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Ambu J, Martínez-Solano Í, Suchan T, Hernandez A, Wielstra B, Crochet PA, Dufresnes C. Genomic phylogeography illuminates deep cyto-nuclear discordances in midwife toads (Alytes). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 183:107783. [PMID: 37044190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The advent of genomic methods allows us to revisit the evolutionary history of organismal groups for which robust phylogenies are still lacking, particularly in species complexes that frequently hybridize. In this study, we conduct RAD-sequencing (RAD-seq) analyses of midwife toads (genus Alytes), an iconic group of western Mediterranean amphibians famous for their parental care behavior, but equally infamous for the difficulties to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Through admixture and phylogenetic analyses of thousands of loci, we provide the most comprehensive phylogeographic framework for the A. obstetricans complex to date, as well as the first fully resolved phylogeny for the entire genus. As part of this effort, we carefully explore the influence of different sampling schemes and data filtering thresholds on tree reconstruction, showing that several, slightly different, yet robust topologies may be retrieved with small datasets obtained by stringent SNP calling parameters, especially when admixed individuals are included. In contrast, analyses of incomplete but larger datasets converged on the same phylogeny, irrespective of the reconstruction method used or the proportion of missing data. The Alytes tree features three Miocene-diverged clades corresponding to the proposed subgenera Ammoryctis (A. cisternasii), Baleaphryne (A. maurus, A. dickhilleni and A. muletensis), and Alytes (A. obstetricans complex). The latter consists of six evolutionary lineages, grouped into three clades of Pliocene origin, and currently delimited as two species: (1) A. almogavarii almogavarii and A. a. inigoi; (2) A. obstetricans obstetricans and A. o. pertinax; (3) A. o. boscai and an undescribed taxon (A. o. cf. boscai). These results contradict the mitochondrial tree, due to past mitochondrial captures in A. a. almogavarii (central Pyrenees) and A. o. boscai (central Iberia) by A. obstetricans ancestors during the Pleistocene. Patterns of admixture between subspecies appear far more extensive than previously assumed from microsatellites, causing nomenclatural uncertainties, and even underlying the reticulate evolution of one taxon (A. o. pertinax). All Ammoryctis and Baleaphryne species form shallow clades, so their taxonomy should remain stable. Amid the prevalence of cyto-nuclear discordance among terrestrial vertebrates and the usual lack of resolution of conventional nuclear markers, our study advocates for phylogeography based on next-generation sequencing, but also encourages properly exploring parameter space and sampling schemes when building and analyzing genomic datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ambu
- LASER, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Íñigo Martínez-Solano
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomasz Suchan
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Axel Hernandez
- LASER, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Wielstra
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christophe Dufresnes
- LASER, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Albert EM, García-Navas V. Population structure and genetic diversity of the threatened pygmy newt Triturus pygmaeus in a network of natural and artificial ponds. CONSERV GENET 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-022-01437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPond physical characteristics (connectivity, hydroperiod) have shown to be highly relevant in explaining species presence, reproductive success, and survival in breeding-pond amphibians. However, few studies have addressed the influence that these factors may have on the genetic variability of pond populations. We examined genetic variation at 11 microsatellite loci in Iberian endemic, the pygmy newt (Triturus pygmaeus), from 58 breeding ponds in the Doñana National Park (Andalusia), including both temporary ponds and artificially deepened ponds that remain wet during the whole year. Temporary ponds are located in the North part of the region where the surrounding habitat-wet meadows-facilitates the connectivity among populations, whereas the deepest ponds (‘zacallones’) are located in the southern edge embedded in a matrix of unsuitable habitat (thickets and dry underbrush). We investigated genetic diversity and structure within and among ponds. Our results show that both regions (Doñana-North and Doñana-South) are well-differentiated and form two main clusters. We found higher genetic diversity within ponds from the North region, which also exhibited a higher degree of genetic admixture in comparison with populations from the southern edge. Although we found an isolation-by-distance pattern within each cluster, it arose due to the effect of a few isolated ponds located on the edge of each zone, suggesting the existence of substantial gene flow between ponds in the core area. According to our findings, landscape’s permeability to movement (pond connectivity) may constitute a more important factor than hydroperiod length in determining the genetic diversity and viability of pygmy newt populations in this area. Although Doñana populations show a good state, more peripheral and isolated populations present a more worrisome condition as a result of fragmentation and thus, require conservation efforts. Our study provides key insights that could help guide management practices of this threatened and poorly-studied salamander.
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Reyne M, Dicks K, McFarlane C, Aubry A, Emmerson M, Marnell F, Reid N, Helyar S. Population genetic structure of the Natterjack toad (Epidalea calamita) in Ireland: implications for conservation management. CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-021-01421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMolecular methods can play a crucial role in species management and conservation. Despite the usefulness of genetic approaches, they are often not explicitly included as part of species recovery plans and conservation practises. The Natterjack toad (Epidalea calamita) is regionally Red-Listed as Endangered in Ireland. The species is declining and is now present at just seven sites within a highly restricted range. This study used 13 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to analyse the population genetic diversity and structure. Genetic diversity was high with expected heterozygosity between 0.55 and 0.61 and allelic richness between 4.77 and 5.92. Effective population sizes were small (Ne < 100 individuals), but not abnormal for pond breeding amphibians. However, there was no evidence of historical or contemporary genetic bottlenecks or high levels of inbreeding. We identified a positive relationship between Ne and breeding pond surface area, suggesting that environmental factors are a key determinant of population size. Significant genetic structuring was detected throughout the species’ range, and we identified four genetic entities that should be considered in the species’ conservation strategies. Management should focus on preventing further population declines and future loss of genetic diversity overall and within genetic entities while maintaining adequate local effective population size through site-specific protection, human-mediated translocations and head-start programs. The apparent high levels of genetic variation give hope for the conservation of Ireland’s rarest amphibian if appropriately protected and managed.
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Abstract
Pinus koraiensis is a well-known precious tree species in East Asia with high economic, ornamental and ecological value. More than fifty percent of the P. koraiensis forests in the world are distributed in northeast China, a region with abundant germplasm resources. However, these natural P. koraiensis sources are in danger of genetic erosion caused by continuous climate changes, natural disturbances such as wildfire and frequent human activity. Little work has been conducted on the population genetic structure and genetic differentiation of P. koraiensis in China because of the lack of genetic information. In this study, 480 P. koraiensis individuals from 16 natural populations were sampled and genotyped. Fifteen polymorphic expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers were used to evaluate genetic diversity, population structure and differentiation in P. koraiensis. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of the EST-SSR marker data showed that 33% of the total genetic variation was among populations and 67% was within populations. A high level of genetic diversity was found across the P. koraiensis populations, and the highest levels of genetic diversity were found in HH, ZH, LS and TL populations. Moreover, pairwise Fst values revealed significant genetic differentiation among populations (mean Fst = 0.177). According to the results of the STRUCTURE and Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree analyses and principal component analysis (PCA), the studied geographical populations cluster into two genetic clusters: cluster 1 from Xiaoxinganling Mountains and cluster 2 from Changbaishan Mountains. These results are consistent with the geographical distributions of the populations. The results provide new genetic information for future genome-wide association studies (GWAS), marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) in natural P. koraiensis breeding programs and can aid the development of conservation and management strategies for this valuable conifer species.
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Fusco NA, Pehek E, Munshi‐South J. Urbanization reduces gene flow but not genetic diversity of stream salamander populations in the New York City metropolitan area. Evol Appl 2021; 14:99-116. [PMID: 33519959 PMCID: PMC7819553 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural landscape heterogeneity and barriers resulting from urbanization can reduce genetic connectivity between populations. The evolutionary, demographic, and ecological effects of reduced connectivity may lead to population isolation and ultimately extinction. Alteration to the terrestrial and aquatic environment caused by urban influence can affect gene flow, specifically for stream salamanders who depend on both landscapes for survival and reproduction. To examine how urbanization affects a relatively common stream salamander species, we compared genetic connectivity of Eurycea bislineata (northern two-lined salamander) populations within and between streams in an urban, suburban, and rural habitat around the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area. We report reduced genetic connectivity between streams within the urban landscape found to correspond with potential barriers to gene flow, that is, areas with more dense urbanization (roadways, industrial buildings, and residential housing). The suburban populations also exhibited areas of reduced connectivity correlated with areas of greater human land use and greater connectivity within a preserve protected from development. Connectivity was relatively high among neighboring rural streams, but a major roadway corresponded with genetic breaks even though the habitat contained more connected green space overall. Despite greater human disturbance across the landscape, urban and suburban salamander populations maintained comparable levels of genetic diversity to their rural counterparts. Yet small effective population size in the urban habitats yielded a high probability of loss of heterozygosity due to genetic drift in the future. In conclusion, urbanization impacted connectivity among stream salamander populations where its continual influence may eventually hinder population persistence for this native species in urban habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Pehek
- Natural Resources GroupNew York City Department of Parks & RecreationNew YorkNYUSA
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Madeira FF, Delgado LMG, Bittinelli IDF, Sartori RQ, Oliveira JD, Rosa JAD, Azeredo-Oliveira MTVD, Alevi KCC. Revisiting the genetic variability of Brazilian peridomestic populations of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma sordida () (Hemiptera, Triatominae). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104568. [PMID: 32980578 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Triatoma sordida is an endemic species to South America, currently considered the species most frequently found in the peridomestic environment in Brazil. This triatomine has a wide ecological tolerability that allows it to inhabit several ecotopes and use different food sources. Although the species is considered predominantly peridomestic, it is also capable of colonizing households and forming numerous intra-household colonies, leading to its inclusion among the priorities for triatomine control campaigns in Brazil. All Brazilian populations of T. sordida are considered as T. sordida sensu stricto by chromosomal analyses (which highlights their epidemiological importance), although molecular studies that characterize the genetic diversity of these populations are scarce, being restricted only to the region of Minas Gerais. Thus, several populations of this vector distributed in the states of Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Minas Gerais were analyzed using mitochondrial markers (cyt b and nd1). Low nucleotide diversity, high haplotypic diversity, low genetic distance, and high FST value were observed, as well as the formation of a monophyletic clade of the Brazilian populations of T. sordida, which confirms that this species has low genetic variability, with all specimens in Brazil grouped in T. sordida sensu stricto. In addition to the genetic and evolutionary importance for the knowledge of the biology of these vectors, these results are important from an epidemiological point of view, thus being able to direct vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fernandez Madeira
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", IBILCE/UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiza Maria Grzyb Delgado
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", IBB/UNESP, Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora de Freitas Bittinelli
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", IBB/UNESP, Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Quitério Sartori
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", IBILCE/UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", FCFAR/UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", FCFAR/UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo-Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", IBILCE/UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", IBB/UNESP, Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", FCFAR/UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil..
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No decline of genetic diversity in elongate loach (Leptobotia elongata) with a tendency to form population structure in the upper Yangtze River. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Holderegger R, Schmidt BR, Grünig C, Meier R, Csencsics D, Gassner M, Rellstab C, Stapfer A. Ready-to-use workflows for the implementation of genetic tools in conservation management. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-020-01165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWe present a conservation genetics tool kit, which offers two ready-to-use workflows for the routine application of genetic methods in conservation management. The workflows were optimized for work load and costs and are accompanied by an easy-to-read and richly illustrated manual with guidelines regarding sampling design, sampling of genetic material, necessary permits, laboratory methods, statistical analyses and documentation of results in a practice-oriented way. The manual also provides a detailed interpretation help for the implementation of the results in conservation management. One workflow deals with the identification of pond-breeding amphibians based on metabarcoding and environmental DNA (eDNA) from water samples. This workflow also discriminates the morphologically similar water frogs (Pelophylax sp.) and other closely related species (e.g. Triturus cristatus and T. carnifex). The second workflow studies connectivity among populations using microsatellite markers. Its statistical analyses encompass the detection of genetic groups and historical, recent and current dispersal and gene flow. Using the two workflows does not involve academic research institutes; they can be applied by environmental consultancies, laboratories from the private sector, governmental agencies or non-governmental organisations. These and additional conservation genetic workflows will hopefully foster the routine use of genetic methods in conservation management.
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Lucati F, Poignet M, Miró A, Trochet A, Aubret F, Barthe L, Bertrand R, Buchaca T, Calvez O, Caner J, Darnet E, Denoël M, Guillaume O, Le Chevalier H, Martínez-Silvestre A, Mossoll-Torres M, O'Brien D, Osorio V, Pottier G, Richard M, Sabás I, Souchet J, Tomàs J, Ventura M. Multiple glacial refugia and contemporary dispersal shape the genetic structure of an endemic amphibian from the Pyrenees. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2904-2921. [PMID: 32563209 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Historical factors (colonization scenarios, demographic oscillations) and contemporary processes (population connectivity, current population size) largely contribute to shaping species' present-day genetic diversity and structure. In this study, we use a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers to understand the role of Quaternary climatic oscillations and present-day gene flow dynamics in determining the genetic diversity and structure of the newt Calotriton asper (Al. Dugès, 1852), endemic to the Pyrenees. Mitochondrial DNA did not show a clear phylogeographic pattern and presented low levels of variation. In contrast, microsatellites revealed five major genetic lineages with admixture patterns at their boundaries. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses and linear models indicated that the five lineages likely underwent separate evolutionary histories and can be tracked back to distinct glacial refugia. Lineage differentiation started around the Last Glacial Maximum at three focal areas (western, central and eastern Pyrenees) and extended through the end of the Last Glacial Period in the central Pyrenees, where it led to the formation of two more lineages. Our data revealed no evidence of recent dispersal between lineages, whereas borders likely represent zones of secondary contact following expansion from multiple refugia. Finally, we did not find genetic evidence of sex-biased dispersal. This work highlights the importance of integrating past evolutionary processes and present-day gene flow and dispersal dynamics, together with multilocus approaches, to gain insights into what shaped the current genetic attributes of amphibians living in montane habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lucati
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
| | - Manon Poignet
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Alexandre Miró
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
| | - Audrey Trochet
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France.,Société Herpétologique de France, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Aubret
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Laurent Barthe
- Association Nature En Occitanie, Maison de l'Environnement de Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Bertrand
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Teresa Buchaca
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
| | - Olivier Calvez
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Jenny Caner
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
| | - Elodie Darnet
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Mathieu Denoël
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians (LECA), Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Olivier Guillaume
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Hugo Le Chevalier
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | | | | | | | - Víctor Osorio
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
| | - Gilles Pottier
- Association Nature En Occitanie, Maison de l'Environnement de Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Murielle Richard
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Ibor Sabás
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
| | - Jérémie Souchet
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Université Paul Sabatier, Moulis, France
| | - Jan Tomàs
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
| | - Marc Ventura
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
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Pan T, Zhou K, Zhang S, Shu Y, Zhang J, Li E, Wang M, Yan P, Wu H. Effects of dispersal barriers and geographic distance on the genetic structure of a narrowly distributed frog in a spatially structured landscape. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Pan
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - K. Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - S.‐L. Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - Y.‐L. Shu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - J.‐H. Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - E. Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - M.‐S. Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - P. Yan
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - H.‐L. Wu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources College of Life Sciences Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
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Arroyo-Lambaer D, Chapman H, Hale M, Blackburn D. Conservation genetics of two threatened frogs from the Mambilla highlands, Nigeria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202010. [PMID: 30110399 PMCID: PMC6093670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are the vertebrate group with the highest number of species threatened with extinction, and habitat loss and fragmentation are considered to be among the leading causes of their declines and extinctions. Little is known of the population biology of amphibian species inhabiting montane forests in Central and West Africa, where anthropogenic activities such as farming and cattle raising are major threats to native biodiversity. We used Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) to assess the population genetic structure of two poorly known species, Cardioglossa schioetzi and Leptodactylodon bicolor (both in the Arthroleptidae), in and around Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve on the Mambilla Plateau in eastern Nigeria. The landscape comprises continuous forest on steep slopes and small riparian forest fragments in a grassland matrix. While increased fragmentation is well documented for these and other forests in the mountains of Cameroon and Nigeria over the past century, there are no previous assessments of the impact of forest fragmentation on montane amphibian populations in this region. Our estimates of genetic diversity are similar across populations within each species with levels of heterozygosity values consistent with local population declines. Except for a pair of populations (C. schioetzi) we did not observe genetic differentiation between forest and riparian forest fragment populations, nor across sites within continuous forest (L. bicolor). Our results demonstrate recent gene flow between forest fragments and the adjacent protected forests and suggest that small forest corridors connecting these may lessen the genetic consequences of at least 30 years of intense and severe fragmentation in Ngel Nyaki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Arroyo-Lambaer
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Hazel Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Marie Hale
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Blackburn
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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van Strien MJ. Consequences of population topology for studying gene flow using link-based landscape genetic methods. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5070-5081. [PMID: 28770047 PMCID: PMC5528204 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many landscape genetic studies aim to determine the effect of landscape on gene flow between populations. These studies frequently employ link‐based methods that relate pairwise measures of historical gene flow to measures of the landscape and the geographical distance between populations. However, apart from landscape and distance, there is a third important factor that can influence historical gene flow, that is, population topology (i.e., the arrangement of populations throughout a landscape). As the population topology is determined in part by the landscape configuration, I argue that it should play a more prominent role in landscape genetics. Making use of existing literature and theoretical examples, I discuss how population topology can influence results in landscape genetic studies and how it can be taken into account to improve the accuracy of these results. In support of my arguments, I have performed a literature review of landscape genetic studies published during the first half of 2015 as well as several computer simulations of gene flow between populations. First, I argue why one should carefully consider which population pairs should be included in link‐based analyses. Second, I discuss several ways in which the population topology can be incorporated in response and explanatory variables. Third, I outline why it is important to sample populations in such a way that a good representation of the population topology is obtained. Fourth, I discuss how statistical testing for link‐based approaches could be influenced by the population topology. I conclude the article with six recommendations geared toward better incorporating population topology in link‐based landscape genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J van Strien
- Planning of Landscape and Urban Systems (PLUS) Institute for Spatial and Landscape Planning ETH Zurich Zürich Switzerland
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Tracking the introduction history of Ichthyosaura alpestris in a protected area of Central Spain. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Gour DS, Reddy PA. Genetic monitoring critical in low-density and poorly studied tiger ( Panthera tigris) habitats in India. A comment by D.S. Gour & P.A. Reddy. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2015.1119195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Digpal S. Gour
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Biotecnología y Agronomía, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Querétaro 76130, México
| | - Patlolla Anuradha Reddy
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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15
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Oromi N, Michaux J, Denoël M. High gene flow between alternative morphs and the evolutionary persistence of facultative paedomorphosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32046. [PMID: 27534370 PMCID: PMC4989185 DOI: 10.1038/srep32046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paedomorphosis and metamorphosis are two major developmental processes that characterize the evolution of complex life cycles in many lineages. Whereas these processes were fixed in some taxa, they remained facultative in others, with alternative phenotypes expressed in the same populations. From a genetic perspective, it is still unknown whether such phenotypes form a single population or whether they show some patterns of isolation in syntopy. This has deep implications for understanding the evolution of the phenotypes, i.e. towards their persistence or their fixation and speciation. Newts and salamanders are excellent models to test this hypothesis because they exhibit both developmental processes in their populations: the aquatic paedomorphs retain gills, whereas the metamorphs are able to colonize land. Using microsatellite data of coexisting paedomorphic and metamorphic palmate newts (Lissotriton helveticus), we found that they formed a panmictic population, which evidences sexual compatibility between the two phenotypes. The high gene flow could be understood as an adaptation to unstable habitats in which phenotypic plasticity is favored over the fixation of developmental alternatives. This makes then possible the persistence of a polyphenism: only metamorphosis could be maintained in case of occasional drying whereas paedomorphosis could offer specific advantages in organisms remaining in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Oromi
- Laboratory of Fish and Amphibian Ethology, Behavioural Biology Unit, Freshwater and Oceanic Science Unit of Research (FOCUS), University of Liège, 22 Quai van Beneden, 4020 Liège, Belgium
| | - Johan Michaux
- Conservation Genetics, University of Liège, Institute of Botany (Bat. 22), 2 Chemin de la Vallée, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Denoël
- Laboratory of Fish and Amphibian Ethology, Behavioural Biology Unit, Freshwater and Oceanic Science Unit of Research (FOCUS), University of Liège, 22 Quai van Beneden, 4020 Liège, Belgium
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16
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Frei M, Csencsics D, Brodbeck S, Schweizer E, Bühler C, Gugerli F, Bolliger J. Combining landscape genetics, radio-tracking and long-term monitoring to derive management implications for Natterjack toads (Epidalea calamita) in agricultural landscapes. J Nat Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Roth S, Jehle R. High genetic diversity of common toad (Bufo bufo) populations under strong natural fragmentation on a Northern archipelago. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1626-36. [PMID: 27087930 PMCID: PMC4801968 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decades have shown a surge in studies focusing on the interplay between fragmented habitats, genetic variation, and conservation. In the present study, we consider the case of a temperate pond-breeding anuran (the common toad Bufo bufo) inhabiting a naturally strongly fragmented habitat at the Northern fringe of the species' range: islands offshore the Norwegian coast. A total of 475 individuals from 19 populations (three mainland populations and 16 populations on seven adjacent islands) were genetically characterized using nine microsatellite markers. As expected for a highly fragmented habitat, genetic distances between populations were high (pairwise F st values ranging between 0.06 and 0.33), with however little differences between populations separated by ocean and populations separated by terrestrial habitat (mainland and on islands). Despite a distinct cline in genetic variation from mainland populations to peripheral islands, the study populations were characterized by overall high genetic variation, in line with effective population sizes derived from single-sample estimators which were on average about 20 individuals. Taken together, our results reinforce the notion that spatial and temporal scales of fragmentation need to be considered when studying the interplay between landscape fragmentation and genetic erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Roth
- The Natural History Collections University Museum of Bergen Bergen N-5020 Norway
| | - Robert Jehle
- School of Environment and Life Sciences University of Salford Salford M5 4WT UK
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18
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Zhang W, Luo Z, Zhao M, Wu H. High genetic diversity in the endangered and narrowly distributed amphibian species Leptobrachium leishanense. Integr Zool 2015; 10:465-81. [PMID: 26037662 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Threatened species typically have a small or declining population size, which make them highly susceptible to loss of genetic diversity through genetic drift and inbreeding. Genetic diversity determines the evolutionary potential of a species; therefore, maintaining the genetic diversity of threatened species is essential for their conservation. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity of the adaptive major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in an endangered and narrowly distributed amphibian species, Leptobrachium leishanense in Southwest China. We compared the genetic variation of MHC class I genes with that observed in neutral markers (5 microsatellite loci and cytochrome b gene) to elucidate the relative roles of genetic drift and natural selection in shaping the current MHC polymorphism in this species. We found a high level of genetic diversity in this population at both MHC and neutral markers compared with other threatened amphibian species. Historical positive selection was evident in the MHC class I genes. The higher allelic richness in MHC markers compared with that of microsatellite loci suggests that selection rather than genetic drift plays a prominent role in shaping the MHC variation pattern, as drift can affect all the genome in a similar way but selection directly targets MHC genes. Although demographic analysis revealed no recent bottleneck events in L. leishanense, additional population decline will accelerate the dangerous status for this species. We suggest that the conservation management of L. leishanense should concentrate on maximizing the retention of genetic diversity through preventing their continuous population decline. Protecting their living habitats and forbidding illegal hunting are the most important measures for conservation of L. leishanense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, International Research Centre of Ecology and Environment, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, International Research Centre of Ecology and Environment, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, International Research Centre of Ecology and Environment, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, International Research Centre of Ecology and Environment, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Albert EM, Fernández-Beaskoetxea S, Godoy JA, Tobler U, Schmidt BR, Bosch J. Genetic management of an amphibian population after a chytridiomycosis outbreak. CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-014-0644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Genetic diversity and population structure of the critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) as revealed by mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:11307-23. [PMID: 24968271 PMCID: PMC4139784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150711307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological surveys have indicated that the population of the critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP, Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) is becoming increasingly small and fragmented, and will be at high risk of extinction in the near future. Genetic conservation of this population will be an important component of the long-term conservation effort. We used a 597 base pair mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and 11 microsatellite loci to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of the YFP. The analysis of both mtDNA and microsatellite loci suggested that the genetic diversity of the YFP will possibly decrease in the future if the population keeps declining at a rapid rate, even though these two types of markers revealed different levels of genetic diversity. In addition, mtDNA revealed strong genetic differentiation between one local population, Xingchang–Shishou (XCSS), and the other five downstream local populations; furthermore, microsatellite DNA unveiled fine but significant genetic differentiation between three of the local populations (not only XCSS but also Poyang Lake (PY) and Tongling (TL)) and the other local populations. With an increasing number of distribution gaps appearing in the Yangtze main steam, the genetic differentiation of local populations will likely intensify in the future. The YFP is becoming a genetically fragmented population. Therefore, we recommend attention should be paid to the genetic conservation of the YFP.
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21
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Meng H, Li X, Qiao P. Population structure, historical biogeography and demographic history of the alpine toad Scutiger ningshanensis in the Tsinling Mountains of Central China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100729. [PMID: 24956389 PMCID: PMC4067352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic structure, historical biogeography and historical demography of the alpine toad Scutiger ningshanensis were studied using the combined data mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) and the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) as the molecular markers. This species has high genetic variation. There was a significant genetic differentiation among most populations. Three lineages were detected. The phylogenetic relationship analyses and the SAMOVA (spatial analysis of molecular variance) results showed significant phylogeographic structure. 82.15% genetic variation occurred among populations whereas differentiation within populations only contributed 17.85% to the total. Mantel test results showed a significant correlation between the pairwise calculated genetic distance and pairwise calculated geographical distance of the populations (regression coefficient = 0.001286, correlation coefficient = 0.77051, p (rrand≥robs) = 0.0185<0.05), indicating the existence of isolation-by-distance pattern of genetic divergence for cyt b + COI sequence, which suggests that the distribution of genetic variation is due to geographical separation rather than natural selection. The population expansion or contraction and genetic differentiation between populations or lineages could be explained by topography and the repetitive uplifts of the Tsinling Mountains and the climatic cycles during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene. S. ningshanensis experienced a rapid population expansion about 40,000 years before present. The current decline in population size was probably caused by anthropogenic disturbance. Current populations of S. ningshanensis are from different refugia though the location of these refugia could not be determined in our study. Topography, climatic changes and repetitive population expansion/contraction together led to the high level of genetic variation in S. ningshanensis. A total of three management units (MUs) was determined, which must be considered when conservation policy is made in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Meng
- Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Penghai Qiao
- Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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22
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Morandin C, Loveridge AJ, Segelbacher G, Elliot N, Madzikanda H, Macdonald DW, Höglund J. Gene flow and immigration: genetic diversity and population structure of lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-014-0571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Hillman SS, Drewes RC, Hedrick MS, Hancock TV. Physiological Vagility: Correlations with Dispersal and Population Genetic Structure of Amphibians. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:105-12. [DOI: 10.1086/671109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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24
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Molecular phylogeography and population genetic structure of an endangered species Pachyhynobius shangchengensis (hynobiid Salamander) in a fragmented habitat of southeastern China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78064. [PMID: 24205092 PMCID: PMC3799735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The salamander Pachyhynobius shangchengensis (Hynobiidae) is a vulnerable species restricted to a patchy distribution associated with small mountain streams surrounded by forested slopes in the Mount Dabieshan region in southeastern China. However, molecular phylogeography and population genetic structure of P. shangchengensis remain poorly investigated. In this study, we explored the genetic structure and phylogeography of P. shangchengensis based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes. Fifty-one haplotypes and four clades were found among 93 samples. Phylogenetic analyses revealed four deeply divergent and reciprocally monophyletic mtDNA lineages that approximately correspond to four geographic regions separated by complicated topography and long distances. The distinct geographic distributions of all lineages and the estimated divergence time suggest spatial and temporal separation coinciding with climatic changes during the Pleistocene. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that most of the observed genetic variation occurred among the four groups, implying long-term interruption of gene flow, and the possible separation of P. shangchengensis into four management units for conservation.
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25
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Doddington BJ, Bosch J, Oliver JA, Grassly NC, Garcia G, Schmidt BR, Garner TWJ, Fisher MC. Context-dependent amphibian host population response to an invading pathogen. Ecology 2013; 94:1795-804. [DOI: 10.1890/12-1270.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Ye S, Huang H, Zheng R, Zhang J, Yang G, Xu S. Phylogeographic analyses strongly suggest cryptic speciation in the giant spiny frog (Dicroglossidae: Paa spinosa) and interspecies hybridization in Paa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70403. [PMID: 23936199 PMCID: PMC3729840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Species identification is one of the most basic yet crucial issues in biology with potentially far-reaching implications for fields such as conservation, population ecology, and epidemiology. The widely distributed but threatened frog Paa spinosa has been speculated to represent a complex of multiple species. In this study, 254 individuals representing species of the genus Paa were investigated along the entire range of P. spinosa: 196 specimens of P. spinosa, 8 specimens of P. jiulongensis, 5 specimens of P. boulengeri, 20 specimens of P. exilispinosa, and 25 specimens of P. shini. Approximately 1333 bp of mtDNA sequence data (genes 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) were used. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. BEAST was used to estimate divergence dates of major clades. Results suggest that P. spinosa can be divided into three distinct major lineages. Each major lineage totally corresponds to geographical regions, revealing the presence of three candidate cryptic species. Isolation and differentiation among lineages are further supported by the great genetic distances between the lineages. The bifurcating phylogenetic pattern also suggests an east-west dispersal trend during historic cryptic speciation. Dating analysis estimates that P. spinosa from Western China split from the remaining P. spinosa populations in the Miocene and that P. spinosa from Eastern China diverged from Central China in the Pliocene. We also found that P. exilispinosa from Mainland China and Hong Kong might have a complex of multiple species. After identifying cryptic lineages, we then determine the discrepancy between the mtDNA and the morphotypes in several individuals. This discrepancy may have been caused by introgressive hybridization between P. spinosa and P. shini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupei Ye
- Institute of Ecology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Institute of Ecology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongquan Zheng
- Institute of Ecology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayong Zhang
- Institute of Ecology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shixia Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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27
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Population and Conservation Genetics of Crawfish Frogs,Lithobates areolatus, at Their Northeastern Range Limit. J HERPETOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1670/12-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Zhang M, Wang W, Xu Y, Jia X, Zheng X, Ma J. Effects of anthropogenic intermixing on the genetic structure of Dybowski's frog populations in northeast China. J Wildl Manage 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Hase K, Shimada M, Nikoh N. High Degree of Mitochondrial Haplotype Diversity in the
Japanease Common Toad Bufo japonicus
in Urban Tokyo. Zoolog Sci 2012; 29:702-8. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.29.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Hase
- Department of General Systems Studies, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shimada
- Department of General Systems Studies, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Naruo Nikoh
- Department of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, Chiba 261-8586, Japan
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30
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Conte M, Zucchi MI, Andrade GV, Souza AP, Recco-Pimentel SM. Study of closely related species within the Physalaemus cuvieri group (Anura): contribution of microsatellite markers. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 10:1434-44. [PMID: 21823093 DOI: 10.4238/vol10-3gmr1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Various species of the Physalaemus cuvieri group of frogs are difficult to distinguish morphologically, making molecular analysis an attractive alternative for indentifying members of this group, which is considered to be at risk because of loss of habitat. The genetic structure of natural populations of P. ephippifer and P. albonotatus species was investigated and analyzed, together with that of five previously studied populations of P. cuvieri. Nine microsatellite loci were used in the analyses. The overall G(ST) value (0.46) revealed high genetic variation among the populations, as expected for different species. Bayesian analysis implemented by the STRUCTURE software clustered the seven populations into seven groups (K = 7). All the P. albonotatus and P. ephippifer specimens were grouped into a single cluster, both species showing clear differentiation from P. cuvieri. The different grouping based on these microsatellites of some P. cuvieri individuals from Porto Nacional and from Passo Fundo suggests that they could be a new species, indicating a necessity for taxonomic reevaluation. Despite the intrinsic difficulties in analyzing closely related species, the nine microsatellite loci were found to be adequate for distinguishing these three species of the P. cuvieri group and their populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Conte
- Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular e Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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31
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Mapelli FJ, Mora MS, Mirol PM, Kittlein MJ. Population structure and landscape genetics in the endangered subterranean rodent Ctenomys porteousi. CONSERV GENET 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-011-0273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Woodhams DC, Bosch J, Briggs CJ, Cashins S, Davis LR, Lauer A, Muths E, Puschendorf R, Schmidt BR, Sheafor B, Voyles J. Mitigating amphibian disease: strategies to maintain wild populations and control chytridiomycosis. Front Zool 2011; 8:8. [PMID: 21496358 PMCID: PMC3098159 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rescuing amphibian diversity is an achievable conservation challenge. Disease mitigation is one essential component of population management. Here we assess existing disease mitigation strategies, some in early experimental stages, which focus on the globally emerging chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. We discuss the precedent for each strategy in systems ranging from agriculture to human medicine, and the outlook for each strategy in terms of research needs and long-term potential. Results We find that the effects of exposure to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis occur on a spectrum from transient commensal to lethal pathogen. Management priorities are divided between (1) halting pathogen spread and developing survival assurance colonies, and (2) prophylactic or remedial disease treatment. Epidemiological models of chytridiomycosis suggest that mitigation strategies can control disease without eliminating the pathogen. Ecological ethics guide wildlife disease research, but several ethical questions remain for managing disease in the field. Conclusions Because sustainable conservation of amphibians in nature is dependent on long-term population persistence and co-evolution with potentially lethal pathogens, we suggest that disease mitigation not focus exclusively on the elimination or containment of the pathogen, or on the captive breeding of amphibian hosts. Rather, successful disease mitigation must be context specific with epidemiologically informed strategies to manage already infected populations by decreasing pathogenicity and host susceptibility. We propose population level treatments based on three steps: first, identify mechanisms of disease suppression; second, parameterize epizootiological models of disease and population dynamics for testing under semi-natural conditions; and third, begin a process of adaptive management in field trials with natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Woodhams
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Integrating multiple analytical approaches to spatially delineate and characterize genetic population structure: an application to boreal caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in central Canada. CONSERV GENET 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-010-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Sandberger L, Feldhaar H, Lampert KP, Lamatsch DK, Rödel MO. Small, specialised and highly mobile? The tree-hole breeding frog,Phrynobatrachus guineensis, lacks fine-scale population structure. AFR J HERPETOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/04416651003788619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sandberger
- a Museum für Naturkunde , Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- b Behavioral Biology , University of Osnabrück , Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Kathrin P. Lampert
- c Evolutionary Ecology and Biodiversity of Animals , University of Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - Dunja K. Lamatsch
- d Austrian Academy of Sciences and Institute for Limnology , Mondsee, Austria
| | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- a Museum für Naturkunde , Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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35
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Pröhl H, Ron SR, Ryan MJ. Ecological and genetic divergence between two lineages of middle American túngara frogs Physalaemus (= Engystomops) pustulosus. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:146. [PMID: 20482771 PMCID: PMC2882927 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncovering how populations of a species differ genetically and ecologically is important for understanding evolutionary processes. Here we combine population genetic methods (microsatellites) with phylogenetic information (mtDNA) to define genetic population clusters of the wide-spread Neotropical túngara frog (Physalaemus pustulosus). We measure gene flow and migration within and between population clusters and compare genetic diversity between population clusters. By applying ecological niche modeling we determine whether the two most divergent genetic groups of the túngara frog (1) inhabit different habitats, and (2) are separated geographically by unsuitable habitat across a gap in the distribution. RESULTS Most population structure is captured by dividing all sample localities into two allopatric genetic lineages. The Northern genetic lineage (NW Costa Rica) is genetically homogenous while the Southern lineage (SW Costa Rica and Panama) is sub-divided into three population clusters by both microsatellite and mtDNA analyses. Gene flow is higher within the Northern lineage than within the Southern lineage, perhaps due to increased landscape heterogeneity in the South. Niche modeling reveals differences in suitable habitat between the Northern and Southern lineages: the Northern lineage inhabits dry/pine-oak forests, while the Southern lineage is confined to tropical moist forests. Both lineages seem to have had little movement across the distribution gap, which persisted during the last glacial maximum. The lack of movement was more pronounced for the Southern lineage than for the Northern lineage. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the finding of previous studies that túngara frogs diverged into two allopatric genetic lineages north and south of the gap in the distribution in central Costa Rica several million years ago. The allopatric distribution is attributed to unsuitable habitat and probably other unknown ecological factors present across the distribution gap. Niche conservatism possibly contributes to preventing movements across the gap and gene flow between both groups. Genetic and ecological data indicate that there is the potential for ecological divergence in allopatry between lineages. In this context we discuss whether the Northern and Southern lineages should be recognized as separate species, and we conclude that further studies of pre- and post-zygotic isolation are needed for a final assessment. Identified population clusters should motivate future behavioral and ecological research regarding within-species biodiversity and speciation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Pröhl
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Section of Integrative Biology, 1 University Station C09300, The University of Texas, TX78712, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0943-03092 Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panamá
| | - Santiago R Ron
- Museo de Zoología, Centro de Biodiversidad y Ambiente, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Aptdo. 17-01-2184, Quito Ecuador
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Section of Integrative Biology, 1 University Station C09300, The University of Texas, TX78712, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0943-03092 Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panamá
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Global Amphibian Declines, Loss of Genetic Diversity and Fitness: A Review. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/d2010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Conservation Genetics of Crested Newt Species Triturus cristatus and T. carnifex within a Contact Zone in Central Europe: Impact of Interspecific Introgression and Gene Flow. DIVERSITY 2009. [DOI: 10.3390/d2010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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WANG IANJ. Fine-scale population structure in a desert amphibian: landscape genetics of the black toad (Bufo exsul). Mol Ecol 2009; 18:3847-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Wu XB, Hu YL. Genetic diversity and molecular differentiation of Chinese toad based on microsatellite markers. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2379-86. [PMID: 19693692 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity and population structure of 9 populations of Bufo gargarizans with total 111 samples in China were assessed using seven microsatellite loci. The analysed microsatellite markers produced 161 alleles, varied from 9 to 38 alleles each locus. The number of alleles per population per locus ranged from 4.43 to 10.29. Polymorphic information content showed that all seven loci were highly informative (mean = 0.810 + or - 0.071). The average observed heterozygosity was less than the expected (0.353 + or - 0.051 and 0.828 + or - 0.067, respectively). All tested populations gave significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Genetic differentiation among the populations was considerably high with the overall and pairwise F (ST) values (mean = 0.160 + or - 0.039), and showed fairly high level of inbreeding (indicated by a mean F (IS) value of 0.504 + or - 0.051) and global heterozygote deficit. In comparison to other amphibian studies; however, our results suggested that the level of genetic structuring in B. gargarizans was relatively low in the geographical scale of the study area. Interestingly, the speculated population bottleneck was found to be absent and the analyses provide only weak evidence for a recent contraction in size even though there was severe inbreeding (indicated by the F (IS) value) in the Chinese toad populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Wu
- College of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resource in Anhui Province, Anhui Normal University, 241000 Wuhu, China.
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40
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Morgan MJ, Hunter D, Pietsch R, Osborne W, Keogh JS. Assessment of genetic diversity in the critically endangered Australian corroboree frogs, Pseudophryne corroboree and Pseudophryne pengilleyi, identifies four evolutionarily significant units for conservation. Mol Ecol 2009; 17:3448-63. [PMID: 19160475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The iconic and brightly coloured Australian northern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne pengilleyi, and the southern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne corroboree are critically endangered and may be extinct in the wild within 3 years. We have assembled samples that cover the current range of both species and applied hypervariable microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA sequences to assess the levels and patterns of genetic variation. The four loci used in the study were highly variable, the total number of alleles observed ranged from 13 to 30 and the average number of alleles per locus was 19. Expected heterozygosity of the four microsatellite loci across all populations was high and varied between 0.830 and 0.935. Bayesian clustering analyses in STRUCTURE strongly supported four genetically distinct populations, which correspond exactly to the four main allopatric geographical regions in which the frogs are currently found. Individual analyses performed on the separate regions showed that breeding sites within these four regions could not be separated into distinct populations. Twelve mtND2 haplotypes were identified from 66 individuals from throughout the four geographical regions. A statistical parsimony network of mtDNA haplotypes shows two distinct groups, which correspond to the two species of corroboree frog, but with most of the haplotype diversity distributed in P. pengilleyi. These results demonstrate an unexpectedly high level of genetic diversity in both species. Our data have important implications for how the genetic diversity is managed in the future. The four evolutionarily significant units must be protected and maintained in captive breeding programmes for as long as it is possible to do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Morgan
- School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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41
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Beauclerc KB, Johnson B, White BN. Genetic rescue of an inbred captive population of the critically endangered Puerto Rican crested toad (Peltophryne lemur) by mixing lineages. CONSERV GENET 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-008-9782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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ANDERSON EC, DUNHAM KK. The influence of family groups on inferences made with the program Structure. Mol Ecol Resour 2008; 8:1219-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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HANSEN BIRGITAD, TAYLOR ANDREAC. Isolated remnant or recent introduction? Estimating the provenance of Yellingbo Leadbeater's possums by genetic analysis and bottleneck simulation. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:4039-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Pérez T, Vázquez F, Naves J, Fernández A, Corao A, Albornoz J, Domínguez A. Non-invasive genetic study of the endangered Cantabrian brown bear (Ursus arctos). CONSERV GENET 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-008-9578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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46
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Allentoft ME, Siegismund HR, Briggs L, Andersen LW. Microsatellite analysis of the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) in Denmark: populations are islands in a fragmented landscape. CONSERV GENET 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-008-9510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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47
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Lee-Yaw JA, Irwin JT, Green DM. Postglacial range expansion from northern refugia by the wood frog, Rana sylvatica. Mol Ecol 2007; 17:867-84. [PMID: 18179428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the range dynamics of North American amphibians during the last glacial cycle are increasingly better understood, the recolonization history of the most northern regions and the impact of southern refugia on patterns of intraspecific genetic diversity and phenotypic variation in these regions are not well reconstructed. Here we present the phylogeographic history of a widespread and primarily northern frog, Rana sylvatica. We surveyed 551 individuals from 116 localities across the species' range for a 650-bp region of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and tRNA(TRP) mitochondrial genes. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed two distinct clades corresponding to eastern and western populations, as well as a Maritime subclade within the eastern lineage. Patterns of genetic diversity support multiple refugia. However, high-latitude refugia in the Appalachian highlands and modern-day Wisconsin appear to have had the biggest impact on northern populations. Clustering analyses based on morphology further support a distinction between eastern and western wood frogs and suggest that postglacial migration has played an important role in generating broad-scale patterns of phenotypic variation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Lee-Yaw
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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48
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Giordano AR, Ridenhour BJ, Storfer A. The influence of altitude and topography on genetic structure in the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactulym). Mol Ecol 2007; 16:1625-37. [PMID: 17402978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A primary goal of molecular ecology is to understand the influence of abiotic factors on the spatial distribution of genetic variation. Features including altitudinal clines, topography and landscape characteristics affect the proportion of suitable habitat, influence dispersal patterns, and ultimately structure genetic differentiation among populations. We studied the effects of altitude and topography on genetic variation of long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum), a geographically widespread amphibian species throughout northwestern North America. We focused on 10 low altitude sites (< 1200 m) and 11 high-altitude sites in northwestern Montana and determined multilocus genotypes for 549 individuals using seven microsatellite loci. We tested four hypotheses: (1) gene flow is limited between high- and low-altitude sites; and, (2) gene flow is limited among high-altitude sites due to harsh habitat and extreme topographical relief between sites; (3) low-altitude sites exhibit higher among-site gene flow due to frequent flooding events and low altitudinal relief; and (4) there is a negative correlation between altitude and genetic variation. Overall F(ST) values were moderate (0.08611; P < 0.001). Pairwise F(ST) estimates between high and low populations and a population graphing method supported the hypothesis that low-altitude and high-altitude sites, taken together, are genetically differentiated from each other. Also as predicted, gene flow is more prominent among low-altitude sites than high-altitude sites; low-altitude sites had a significantly lower F(ST) (0.03995; P < 0.001) than high altitude sites (F(ST) = 0.10271; P < 0.001). Use of Bayesian analysis of population structure (BAPS) resulted in delineation of 10 genetic groups, two among low-altitude populations and eight among high-altitude populations. In addition, within high altitude populations, basin-level genetic structuring was apparent. A nonequilibrium algorithm for detecting current migration rates supported these population distinctions. Finally, we also found a significant negative correlation between genetic diversity and altitude. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that topography and altitudinal gradients shape the spatial distribution of genetic variation in a species with a broad geographical range and diverse life history. Our study sheds light on which key factors limit dispersal and ultimately species' distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Giordano
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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Ficetola GF, Garner TWJ, De Bernardi F. Genetic diversity, but not hatching success, is jointly affected by postglacial colonization and isolation in the threatened frog, Rana latastei. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:1787-97. [PMID: 17444892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both postglacial colonization and habitat fragmentation can reduce the genetic diversity of populations, which in turn can affect fitness. However, since these processes occur at different spatial and temporal scales, the consequences of either process may differ. To disentangle the relative role of isolation and postglacial colonization in determining genetic diversity and fitness, we studied microsatellite diversity of 295 individuals from 10 populations and measured the hatch rate of 218 clutches from eight populations of a threatened frog, R. latastei. The populations that were affected by fragmentation to a greater extent suffered higher embryo mortality and reduced hatch rate, while no effects of distance from glacial refugium on hatch rate were detected. Altogether, distance from glacial refugium and isolation explained > 90% of variation in genetic diversity. We found that the genetic diversity was lowest in populations both isolated and far from the glacial refugium, and that distance from refugium seems to have the primary role in determining genetic diversity. The relationship between genetic diversity and hatch rate was not significant. However, the proportion of genetic diversity lost through recent isolation had a significant, negative effect on fitness. It is possible that selection at least partially purged the negative effects of the ancestral loss of genetic diversity.
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50
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Measey GJ, Galbusera P, Breyne P, Matthysen E. Gene flow in a direct-developing, leaf litter frog between isolated mountains in the Taita Hills, Kenya. CONSERV GENET 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-006-9272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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