1
|
Parri S, Campani T, Conti V, Cai G, Romi M, Casini S, Zari R, Caldini F, Marsili L. New olive-pomace fertilizer tested with a 2-tiers approach: Biomarkers on Eisenia fetida, physiochemical effects on Solanum lycopersicum and Olea europaea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119915. [PMID: 38169256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Every year, the olive oil industry generates a substantial amount of pomace, a semi-solid residue made up of skin, pulp, pit, and kernel fragments. Rather than being disposed of, the pomace can be dried and transported to an extraction facility where pomace oil can be extracted. Utilizing its high thermal capacity, the extracted pomace can be used as a supplementary fuel in the drying process, resulting in the production of ashes. In this study, the effect of pomace waste applied to the soil was investigated by testing two mixtures with different proportions of de-oiled pomace flour and kernel ash (50:50 and 70:30, respectively) in powder and pellet form. We used a dual approach, evaluating the effects of the mixtures on both soil communities and plant physiology and productivity, to assess the actual usability of the fertilizer in agriculture. The biomarker approach was valuable in assessing the sublethal effects of the two mixtures in powder form in soil. After 30 days of exposure, the bioindicator organism Eisena fetida showed lipid peroxidation, glutathione S-transferase and lactate dehydrogenase levels similar to the control, while lysozyme activity was reduced in all treatments. The powder mixture was lethal to the tomato plants, while there was no evidence of any damage to the olive trees. During 60 days of monitoring, both mixtures in pellet form showed a slight increase in physiological parameters, suggesting a benefit to the photosynthetic system. The improved carbon assimilation in tomato plants treated with the mixtures results in increased plant productivity, both in terms of number and weight of fruits, while maintaining the antioxidant content. This study paves the way for the use of the pomace mixture as a soil improver, thus increasing the value of this waste product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Parri
- Department of Life Science, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - T Campani
- Department of Physical, Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - V Conti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Cai
- Department of Life Science, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - M Romi
- Department of Life Science, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - S Casini
- Department of Physical, Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - R Zari
- Studio ZARI Agronomi & Forestali, 53014, Monteroni d'Arbia, Siena, Italy
| | - F Caldini
- Caldini Guido s.r.l., 53030, Radicondoli, Siena, Italy
| | - L Marsili
- Department of Physical, Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martos de la Fuente GC, Viñegla B, Illana Rico E, Fernández Ocaña AM. Study of the Photosynthesis Response during the Gradual Lack of Water for 14 Olea europaea L. subsp europaea Cultivars and Their Adaptation to Climate Change. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4136. [PMID: 38140463 PMCID: PMC10748137 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the tolerance of plants to drought and their gradual response to lack of water is a multifaceted challenge that requires a combination of scientific research and technological innovation. Selecting naturally drought-tolerant plants and knowing their response to photosynthesis in a wide range of water availability opens a door to making decisions about the suitability of different cultivars to be implanted in specific geographical areas, based on their tolerance to drought and light absorption capacity. In this work, photosynthesis-light curves were carried out using a LiCor LI-6800 IRGA device, applying increasing light intensities to plants of 14 olive cultivars, either under control conditions (no water stress) or subject to moderate and severe water deficits. The plants were grown in a culture chamber under controlled conditions for photoperiod, air humidity, temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration. For each cultivar, the electronic transference ratio (ETR) in response to light was also obtained. Different equations were used to fit experimental data allowing us to calculate, with a regression coefficient above 0.95, different photosynthetic parameters such as the maximum photosynthetic capacity, the photosynthetic efficiency, the number of electrons or the number of photons to assimilate a molecule of CO2, and the effect of the lack of water on these parameters. This work represents the first contribution of the response to photosynthesis of many olive cultivars subjected to moderate and severe drought conditions. The parameters described, and the results provided, pave the road for subsequent work related to plant physiology and other areas of science and technology, and allow us to objectively compare the tolerance to water stress in these fourteen olive cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Fernández Ocaña
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecologia, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus de Las Lagunillas s/n, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (G.C.M.d.l.F.); (B.V.); (E.I.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hernandez-Santana V, Perez-Arcoiza A, Gomez-Jimenez MC, Diaz-Espejo A. Disentangling the link between leaf photosynthesis and turgor in fruit growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1788-1801. [PMID: 34250661 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of understanding plant growth, the mechanisms underlying how plant and fruit growth declines during drought remain poorly understood. Specifically, it remains unresolved whether carbon or water factors are responsible for limiting growth as drought progresses. We examine questions regarding the relative importance of water and carbon to fruit growth depending on the water deficit level and the fruit growth stage by measuring fruit diameter, leaf photosynthesis, and a proxy of cell turgor in olive (Olea europaea). Flow cytometry was also applied to determine the fruit cell division stage. We found that photosynthesis and turgor were related to fruit growth; specifically, the relative importance of photosynthesis was higher during periods of more intense cell division, while turgor had higher relative importance in periods where cell division comes close to ceasing and fruit growth is dependent mainly on cell expansion. This pattern was found regardless of the water deficit level, although turgor and growth ceased at more similar values of leaf water potential than photosynthesis. Cell division occurred even when fruit growth seemed to stop under water deficit conditions, which likely helped fruits to grow disproportionately when trees were hydrated again, compensating for periods with low turgor. As a result, the final fruit size was not severely penalized. We conclude that carbon and water processes are able to explain fruit growth, with importance placed on the combination of cell division and expansion. However, the major limitation to growth is turgor, which adds evidence to the sink limitation hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Hernandez-Santana
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Reina Mercedes, 41012, Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Reina Mercedes, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Adrián Perez-Arcoiza
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Reina Mercedes, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria C Gomez-Jimenez
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Reina Mercedes, 41012, Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Reina Mercedes, 41012, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salmon Y, Lintunen A, Dayet A, Chan T, Dewar R, Vesala T, Hölttä T. Leaf carbon and water status control stomatal and nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis in trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:690-703. [PMID: 31955422 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic rate is concurrently limited by stomatal limitations and nonstomatal limitations (NSLs). However, the controls on NSLs to photosynthesis and their coordination with stomatal control on different timescales remain poorly understood. According to a recent optimization hypothesis, NSLs depend on leaf osmotic or water status and are coordinated with stomatal control so as to maximize leaf photosynthesis. Drought and notching experiments were conducted on Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula Pendula and Populus tremula seedlings in glasshouse conditions to study the dependence of NSLs on leaf osmotic and water status, and their coordination with stomatal control, on timescales of minutes and weeks, to test the assumptions and predictions of the optimization hypothesis. Both NSLs and stomatal conductance followed power-law functions of leaf osmotic concentration and leaf water potential. Moreover, stomatal conductance was proportional to the square root of soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance, as predicted by the optimization hypothesis. Though the detailed mechanisms underlying the dependence of NSLs on leaf osmotic or water status lie outside the scope of this study, our results support the hypothesis that NSLs and stomatal control are coordinated to maximize leaf photosynthesis and allow the effect of NSLs to be included in models of tree gas-exchange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Salmon
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 68, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Anna Lintunen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Alexia Dayet
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Tommy Chan
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 68, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Roderick Dewar
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 68, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Timo Vesala
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 68, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A New Low-Cost Device Based on Thermal Infrared Sensors for Olive Tree Canopy Temperature Measurement and Water Status Monitoring. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many olive orchards, which are a major crop in the Mediterranean basin, have been converted into intensive or super high-density hedgerow systems. This configuration is more efficient in terms of yield per hectare, but at the same time the water requirements are higher than in traditional grove arrangements. Moreover, irrigation regulations have a high environmental (through water use optimization) impact and influence on crop quality and yield. The mapping of (spatio-temporal) variability with conventional water stress assessment methods is impractical due to time and labor constraints, which often involve staff training. To address this problem, this work presents the development of a new low-cost device based on a thermal infrared (IR) sensor for the measurement of olive tree canopy temperature and monitoring of water status. The performance of the developed device was compared to a commercial thermal camera. Furthermore, the proposed device was evaluated in a commercially managed olive orchard, where two different irrigation treatments were established: a full irrigation treatment (FI) and a regulated deficit irrigation (RDC), aimed at covering 100% and 50% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), respectively. Predawn leaf water potential (ΨPD) and stomatal conductance (gs), two widely accepted indicators for crop water status, were regressed to the measured canopy temperature. The results were promising, reaching a coefficient of determination R2 ≥ 0.80. On the other hand, the crop water stress index (CWSI) was also calculated, resulting in a coefficient of determination R2 ≥ 0.79. The outcomes provided by the developed device support its suitability for fast, low-cost, and reliable estimation of an olive orchard’s water status, even suppressing the need for supervised acquisition of reference temperatures. The newly developed device can be used for water management, reducing water usage, and for overall improvements to olive orchard management.
Collapse
|
6
|
Catoni R, Bracco F, Granata MU. Analysis of mesophyll conductance in five understory herbaceous species. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:261-270. [PMID: 32158133 PMCID: PMC7036402 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (g m) has received over time much less attention than stomatal conductance (g s), although it affects leaf photosynthesis to about the same extent as stomatal conductance does. The objective of this study was to analyze the g m trend in five understory herbaceous species growing in a close-canopy forest in the north-west of Italy. In particular, three of analyzed species were monocots: Carex brizoides Lam., Carex pilosa Scop., and Oplismenus undulatifolius P. Beauv and the others dicots species: Circaea lutetiana L., and Pulmonaria officinalis Ced. The results showed, on one hand, the absence of correlation between g m and the considered environmental variables in the forest understory (i.e. air temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density and carbon dioxide concentration). Moreover, we carried out a principal component analysis considering all the analyzed morphological and physiological variables for the five species. The following correlation between the first component, related to the leaf mass per unit of leaf area and the leaf tissue density, and g m seem to suggest a key role of the leaf structural features in determining g m variations across the five species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Catoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Bracco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mirko U. Granata
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via S. Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brunetti C, Gori A, Marino G, Latini P, Sobolev AP, Nardini A, Haworth M, Giovannelli A, Capitani D, Loreto F, Taylor G, Mugnozza GS, Harfouche A, Centritto M. Dynamic changes in ABA content in water-stressed Populus nigra: effects on carbon fixation and soluble carbohydrates. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:627-644. [PMID: 30715123 PMCID: PMC6821382 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hydraulic and chemical signals operate in tandem to regulate systemic plant responses to drought. Transport of abscisic acid (ABA) through the xylem and phloem from the root to shoot has been suggested to serve as the main signal of water deficit. There is evidence that ABA and its ABA-glycosyl-ester (ABA-GE) are also formed in leaves and stems through the chloroplastic 2-C-methylerythritol-5-phosphate (MEP) pathway. This study aimed to evaluate how hormonal and hydraulic signals contribute to optimize stomatal (gs), mesophyll (gm) and leaf hydraulic (Kleaf) conductance under well-watered and water-stressed conditions in Populus nigra (black poplar) plants. In addition, we assessed possible relationships between ABA and soluble carbohydrates within the leaf and stem. METHODS Plants were subjected to three water treatments: well-watered (WW), moderate stress (WS1) and severe stress (WS2). This experimental set-up enabled a time-course analysis of the response to water deficit at the physiological [leaf gas exchange, plant water relations, (Kleaf)], biochemical (ABA and its metabolite/catabolite quantification in xylem sap, leaves, wood, bark and roots) and molecular (gene expression of ABA biosynthesis) levels. KEY RESULTS Our results showed strong coordination between gs, gm and Kleaf under water stress, which reduced transpiration and increased intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEint). Analysis of gene expression of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and ABA content in different tissues showed a general up-regulation of the biosynthesis of this hormone and its finely-tuned catabolism in response to water stress. Significant linear relationships were found between soluble carbohydrates and ABA contents in both leaves and stems, suggesting a putative function for this hormone in carbohydrate mobilization under severe water stress. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the tight regulation of the photosynthetic machinery by levels of ABA in different plants organs on a daily basis in both well-watered and water stress conditions to optimize WUEint and coordinate whole plant acclimation responses to drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- University of Florence, Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marino
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Paolo Latini
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anatoly P Sobolev
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo (Roma), Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matthew Haworth
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Alessio Giovannelli
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Donatella Capitani
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo (Roma), Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis, CA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Antoine Harfouche
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mediavilla S, Martín I, Babiano J, Escudero A. Foliar plasticity related to gradients of heat and drought stress across crown orientations in three Mediterranean Quercus species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224462. [PMID: 31658291 PMCID: PMC6816560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on plasticity at the level of a single individual plant provide indispensable information to predict leaf responses to climate change, because they allow better identification of the environmental factors that determine differences in leaf traits in the absence of genetic differences. Most of these studies have focused on the responses of leaf traits to variations in the light environment along vertical gradients, thus paying less attention to possible differences in the intensity of water stress among canopy orientations. In this paper, we analyzed the differences in leaf traits traditionally associated with changes in the intensity of water stress between east and west crown orientations in three Quercus species. The leaves facing west experienced similar solar radiation levels but higher maximum temperatures and lower daily minimum water potentials than those of the east orientation. In response to these differences, the leaves of the west orientation showed smaller size and less chlorophyll concentration, higher percentage of palisade tissue and higher density of stomata and trichomes. These responses would confirm the role of such traits in the tolerance to water stress and control of water losses by transpiration. For all traits, the species with the longest leaf life span exhibited the greatest plasticity between orientations. By contrast, no differences between canopy positions were observed for leaf thickness, leaf mass per unit area and venation patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediavilla
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martín
- Dpto. de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Josefa Babiano
- Dpto. de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shrestha A, Song X, Barbour MM. The temperature response of mesophyll conductance, and its component conductances, varies between species and genotypes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 141:65-82. [PMID: 30771063 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The temperature response of mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion (gm) has been shown to vary considerably between species but remains poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that increases in chloroplast surface area with increasing temperature, due to the formation of chloroplast protrusions, caused observed positive responses of gm to temperature. We found no evidence of chloroplast protrusions. Using simultaneous measurements of carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination during photosynthesis to separate total gm (gm13) into cell wall and plasma membrane conductance (gm18) and chloroplast membrane conductance (gcm) components, we explored the temperature response in genotypes of soybean and barley, and sunflower plants grown at differing CO2 concentrations. Differences in the temperature sensitivity of gm18 were found between genotypes and between plants grown at differing CO2 concentration but did not relate to measured anatomical features such as chloroplast surface area or cell wall thickness. The closest fit of modelled gm13 to estimated values was found when cell wall thickness was allowed to decline at higher temperatures and transpiration rates, but it remains to be tested if this decline is realistic. The temperature response of gcm (calculated from the difference between 1/gm13 and 1/gm18) varied between barley genotypes, and was best fitted by an optimal response in sunflower. Taken together, these results indicate that gm is a highly complex trait with unpredictable sensitivity to temperature that varies between species, between genotypes within a single species, with growth environment, between replicate leaves, and even with age for an individual leaf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjina Shrestha
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Xin Song
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
- School of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Margaret M Barbour
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zait Y, Shtein I, Schwartz A. Long-term acclimation to drought, salinity and temperature in the thermophilic tree Ziziphus spina-christi: revealing different tradeoffs between mesophyll and stomatal conductance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:701-716. [PMID: 30597082 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is limited by three main factors: stomatal conductance (gs), mesophyll conductance (gm) and maximum capacity for Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax). It is unclear how limiting factors vary under stress, particularly during long-term stress acclimation. In this work, we compared for the first time photosynthesis limitation resulting from long-term acclimation to three major abiotic stresses: drought, salinity and temperature. We used saplings of Ziziphus spina-christi, a thermophilic and drought-tolerant tree, which recently became more abundant in the Mediterranean, presumably due to increased winter temperatures. Stress acclimation was investigated by measuring growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf structure. For each stress, photosynthesis-limiting factors were compared. We developed an integrative stress index that allowed us to precisely define stress level, enabling a comparison between stress types. Photosynthesis under all stresses was limited mostly by gs and gm (80-90%); whereas biochemistry (Vcmax) made a minor contribution (10-20%). The relative contribution of gs and gm on photosynthetic limitation was influenced by stress type. During acclimation to drought or salinity, photosynthesis was limited by a decline in gs, while intolerance to low temperatures was driven by decline in gm. In all the stresses, gm decreased only under progressive reduction in leaf physiological functionality and was associated with low turgor under drought, an increase in leaf Na+ under salinity and low leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) at low temperatures. Mesophyll structure (mesophyll surface area exposed to the intercellular air spaces, leaf thickness, % intercellular air spaces) did not explain gm acclimation to stress. Current work gives methodology for stress studies, and defines the main factors underlying the plant response to climate change. The ability to minimize mesophyll-imposed limitations on photosynthesis was found as a strong indicator of progressive stress tolerance. Moreover, the results demonstrate how warming climate benefits the photosynthetic function in thermophilic species, such as Ziziphus spina-christi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Zait
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Shtein
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amnon Schwartz
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hernandez-Santana V, Diaz-Rueda P, Diaz-Espejo A, Raya-Sereno MD, Gutiérrez-Gordillo S, Montero A, Perez-Martin A, Colmenero-Flores JM, Rodriguez-Dominguez CM. Hydraulic Traits Emerge as Relevant Determinants of Growth Patterns in Wild Olive Genotypes Under Water Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:291. [PMID: 30918509 PMCID: PMC6424893 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The hydraulic traits of plants, or the efficiency of water transport throughout the plant hydraulic system, could help to anticipate the impact of climate change and improve crop productivity. However, the mechanisms explaining the role of hydraulic traits on plant photosynthesis and thus, plant growth and yield, are just beginning to emerge. We conducted an experiment to identify differences in growth patterns at leaf, root and whole plant level among four wild olive genotypes and to determine whether hydraulic traits may help to explain such differences through their effect on photosynthesis. We estimated the relative growth rate (RGR), and its components, leaf gas exchange and hydraulic traits both at the leaf and whole-plant level in the olive genotypes over a full year. Photosynthetic capacity parameters were also measured. We observed different responses to water stress in the RGRs of the genotypes studied being best explained by changes in the net CO2 assimilation rate (NAR). Further, net photosynthesis, closely related to NAR, was mainly determined by hydraulic traits, both at leaf and whole-plant levels. This was mediated through the effects of hydraulic traits on stomatal conductance. We observed a decrease in leaf area: sapwood area and leaf area: root area ratios in water-stressed plants, which was more evident in the olive genotype Olea europaea subsp. guanchica (GUA8), whose RGR was less affected by water deficit than the other olive genotypes. In addition, at the leaf level, GUA8 water-stressed plants presented a better photosynthetic capacity due to a higher mesophyll conductance to CO2 and a higher foliar N. We conclude that hydraulic allometry adjustments of whole plant and leaf physiological response were well coordinated, buffering the water stress experienced by GUA8 plants. In turn, this explained their higher relative growth rates compared to the rest of the genotypes under water-stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Hernandez-Santana
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Diaz-Rueda
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - María D. Raya-Sereno
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- School of Agricultural Engineering, CEIGRAM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saray Gutiérrez-Gordillo
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- Centro “Las Torres-Tomejil”, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Montero
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfonso Perez-Martin
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose M. Colmenero-Flores
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Celia M. Rodriguez-Dominguez
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Díaz-Barradas MC, Zunzunegui M, Alvarez-Cansino L, Esquivias MP, Valera J, Rodríguez H. How do Mediterranean shrub species cope with shade? Ecophysiological response to different light intensities. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:296-306. [PMID: 29125662 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Under natural conditions, light exposure for Mediterranean shrubs can be highly variable, especially during cloudy days or under a canopy, and can interfere with other environmental factors such as temperature and water availability. With the aim of decoupling the effect of radiation and temperature from water availability, we conducted an experiment where two perennial and three summer semi-deciduous shrub species were subjected to different levels of irradiation. In order to follow plant responses to light exposure, we measured gas exchange, photosystem II photochemical efficiency, photosynthetic pigments and leaf mass area in spring and summer. Results showed that all study species presented a plastic response to different light conditions, and that light-related traits varied in a coordinated manner. Summer semi-deciduous species exhibited a more opportunistic response, with higher photosynthesis rates in full sun, but under shade conditions, the two strategies presented similar assimilation rates. Stomatal conductance did not show such a drastic response as photosynthetsis, being related to changes in WUE. Daily cycles of Fv /Fm revealed a slight photoinhibitory response during summer, mainly in perennial species. In all cases photosynthetic pigments adjusted to the radiation level; leaves had lower chlorophyll content, higher pool of xanthophylls and higher proportion of the de-epoxydaded state of xanthophylls under sun conditions. Lutein content increased in relation to the xanthophyll pool under shade conditions. Our results evidenced that radiation is an important driving factor controlling morphological and physiological status of Mediterranean shrub species, independently of water availability. Summer semi-deciduous species exhibit a set of traits with higher response variability, maximising their photosynthetic assimilation under different sun conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Díaz-Barradas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Zunzunegui
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - L Alvarez-Cansino
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - M P Esquivias
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Valera
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - H Rodríguez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Centro de Investigaciones, Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Universidad Sevilla y CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Flexas J, Cano FJ, Carriquí M, Coopman RE, Mizokami Y, Tholen D, Xiong D. CO2 Diffusion Inside Photosynthetic Organs. THE LEAF: A PLATFORM FOR PERFORMING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
14
|
Gao F, Catalayud V, Paoletti E, Hoshika Y, Feng Z. Water stress mitigates the negative effects of ozone on photosynthesis and biomass in poplar plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:268-279. [PMID: 28666133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution frequently overlaps with drought episodes but the combined effects are not yet understood. We investigated the physiological and biomass responses of an O3 sensitive hybrid poplar clone ('546') under three O3 levels (charcoal-filtered ambient air, non-filtered ambient air (NF), and NF plus 40 ppb) and two watering regimes (well-watered (WW) and reduced watering (RW), i.e. 40% irrigation) for one growing season. Water stress increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, protecting leaves from pigment degradation by O3. Impairment of photosynthesis by O3 was also reduced by stomatal closure due to water stress, which preserved light-saturated CO2 assimilation rate, and the maximum carboxylation efficiency. Water stress increased water use efficiency of the leaves while O3 decreased it, showing significant interactions. Effects were more evident in older leaves than in younger leaves. Water stress reduced biomass production, but the negative effects of O3 were less in RW than in WW for total biomass per plant. A stomatal O3 flux-based dose-response relationship was parameterized considering water stress effects, which explained biomass losses much better than a concentration-based approach. The O3 critical level of Phytotoxic Ozone Dose over a threshold of 7 nmol O3.m-2.s-1 (POD7) for a 4% biomass loss in this poplar clone under different water regimes was 4.1 mmol m-2. Our results suggest that current O3 levels in most parts of China threaten poplar growth and that interaction with water availability is a key factor for O3 risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Vicent Catalayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Paoletti
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Qiu C, Ethier G, Pepin S, Dubé P, Desjardins Y, Gosselin A. Persistent negative temperature response of mesophyll conductance in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) leaves under both high and low vapour pressure deficits: a role for abscisic acid? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017. [PMID: 28620951 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of mesophyll conductance (gm ) was measured in well-watered red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plants acclimated to leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit (VPDL) daytime differentials of contrasting amplitude, keeping a fixed diurnal leaf temperature (Tleaf ) rise from 20 to 35 °C. Contrary to the great majority of gm temperature responses published to date, we found a pronounced reduction of gm with increasing Tleaf irrespective of leaf chamber O2 level and diurnal VPDL regime. Leaf hydraulic conductance was greatly enhanced during the warmer afternoon periods under both low (0.75 to 1.5 kPa) and high (0.75 to 3.5 kPa) diurnal VPDL regimes, unlike stomatal conductance (gs ), which decreased in the afternoon. Consequently, the leaf water status remained largely isohydric throughout the day, and therefore cannot be evoked to explain the diurnal decrease of gm . However, the concerted diurnal reductions of gm and gs were well correlated with increases in leaf abscisic acid (ABA) content, thus suggesting that ABA can induce a significant depression of gm under favourable leaf water status. Our results challenge the view that the temperature dependence of gm can be explained solely from dynamic leaf anatomical adjustments and/or from the known thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions and lipid membranes..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changpeng Qiu
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilbert Ethier
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steeve Pepin
- Department of Soils and Agri-Food Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal Dubé
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Gosselin
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Onoda Y, Wright IJ, Evans JR, Hikosaka K, Kitajima K, Niinemets Ü, Poorter H, Tosens T, Westoby M. Physiological and structural tradeoffs underlying the leaf economics spectrum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1447-1463. [PMID: 28295374 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The leaf economics spectrum (LES) represents a suite of intercorrelated leaf traits concerning construction costs per unit leaf area, nutrient concentrations, and rates of carbon fixation and tissue turnover. Although broad trade-offs among leaf structural and physiological traits have been demonstrated, we still do not have a comprehensive view of the fundamental constraints underlying the LES trade-offs. Here, we investigated physiological and structural mechanisms underpinning the LES by analysing a novel data compilation incorporating rarely considered traits such as the dry mass fraction in cell walls, nitrogen allocation, mesophyll CO2 diffusion and associated anatomical traits for hundreds of species covering major growth forms. The analysis demonstrates that cell wall constituents are major components of leaf dry mass (18-70%), especially in leaves with high leaf mass per unit area (LMA) and long lifespan. A greater fraction of leaf mass in cell walls is typically associated with a lower fraction of leaf nitrogen (N) invested in photosynthetic proteins; and lower within-leaf CO2 diffusion rates, as a result of thicker mesophyll cell walls. The costs associated with greater investments in cell walls underpin the LES: long leaf lifespans are achieved via higher LMA and in turn by higher cell wall mass fraction, but this inevitably reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - John R Evans
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kitajima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marcora PI, Tecco PA, Zeballos SR, Hensen I. Influence of altitude on local adaptation in upland tree species from central Argentina. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:123-131. [PMID: 27714909 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Steep climatic gradients boost morphological and physiological adjustments in plants, with consequences on performance. The three principal woody species of the Sierras Grandes Mountains of central Argentina have marked differences in sapling performance along their altitudinal distribution. We hypothesize that the steep gradient of climatic conditions across the species' altitudinal distribution promotes trait differences between populations of different altitudes that are inherited by the following generation. Seeds from different altitudes were exposed to three temperature regimes to assess differential germination responses. Saplings were then transplanted to a greenhouse to assess possible variations in attributes and performance after 18 months. The three species showed differences in germination responses to temperature among altitudes and/or in sapling attributes and performance. In Maytenus boaria and Escallonia cordobensis, germination success was higher under high temperatures for the highest-altitude, whereas lower temperatures boosted germination of the lowest altitudes. Polylepis australis showed no differences in germination among temperature treatments. In the greenhouse, saplings of the three species from intermediate altitudes showed high performance, whereas the upper and lower populations seemed to be adjusted to tolerating more stressful conditions (i.e., lower temperatures at the upper end and water stress at the lower end), showing lower performance toward both altitudinal limits. These patterns agree with those described for saplings growing under field conditions, suggesting adjustments in response to environmental changes undergone by populations along the altitudinal range. The marked adjustments of populations to the local environment suggest a potentially high impact of climatic change on species distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P I Marcora
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de BiologíaVegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - P A Tecco
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de BiologíaVegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S R Zeballos
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de BiologíaVegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - I Hensen
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rodriguez-Dominguez CM, Buckley TN, Egea G, de Cires A, Hernandez-Santana V, Martorell S, Diaz-Espejo A. Most stomatal closure in woody species under moderate drought can be explained by stomatal responses to leaf turgor. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2014-26. [PMID: 27255698 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Reduced stomatal conductance (gs ) during soil drought in angiosperms may result from effects of leaf turgor on stomata and/or factors that do not directly depend on leaf turgor, including root-derived abscisic acid (ABA) signals. To quantify the roles of leaf turgor-mediated and leaf turgor-independent mechanisms in gs decline during drought, we measured drought responses of gs and water relations in three woody species (almond, grapevine and olive) under a range of conditions designed to generate independent variation in leaf and root turgor, including diurnal variation in evaporative demand and changes in plant hydraulic conductance and leaf osmotic pressure. We then applied these data to a process-based gs model and used a novel method to partition observed declines in gs during drought into contributions from each parameter in the model. Soil drought reduced gs by 63-84% across species, and the model reproduced these changes well (r(2) = 0.91, P < 0.0001, n = 44) despite having only a single fitted parameter. Our analysis concluded that responses mediated by leaf turgor could explain over 87% of the observed decline in gs across species, adding to a growing body of evidence that challenges the root ABA-centric model of stomatal responses to drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia M Rodriguez-Dominguez
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- IA Watson Grains Research Centre, Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Gregorio Egea
- Área de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad de Sevilla, Ctra Utrera, km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfonso de Cires
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Virginia Hernandez-Santana
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Sebastia Martorell
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dbara S, Haworth M, Emiliani G, Ben Mimoun M, Gómez-Cadenas A, Centritto M. Partial Root-Zone Drying of Olive (Olea europaea var. 'Chetoui') Induces Reduced Yield under Field Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157089. [PMID: 27315081 PMCID: PMC4912070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The productivity of olive trees in arid and semi-arid environments is closely linked to irrigation. It is necessary to improve the efficiency of irrigation techniques to optimise the amount of olive fruit produced in relation to the volume of water used. Partial root-zone drying (PRD) is a water saving irrigation technique that theoretically allows the production of a root-to-shoot signal that modifies the physiology of the above-ground parts of the plant; specifically reducing stomatal conductance (gs) and improving water use efficiency (WUE). Partial root-zone drying has been successfully applied under field conditions to woody and non-woody crops; yet the few previous trials with olive trees have produced contrasting results. Thirty year-old olive trees (Olea europaea 'var. Chetoui') in a Tunisian grove were exposed to four treatments from May to October for three-years: 'control' plants received 100% of the potential evapotranspirative demand (ETc) applied to the whole root-zone; 'PRD100' were supplied with an identical volume of water to the control plants alternated between halves of the root-zone every ten-days; 'PRD50' were given 50% of ETc to half of the root-system, and; 'rain-fed' plants received no supplementary irrigation. Allowing part of the root-zone to dry resulted in reduced vegetative growth and lower yield: PRD100 decreased yield by ~47% during productive years. During the less productive years of the alternate bearing cycle, irrigation had no effect on yield; this suggests that withholding of water during 'off-years' may enhance the effectiveness of irrigation over a two-year cycle. The amount and quality of oil within the olive fruit was unaffected by the irrigation treatment. Photosynthesis declined in the PRD50 and rain-fed trees due to greater diffusive limitations and reduced biochemical uptake of CO2. Stomatal conductance and the foliar concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) were not altered by PRD100 irrigation, which may indicate the absence of a hormonal root-to-shoot signal. Rain-fed and PRD50 treatments induced increased stem water potential and increased foliar concentrations of ABA, proline and soluble sugars. The stomata of the olive trees were relatively insensitive to super-ambient increases in [CO2] and higher [ABA]. These characteristics of 'hydro-passive' stomatal behaviour indicate that the 'Chetoui' variety of olive tree used in this study lacks the physiological responses required for the successful exploitation of PRD techniques to increase yield and water productivity. Alternative irrigation techniques such as partial deficit irrigation may be more suitable for 'Chetoui' olive production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Dbara
- Centre Régional des Recherches en Horticulture et Agriculture Biologique, Chott Mariem, 4042, BP57, Tunisia
| | - Matthew Haworth
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council (CNR—IVALSA), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Giovani Emiliani
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council (CNR—IVALSA), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Mehdi Ben Mimoun
- Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis, 1082, Tunisia
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Dept Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, campus Riu Sec, E-12071, Castellon, Spain
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council (CNR—IVALSA), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Short-Term vs. Long-Term Effects of Understory Removal on Nitrogen and Mobile Carbohydrates in Overstory Trees. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Zhou L, Wang S, Chi Y, Li Q, Huang K, Yu Q. Responses of photosynthetic parameters to drought in subtropical forest ecosystem of China. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18254. [PMID: 26666469 PMCID: PMC4678887 DOI: 10.1038/srep18254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the effect of drought on the photosynthetic traits of leaves in forest ecosystems in subtropical regions is unclear. In this study, three limiting processes (stomatal, mesophyll and biochemical limitations) that control the photosynthetic capacity and three resource use efficiencies (intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and light use efficiency (LUE)), which were characterized as the interactions between photosynthesis and environmental resources, were estimated in two species (Schima superba and Pinus massoniana) under drought conditions. A quantitative limitation analysis demonstrated that the drought-induced limitation of photosynthesis in Schima superba was primarily due to stomatal limitation, whereas for Pinus massoniana, both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations generally exhibited similar magnitudes. Although the mesophyll limitation represented only 1% of the total limitation in Schima superba, it accounted for 24% of the total limitations for Pinus massoniana. Furthermore, a positive relationship between the LUE and NUE and a marginally negative relationship or trade-off between the NUE and iWUE were observed in the control plots. However, drought disrupted the relationships between the resource use efficiencies. Our findings may have important implications for reducing the uncertainties in model simulations and advancing the understanding of the interactions between ecosystem functions and climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yonggang Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qingkang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Quanzhou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Buckley TN, Diaz-Espejo A. Partitioning changes in photosynthetic rate into contributions from different variables. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1200-11. [PMID: 25266511 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Changes in net CO2 assimilation rate (A) are often partitioned into contributions from changes in different variables using an approach that is based on an expression from calculus: namely the definition of the exact differential of A, which states that an infinitesimal change in A (dA) is equal to the sum of infinitesimal changes in each of the underlying variables, each multiplied by the partial derivative of A with respect to the variable. Finite changes in A can thus be partitioned by integrating this sum across a finite interval. The most widely used method of estimating that integral is a coarse discrete approximation that uses partial derivatives of the natural logarithm of A rather than A itself. This yields biased and ambiguous estimates of partitioned changes in A. We present an alternative partitioning approach based on direct numerical integration of dA. The new approach does not require any partial derivatives to be computed, and it can be applied under any conditions to estimate the contributions from changes in any photosynthetic variable. We demonstrate this approach using field measurements of both seasonal and diurnal changes in assimilation rate, and we provide a spreadsheet implementing the new approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Buckley
- IA Watson Grains Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sakata T, Nakano T, Kachi N. Effects of internal conductance and Rubisco on the optimum temperature for leaf photosynthesis in Fallopia japonica growing at different altitudes. Ecol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-014-1223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Cano FJ, López R, Warren CR. Implications of the mesophyll conductance to CO2 for photosynthesis and water-use efficiency during long-term water stress and recovery in two contrasting Eucalyptus species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2470-90. [PMID: 24635724 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Water stress (WS) slows growth and photosynthesis (A(n)), but most knowledge comes from short-time studies that do not account for longer term acclimation processes that are especially relevant in tree species. Using two Eucalyptus species that contrast in drought tolerance, we induced moderate and severe water deficits by withholding water until stomatal conductance (g(sw)) decreased to two pre-defined values for 24 d, WS was maintained at the target g(sw) for 29 d and then plants were re-watered. Additionally, we developed new equations to simulate the effect on mesophyll conductance (g(m)) of accounting for the resistance to refixation of CO(2). The diffusive limitations to CO(2), dominated by the stomata, were the most important constraints to A(n). Full recovery of A(n) was reached after re-watering, characterized by quick recovery of gm and even higher biochemical capacity, in contrast to the slower recovery of g(sw). The acclimation to long-term WS led to decreased mesophyll and biochemical limitations, in contrast to studies in which stress was imposed more rapidly. Finally, we provide evidence that higher gm under WS contributes to higher intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and reduces the leaf oxidative stress, highlighting the importance of gm as a target for breeding/genetic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Cano
- Unidad Docente de Anatomía, Fisiología y Genética Forestal, E.T.S.I. Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Erel R, Ben-Gal A, Dag A, Schwartz A, Yermiyahu U. Sodium replacement of potassium in physiological processes of olive trees (var. Barnea) as affected by drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:1102-17. [PMID: 25281842 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is a macro-nutrient understood to play a role in the physiological performance of plants under drought. In some plant species, sodium (Na) can partially substitute K. Although a beneficial role of Na is well established, information regarding its nutritional role in trees is scant and its function under conditions of drought is not fully understood. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of K and its possible replacement by Na in olive's (Olea europaea L.) response to drought. Young and bearing olive trees were grown in soilless culture and exposed to gradual drought. In the presence of Na, trees were tolerant of extremely low K concentrations. Depletion of K and Na resulted in ∼50% reduction in CO2 assimilation rate when compared with sufficiently fertilized control plants. Sodium was able to replace K and recover the assimilation rate to nearly optimum level. The inhibitory effect of K deficiency on photosynthesis was more pronounced under high stomatal conductance. Potassium was not found to facilitate drought tolerance mechanisms in olives. Moreover, stomatal control machinery was not significantly impaired by K deficiency, regardless of water availability. Under drought, leaf water potential was affected by K and Na. High environmental K and Na increased leaf starch content and affected the soluble carbohydrate profile in a similar manner. These results identify olive as a species capable of partly replacing K by Na. The nutritional effect of K and Na was shown to be independent of plant water status. The beneficial effect of Na on photosynthesis and carbohydrates under insufficient K indicates a positive role of Na in metabolism and photosynthetic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Erel
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Mobile Post Negev 85-280, Israel The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Ben-Gal
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Mobile Post Negev 85-280, Israel
| | - Arnon Dag
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Mobile Post Negev 85-280, Israel
| | - Amnon Schwartz
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Yermiyahu
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Mobile Post Negev 85-280, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Flexas J, Carriquí M, Coopman RE, Gago J, Galmés J, Martorell S, Morales F, Diaz-Espejo A. Stomatal and mesophyll conductances to CO₂ in different plant groups: underrated factors for predicting leaf photosynthesis responses to climate change? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 226:41-8. [PMID: 25113449 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The climate change conditions predicted for the end of the current century are expected to have an impact on the performance of plants under natural conditions. The variables which are foreseen to have a larger effect are increased CO2 concentration and temperature. Although it is generally considered CO2 assimilation rate could be increased by the increasing levels of CO2, it has been reported in previous studies that acclimation to high CO2 results in reductions of physiological parameters involved in photosynthesis, like the maximum carboxylation rate (Vc,max), stomatal conductance (gs) and mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm). On the one hand, most of the previous modeling efforts have neglected the potential role played by the acclimation of gm to high CO2 and temperature. On the other hand, the effect of climate change on plant clades other than angiosperms, like ferns, has received little attention, and there are no studies evaluating the potential impact of increasing CO2 and temperature on these species. In this study we predicted responses of several representative species among angiosperms, gymnosperms and ferns to increasing CO2 and temperature. Our results show that species with lower photosynthetic capacity - such as some ferns and gymnosperms - would be proportionally more favored under these foreseen environmental conditions. The main reason for this difference is the lower diffusion limitation imposed by gs and gm in plants having high capacity for photosynthesis among the angiosperms, which reduces the positive effect of increasing CO2. However, this apparent advantage of low-diffusion species would be canceled if the two conductances - gs and gm - acclimate and are down regulated to high CO2, which is basically unknown, especially for gymnosperms and ferns. Hence, for a better understanding of different plant responses to future climate, studies are urged in which the actual photosynthetic response/acclimation to increased CO2 and temperature of ferns, gymnosperms and other under-evaluated plant groups is assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - Marc Carriquí
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Rafael E Coopman
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología para la Conservación de Bosques, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jorge Gago
- Applied Plant and Soil Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Sebastià Martorell
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Fermín Morales
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD), CSIC, Dpto. Nutrición Vegetal, Apdo. 13034, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sun P, Wahbi S, Tsonev T, Haworth M, Liu S, Centritto M. On the use of leaf spectral indices to assess water status and photosynthetic limitations in Olea europaea L. during water-stress and recovery. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105165. [PMID: 25136798 PMCID: PMC4138116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusional limitations to photosynthesis, relative water content (RWC), pigment concentrations and their association with reflectance indices were studied in olive (Olea europaea) saplings subjected to water-stress and re-watering. RWC decreased sharply as drought progressed. Following rewatering, RWC gradually increased to pre-stress values. Photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), mesophyll conductance (gm), total conductance (gt), photochemical reflectance index (PRI), water index (WI) and relative depth index (RDI) closely followed RWC. In contrast, carotenoid concentration, the carotenoid to chlorophyll ratio, water content reflectance index (WCRI) and structural independent pigment index (SIPI) showed an opposite trend to that of RWC. Photosynthesis scaled linearly with leaf conductance to CO2; however, A measured under non-photorespiratory conditions (A1%O2) was approximately two times greater than A measured at 21% [O2], indicating that photorespiration likely increased in response to drought. A1%O2 also significantly correlated with leaf conductance parameters. These relationships were apparent in saturation type curves, indicating that under non-photorespiratory conditions, CO2 conductance was not the major limitations to A. PRI was significant correlated with RWC. PRI was also very sensitive to pigment concentrations and photosynthesis, and significantly tracked all CO2 conductance parameters. WI, RDI and WCRI were all significantly correlated with RWC, and most notably to leaf transpiration. Overall, PRI correlated more closely with carotenoid concentration than SIPI; whereas WI tracked leaf transpiration more effectively than RDI and WCRI. This study clearly demonstrates that PRI and WI can be used for the fast detection of physiological traits of olive trees subjected to water-stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengsen Sun
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Said Wahbi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Tsonko Tsonev
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Matthew Haworth
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Shirong Liu
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Perez-Martin A, Michelazzo C, Torres-Ruiz JM, Flexas J, Fernández JE, Sebastiani L, Diaz-Espejo A. Regulation of photosynthesis and stomatal and mesophyll conductance under water stress and recovery in olive trees: correlation with gene expression of carbonic anhydrase and aquaporins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3143-56. [PMID: 24799563 PMCID: PMC4071832 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that aquaporins and carbonic anhydrase (CA) are involved in the regulation of stomatal (g s) and mesophyll (g m) conductance to CO2 was tested in a short-term water-stress and recovery experiment in 5-year-old olive plants (Olea europaea) growing outdoors. The evolution of leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and plant water status, and a quantitative analysis of photosynthesis limitations, were followed during water stress and recovery. These variables were correlated with gene expression of the aquaporins OePIP1.1 and OePIP2.1, and stromal CA. At mild stress and at the beginning of the recovery period, stomatal limitations prevailed, while the decline in g m accounted for up to 60% of photosynthesis limitations under severe water stress. However, g m was restored to control values shortly after rewatering, facilitating the recovery of the photosynthetic rate. CA was downregulated during water stress and upregulated after recovery. The use of structural equation modelling allowed us to conclude that both OePIP1.1 and OePIP2.1 expression could explain most of the variations observed for g s and g m. CA expression also had a small but significant effect on g m in olive under water-stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Perez-Martin
- Group of Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, IRNAS-CSIC, Apartado 1052, 41080, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Chiara Michelazzo
- Biolabs, ISV, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza M. della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jose M Torres-Ruiz
- Group of Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, IRNAS-CSIC, Apartado 1052, 41080, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears; Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - José E Fernández
- Group of Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, IRNAS-CSIC, Apartado 1052, 41080, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luca Sebastiani
- Biolabs, ISV, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza M. della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Group of Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, IRNAS-CSIC, Apartado 1052, 41080, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Broeckx LS, Fichot R, Verlinden MS, Ceulemans R. Seasonal variations in photosynthesis, intrinsic water-use efficiency and stable isotope composition of poplar leaves in a short-rotation plantation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:701-15. [PMID: 25074859 PMCID: PMC4131770 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and transpirational water loss play an important role in the yield and the carbon sequestration potential of bioenergy-devoted cultures of fast-growing trees. For six poplar (Populus) genotypes in a short-rotation plantation, we observed significant seasonal and genotypic variation in photosynthetic parameters, intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) and leaf stable isotope composition (δ13C and δ18O). The poplars maintained high photosynthetic rates (between 17.8 and 26.9 μmol m(-2) s(-1) depending on genotypes) until late in the season, in line with their fast-growth habit. Seasonal fluctuations were mainly explained by variations in soil water availability and by stomatal limitation upon photosynthesis. Stomatal rather than biochemical limitation was confirmed by the constant intrinsic photosynthetic capacity (Vcmax) during the growing season, closely related to leaf nitrogen (N) content. Intrinsic water-use efficiency scaled negatively with carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13Cbl) and positively with the ratio between mesophyll diffusion conductance (gm) and stomatal conductance. The WUEi-Δ13Cbl relationship was partly influenced by gm. There was a trade-off between WUEi and photosynthetic N-use efficiency, but only when soil water availability was limiting. Our results suggest that seasonal fluctuations in relation to soil water availability should be accounted for in future modelling studies assessing the carbon sequestration potential and the water-use efficiency of woody energy crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L S Broeckx
- Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - R Fichot
- University of Orléans, INRA, LBLGC, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - M S Verlinden
- Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - R Ceulemans
- Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Van Goethem D, Potters G, De Smedt S, Gu L, Samson R. Seasonal, diurnal and vertical variation in photosynthetic parameters in Phyllostachys humilis bamboo plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 120:331-46. [PMID: 24585025 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-9992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, temperate bamboo species have been introduced in Europe for multiple uses such as renewable bio-based materials (wood, composites, fibres, biochemicals…) and numerous ecological functions (soil and water conservation, erosion control, phytoremediation…). Despite their interesting potential, little is known on the ecophysiology of these plants in their new habitat. Therefore, we studied gas exchange parameters on a full soil bamboo plantation of Phyllostachys humilis on a test field in Ireland (Europe). We evaluated the seasonal, diurnal and vertical variation of the parameters of two commonly used photosynthetic models, i.e. the light response curve (LRC) model and the model of Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry (FvCB). Furthermore, we tested if there were environmental effects on the photosynthetic parameters of these models and if a correlation between photosynthetic parameters and fluorescence parameters was present, fluorescence parameters can be easily and fast determined. Our results show that the gas exchange parameters do not vary diurnally or vertically. Only seasonal variations were found and should, therefore, be taken into account when using the LRC or FvCB model when modelling canopy growth. Therefore, a big-leaf model or a sunlit-shade model can be used for modelling bamboo growth in Western Europe. There is no straightforward relation between environmental variables and the photosynthetic parameters. Although fluorescence parameters showed a correlation with the photosynthetic parameters, application of such correlation may be limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davina Van Goethem
- Department of Bio-science Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Diurnal Regulation of Leaf Water Status in High- and Low-Mannitol Olive Cultivars. PLANTS 2014; 3:196-208. [PMID: 27135500 PMCID: PMC4844296 DOI: 10.3390/plants3020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of mannitol and malic acid in the regulation of diurnal leaf water relations was investigated in ‘Biancolilla’ (high-mannitol) and ‘Cerasuola’ (low-mannitol) olive trees. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (T), relative water content (RWC), mannitol and malic acid were measured in ‘Biancolilla’ and ‘Cerasuola’ leaves during a dry and hot day of summer in Sicily. In general, leaves of ‘Biancolilla’ trees exhibited greater mannitol content, higher gs and T, but lower RWC than leaves of ‘Cerasuola’ trees. Differences in gs and T between the two cultivars were evident mainly in mid to late morning. ‘Biancolilla’ leaves accumulated mannitol at midday and again late in the evening. Stomatal responses to VPD were RWC dependent, and limited somewhat T, only in ‘Biancolilla’. Mannitol was directly related to RWC, and may play an osmotic role, in ‘Biancolilla’ leaves, whereas ‘Cerasuola’ leaves remained well hydrated by just transpiring less and regardless of mannitol. A day-time accumulation and night-time utilization of mannitol in ‘Biancolilla’ leaves is proposed as an efficient mechanism to regulate water status and growth.
Collapse
|
33
|
Diaz-Espejo A. New challenges in modelling photosynthesis: temperature dependencies of Rubisco kinetics. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:2104-7. [PMID: 23998434 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Temperature response of in vivo Rubisco kinetics and mesophyll conductance in Arabidopsis thaliana: comparisons to Nicotiana tabacum
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Diaz-Espejo
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tang L, Ying RR, Jiang D, Zeng XW, Morel JL, Tang YT, Qiu RL. Impaired leaf CO2 diffusion mediates Cd-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Picris divaricata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:70-76. [PMID: 24077231 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of cadmium (Cd)-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Picris divaricata were investigated using photosynthesis limitation analysis. P. divaricata seedlings were grown in nutrient solution containing 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, or 75 μM Cd for 2 weeks. Total limitations to photosynthesis (TL) increased from 0% at 5 μM Cd to 68.8% at 75 μM Cd. CO2 diffusional limitation (DL) made the largest contribution to TL, accounting for 93-98% of TL in the three highest Cd treatments, compared to just 2-7% of TL attributable to biochemical limitation (BL). Microscopic imaging revealed significantly decreased stomatal density and mesophyll thickness in the three highest Cd treatments. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters related to photosynthetic biochemistry (Fv/Fm, NPQ, ΦPSII, and qP) were not significantly decreased by increased Cd supply. Our results suggest that increased DL in leaves is the main cause of Cd-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in P. divaricata, possibly due to suppressed function of mesophyll and stomata. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that Cd supply had little effect on photochemistry parameters, suggesting that the PSII reaction centers are not a main target of Cd inhibition of photosynthesis in P. divaricata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Flexas J, Niinemets U, Gallé A, Barbour MM, Centritto M, Diaz-Espejo A, Douthe C, Galmés J, Ribas-Carbo M, Rodriguez PL, Rosselló F, Soolanayakanahally R, Tomas M, Wright IJ, Farquhar GD, Medrano H. Diffusional conductances to CO2 as a target for increasing photosynthesis and photosynthetic water-use efficiency. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 117:45-59. [PMID: 23670217 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A key objective for sustainable agriculture and forestry is to breed plants with both high carbon gain and water-use efficiency (WUE). At the level of leaf physiology, this implies increasing net photosynthesis (A N) relative to stomatal conductance (g s). Here, we review evidence for CO2 diffusional constraints on photosynthesis and WUE. Analyzing past observations for an extensive pool of crop and wild plant species that vary widely in mesophyll conductance to CO2 (g m), g s, and foliage A N, it was shown that both g s and g m limit A N, although the relative importance of each of the two conductances depends on species and conditions. Based on Fick's law of diffusion, intrinsic WUE (the ratio A N/g s) should correlate on the ratio g m/g s, and not g m itself. Such a correlation is indeed often observed in the data. However, since besides diffusion A N also depends on photosynthetic capacity (i.e., V c,max), this relationship is not always sustained. It was shown that only in a very few cases, genotype selection has resulted in simultaneous increases of both A N and WUE. In fact, such a response has never been observed in genetically modified plants specifically engineered for either reduced g s or enhanced g m. Although increasing g m alone would result in increasing photosynthesis, and potentially increasing WUE, in practice, higher WUE seems to be only achieved when there are no parallel changes in g s. We conclude that for simultaneous improvement of A N and WUE, genetic manipulation of g m should avoid parallel changes in g s, and we suggest that the appropriate trait for selection for enhanced WUE is increased g m/g s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Flexas J, Scoffoni C, Gago J, Sack L. Leaf mesophyll conductance and leaf hydraulic conductance: an introduction to their measurement and coordination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3965-81. [PMID: 24123453 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two highly contrasting variables summarizing the efficiency of transport of materials within the leaf are recognized as playing central roles in determining gas exchange and plant performance. This paper summarizes current approaches for the measurement of mesophyll conductance to CO2 (g m) and leaf hydraulic conductance (K leaf) and addresses the physiological integration of these parameters. First, the most common methods to determine g m and K leaf are summarized. Next, novel data compilation is analysed, which indicates that, across diverse species, g m is strongly linked with gas exchange parameters such as net CO2 assimilation (A area) and stomatal conductance (g s), and with K leaf, independently of leaf vein length per leaf area. Based on their parallel responses to a number of environmental variables, this review proposes that g m is linked to the outside-xylem but not to the xylem component of K leaf. Further, a mechanistic hypothesis is proposed to explain the interactions among all these and other physiological parameters. Finally, the possibility of estimating g m based on this hypothesis was tested using a regression analysis and a neurofuzzy logic approach. These approaches enabled the estimation of g m of given species from K leaf and leaf mass per area, providing a higher predictive power than from either parameter alone. The possibility of estimating g m from measured K leaf or vice-versa would result in a rapid increase in available data. Studies in which g m, K leaf, and leaf mass per area are simultaneously determined are needed in order to confirm and strengthen predictive and explanatory models for these parameters and importantly improve resolution of the integrated hydraulic-stomatal-photosynthetic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07121 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xu C, Li X, Zhang L. The effect of calcium chloride on growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant responses of Zoysia japonica under drought conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68214. [PMID: 23844172 PMCID: PMC3699550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Few attempts have been made to study the alleviating effects of signal molecules on zoysiagrass (Zoysiajaponica) under drought stress. Calcium chloride has been shown to ameliorate the adverse effects of drought stress on many plants. It is necessary to investigate how to enhance drought tolerance of zoysiagrass using calcium chloride. The study elucidated the effects of calcium chloride on zoysiagrass under drought conditions by investigating the following parameters: biomass, chlorophyll (Chl) content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant enzymes, proline content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Experimental conditions consisted of an aqueous CaCl2 solution at 5, 10, and 20 mM sprayed on zoysiagrass leaves for 3 d, following by an inducement of drought conditions by withholding water for 16 d. Under drought conditions, all CaCl2 pretreatments were found to increase the above-ground fresh biomass, as well as below-ground fresh and dry biomass. The resulting Chl (a, b, a+b) contents of the 5 and 10 mM CaCl2 pretreatment groups were higher than those of the control. In the later stages of drought conditions, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm was higher in leaves treated with 10 mM CaCl2 than in the leaves of the other two treatment groups. Zoysiagrass pretreated with 10 mM CaCl2 possessed both the maximum observed Pn and antioxidant enzyme activities. Meanwhile, lower MDA and proline contents were recorded in the plants pretreated with 5 and 10 mM CaCl2 under drought conditions. As a whole, the drought tolerance of zoysiagrass was improved to some extent by the application of a moderate calcium concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Xu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang,China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Escudero A, Fernández J, Cordero A, Mediavilla S. Distribution of leaf characteristics in relation to orientation within the canopy of woody species. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
39
|
Flexas J, Barbour MM, Brendel O, Cabrera HM, Carriquí M, Díaz-Espejo A, Douthe C, Dreyer E, Ferrio JP, Gago J, Gallé A, Galmés J, Kodama N, Medrano H, Niinemets Ü, Peguero-Pina JJ, Pou A, Ribas-Carbó M, Tomás M, Tosens T, Warren CR. Mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO2: an unappreciated central player in photosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 193-194:70-84. [PMID: 22794920 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO(2) is a key photosynthetic trait that has been studied intensively in the past years. The intention of the present review is to update knowledge of g(m), and highlight the important unknown and controversial aspects that require future work. The photosynthetic limitation imposed by mesophyll conductance is large, and under certain conditions can be the most significant photosynthetic limitation. New evidence shows that anatomical traits, such as cell wall thickness and chloroplast distribution are amongst the stronger determinants of mesophyll conductance, although rapid variations in response to environmental changes might be regulated by other factors such as aquaporin conductance. Gaps in knowledge that should be research priorities for the near future include: how different is mesophyll conductance among phylogenetically distant groups and how has it evolved? Can mesophyll conductance be uncoupled from regulation of the water path? What are the main drivers of mesophyll conductance? The need for mechanistic and phenomenological models of mesophyll conductance and its incorporation in process-based photosynthesis models is also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Flexas
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - Margaret M Barbour
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, The University of Sydney, Private Bag 4011, Narellan, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Oliver Brendel
- INRA, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France; Université de Lorraine, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, F-54500 Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Hernán M Cabrera
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Centro de Ecología Aplicada Ltda., Av. Suecia 3304, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marc Carriquí
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Espejo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, IRNAS-CSIC, Apartado 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cyril Douthe
- INRA, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France; Université de Lorraine, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, F-54500 Vandoeuvre, France; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Erwin Dreyer
- INRA, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France; Université de Lorraine, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, F-54500 Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Juan P Ferrio
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, Avda. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Gago
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Alexander Gallé
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Naomi Kodama
- Agro-Meteorology Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
| | - Hipólito Medrano
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - José J Peguero-Pina
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Alicia Pou
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Miquel Ribas-Carbó
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Magdalena Tomás
- Research Group in Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Charles R Warren
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li M, Du Z, Pan H, Yan C, Xiao W, Lei J. Effects of neighboring woody plants on target trees with emphasis on effects of understorey shrubs on overstorey physiology in forest communities: a mini-review. COMMUNITY ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/comec.13.2012.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
41
|
Pérez-López U, Robredo A, Lacuesta M, Mena-Petite A, Muñoz-Rueda A. Elevated CO2 reduces stomatal and metabolic limitations on photosynthesis caused by salinity in Hordeum vulgare. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 111:269-83. [PMID: 22286185 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-012-9721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The future environment may be altered by high concentrations of salt in the soil and elevated [CO(2)] in the atmosphere. These have opposite effects on photosynthesis. Generally, salt stress inhibits photosynthesis by stomatal and non-stomatal mechanisms; in contrast, elevated [CO(2)] stimulates photosynthesis by increasing CO(2) availability in the Rubisco carboxylating site and by reducing photorespiration. However, few studies have focused on the interactive effects of these factors on photosynthesis. To elucidate this knowledge gap, we grew the barley plant, Hordeum vulgare (cv. Iranis), with and without salt stress at either ambient or elevated atmospheric [CO(2)] (350 or 700 μmol mol(-1) CO(2), respectively). We measured growth, several photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters, and carbohydrate content. Under saline conditions, the photosynthetic rate decreased, mostly because of stomatal limitations. Increasing salinity progressively increased metabolic (photochemical and biochemical) limitation; this included an increase in non-photochemical quenching and a reduction in the PSII quantum yield. When salinity was combined with elevated CO(2), the rate of CO(2) diffusion to the carboxylating site increased, despite lower stomatal and internal conductance. The greater CO(2) availability increased the electron sink capacity, which alleviated the salt-induced metabolic limitations on the photosynthetic rate. Consequently, elevated CO(2) partially mitigated the saline effects on photosynthesis by maintaining favorable biochemistry and photochemistry in barley leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usue Pérez-López
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Egea G, González-Real MM, Baille A, Nortes PA, Diaz-Espejo A. Disentangling the contributions of ontogeny and water stress to photosynthetic limitations in almond trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:962-979. [PMID: 21388414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Very few studies have attempted to disentangle the respective role of ontogeny and water stress on leaf photosynthetic attributes. The relative significance of both effects on photosynthetic attributes has been investigated in leaves of field-grown almond trees [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb] during four growth cycles. Leaf ontogeny resulted in enhanced leaf dry weight per unit area (W(a)), greater leaf dry-to-fresh weight ratio and lower N content per unit of leaf dry weight (N(w)). Concomitantly, area-based maximum carboxylation rate (V(cmax)), maximum electron transport rate (J(max)), mesophyll conductance to CO₂ diffusion (gm)' and light-saturated net photosynthesis (A(max)) declined in both well-watered and water-stressed almond leaves. Although g(m) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) seemed to be co-ordinated, a much stronger coordination in response to ontogeny and prolonged water stress was observed between g(m) and the leaf photosynthetic capacity. Under unrestricted water supply, the leaf age-related decline of A(max) was equally driven by diffusional and biochemical limitations. Under restricted soil water availability, A(max) was mainly limited by g(s) and, to a lesser extent, by photosynthetic capacity and g(m). When both ontogeny and water stress effects were combined, diffusional limitations was the main determinant of photosynthesis limitation, while stomatal and biochemical limitations contributed similarly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Egea
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Área de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203, Cartagena, Spain,Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, The University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DW, UK andInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC & Apartado 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María M González-Real
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Área de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203, Cartagena, Spain,Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, The University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DW, UK andInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC & Apartado 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alain Baille
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Área de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203, Cartagena, Spain,Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, The University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DW, UK andInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC & Apartado 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro A Nortes
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Área de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203, Cartagena, Spain,Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, The University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DW, UK andInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC & Apartado 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Área de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203, Cartagena, Spain,Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, The University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DW, UK andInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC & Apartado 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Granado-Yela C, García-Verdugo C, Carrillo K, Rubio DE Casas R, Kleczkowski LA, Balaguer L. Temporal matching among diurnal photosynthetic patterns within the crown of the evergreen sclerophyll Olea europaea L. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:800-810. [PMID: 21276011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Trees are modular organisms that adjust their within-crown morphology and physiology in response to within-crown light gradients. However, whether within-plant variation represents a strategy for optimizing light absorption has not been formally tested. We investigated the arrangement of the photosynthetic surface throughout one day and its effects on the photosynthetic process, at the most exposed and most sheltered crown layers of a wild olive tree (Olea europaea L.). Similar measurements were made for cuttings taken from this individual and grown in a greenhouse at contrasted irradiance-levels (100 and 20% full sunlight). Diurnal variations in light interception, carbon fixation and carbohydrate accumulation in sun leaves were negatively correlated with those in shade leaves under field conditions when light intensity was not limiting. Despite genetic identity, these complementary patterns were not found in plants grown in the greenhouse. The temporal disparity among crown positions derived from specialization of the photosynthetic behaviour at different functional and spatial scales: architectural structure (crown level) and carbon budget (leaf level). Our results suggest that the profitability of producing a new module may not only respond to construction costs or light availability, but also rely on its spatio-temporal integration within the productive processes at the whole-crown level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Granado-Yela
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
de Casas RR, Vargas P, Pérez-Corona E, Manrique E, García-Verdugo C, Balaguer L. Sun and shade leaves of Olea europaea respond differently to plant size, light availability and genetic variation. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
45
|
ARAYA YOSEPHN, SILVERTOWN JONATHAN, GOWING DAVIDJ, MCCONWAY KEVIN, LINDER PETER, MIDGLEY GUY. Variation in δ13C among species and sexes in the family Restionaceae along a fine-scale hydrological gradient. AUSTRAL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
46
|
Legros S, Mialet-Serra I, Clement-Vidal A, Caliman JP, Siregar FA, Fabre D, Dingkuhn M. Role of transitory carbon reserves during adjustment to climate variability and source-sink imbalances in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:1199-211. [PMID: 19675073 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a perennial, tropical, monocotyledonous plant characterized by simple architecture and low phenotypic plasticity, but marked by long development cycles of individual phytomers (a pair of one leaf and one inflorescence at its axil). Environmental effects on vegetative or reproductive sinks occur with various time lags depending on the process affected, causing source-sink imbalances. This study investigated how the two instantaneous sources of carbon assimilates, CO(2) assimilation and mobilization of transitory non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves, may buffer such imbalances. An experiment was conducted in Indonesia during a 22-month period (from July 2006 to May 2008) at two contrasting locations (Kandista and Batu Mulia) using two treatments (control and complete fruit pruning treatment) in Kandista. Measurements included leaf gas exchange, dynamics of NSC reserves and dynamics of structural aboveground vegetative growth (SVG) and reproductive growth. Drought was estimated from a simulated fraction of transpirable soil water. The main sources of variation in source-sink relationships were (i) short-term reductions in light-saturated leaf CO(2) assimilation rate (A(max)) during seasonal drought periods, particularly in Batu Mulia; (ii) rapid responses of SVG rate to drought; and (iii) marked lag periods between 16 and 29 months of environmental effects on the development of reproductive sinks. The resulting source-sink imbalances were buffered by fluctuations in NSC reserves in the stem, which mainly consisted of glucose and starch. Starch was the main buffer for sink variations, whereas glucose dynamics remained unexplained. Even under strong sink limitation, no negative feedback on A(max) was observed. In conclusion, the different lag periods for environmental effects on assimilate sources and sinks in oil palm are mainly buffered by NSC accumulation in the stem, which can attain 50% (dw:dw) in stem tops. The resulting dynamics of growth and production are complex because several dozen phytomers of different phenological ages develop at any given time and interact with a common pool of reserves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Legros
- CIRAD, UPR Système de Pérennes, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bickford CP, McDowell NG, Erhardt EB, Hanson DT. High-frequency field measurements of diurnal carbon isotope discrimination and internal conductance in a semi-arid species, Juniperus monosperma. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:796-810. [PMID: 19220783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present field observations of carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) and internal conductance of CO(2) (g(i)) collected using tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDL). Delta ranged from 12.0 to 27.4 per thousand over diurnal periods with daily means from 16.3 +/- 0.2 per thousand during drought to 19.0 +/- 0.5 per thousand during monsoon conditions. We observed a large range in g(i), with most estimates between 0.04 and 4.0 micromol m(-2) s(-1) Pa(-1). We tested the comprehensive Farquhar, O'Leary and Berry model of Delta (Delta(comp)), a simplified form of Delta(comp) (Delta(simple)) and a recently suggested amendment (Delta(revised)). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that varying g(i) had a substantial effect on Delta(comp), resulting in mean differences between observed Delta (Delta(obs)) and Delta(comp) ranging from 0.04 to 9.6 per thousand. First-order regressions adequately described the relationship between Delta and the ratio of substomatal to atmospheric CO(2) partial pressure (p(i)/p(a)) on all 3 d, but second-order models better described the relationship in July and August. The three tested models each best predicted Delta(obs) on different days. In June, Delta(simple) outperformed Delta(comp) and Delta(revised), but incorporating g(i) and all non-photosynthetic fractionations improved model predictions in July and August.
Collapse
|
48
|
Aganchich B, Wahbi S, Loreto F, Centritto M. Partial root zone drying: regulation of photosynthetic limitations and antioxidant enzymatic activities in young olive (Olea europaea) saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:685-96. [PMID: 19324696 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of partial root drying (PRD) irrigation on split-root olive (Olea europaea L. cv Picholine marocaine) saplings was investigated. An irrigated control and two PRD regimes were applied (control: irrigation applied on both sides of the root system to keep the soil water content close to field capacity; PRD(50): irrigation applied at 50% of the control amount on one side of the root system and irrigation withheld from the other side, with irrigation regimes switched between the sides of the root system every 2 weeks; and PRD(100): irrigation applied at 100% of the control amount on one side and irrigation withheld on the other side, with irrigation regimes switched between the sides of the root system every 2 weeks. Only saplings in the PRD(50) regime were subjected to water-deficit irrigation. The PRD treatments significantly affected water relations and vegetative growth throughout the growing season. Predawn leaf water potential and relative water content differed significantly between the PRD(50) and PRD(100) saplings, leading to reduced stomatal conductance, carbon assimilation, shoot length and leaf number in PRD(50) saplings. However, the PRD(50) water-deficit treatment did not affect the capacity of the saplings to assimilate CO(2). Activities of superoxide dismutase, soluble and insoluble peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase were up-regulated by the PRD(50) and PRD(100) treatments compared with control values. The higher activities of both soluble and insoluble POX observed in PRD(50) saplings may reflect the greater inhibitory effect of this treatment on vegetative growth. Up-regulation of the detoxifying systems in the PRD(100) and PRD(50) saplings may have provided protection mechanisms against irreversible damage to the photosynthetic machinery, thereby allowing the photosynthetic apparatus to function and preventing the development of severe water stress. We also measured CO(2) assimilation rate/internal leaf CO(2) concentration (A/C(i)) after exposing the attached leaves to very low [CO(2)] (approximately 50 micromol mol(-1)) to force stomatal opening. These results confirmed that, under conditions of moderate water stress, the sum of the diffusional resistances (i.e., stomatal and mesophyll resistances) sets the limit to photosynthetic rates. Assessing photosynthetic capacity without removing the diffusional limitations may lead to an overestimation of the biochemical limitations to photosynthesis in sclerophyllous plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badia Aganchich
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, BP 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Niinemets U, Díaz-Espejo A, Flexas J, Galmés J, Warren CR. Importance of mesophyll diffusion conductance in estimation of plant photosynthesis in the field. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:2271-2282. [PMID: 19305021 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO(2) (g(m)) is an important leaf characteristic determining the drawdown of CO(2) from substomatal cavities (C(i)) to chloroplasts (C(C)). Finite g(m) results in modifications in the shape of the net assimilation (A) versus C(i) response curves, with the final outcome of reduced maximal carboxylase activity of Rubisco (V(cmax)), and a greater ratio of the capacity for photosynthetic electron transport to V(cmax) (J(max)/V(cmax)) and alterations in mitochondrial respiration rate (R(d)) when estimated from A/C(i) responses without considering g(m). The influence of different Farquhar et al. model parameterizations on daily photosynthesis under non-stressed (C(i) kept constant throughout the day) and stressed conditions (mid-day reduction in C(i)) was compared. The model was parameterized on the basis of A/C(C) curves and A/C(i) curves using both the conventional fitting procedure (V(cmax) and R(d) fitted separately to the linear part of the response curve and J(max) to the saturating part) and a procedure that fitted all parameters simultaneously. The analyses demonstrated that A/C(i) parameterizations overestimated daily assimilation by 6-8% for high g(m) values, while they underestimated if by up to 70% for low g(m) values. Qualitative differences between the A/C(i) and A/C(C) parameterizations were observed under stressed conditions, when underestimated V(cmax) and overestimated R(d) of A/C(i) parameterizations resulted in excessive mid-day depression of photosynthesis. Comparison with measured diurnal assimilation rates in the Mediterranean sclerophyll species Quercus ilex under drought further supported this bias of A/C(i) parameterizations. While A/C(i) parameterization predicted negative carbon balance at mid-day, actual measurements and simulations with the A/C(C) approach yielded positive carbon gain under these conditions. In addition, overall variation captured by the best A/C(i) parameterization was poor compared with the A/C(C) approach. This analysis strongly suggests that for correct parameterization of daily time-courses of photosynthesis under realistic field conditions, g(m) must be included in photosynthesis models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|