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TSUBOI M, TERAHARA M, NAGATA M, KATSUMATA T, ISHII T, KATO M, NAKAMURA Y. Safety evaluation of a heat-treated Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 concentrate. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2023; 43:81-91. [PMID: 38188656 PMCID: PMC10767320 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2023-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Several bacterial strains, including probiotic strains, have undergone evaluations for their safety and potential beneficial health effects. Some of these strains have been introduced into various markets, including that for infant products. However, certain probiotic strains have been linked to serious infections in infants, such as septicemia and meningitis. Given this, it is crucial to assess the safety of each probiotic strain, including those of Bifidobacterium, which is a common genus of probiotics. One such strain, Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 (NITE BP-31), referred to as OLB6378 hereafter, has been selected for use in infants. To determine its genotoxicity and general toxicity potential, a heat-treated OLB6378 concentrate was subjected to various tests, including the bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro chromosome aberration test, in vivo micronucleus test, and single- and 90-day oral gavage toxicity studies in rats. No significant differences were observed compared with negative controls in any of genotoxicity tests. The single-dose toxicity study employed dose levels of 560, 1,693, and 5,092 mg/kg, representing the total solid contents of culture concentrates containing OLB6378 (equivalent to 8.1 × 1011, 2.4 × 1012, and 7.4 × 1012 cells/kg of Bifidobacterium, respectively). In the 90-day toxicity study, dose levels of 280, 853, and 2,546 mg/kg/day were used (equivalent to 4.0 × 1011, 1.2 × 1012, and 3.7 × 1012 cells/kg/day, respectively). Importantly, the heat-treated OLB6378 concentrate did not induce any signs of toxicity in any of the conducted toxicity studies. In conclusion, the heat-treated OLB6378 concentrate exhibited no genotoxicity potential, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level in the 90-day toxicity study was determined to be 2,546 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 3.7 × 1012 cells/kg/day). This suggests that heat-treated OLB6378 can be safely utilized as a food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato TSUBOI
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji
Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Masaki TERAHARA
- Wellness Science Labs, Meiji Holdings Co., Ltd., Meiji Co.,
Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Masashi NAGATA
- Wellness Science Labs, Meiji Holdings Co., Ltd., Meiji Co.,
Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Toyohisa KATSUMATA
- Gotemba Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado,
Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Takahiro ISHII
- Gotemba Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado,
Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Masayuki KATO
- Formerly at CMIC Bioresearch Center, CMIC Pharma Science Co.,
Ltd., 10221 Kobuchizawa-cho, Hokuto-shi, Yamanashi 408-0044, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka NAKAMURA
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji
Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
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Gut health benefit and application of postbiotics in animal production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:38. [PMID: 35392985 PMCID: PMC8991504 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut homeostasis is of importance to host health and imbalance of the gut usually leads to disorders or diseases for both human and animal. Postbiotics have been applied in manipulating of gut health, and utilization of postbiotics threads new lights into the host health. Compared with the application of probiotics, the characteristics such as stability and safety of postbiotics make it a potential alternative to probiotics. Studies have reported the beneficial effects of components derived from postbiotics, mainly through the mechanisms including inhibition of pathogens, strengthen gut barrier, and/or regulation of immunity of the host. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of postbiotics, main compounds of postbiotics, potential mechanisms in gut health, and their application in animal production.
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Michels M, Jesus GFA, Voytena APL, Rossetto M, Ramlov F, Córneo E, Feuser P, Gelain D, Dal-Pizzol F. Immunomodulatory Effect of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus Strains of Paraprobiotics in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammatory Responses in RAW-264.7 Macrophages. Curr Microbiol 2021; 79:9. [PMID: 34905100 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the potential of paraprobiotics to exert different immunological benefits suggests that further studies should be carried out to determine their potential and mechanisms of action in modulating the immune system. The objective of this study was to investigate the immune response of several microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPS) used at different doses in macrophage cell lines RAW-264.7 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Two experiments were conducted. The first was performed to determine a dose response curve for each paraprobiotic (Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Streptococcus thermophilus). Further experiments were carried using only two doses (0.01 g/ml and 0.1 g/ml). RAW-264.7 cells were cultivated in Dubelcco's Modified Eagle's medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum and penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were incubated with LPS (1 μg/ml) and six concentrations of MAMPs were added. RAW-264.7 viability, myeloperoxidase activity, nitrite/nitrate concentration, reactive oxygen species production, oxidative damage, and inflammatory parameters were measured. In the LPS group, there was a significant reduction in cell viability. Myeloperoxidase and nitrite/nitrate concentrations demonstrated a better effect at 0.01 and 0.1 g/ml doses. There was a significant reduction in interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels at 0.1 g/ml dose in all paraprobiotics. IL-10 levels decreased in the LPS group and increased at 0.1 g/ml dose in all paraprobiotics. The dichlorofluorescin diacetate results were reinforced by the observed in oxidative damage. Paraprobiotics are likely to contribute to the improvement of intestinal homeostasis, immunomodulation, and host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Michels
- Gabbia Biotechnology, Barra Velha, SC, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Avenida Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC, CEP: 888006-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Emily Córneo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Paulo Feuser
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gelain
- Departament of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
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KDP, a Lactobacilli Product from Kimchi, Enhances Mucosal Immunity by Increasing Secretory IgA in Mice and Exhibits Antimicrobial Activity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113936. [PMID: 34836191 PMCID: PMC8618749 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of KDP, a lactic acid bacterial strain of Lactobacillus sakei, to enhance the production of mucosal specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) in mice and thereby enhance gut mucosal immunity was examined. KDP is composed of dead cells isolated from the Korean traditional food kimchi. Female BALB/c mice orally received 0.25 mg KDP once daily for 5 weeks and were co-administrated ovalbumin (OVA) for negative control and cholera toxin for positive control. Mice administered KDP exhibited increased secretory IgA (sIgA) contents in the small intestine, Peyer’s patches, serum, colon, and lungs as examined by ELISA. KDP also significantly increased the gene expression of Bcl-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-21, and STAT4. In addition, KDP acted as a potent antioxidant, as indicated by its significant inhibitory effects in the range of 16.5–59.4% for DPPH, nitric oxide, maximum total antioxidant capacity, and maximum reducing power. Finally, KDP exhibited potent antimicrobial activity as evidenced by a significant decrease in the growth of 7 samples of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans. KDP’s adjuvant effect is shown to be comparable to that of cholera toxin. We conclude that KDP can significantly enhance the intestine’s secretory immunity to OVA, as well as act as a potent antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. These results suggest that orally administered KDP should be studied in clinical trials for antigen-specific IgA production.
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Terahara M, Nakamura Y, Tsuboi M, Jinno S, Tsukahara T, Miyake T, Shimojo N. Effects of the intake of non-live Bifidobacterium bifidum on the faecal IgA of full-term infants: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2021; 40:196-203. [PMID: 34631331 PMCID: PMC8484005 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2021-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 (OLB6378) was selected as a strain that
enhances the production of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) in vitro.
This ability of non-live OLB6378 has been shown by a clinical trial in preterm infants. In
the present study, we examined whether non-live OLB6378 also enhances the production of
secretory IgA, even in full-term infants. One hundred full-term infants were allocated to
receive formula with (BbF group, 49 infants) or without non-live OLB6378 (PF group, 51
infants). Breastfeeding was prioritised, so infant formula was used for infants with
breastfeeding difficulties. The intervention was initiated by five days of age. The faecal
IgA concentration and OLB6378 level were determined at one, two, four, and eight weeks of
age. Faecal IgA in the BbF group (1.04 ± 0.47 mg/g of faeces, n=45) was significantly
higher than that in the PF group (0.85 ± 0.42 mg/g of faeces, n=49) at four weeks of age
(p=0.047). OLB6378 was not detected in faeces at any age. This indicated that production
of secretory IgA in full-term infants may also be enhanced by non-live OLB6378 intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Terahara
- R&D Management Department, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nakamura
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Misato Tsuboi
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Shinji Jinno
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Tsukahara
- Kyoto Institute of Nutrition & Pathology Inc., 7-2 Furuiketani, Tachikawa, Ujitawara, Tsuzuki-gun, Kyoto 610-0231, Japan
| | - Takao Miyake
- Miyake Women's Clinic, 1-18-5 Oyuminochuo, Midori-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 266-0032, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Li C, Cao R, Qian S, Qiao C, Liu X, Zhou Z, Li Z. Clostridium butyricum CB1 up-regulates FcRn expression via activation of TLR2/4-NF-κB signaling pathway in porcine small intestinal cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 240:110317. [PMID: 34461425 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) mediates the bidirectional transport of immunoglobulin G (IgG) across hyperpolarized epithelial cells. Overexpression of FcRn increases serum IgG and humoral immune response. Probiotics can improve the host's serum and intestinal mucosal IgG. However, whether probiotics regulate FcRn and its specific mechanism are still unclear. Our research showed that heat inactivated Clostridium butyricum CB1 (heat-inactivated CB1) up-regulated FcRn expression in porcine small intestinal epithelial (IPI-2I) cells. Furthermore, heat-inactivated CB1 stimulation activated the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Moreover, FcRn expression decreased after blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway by NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7028, suggesting that heat-inactivated CB1 induced FcRn expression via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), we found that knockdown of TLR2/4, MyD88 and TRIF reduced NF-κB activity induced by heat-inactivated CB1, as well as up-regulation of FcRn expression after heat-inactivated CB1 stimulation. Taken together, our data indicated that heat-inactivated CB1 up-regulated FcRn expression via TLR2/4-MyD88/TRIF-NF-κB signaling pathway. These results provided a new perspective for us to understand the enhancement of C. butyricum on intestinal mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoju Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenyuan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.
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Zielińska D, Łepecka A, Ołdak A, Długosz E, Kołożyn-Krajewska D. Growth and adhesion inhibition of pathogenic bacteria by live and heat-killed food-origin Lactobacillus strains or their supernatants. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6149457. [PMID: 33629723 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the antimicrobial capacity of 10 potential probiotic Lactobacillus strains against model enteropathogens and spoilage microorganisms. The probiotic strains (live and heat-killed forms) were also assessed for their ability to inhibit adhesion of selected pathogens to Caco-2 cells. The largest inhibition zones (the diffusion method) were connected with the usage of whole bacteria cultures (WBC), also high and moderate with cell-free supernatant (CFS) and the lowest with cell-free neutralized supernatant (CNS). The highest antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus strains was observed against L. monocytogenes strains, moderate activity against Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and, the lowest against S.aureus, Bacillus and Enterococcus. The inhibition of adhesion to Caco-2 cells was very high in the case of E. coli, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes, and moderate in the case of S.aureus. On average, the inhibition effect was higher when pathogenic bacteria were treated by WBC, than heat-killed Lactobacillus. Although, in most samples, the effect was not significantly different (P> 0.05). The strains Lb. brevis O24 and Lb. rhamnosus K3 showed the biggest overall antimicrobial properties, and were most effective in adherence inhibition of investigated indicator strains. These bacteria or their metabolites can be used for the production of various foods or pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zielińska
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Science - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Łepecka
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Science - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ołdak
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Science - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Długosz
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Science - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Kołożyn-Krajewska
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Science - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Afchangi A, Latifi T, Jalilvand S, Marashi SM, Shoja Z. Combined use of lactic-acid-producing bacteria as probiotics and rotavirus vaccine candidates expressing virus-specific proteins. Arch Virol 2021; 166:995-1006. [PMID: 33533975 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lower efficacy of currently approved live attenuated rotavirus (RV) vaccines in developing countries, a new approach to the development of safe mucosally administered live bacterial vectors is being considered, using probiotic bacteria as an efficient delivery platform for heterologous RV antigens. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are considered food-grade bacteria and normal microbiota, have been utilized throughout history as probiotics and developed since the 1990s as a delivery system for recombinant heterologous proteins. Over the last decade, LAB have frequently been used as a platform for the delivery of various RV antigens to the mucosa. Given the appropriate safety profile for neonates and providing the benefits of probiotics, recombinant LAB-based vaccines could potentially address the need for a subunit RV vaccine. The present review focuses mainly on different recombinant LAB vaccine constructs for RV and their potential as an alternative recombinant vaccine against RV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afchangi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Lim HJ, Shin HS. Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Effects of Bifidobacterium Strains: A Review. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1793-1800. [PMID: 33144551 PMCID: PMC9728261 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2007.07046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium strains can provide several health benefits, such as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects. Some strains inhibit growth or cell adhesion of pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant bacteria, and their antibacterial activity can be intensified when combined with certain antibiotics. In addition, some strains of bifidobacteria reduce viral infectivity, leading to less epithelial damage of intestinal tissue, lowering the virus shedding titer, and controlling the release of antiviral substances. Furthermore, bifidobacteria can modulate the immune system by increasing immunoglobulins, and inducing or reducing pro- or antiinflammatory cytokines, respectively. In particular, these anti-inflammatory effects are helpful in the treatment of patients who are already suffering from infection or inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the antimicrobial effects and mechanisms, and immunomodulatory effects of Bifidobacterium strains, suggesting the potential of bifidobacteria as an alternative or complementary treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea Soon Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-901-8398 Fax: +82-2-901-8386 E-mail:
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Ashaolu TJ. Immune boosting functional foods and their mechanisms: A critical evaluation of probiotics and prebiotics. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110625. [PMID: 32795926 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive studies conducted on the link between the gut microbiome and immunity in recent decades have correspondingly led to ever increasing interests in functional foods, especially probiotics and prebiotics. Probiotics and prebiotics play crucial roles in managing the intestinal microbiota in order to improve host health, even though their influence on other body sites are being investigated. Different colonic bacteria metabolize dietary prebiotics to produce beneficial metabolites, especially short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that improve luminal contents and intestinal performance, while positively affecting overall host physiology. Thus, this review provides a general perspective of the immune system, the gut immune system and its microbiota. The review also evaluates functional foods with critical but comprehensive perspectives into probiotics and prebiotics, their immune boosting and mechanisms of action. It is recommended that further mechanistic and translational studies are conducted to promote health, social life and also empower poverty-stricken communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Smart Agriculture Research and Application Team, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Chen YM, Helm ET, Gabler N, Hostetter JM, Burrough ER. Alterations in Intestinal Innate Mucosal Immunity of Weaned Pigs During Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:642-652. [PMID: 32880235 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820932140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the small intestine, localized innate mucosal immunity is critical for intestinal homeostasis. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection induces villus injury and impairs digestive function. Moreover, the infection might comprise localized innate mucosal immunity. This study investigated specific enterocyte subtypes and innate immune components of weaned pigs during PEDV infection. Four-week-old pigs were orally inoculated with PEDV IN19338 strain (n = 40) or sham-inoculated (n = 24). At day post inoculation (DPI) 2, 4, and 6, lysozyme expression in Paneth cells, cellular density of villous and Peyer's patch microfold (M) cells, and the expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) were assessed in the jejunum and ileum by immunohistochemistry, and interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in the jejunum by ELISA. PEDV infection led to a decrease in the ratios of villus height to crypt depth (VH-CD) in jejunum at DPI 2, 4, and 6 and in ileum at DPI 4. The number of villous M cells was reduced in jejunum at DPI 4 and 6 and in ileum at DPI 6, while the number of Peyer's patch M cells in ileum increased at DPI 2 and then decreased at DPI 6. PEDV-infected pigs also had reduced lysozyme expression in ileal Paneth cells at DPI 2 and increased ileal pIgR expression at DPI 4. There were no significant changes in IL-1β and TNF-α expression in PEDV-infected pigs compared to controls. In conclusion, PEDV infection affected innate mucosal immunity of weaned pigs through alterations in Paneth cells, villous and Peyer's patch M cells, and pIgR expression.
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12
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Yang C, Mogno I, Contijoch EJ, Borgerding JN, Aggarwala V, Li Z, Siu S, Grasset EK, Helmus DS, Dubinsky MC, Mehandru S, Cerutti A, Faith JJ. Fecal IgA Levels Are Determined by Strain-Level Differences in Bacteroides ovatus and Are Modifiable by Gut Microbiota Manipulation. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:467-475.e6. [PMID: 32075742 PMCID: PMC7213796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fecal IgA production depends on colonization by a gut microbiota. However, the bacterial strains that drive gut IgA production remain largely unknown. Here, we assessed the IgA-inducing capacity of a diverse set of human gut microbial strains by monocolonizing mice with each strain. We identified Bacteroides ovatus as the species that best induced gut IgA production. However, this induction varied bimodally across different B. ovatus strains. The high IgA-inducing B. ovatus strains preferentially elicited more IgA production in the large intestine through the T cell-dependent B cell-activation pathway. Remarkably, a low-IgA phenotype in mice could be robustly and consistently converted into a high-IgA phenotype by transplanting a multiplex cocktail of high IgA-inducing B. ovatus strains but not individual ones. Our results highlight the critical importance of microbial strains in driving phenotype variation in the mucosal immune system and provide a strategy to robustly modify a gut immune phenotype, including IgA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ilaria Mogno
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eduardo J Contijoch
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joshua N Borgerding
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Varun Aggarwala
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sophia Siu
- Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Emilie K Grasset
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Drew S Helmus
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Susan and Leonard Feinstein IBD Clinical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marla C Dubinsky
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Susan and Leonard Feinstein IBD Clinical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Catalan Institute for Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jeremiah J Faith
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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13
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Zhang Y, Pu F, Cheng R, Guo J, Shen X, Wang S, Zhu H, Zhang X, Cheng G, Li M, He F. Effect of heat-inactivated Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 on microbiota and gut-brain axis related molecules. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2020; 39:89-99. [PMID: 32775126 PMCID: PMC7392912 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2019-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of using heated-inactivated lactobacilli to protect neonates from harmful effects of antibiotics. Thirty neonate mice were randomly divided into three groups of ten and treated with either sterilized water, an antibiotics cocktail, or the same antibiotics plus heat-inactivated Lactobacillus paracasei N1115. The administration of antibiotics significantly increased the serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels of the tested mice (p<0.01, p<0.001, respectively) and decreased their serum corticosterone levels (p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). The colonic crypts were significantly less deep in mice treated with antibiotics and with antibiotics plus N1115 (p<0.05). Antibiotics caused significantly abnormal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor α1 (GABAAα1), γ-aminobutyric acid type B receptor1 (GABAb1), and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor1A (5-HT1A) in the hippocampus (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively) and of GABAAα1 in the prefrontal cortex (p<0.01). Heat-inactivated lactobacilli alleviated these abnormal changes. Antibiotics greatly decreased the Shannon index of the fecal microbiota and significantly increased the number of Proteobacteria (p<0.001), with fewer Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes (p<0.05). Antibiotics not only cause microbiota dysbiosis, but also cause abnormal changes in important molecules in the gut-brain axis. All these abnormal changes are alleviated by heat-inactivated L. paracasei N1115. This indicates that heat-inactivated L. paracasei N1115 has a certain improvement effect on changes caused by antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Pu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China.,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ruyue Cheng
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Wang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Shijiazhuang Junlebao Dairy Co. Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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14
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Piqué N, Berlanga M, Miñana-Galbis D. Health Benefits of Heat-Killed (Tyndallized) Probiotics: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2534. [PMID: 31126033 PMCID: PMC6566317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the oral use of probiotics is widespread. However, the safety profile with the use of live probiotics is still a matter of debate. Main risks include: Cases of systemic infections due to translocation, particularly in vulnerable patients and pediatric populations; acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes; or interference with gut colonization in neonates. To avoid these risks, there is an increasing interest in non-viable microorganisms or microbial cell extracts to be used as probiotics, mainly heat-killed (including tyndallized) probiotic bacteria (lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria). Heat-treated probiotic cells, cell-free supernatants, and purified key components are able to confer beneficial effects, mainly immunomodulatory effects, protection against enteropathogens, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. At the clinical level, products containing tyndallized probiotic strains have had a role in gastrointestinal diseases, including bloating and infantile coli-in combination with mucosal protectors-and diarrhea. Heat-inactivated probiotics could also have a role in the management of dermatological or respiratory allergic diseases. The reviewed data indicate that heat-killed bacteria or their fractions or purified components have key probiotic effects, with advantages versus live probiotics (mainly their safety profile), positioning them as interesting strategies for the management of common prevalent conditions in a wide variety of patients´ characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Piqué
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària de la UB (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Berlanga
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - David Miñana-Galbis
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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15
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Deshpande G, Athalye-Jape G, Patole S. Para-probiotics for Preterm Neonates-The Next Frontier. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070871. [PMID: 29976885 PMCID: PMC6073938 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence supports the use of probiotics in preterm neonates for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis, mortality and late onset sepsis. Despite the strong evidence, the uptake of this intervention has not been universal due to concerns including probiotic sepsis, pro-inflammatory response and transmission of antibiotic resistance. Critically ill extremely preterm neonates with potentially compromised gut integrity are at higher risk of probiotic sepsis due to translocation. In most countries, probiotics are sold as food supplements with poor quality control. The traditional definition of probiotics as “live microorganisms” has been challenged as many experts have questioned the importance of viability in the context of the beneficial effects of probiotics. Paraprobiotics (ghost probiotics), are defined as non-viable microbial cells (intact or broken) or crude cell extracts (i.e., with complex chemical composition), which, when administered (orally or topically) in adequate amounts, confer a benefit on the human or animal consumer. Current evidence indicates that paraprobiotics could be safe alternatives to probiotics in preterm neonates. High-quality pre-clinical and clinical studies including adequately powered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are warranted in preterm neonates to explore this new frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Deshpande
- Department of Neonatology, Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia.
| | - Gayatri Athalye-Jape
- Department of Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Perth, WA 6008, Australia.
| | - Sanjay Patole
- Department of Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Perth, WA 6008, Australia.
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16
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Hachimura S, Totsuka M, Hosono A. Immunomodulation by food: impact on gut immunity and immune cell function. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:584-599. [PMID: 29448897 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1433017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that various food components affect the immune response. These components act on various immune cells, and their effects are mediated through the intestinal immune system and, in some cases, the intestinal microbiota. In this review, we describe the immunomodulating effects of various food components, including probiotics, prebiotics, polysaccharides, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, peptides, amino acids and polyphenols. Some of these components enhance immune responses, leading to host defense against infection, whereas others inhibit immune responses, thus suppressing allergy and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hachimura
- a Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mamoru Totsuka
- b Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Life Science , Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Japan
| | - Akira Hosono
- c Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences , Nihon University , Japan
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17
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Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 Simultaneously Enhances Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immunity in Low Birth Weight Infants: A Non-Randomized Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030195. [PMID: 28245626 PMCID: PMC5372858 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic supplementation has been part of the discussion on methods to enhance humoral immunity. Administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 (OLB6378) reduced the incidence of late-onset sepsis in infants. In this non-randomized study, we aimed to determine the effect of administration of live OLB6378 on infants' humoral immunity. Secondly, we tried to elucidate whether similar effects would be observed with administration of non-live OLB6378. Low birth weight (LBW) infants weighing 1500-2500 g were divided into three groups: Group N (no intervention), Group L (administered live OLB6378 concentrate), and Group H (administered non-live OLB6378 concentrate). The interventions were started within 48 h after birth and continued until six months of age. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels (IgG at one month/IgG at birth) were significantly higher in Group L than in Group N (p < 0.01). Group H exhibited significantly higher serum IgG levels (p < 0.01) at one month of age and significantly higher intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels (p < 0.05) at one and two months of age than Group N. No difference was observed in the mortality or morbidity between groups. Thus, OLB6378 administration in LBW infants enhanced humoral immunity, and non-live OLB6378, which is more useful as a food ingredient, showed a more marked effect than the viable bacteria.
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18
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Orbach SM, Less RR, Kothari A, Rajagopalan P. In Vitro Intestinal and Liver Models for Toxicity Testing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1898-1910. [PMID: 33440548 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human body is exposed to hundreds of chemicals every day. Many of these toxicants have unknown effects on the body that can be deleterious. Furthermore, chemicals can have a synergistic effect, resulting in toxic responses of cocktails at relatively low individual exposure levels. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the liver are the first organs to be exposed to ingested pharmaceuticals and environmental chemicals. As a result, these organs often experience extensive damage from xenobiotics and their metabolites. In vitro models offer a promising method for testing toxic effects. Many advanced in vitro models have been developed for GI and liver toxicity. These models strive to recapitulate the in vivo organ architecture to more accurately model chemical toxicity. In this review, we discuss many of these advances, in addition to recent efforts to integrate the GI and the liver in vitro for a more holistic toxicity model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Orbach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and §ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Rebekah R Less
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and §ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Anjaney Kothari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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19
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Vlasova AN, Kandasamy S, Chattha KS, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Comparison of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria effects, immune responses and rotavirus vaccines and infection in different host species. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:72-84. [PMID: 26809484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Different probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera possess significant and widely acknowledged health-promoting and immunomodulatory properties. They also provide an affordable means for prevention and treatment of various infectious, allergic and inflammatory conditions as demonstrated in numerous human and animal studies. Despite the ample evidence of protective effects of these probiotics against rotavirus (RV) infection and disease, the precise immune mechanisms of this protection remain largely undefined, because of limited mechanistic research possible in humans and investigated in the majority of animal models. Additionally, while most human clinical probiotic trials are well-standardized using the same strains, uniform dosages, regimens of the probiotic treatments and similar host age, animal studies often lack standardization, have variable experimental designs, and non-uniform and sometime limited selection of experimental variables or observational parameters. This review presents selected data on different probiotic strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and summarizes the knowledge of their immunomodulatory properties and the associated protection against RV disease in diverse host species including neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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20
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Intake of indigestible carbohydrates influences IgA response and polymeric Ig receptor expression in the rat submandibular gland. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1895-902. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Secretory IgA in the saliva is essential for protection from mucosally transmitted pathogens and maintaining homeostasis at mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity. Expression of submandibular gland polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) is essential for IgA secretion. In the present study, we investigated the influence of indigestible carbohydrates on IgA production in the salivary gland and saliva. Five-week-old rats were fed a fibre-free diet (control), or a diet with 5 % (w/w) fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) or a combination of 2·5 % (w/w) polydextrose (PDX) and 2·5 % (w/w) lactitol for 21-d. IgA concentrations in the caecal digesta, submandibular gland tissue, and saliva in the FOS and PDX+lactitol diet groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P< 0·05). The increase in IgA in the submandibular gland tissue was confirmed using immunohistochemical analysis. However, the IgA concentrations of serum did not differ between the FOS or PDX+lactitol groups and the control group (P= 0·5). In the FOS and PDX+lactitol groups, thepIgRmRNA (pIgR/β-actin) expression level in the submandibular gland tissue was significantly higher than that in the control group (P< 0·05). The present study suggests that indigestible carbohydrates play an important role in the increase in IgA concentrations in the submandibular gland tissue, saliva, and caecal digesta.
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21
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Totsu S, Yamasaki C, Terahara M, Uchiyama A, Kusuda S. Bifidobacterium and enteral feeding in preterm infants: cluster-randomized trial. Pediatr Int 2014; 56:714-9. [PMID: 24617812 PMCID: PMC4285294 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the benefit of Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 (B. bifidum) in very low-birthweight (VLBW) infants (birthweight <1500 g) for the acceleration of enteral feeding. METHODS A cluster-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 19 hospitals, divided into two groups: the B group (n = 10 hospitals; B. bifidum given to infants within 48 h of birth) and the P group (n = 9 hospitals; infants received a placebo). The primary outcome was establishment of enteral feeding after birth, defined as the postnatal day at which enteral feeding exceeded 100 mL/(kg/day). Secondary outcomes were defined as incidence of morbidity and somatic growth before discharge. RESULTS Overall, 283 VLBW infants were enrolled in the study: B group, n = 153; and P group, n = 130. Enteral feeding was established within 21 days after birth in 233 infants, of whom 119 received B. bifidum and 114 received placebo until their bodyweight reached 2000 g. Enteral feeding was established significantly earlier in the B group, at 11.0 ± 3.6 days versus 12.1 ± 3.8 days in P group (P < 0.05). Infant growth during the stay in the neonatal intensive care unit was not different between groups, but the incidence of late-onset sepsis among all enrolled infants was significantly lower in the B group (3.9%, 6/153) than in the P group (10.0%, 13/130; P < 0.05). No differences were observed in the incidence of other adverse outcomes including mortality. CONCLUSIONS B. bifidum in VLBW infants accelerated the establishment of enteral feeding after birth without increasing the incidence of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satsuki Totsu
- Maternal and Perinatal Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Development of a primary mouse intestinal epithelial cell monolayer culture system to evaluate factors that modulate IgA transcytosis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:818-28. [PMID: 24220295 PMCID: PMC4019725 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is significant interest in the use of primary intestinal epithelial cells in monolayer culture to model intestinal biology. However, it has proven to be challenging to create functional, differentiated monolayers using current culture methods, likely due to the difficulty in expanding these cells. Here, we adapted our recently developed method for the culture of intestinal epithelial spheroids to establish primary epithelial cell monolayers from the colon of multiple genetic mouse strains. These monolayers contained differentiated epithelial cells that displayed robust transepithelial electrical resistance. We then functionally tested them by examining immunoglobulin A (IgA) transcytosis across Transwells. IgA transcytosis required induction of polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) expression, which could be stimulated by a combination of lipopolysaccharide and inhibition of γ-secretase. In agreement with previous studies using immortalized cell lines, we found that tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17, and heat-killed microbes also stimulated pIgR expression and IgA transcytosis. We used wild-type and knockout cells to establish that among these cytokines, IL-17 was the most potent inducer of pIgR expression/IgA transcytosis. Interferon-γ, however, did not induce pIgR expression, and instead led to cell death. This new method will allow the use of primary cells for studies of intestinal physiology.
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23
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Strain-specific identification of Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 by PCR. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:572-6. [PMID: 23470759 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a strain-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer set for the detection of Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 (OLB6378) that can serve as suitable probiotics for infants. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR technique was used to obtain OLB6378-specific PCR products. One OLB6378-specific RAPD-PCR product was obtained after testing 97 RAPD primers, and was sequenced. Thirteen PCR primer sets were designed from the sequence. One PCR primer set was found to amplify one PCR product when genomic DNA of OLB6378 was used as template. The primer set did not amplify any PCR product when the other genomic DNA was used as template. The primer set was tested with 47 strains of B. bifidum and 20 strains of the other Bifidobacterium species. As a result, we developed an OLB6378-specific primer set, one that should be useful not only for the detection of OLB6378 but also for the quantification of OLB6378.
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