaling, the cAMP pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades during growth and development as well as during mycoparasitism. The signals being recognized by the mycoparasite may include surface molecules and surface properties as well as secondary metabolites and other small molecules released from the prey. Their exact nature, however, remains elusive so far. Recent genomics-based studies of mycoparasitic fungi of the order Hypocreales, i.e., Trichoderma species, C. rosea, Tolypocladium ophioglossoides, and Escovopsis weberi, revealed not only several gene families with a mycoparasitism-related expansion of gene paralogue numbers, but also distinct differences between the different mycoparasites. We use this information to illustrate the biological principles and molecular basis of necrotrophic mycoparasitism and compare the mycoparasitic strategies of Trichoderma as a "model" mycoparasite with the behavior and special features of C. rosea, T. ophioglossoides, and E. weberi.
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Efficacy of fungal and bacterial antagonists for controlling growth, FUM1 gene expression and fumonisin B 1 production by Fusarium verticillioides on maize cobs of different ripening stages. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 246:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ferreira MC, Cantrell CL, Wedge DE, Gonçalves VN, Jacob MR, Khan S, Rosa CA, Rosa LH. Diversity of the endophytic fungi associated with the ancient and narrowly endemic neotropical plant Vellozia gigantea from the endangered Brazilian rupestrian grasslands. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Samsudin NIP, Medina A, Magan N. Relationship between environmental conditions, carbon utilisation patterns and Niche Overlap Indices of the mycotoxigenic species Fusarium verticillioides and the biocontrol agent Clonostachys rosea. FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Clonostachys rosea (strain YKD0085). The functional annotation of C. rosea provides important information related to its ability to produce secondary metabolites. The genome sequence presented here builds the basis for further genome mining.
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Liu JY, Li SD, Sun MH. Transaldolase gene Tal67 enhances the biocontrol activity of Clonostachys rosea 67-1 against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:503-508. [PMID: 27130824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a promising biocontrol agent that parasitizes various fungal plant pathogens. In this paper, transaldolase gene Tal67 was found to be greatly upregulated in C. rosea isolate 67-1 during mycoparasitism of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed a significant increase in expression at 0-48 h after induction by sclerotia, and the level peaked at 13.9-fold higher than the control at 24 h. Gene disruption led to a decrease in the growth rate of the Tal67-deficient strain ΔTal67 to 5.3 mm/day, which was much lower than the wild type and the complemented strain ΔTal67+ (P < 0.05). The antagonistic activity of ΔTal67 against Botrytis cinerea was 15.8% lower than the wild type, and the parasitic rate to S. sclerotiorum decreased by 24.6%. However, reinsertion of the transaldolase gene recovered the fungicidal activity of C. rosea. The efficacy of the mutants against soybean Sclerotinia stem rot was evaluated in the greenhouse, and the control efficiency of isolate 67-1 reached 65.3%, while the efficiency of the ΔTal67 strain decreased sharply to 17.8%, and the complemented strain ΔTal67+ recovered to 64.8%. These results suggest that Tal67 plays an important role in the growth and biocontrol activity of C. rosea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shi-Dong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Man-Hong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Relationship between mycoparasites lifestyles and biocontrol behaviors against Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5257-72. [PMID: 27121573 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Global food security research is seeking eco-friendly solutions to control mycotoxins in grain infected by fungi (molds). In particular, mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. outbreak is a chronic threat for cereal grain production, human, and animal health. In this review paper, we discuss up-to-date biological control strategies in applying mycoparasites as biological control agents (BCA) to prevent plant diseases in crops and mycotoxins in grain, food, and feed. The aim is to increase food safety and to minimize economic losses due to the reduced grain yield and quality. However, recent papers indicate that the study of the BCA specialists with biotrophic lifestyle lags behind our understanding of the BCA generalists with necrotrophic lifestyle. We examine critical behavioral traits of the two BCA groups of mycoparasites. The goal is to highlight their major characteristics in the context of future research towards an efficient biocontrol strategy against mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species. The emphasis is put on biocontrol of Fusarium graminearum, F. avenaceum, and F. culmorum causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals and their mycotoxins.
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Otto A, Laub A, Wendt L, Porzel A, Schmidt J, Palfner G, Becerra J, Krüger D, Stadler M, Wessjohann L, Westermann B, Arnold N. Chilenopeptins A and B, Peptaibols from the Chilean Sepedonium aff. chalcipori KSH 883. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:929-38. [PMID: 26953507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Chilean Sepedonium aff. chalcipori strain KSH 883, isolated from the endemic Boletus loyo Philippi, was studied in a polythetic approach based on chemical, molecular, and biological data. A taxonomic study of the strain using molecular data of the ITS, EF1-α, and RPB2 barcoding genes confirmed the position of the isolated strain within the S. chalcipori clade, but also suggested the separation of this clade into three different species. Two new linear 15-residue peptaibols, named chilenopeptins A (1) and B (2), together with the known peptaibols tylopeptins A (3) and B (4) were isolated from the semisolid culture of strain KSH 883. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of HRESIMS(n) experiments in conjunction with comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR analysis. Thus, the sequence of chilenopeptin A (1) was identified as Ac-Aib(1)-Ser(2)-Trp(3)-Aib(4)-Pro(5)-Leu(6)-Aib(7)-Aib(8)-Gln(9)-Aib(10)-Aib(11)-Gln(12)-Aib(13)-Leu(14)-Pheol(15), while chilenopeptin B (2) differs from 1 by the replacement of Trp(3) by Phe(3). Additionally, the total synthesis of 1 and 2 was accomplished by a solid-phase approach, confirming the absolute configuration of all chiral amino acids as l. Both the chilenopeptins (1 and 2) and tylopeptins (3 and 4) were evaluated for their potential to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Otto
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Annegret Laub
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lucile Wendt
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andrea Porzel
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jürgen Schmidt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Götz Palfner
- Departamento de Botanica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanograficas, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Becerra
- Departamento de Botanica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanograficas, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Dirk Krüger
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ludger Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Keyser CA, Jensen B, Meyling NV. Dual effects of Metarhizium spp. and Clonostachys rosea against an insect and a seed-borne pathogen in wheat. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:517-526. [PMID: 25827357 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crops are often prone to both insect herbivory and disease, which necessitate multiple control measures. Ideally, an efficacious biological control agent must adequately control the target organism and not be inhibited by other biological control agents when applied simultaneously. Wheat seeds infected with the plant pathogen Fusarium culmorum were treated with Metarhizium brunneum or M. flavoviride and Clonostachys rosea individually and in combination, with the expectation to control both root-feeding insects and the pathogen. Emerging roots were evaluated for disease and then placed with Tenebrio molitor larvae, which were monitored for infection. RESULTS Plant disease symptoms were nearly absent for seeds treated with C. rosea, both individually and in combination with Metarhizium spp. Furthermore, roots grown from seeds treated with Metarhizium spp. caused significant levels of fungal infection in larvae when used individually or combined with C. rosea. However, cotreated seeds showed reduced virulence towards T. molitor when compared with treatments using Metarhizium spp. only. CONCLUSIONS This study clearly shows that seed treatments with both the entomopathogenic fungus M. brunneum and the mycoparasitic fungus C. rosea can protect plant roots from insects and disease. The dual-treatment approach to biological control presented here is consistent with the ideals of IPM strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Keyser
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Organismal Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Genetics and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nicolai V Meyling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Organismal Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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