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Ohnuma M, Ito K, Hamada K, Takeuchi A, Asano K, Noda T, Watanabe A, Hokura A, Teramura H, Takahashi F, Mutsuro-Aoki H, Tamura K, Shimada H. Peculiar properties of tuber starch in a potato mutant lacking the α-glucan water dikinase 1 gene GWD1 created by targeted mutagenesis using the CRISPR/dMac3-Cas9 system. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2023; 40:219-227. [PMID: 38420564 PMCID: PMC10901162 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.23.0823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Glucose chains in starch are phosphorylated and contribute to structural stabilization. Phosphate groups contained in starch also play a role in retaining moisture. α-Glucan water dikinase 1 (GWD1) is involved in the phosphorylation of glucose chains in starch. In this study, we generated potato mutants of the GWD1 gene using the CRISPR/dMac3-Cas9 system. Observation of the phenotypes of the GWD1-deficient mutants revealed their physiological roles in tuber starch formation. The 4-allele mutants showed growth retardation and a delay in tuber formation. A significant decrease in phosphorus content was detected in the tuber starch of the gwd1 mutant. This mutant starch showed a higher amylose content than the wild-type starch, whereas its gelatinization temperature was slightly lower than that of the WT starch. The peak viscosity of the mutant starch was lower than that of the WT starch. These observations revealed that the starch of the gwd1 mutants had peculiar and unique properties compared to those of WT, sbe3 and gbss1 mutant starches. The amount of tissue-released water due to freeze-thawing treatment was determined on tubers of the gwd1 mutant and compared with those of WT and the other mutants. Significantly less water loss was found in the gwd1, sbe3 and gbss1 mutant tubers than in the WT tubers. Our results indicate that the GWD1 gene is not only important for potato growth, but also largely effective for the traits of tuber starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Ohnuma
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ito
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Karin Hamada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Ami Takeuchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Asano
- Division of Large-Scale Upland Farming Research, Field Crop Breeding Group, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noda
- Division of Large-Scale Upland Farming Research, Field Crop Breeding Group, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Denki University, Adachi, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan
| | - Akiko Hokura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Denki University, Adachi, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Teramura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Fuminori Takahashi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mutsuro-Aoki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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Lloyd JR, Sonnewald U. Jens Kossmann 1963-2023 - a scientist with a passion for plant biology and people. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1266078. [PMID: 37680354 PMCID: PMC10481953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1266078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Lloyd
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Li S, Hu Y, Yang H, Tian S, Wei D, Tang Q, Yang Y, Wang Z. The Regulatory Roles of MYC TFs in Plant Stamen Development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 333:111734. [PMID: 37207819 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The stamen, as the male reproductive organ of flowering plants, plays a critical role in completing the life cycle of plants. MYC transcription factors are members of the bHLH IIIE subgroup and participate in a number of plant biological processes. In recent decades, a number of studies have confirmed that MYC transcription factors actively participate in the regulation of stamen development and have a critical impact on plant fertility. In this review, we summarized how MYC transcription factors play a role in regulating secondary thickening of the anther endothecium, the development and degradation of the tapetum, stomatal differentiation, and the dehydration of the anther epidermis. With regard to anther physiological metabolism, MYC transcription factors control dehydrin synthesis, ion and water transport, and carbohydrate metabolism to influence pollen viability. Additionally, MYCs participate in the JA signal transduction pathway, where they directly or indirectly control the development of stamens through the ET-JA, GA-JA, and ABA-JA pathways. By identifying the functions of MYCs during plant stamen development, it will help us to obtain a more comprehensive understanding not only on the molecular functions of this TF family but also the mechanisms underlying stamen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Olericulture, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yao Hu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Olericulture, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Huiqing Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Olericulture, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Shibing Tian
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400055, China.
| | - Dayong Wei
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Olericulture, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Qinglin Tang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Olericulture, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400055, China.
| | - Zhimin Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Olericulture, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Cheng Z, Song W, Zhang X. Genic male and female sterility in vegetable crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 10:uhac232. [PMID: 36643746 PMCID: PMC9832880 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable crops are greatly appreciated for their beneficial nutritional and health components. Hybrid seeds are widely used in vegetable crops for advantages such as high yield and improved resistance, which require the participation of male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive organs. Male- or female-sterile plants are commonly used for production of hybrid seeds or seedless fruits in vegetables. In this review we will focus on the types of genic male sterility and factors affecting female fertility, summarize typical gene function and research progress related to reproductive organ identity and sporophyte and gametophyte development in vegetable crops [mainly tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus)], and discuss the research trends and application perspectives of the sterile trait in vegetable breeding and hybrid production, in order to provide a reference for fertility-related germplasm innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Cheng
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weiyuan Song
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Lee SK, Lee J, Jo M, Jeon JS. Exploration of Sugar and Starch Metabolic Pathway Crucial for Pollen Fertility in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214091. [PMID: 36430574 PMCID: PMC9695277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the primary storage carbohydrate in mature pollen grains in many crop plants, including rice. Impaired starch accumulation causes male sterility because of the shortage of energy and building blocks for pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Thus, starch-defective pollen is applicable for inducing male sterility and hybrid rice production. Despite the importance of pollen starch, the details of the starch biosynthesis and breakdown pathway in pollen are still largely unknown. As pollen is isolated from the maternal tissue, photoassimilate transported from leaves must pass through the apoplastic space from the anther to the filial pollen, where it is stored as starch. Several sugar transporters and enzymes are involved in this process, but many are still unknown. Thus, the current review provides possible scenarios for sucrose transport and metabolic pathways that lead to starch biosynthesis and breakdown in rice pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyu Lee
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.)
| | - Juho Lee
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Jo
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.)
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Křížkovská B, Viktorová J, Lipov J. Approved Genetically Modified Potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum) for Improved Stress Resistance and Food Safety. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11833-11843. [PMID: 36103343 PMCID: PMC9524371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are one of the most important crops worldwide. However, its production and nutrient content are endangered by both biotic and abiotic stresses. The main yield losses are caused by pest damage (e.g., Colorado potato beetle and aphids), virus disease (e.g., Potato leafroll virus and Potato viruses Y and X), or oomycete pathogens (like Phytophthora infestans), which also significantly affect the production of antinutrients and toxic metabolites of plants. Therefore, the use of genetic engineering could be an efficient tool, not harmful to the environment, and beneficial to the consumer. In this review, we focus on the main sources of problems in the field of potato production according to approved genetic modifications, their traditional solution and positive impact of gene transfection reducing economic losses, use of insecticides, and improving the nutritional properties of potatoes. We summarize all transgenic events that have been performed on potatoes and have been approved for cultivation and/or direct use or processing as feed or food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bára Křížkovská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Viktorová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lipov
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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Shahsavar AR, Shahhosseini A. The metaxenia effects of different pollen grains on secondary metabolites enzymes and sugars of 'Piarom' date palm fruit. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10058. [PMID: 35710814 PMCID: PMC9203562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14373-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, the characteristics of pollen were studied in eight pollinating cultivars of date palm, namely, ‘Shahani’, ‘Kabkab’, ‘Zahedi’, ‘Beraem’, ‘Faryab’, ‘Sheikhali’, ‘Fard’ and ‘Jarvis’. The characteristics were compared and metaxenia effects were evaluated on secondary metabolites, enzymes and other biochemical compounds of ‘Piarom’ date fruits. The evaluations were carried out during four stages of fruit growth and development. The pollen of these eight pollinating cultivars were compared in terms of carbohydrates, proteins, starch, total phenol, flavonoids, pectin methyl esterase, and amylase enzymes. According to the results, the pollen of ‘Sheikhali’, ‘Fard’, ‘Zahedi’ and ‘Shahani’ cultivars contained more of the above compounds, compared to the other cultivars. Regarding the effects of pollen on the composition of ‘Piarom’ date fruits, ‘Fard’ and ‘Sheikhali’ pollen produced the lowest amount of soluble tannin, which resulted in a better quality of ‘Piarom’ date fruits. Pollen was also obtained from ‘Sheikhali’ and ‘Fard’ cultivars for evaluations, showing that they led to the highest amounts of glucose and fructose in the fruits. Regarding the sucrose amount, ‘Jarvis’ and ‘Shikhali’ produced the best results. Pollen of ‘Sheikhali’ and ‘Fard’ cultivars caused the lowest amount of chlorophyll at the different stages of fruit growth, indicating a better decomposition of fruit chlorophyll and, as a result, better fruit quality. Pollen of ‘Sheikhali’ and ‘Fard’ cultivars produced the highest amounts of secondary metabolites such as total phenol, carotenoids and anthocyanin at the different stages of fruit development. The pollen of ‘Fard’ and ‘Sheikhali’ cultivars produced the highest levels of polygalacturonase, cellulase and invertase enzymes at different growth stages of the ‘Piarom’ date fruit. Regarding cellulase enzyme, fruits of the ‘Zahedi’ cultivar had more cellulase than the fruits of ‘Sheikhali’. In general, the pollen of ‘Fard’ and ‘Sheikhali, in comparison with other cultivars, improved the quantity and quality of ‘Piarom’ date fruits, due to their metaxenia properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Shahsavar
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Asma Shahhosseini
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Wen YX, Wang JY, Zhu HH, Han GH, Huang RN, Huang L, Hong YG, Zheng SJ, Yang JL, Chen WW. Potential Role of Domains Rearranged Methyltransferase7 in Starch and Chlorophyll Metabolism to Regulate Leaf Senescence in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:836015. [PMID: 35211145 PMCID: PMC8860812 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.836015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation is an important epigenetic mark involved in diverse biological processes. Here, we report the critical function of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Domains Rearranged Methyltransferase7 (SlDRM7) in plant growth and development, especially in leaf interveinal chlorosis and senescence. Using a hairpin RNA-mediated RNA interference (RNAi), we generated SlDRM7-RNAi lines and observed pleiotropic developmental defects including small and interveinal chlorosis leaves. Combined analyses of whole genome bisulfite sequence (WGBS) and RNA-seq revealed that silencing of SlDRM7 caused alterations in both methylation levels and transcript levels of 289 genes, which are involved in chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and starch degradation. Furthermore, the photosynthetic capacity decreased in SlDRM7-RNAi lines, consistent with the reduced chlorophyll content and repression of genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosystem, and photosynthesis. In contrast, starch granules were highly accumulated in chloroplasts of SlDRM7-RNAi lines and associated with lowered expression of genes in the starch degradation pathway. In addition, SlDRM7 was activated by aging- and dark-induced senescence. Collectively, these results demonstrate that SlDRM7 acts as an epi-regulator to modulate the expression of genes related to starch and chlorophyll metabolism, thereby affecting leaf chlorosis and senescence in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang Hao Han
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ru Nan Huang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Bian S, Tian T, Ding Y, Yan N, Wang C, Fang N, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang H. bHLH Transcription Factor NtMYC2a Regulates Carbohydrate Metabolism during the Pollen Development of Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. TN90). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:plants11010017. [PMID: 35009020 PMCID: PMC8747387 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor MYC2 regulates plant growth and development in many aspects through the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, while the role of MYC2 in plant carbohydrate metabolism has not been reported. Here, we generated NtMYC2a-overexpressing (NtMYC2a-OE) and RNA-interference-mediated knockdown (NtMYC2a-RI) transgenic plants of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. TN90) to investigate the role of NtMYC2a in carbohydrate metabolism and pollen development. Results showed that NtMYC2a regulates the starch accumulation and the starch-sugar conversion of floral organs, especially in pollen. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression of starch-metabolic-related genes, AGPs, SS2 and BAM1, were regulated by NtMYC2a in the pollen grain, anther wall and ovary of tobacco plants. The process of pollen maturation was accelerated in NtMYC2a-OE plants and was delayed in NtMYC2a-RI plants, but the manipulation of NtMYC2a expression did not abolish the pollen fertility of the transgenic plants. Intriguingly, overexpression of NtMYC2a also enhanced the soluble carbohydrate accumulation in tobacco ovaries. Overall, our results demonstrated that the bHLH transcription factor NtMYC2a plays an important role in regulating the carbohydrate metabolism during pollen maturation in tobacco.
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Wang Z, Wei K, Xiong M, Wang J, Zhang C, Fan X, Huang L, Zhao D, Liu Q, Li Q. Glucan, Water-Dikinase 1 (GWD1), an ideal biotechnological target for potential improving yield and quality in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2606-2618. [PMID: 34416068 PMCID: PMC8633486 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The source-sink relationship determines the overall agronomic performance of rice. Cloning and characterizing key genes involved in the regulation of source and sink dynamics is imperative for improving rice yield. However, few source genes with potential application in rice have been identified. Glucan, Water-Dikinase 1 (GWD1) is an essential enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the first step of transitory starch degradation in source tissues. In the present study, we successfully generated gwd1 weak mutants by promoter editing using CRISPR/Cas9 system, and also leaf-dominant overexpression lines of GWD1 driven by Osl2 promoter. Analysis of the gwd1 plants indicated that promoter editing mediated down-regulation of GWD1 caused no observable effects on rice growth and development, but only mildly modified its grain transparency and seed germination. However, the transgenic pOsl2::GWD1 overexpression lines showed improvements in multiple key traits, including rice yield, grain shape, rice quality, seed germination and stress tolerance. Therefore, our study shows that GWD1 is not only involved in transitory starch degradation in source tissues, but also plays key roles in the seeds, which is a sink tissue. In conclusion, we find that GWD1 is an ideal biotechnological target with promising potential for the breeding of elite rice cultivars via genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Ke Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Min Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Jin‐Dong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Chang‐Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Xiao‐Lei Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Li‐Chun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Dong‐Sheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Qiao‐Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Qian‐Feng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
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Yan MY, Xie DL, Cao JJ, Xia XJ, Shi K, Zhou YH, Zhou J, Foyer CH, Yu JQ. Brassinosteroid-mediated reactive oxygen species are essential for tapetum degradation and pollen fertility in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:931-947. [PMID: 31908046 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential for plant growth and development, but the mechanisms of BR-mediated pollen development remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that pollen viability, pollen germination and seed number decreased in the BR-deficient mutant d^im , which has a lesion in the BR biosynthetic gene DWARF (DWF), and in the bzr1 mutant, which is deficient in BR signaling regulator BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1), compared with those in wild-type plants, whereas plants overexpressing DWF or BZR1 exhibited the opposite effects. Loss or gain of function in the DWF or BZR1 genes altered the timing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and programmed cell death (PCD) in tapetal cells, resulting in delayed or premature tapetal degeneration, respectively. Further analysis revealed that BZR1 could directly bind to the promoter of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG 1 (RBOH1), and that RBOH1-mediated ROS promote pollen and seed development by triggering PCD and tapetal cell degradation. In contrast, the suppression of RBOH1 compromised BR signaling-mediated ROS production and pollen development. These findings provide strong evidence that BZR1-dependent ROS production plays a critical role in the BR-mediated regulation of tapetal cell degeneration and pollen development in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Yan
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dong-Ling Xie
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jia-Jian Cao
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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12
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Mdodana NT, Jewell JF, Phiri EE, Smith ML, Oberlander K, Mahmoodi S, Kossmann J, Lloyd JR. Mutations in Glucan, Water Dikinase Affect Starch Degradation and Gametophore Development in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15114. [PMID: 31641159 PMCID: PMC6805951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of starch degradation in non-vascular plants is poorly understood. To expand our knowledge of this area, we have studied this process in Physcomitrella patens. This has been achieved through examination of the step known to initiate starch degradation in angiosperms, glucan phosphorylation, catalysed by glucan, water dikinase (GWD) enzymes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that GWD isoforms can be divided into two clades, one of which contains GWD1/GWD2 and the other GWD3 isoforms. These clades split at a very early stage within plant evolution, as distinct sequences that cluster within each were identified in all major plant lineages. Of the five genes we identified within the Physcomitrella genome that encode GWD-like enzymes, two group within the GWD1/GWD2 clade and the others within the GWD3 clade. Proteins encoded by both loci in the GWD1/GWD2 clade, named PpGWDa and PpGWDb, are localised in plastids. Mutations of either PpGWDa or PpGWDb reduce starch phosphate abundance, however, a mutation at the PpGWDa locus had a much greater influence than one at PpGWDb. Only mutations affecting PpGWDa inhibited starch degradation. Mutants lacking this enzyme also failed to develop gametophores, a phenotype that could be chemically complemented using glucose supplementation within the growth medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombizanele T Mdodana
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jonathan F Jewell
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ethel E Phiri
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marthinus L Smith
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kenneth Oberlander
- Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Saire Mahmoodi
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jens Kossmann
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - James R Lloyd
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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13
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Gan Z, Feng Y, Wu T, Wang Y, Xu X, Zhang X, Han Z. Downregulation of the auxin transporter gene SlPIN8 results in pollen abortion in tomato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:561-573. [PMID: 30734902 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
SlPIN8 is expressed specifically within tomato pollen, and that it is involved in tomato pollen development and intracellular auxin homeostasis. The auxin (IAA) transport protein PIN-FORMED (PIN) plays key roles in various aspects of plant development. The biological role of the auxin transporter SlPIN8 in tomato development remains unclear. Here, we examined the expression pattern of the SlPIN8 gene in vegetative and reproductive organs of tomato. RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines specifically silenced for the SlPIN8 gene were generated to identify the role of SlPIN8 in pollen development. We found that SlPIN8 mRNA is expressed specifically within tomato pollen. In the anthers, the highest mRNA expression and β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity of promoter-SlPIN8-GUS was detected during late stages of anther development, when pollen maturation occurred. The downregulation of SlPIN8 did not drastically affect the vegetative growth of tomato. However, in SlPIN8-RNAi transgenic plants, approximately 80% of the pollen grains were identified to be abnormal and lack viability; they were shriveled and flattened. Furthermore, the downregulation of SlPIN8 affected the gene expression of some anther development-specific proteins. SlPIN8-RNAi transgenic plants induced seedless fruits because of defective pollen function rather than defective female gametophyte function. In addition, SlPIN8 was found to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum, consistent with the changes in the auxin levels of SlPIN8-RNAi lines, whereas the level of free IAA was increased in SlPIN8-overexpressing protoplasts, indicating that SlPIN8 is involved in intracellular auxin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Gan
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Feng
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Ruiz-Gayosso A, Rodríguez-Sotres R, Martínez-Barajas E, Coello P. A role for the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) in regulatory SnRK1 subunits: the effect of maltose on SnRK1 activity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:163-175. [PMID: 30003611 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
SnRK1 is a protein kinase complex that is involved in several aspects of plant growth and development. There are published data indicative of a participation of SnRK1 in the regulation of the synthesis and degradation of starch, although the molecular mechanism is not known. In this work, we performed electron microscopy to explore the in vivo localization of the regulatory and catalytic subunits that constitute the SnRK1 complex. The results indicated that all the subunits are present in the chloroplast and, in particular, the SnRK1 βγ and SnRK1 β3 subunits are associated with starch. Furthermore, the regulatory subunits bind maltose, a relevant product of starch degradation. The kinase activity of immunoprecipitated complexes containing the βγ regulatory subunit was positively regulated by maltose only in the complexes obtained from Arabidopsis leaves collected at dusk. Recombinant complexes with the SnRK1α1 catalytic subunit, SnRK1βγ and three different β subunits showed that maltose only had an effect on a complex formed with the β3 subunit. Truncation of the CBM domain form SnRK1 βγ abolished the maltose activation of the complex and the activity was significantly reduced, indicating that the CBM is a positive regulator of SnRK1. A model of the SnRK1α1/βγ/β3 complex suggests the presence of two putative maltose-binding sites, both involving ligand interactions with the βγ subunit and the α subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ruiz-Gayosso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rogelio Rodríguez-Sotres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eleazar Martínez-Barajas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Patricia Coello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
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15
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Parrotta L, Faleri C, Del Duca S, Cai G. Depletion of sucrose induces changes in the tip growth mechanism of tobacco pollen tubes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:23-43. [PMID: 29659664 PMCID: PMC6025209 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Pollen tubes are rapidly growing, photosynthetically inactive cells that need high rates of energy to support growth. Energy can derive from internal and external storage sources. The lack of carbon sources can cause various problems during pollen tube growth, which in turn could affect the reproduction of plants. Methods We analysed the effects of energy deficiency on the development of Nicotiana tabacum pollen tubes by replacing sucrose with glycerol in the growth medium. We focused on cell growth and related processes, such as metabolite composition and cell wall synthesis. Key Results We found that the lack of sucrose affects pollen germination and pollen tube length during a specific growth period. Both sugar metabolism and ATP concentration were affected by sucrose shortage when pollen tubes were grown in glycerol-based media; this was related to decreases in the concentrations of glucose, fructose and UDP-glucose. The intracellular pH and ROS levels also showed a different distribution in pollen tubes grown in sucrose-depleted media. Changes were also observed at the cell wall level, particularly in the content and distribution of two enzymes related to cell wall synthesis (sucrose synthase and callose synthase). Furthermore, both callose and newly secreted cell wall material (mainly pectins) showed an altered distribution corresponding to the lack of oscillatory growth in pollen tubes. Growth in glycerol-based media also temporarily affected the movement of generative cells and, in parallel, the deposition of callose plugs. Conclusion Pollen tubes represent an ideal model system for studying metabolic pathways during the growth of plant cells. In our study, we found evidence that glycerol, a less energetic source for cell growth than sucrose, causes critical changes in cell wall deposition. The evidence that different aspects of pollen tube growth are affected is an indication that pollen tubes adapt to metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Parrotta
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Dipartimento Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
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16
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Moon S, Oo MM, Kim B, Koh HJ, Oh SA, Yi G, An G, Park SK, Jung KH. Genome-wide analyses of late pollen-preferred genes conserved in various rice cultivars and functional identification of a gene involved in the key processes of late pollen development. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 11:28. [PMID: 29687350 PMCID: PMC5913055 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-018-0219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding late pollen development, including the maturation and pollination process, is a key component in maintaining crop yields. Transcriptome data obtained through microarray or RNA-seq technologies can provide useful insight into those developmental processes. Six series of microarray data from a public transcriptome database, the Gene Expression Omnibus of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, are related to anther and pollen development. RESULTS We performed a systematic and functional study across the rice genome of genes that are preferentially expressed in the late stages of pollen development, including maturation and germination. By comparing the transcriptomes of sporophytes and male gametes over time, we identified 627 late pollen-preferred genes that are conserved among japonica and indica rice cultivars. Functional classification analysis with a MapMan tool kit revealed a significant association between cell wall organization/metabolism and mature pollen grains. Comparative analysis of rice and Arabidopsis demonstrated that genes involved in cell wall modifications and the metabolism of major carbohydrates are unique to rice. We used the GUS reporter system to monitor the expression of eight of those genes. In addition, we evaluated the significance of our candidate genes, using T-DNA insertional mutant population and the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Mutants from T-DNA insertion and CRISPR/Cas9 systems of a rice gene encoding glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase are defective in their male gamete transfer. CONCLUSION Through the global analyses of the late pollen-preferred genes from rice, we found several biological features of these genes. First, biological process related to cell wall organization and modification is over-represented in these genes to support rapid tube growth. Second, comparative analysis of late pollen preferred genes between rice and Arabidopsis provide a significant insight on the evolutional disparateness in cell wall biogenesis and storage reserves of pollen. In addition, these candidates might be useful targets for future examinations of late pollen development, and will be a valuable resource for accelerating the understanding of molecular mechanisms for pollen maturation and germination processes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunok Moon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Moe Moe Oo
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Backki Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Koh
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Sung Aeong Oh
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Gihwan Yi
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Soon Ki Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea.
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea.
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17
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Wang W, Hostettler CE, Damberger FF, Kossmann J, Lloyd JR, Zeeman SC. Modification of Cassava Root Starch Phosphorylation Enhances Starch Functional Properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1562. [PMID: 30425722 PMCID: PMC6218586 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a root crop used as a foodstuff and as a starch source in industry. Starch functional properties are influenced by many structural features including the relative amounts of the two glucan polymers amylopectin and amylose, the branched structure of amylopectin, starch granule size and the presence of covalent modifications. Starch phosphorylation, where phosphates are linked either to the C3 or C6 carbon atoms of amylopectin glucosyl residues, is a naturally occurring modification known to be important for starch remobilization. The degree of phosphorylation has been altered in several crops using biotechnological approaches to change expression of the starch-phosphorylating enzyme GLUCAN WATER DIKINASE (GWD). Interestingly, this frequently alters other structural features of starch beside its phosphate content. Here, we aimed to alter starch phosphorylation in cassava storage roots either by manipulating the expression of the starch phosphorylating or dephosphorylating enzymes. Therefore, we generated transgenic plants in which either the wild-type potato GWD (StGWD) or a redox-insensitive version of it were overexpressed. Further plants were created in which we used RNAi to silence each of the endogenous phosphoglucan phosphatase genes STARCH EXCESS 4 (MeSEX4) and LIKE SEX4 2 (MeLSF), previously discovered by analyzing leaf starch metabolism in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpressing the potato GWD gene (StGWD), which specifically phosphorylates the C6 position, increased the total starch-bound phosphate content at both the C6 and the C3 positions. Silencing endogenous LSF2 gene (MeLSF2), which specifically dephosphorylates the C3 position, increased the ratio of C3:C6 phosphorylation, showing that its function is conserved in storage tissues. In both cases, other structural features of starch (amylopectin structure, amylose content and starch granule size) were unaltered. This allowed us to directly relate the physicochemical properties of the starch to its phosphate content or phosphorylation pattern. Starch swelling power and paste clarity were specifically influenced by total phosphate content. However, phosphate position did not significantly influence starch functional properties. In conclusion, biotechnological manipulation of starch phosphorylation can specifically alter certain cassava storage root starch properties, potentially increasing its value in food and non-food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyan Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen E. Hostettler
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fred F. Damberger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy Platform, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kossmann
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - James R. Lloyd
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Samuel C. Zeeman,
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18
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Ma J, Gao S, Jiang QT, Yang Q, Sun M, Wang JR, Qi PF, Liu YX, Li W, Pu ZE, Lan XJ, Wei YM, Liu C, Zheng YL. Structure and expression of phosphoglucan phosphatase genes of Like Sex Four1 and Like Sex Four2 in barley. Genetica 2016; 144:313-23. [PMID: 27154345 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-016-9900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglucan phosphatases (Like-SEX4 1 and 2; LSF1 and LSF2) were reported to play roles in starch metabolism in leaves of Arabidopsis. In this study, we identified and mapped the LSF1 and LSF2 genes in barley (HvLSF1 and HvLSF2), characterized their gene and protein structures, predicted the cis-elements of their promoters, and analysed their expression patterns. HvLSF1 and HvLSF2 were mapped on the long arm of chromosome 1H (1HL) and 5H (5HL), respectively. Our results revealed varied exon-intron structures and conserved exon-intron junctions in both LSF1 and LSF2 from a range of analysed species. Alignment of protein sequences indicated that cTP and CT domains are much less varied than the functional domains (PDZ, DPS and CBM48). LSF2 was mainly expressed in anthers of barley and rice, and in leaf of Arabidopsis. LSF1 was mainly expressed in endosperm of barley and leaf of Arabidopsis and rice. The expression of LSF1 exhibited a diurnal pattern in rice only and that of LSF2 in both rice and Arabidopsis. Of the investigated stresses, only cold stress significantly reduced expression level of LSF1 and LSF2 in barley and LSF2 in Arabidopsis at late stages of the treatments. While heat treatment significantly decreased expression levels of LSF1 at middle stage (4 h) of a treatment in Arabidopsis only. The strong relationships detected between LSF2 and starch excess4 (SEX4), glucan, water dikinases or phosphoglucan, water dikinases were identified and discussed. Taken together, these results provide information of genetic manipulation of LSF1 and LSF2, especially in monocotyledon and further elucidate their regulatory mechanism in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shang Gao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian-Tao Jiang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qiang Yang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Sun
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ji-Rui Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng-Fei Qi
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya-Xi Liu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi-En Pu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiu-Jin Lan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wei
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunji Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - You-Liang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China.
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20
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Bowerman AF, Newberry M, Dielen AS, Whan A, Larroque O, Pritchard J, Gubler F, Howitt CA, Pogson BJ, Morell MK, Ral JP. Suppression of glucan, water dikinase in the endosperm alters wheat grain properties, germination and coleoptile growth. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:398-408. [PMID: 25989474 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch phosphate ester content is known to alter the physicochemical properties of starch, including its susceptibility to degradation. Previous work producing wheat (Triticum aestivum) with down-regulated glucan, water dikinase, the primary gene responsible for addition of phosphate groups to starch, in a grain-specific manner found unexpected phenotypic alteration in grain and growth. Here, we report on further characterization of these lines focussing on mature grain and early growth. We find that coleoptile length has been increased in these transgenic lines independently of grain size increases. No changes in starch degradation rates during germination could be identified, or any major alteration in soluble sugar levels that may explain the coleoptile growth modification. We identify some alteration in hormones in the tissues in question. Mature grain size is examined, as is Hardness Index and starch conformation. We find no evidence that the increased growth of coleoptiles in these lines is connected to starch conformation or degradation or soluble sugar content and suggest these findings provide a novel means of increasing coleoptile growth and early seedling establishment in cereal crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Bowerman
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marcus Newberry
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Dielen
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Alex Whan
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Oscar Larroque
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jenifer Pritchard
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Frank Gubler
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Crispin A Howitt
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthew K Morell
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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21
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Ling S, Chen C, Wang Y, Sun X, Lu Z, Ouyang Y, Yao J. The mature anther-preferentially expressed genes are associated with pollen fertility, pollen germination and anther dehiscence in rice. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:101. [PMID: 25765586 PMCID: PMC4340671 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anthers and pollen grains are critical for male fertility and hybrid rice breeding. The development of rice mature anther and pollen consists of multiple continuous stages. However, molecular mechanisms regulating mature anther development were poorly understood. Results In this study, we have identified 291 mature anther-preferentially expressed genes (OsSTA) in rice based on Affymetrix microarray data. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that OsSTA genes mainly participated in metabolic and cellular processes that are likely important for rice anther and pollen development. The expression patterns of OsSTA genes were validated using real-time PCR and mRNA in situ hybridizations. Cis-element identification showed that most of the OsSTA genes had the cis-elements responsive to phytohormone regulation. Co-expression analysis of OsSTA genes showed that genes annotated with pectinesterase and calcium ion binding activities were rich in the network, suggesting that OsSTA genes could be involved in pollen germination and anther dehiscence. Furthermore, OsSTA RNAi transgenic lines showed male-sterility and pollen germination defects. Conclusions The results suggested that OsSTA genes function in rice male fertility, pollen germination and anther dehiscence and established molecular regulating networks that lay the foundation for further functional studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1305-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ling
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Caisheng Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaocong Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhanhua Lu
- College of Plant Science and technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yidan Ouyang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jialing Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Ma J, Jiang QT, Wei L, Yang Q, Zhang XW, Peng YY, Chen GY, Wei YM, Liu C, Zheng YL. Conserved structure and varied expression reveal key roles of phosphoglucan phosphatase gene starch excess 4 in barley. PLANTA 2014; 240:1179-90. [PMID: 25100144 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
As one of the phosphoglucan phosphatases, starch excess 4 (SEX4) encoded by SEX4 gene has recently been intensively studied because of its vital role in the degradation of leaf starch. In this study, we isolated and chromosomally mapped barley SEX4, characterized its gene and protein structure, predicted the cis-elements of its promoter, and analysed its expression based on real-time quantitative PCR and publically available microarray data. The full length of barely SEX4 (HvSEX4) was 4,598 bp and it was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 4H (4HL). This gene contained 14 exons and 13 introns in all but two of the species analysed, Arabidopsis (13 exons and 12 introns) and Oryza brachyantha (12 exons and 11 introns). An exon-intron junction composed of intron 4 to intron 7 and exon 5 to exon 8 was highly conserved among the analysed species. SEX4 is characterized with conserved functional domains (dual specificity phosphatase domain and carbohydrate-binding module 48) and varied chloroplast transit peptide and C-terminal. Expression analyses indicated that: (1) SEX4 was mainly expressed in anthers of barley, young leaf and anthers of rice, and leaf of Arabidopsis; (2) it exhibited a diurnal pattern in barley, rice and Arabidopsis; (3) significant difference in the expression of SEX4 was not detected for either barley or rice under any of the investigated stresses; and (4) it was significantly down-regulated at middle stage and up-regulated at late stage under cold treatment, down-regulated at early stage under heat treatment, and up-regulated at late stage under salt treatment in Arabidopsis. The strong relationships detected in the current study between SEX4 and glucan, water dikinases (GWD) or phosphoglucan, water dikinases (PWD) were discussed. Collectively, our results provide insights into genetic manipulation of SEX4, especially in monocotyledon and uncovering the possible roles of SEX4 in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
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Hirose T, Hashida Y, Aoki N, Okamura M, Yonekura M, Ohto C, Terao T, Ohsugi R. Analysis of gene-disruption mutants of a sucrose phosphate synthase gene in rice, OsSPS1, shows the importance of sucrose synthesis in pollen germination. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 225:102-6. [PMID: 25017165 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The molecular function of an isoform of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in rice, OsSPS1, was investigated using gene-disruption mutant lines generated by retrotransposon insertion. The progeny of the heterozygote of disrupted OsSPS1 (SPS1(+/-)) segregated into SPS1(+/+), SPS1(+/-), and SPS1(-/-) at a ratio of 1:1:0. This distorted segregation ratio, together with the expression of OsSPS1 in the developing pollen revealed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis and promoter-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion assay, suggested that the disruption of OsSPS1 results in sterile pollen. This hypothesis was reinforced by reciprocal crosses of SPS1(+/-) plants with wild-type plants in which the disrupted OsSPS1 was not paternally transmitted to the progeny. While the pollen grains of SPS(+/-) plants normally accumulated starch during their development, pollen germination on the artificial media was reduced to half of that observed in the wild-type control. Overall, our data suggests that sucrose synthesis via OsSPS1 is essential in pollen germination in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Hirose
- NARO Agricultural Research Center, 1-2-1 Inada, Joetsu, Niigata 943-0193, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Hashida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naohiro Aoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masaki Okamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Madoka Yonekura
- Bio Research Laboratory, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1 Toyota-cho, Toyota, Aichi 471-8572, Japan
| | - Chikara Ohto
- Bio Research Laboratory, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1 Toyota-cho, Toyota, Aichi 471-8572, Japan
| | - Tomio Terao
- NARO Agricultural Research Center, 1-2-1 Inada, Joetsu, Niigata 943-0193, Japan
| | - Ryu Ohsugi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Skeffington AW, Graf A, Duxbury Z, Gruissem W, Smith AM. Glucan, Water Dikinase Exerts Little Control over Starch Degradation in Arabidopsis Leaves at Night. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:866-879. [PMID: 24781197 PMCID: PMC4044853 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.237016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The first step on the pathway of starch degradation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves at night is the phosphorylation of starch polymers, catalyzed by glucan, water dikinase (GWD). It has been suggested that GWD is important for the control of starch degradation, because its transcript levels undergo strong diel fluctuations, its activity is subject to redox regulation in vitro, and starch degradation is strongly decreased in gwd mutant plants. To test this suggestion, we analyzed changes in GWD protein abundance in relation to starch levels in wild-type plants, in transgenic plants in which GWD transcripts were strongly reduced by induction of RNA interference, and in transgenic plants overexpressing GWD. We found that GWD protein levels do not vary over the diel cycle and that the protein has a half-life of 2 d. Overexpression of GWD does not accelerate starch degradation in leaves, and starch degradation is not inhibited until GWD levels are reduced by 70%. Surprisingly, this degree of reduction also inhibits starch synthesis in the light. To discover the importance of redox regulation, we generated transgenic plants expressing constitutively active GWD. These plants retained normal control of degradation. We conclude that GWD exerts only a low level of control over starch degradation in Arabidopsis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair W Skeffington
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.W.S., A.G., Z.D., A.M.S.); andDepartment of Biology, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (A.G., W.G.)
| | - Alexander Graf
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.W.S., A.G., Z.D., A.M.S.); andDepartment of Biology, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (A.G., W.G.)
| | - Zane Duxbury
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.W.S., A.G., Z.D., A.M.S.); andDepartment of Biology, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (A.G., W.G.)
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.W.S., A.G., Z.D., A.M.S.); andDepartment of Biology, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (A.G., W.G.)
| | - Alison M Smith
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.W.S., A.G., Z.D., A.M.S.); andDepartment of Biology, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (A.G., W.G.)
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Wang W, Liu G, Niu H, Timko MP, Zhang H. The F-box protein COI1 functions upstream of MYB305 to regulate primary carbohydrate metabolism in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. TN90). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2147-60. [PMID: 24604735 PMCID: PMC3991746 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonate (JA) plays an important role in regulating plant male fertility and secondary metabolism, but its role in regulating primary metabolism remains unclear. The F-box protein CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1) is a critical component of the JA receptor, and mediates JA-signalling by targeting JASMONATE ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins for proteasomal degradation in response to JA perception. Here, we found that RNA interference-mediated knockdown of NtCOI1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. TN90) recapitulated many previously observed phenotypes in coi1 mutants, including male sterility, JA insensitivity, and loss of floral anthocyanin production. It also affected starch metabolism in the pollen, anther wall, and floral nectary, leading to pollen abortion and loss of floral nectar. Transcript levels of genes encoding starch metabolism enzymes were significantly altered in the pollen, anther wall, and floral nectary of NtCOI1-silenced tobacco. Changes in leaf primary metabolism were also observed in the NtCOI1-silenced tobacco. The expression of NtMYB305, an orthologue of MYB305 previously identified as a flavonoid metabolic regulator in Antirrhinum majus flowers and as a floral-nectar regulator mediating starch synthesis in ornamental tobacco, was extremely downregulated in NtCOI1-silenced tobacco. These findings suggest that NtCOI1 functions upstream of NtMYB305 and plays a fundamental role in coordinating plant primary carbohydrate metabolism and correlative physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Guanshan Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Haixia Niu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Michael P. Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
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Busi MV, Gomez-Casati DF, Martín M, Barchiesi J, Grisolía MJ, Hedín N, Carrillo JB. Starch Metabolism in Green Plants. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_78-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
Starch is the major non-structural carbohydrate in plants. It serves as an important store of carbon that fuels plant metabolism and growth when they are unable to photosynthesise. This storage can be in leaves and other green tissues, where it is degraded during the night, or in heterotrophic tissues such as roots, seeds and tubers, where it is stored over longer time periods. Arabidopsis accumulates starch in many of its tissues, but mostly in its leaves during the day. It has proven to be a powerful genetic system for discovering how starch is synthesised and degraded, and new proteins and processes have been discovered. Such work has major significance for our starch crops, whose yield and quality could be improved by the application of this knowledge. Research into Arabidopsis starch metabolism has begun to reveal how its daily turnover is integrated into the rest of metabolism and adapted to the environmental conditions. Furthermore, Arabidopsis mutant lines deficient in starch metabolism have been employed as tools to study other biological processes ranging from sugar sensing to gravitropism and flowering time control. This review gives a detailed account of the use of Arabidopsis to study starch metabolism. It describes the major discoveries made and presents an overview of our understanding today, together with some as-yet unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Streb
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH
Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH
Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ral JP, Bowerman AF, Li Z, Sirault X, Furbank R, Pritchard JR, Bloemsma M, Cavanagh CR, Howitt CA, Morell MK. Down-regulation of Glucan, Water-Dikinase activity in wheat endosperm increases vegetative biomass and yield. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:871-882. [PMID: 22672098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel mechanism for increasing vegetative biomass and grain yield has been identified in wheat (Triticum aestivum). RNAi-mediated down-regulation of Glucan, Water-Dikinase (GWD), the primary enzyme required for starch phosphorylation, under the control of an endosperm-specific promoter, resulted in a decrease in starch phosphate content and an increase in grain size. Unexpectedly, consistent increases in vegetative biomass and grain yield were observed in subsequent generations. In lines where GWD expression was decreased, germination rate was slightly reduced. However, significant increases in vegetative growth from the two leaf stage were observed. In glasshouse pot trials, down-regulation of GWD led to a 29% increase in grain yield while in glasshouse tub trials simulating field row spacing and canopy development, GWD down-regulation resulted in a grain yield increase of 26%. The enhanced yield resulted from a combination of increases in seed weight, tiller number, spikelets per head and seed number per spike. In field trials, all vegetative phenotypes were reproduced with the exception of increased tiller number. The expression of the transgene and suppression of endogenous GWD RNA levels were demonstrated to be grain specific. In addition to the direct effects of GWD down-regulation, an increased level of α-amylase activity was present in the aleurone layer during grain maturation. These findings provide a potentially important novel mechanism to increase biomass and grain yield in crop improvement programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Ral
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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George GM, Bauer R, Blennow A, Kossmann J, Lloyd JR. Virus-induced multiple gene silencing to study redundant metabolic pathways in plants: silencing the starch degradation pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:884-90. [PMID: 22345045 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a rapid technique that allows for specific and reproducible post-transcriptional degradation of targeted mRNA. The method has been proven efficient for suppression of expression of many single enzymes. The metabolic networks of plants, however, often contain isoenzymes and gene families that are able to compensate for a mutation and mask the development of a silencing phenotype. Here, we show the application of multiple gene VIGS repression for the study of these redundant biological pathways. Several genes in the starch degradation pathway [disproportionating enzyme 1; (DPE1), disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2), and GWD] were silenced. The functionally distinct DPE enzymes are present in alternate routes for sugar export to the cytoplasm and result in an increase in starch production when silenced individually. Simultaneous silencing of DPE1 and DPE2 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in a near complete suppression in starch and accumulation of malto-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin M George
- Genetics Department, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa.
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Vriet C, Welham T, Brachmann A, Pike M, Pike J, Perry J, Parniske M, Sato S, Tabata S, Smith AM, Wang TL. A suite of Lotus japonicus starch mutants reveals both conserved and novel features of starch metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:643-55. [PMID: 20699404 PMCID: PMC2949007 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.161844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of starch is of central importance for many aspects of plant growth and development. Information on leaf starch metabolism other than in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is scarce. Furthermore, its importance in several agronomically important traits exemplified by legumes remains to be investigated. To address this issue, we have provided detailed information on the genes involved in starch metabolism in Lotus japonicus and have characterized a comprehensive collection of forward and TILLING (for Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) reverse genetics mutants affecting five enzymes of starch synthesis and two enzymes of starch degradation. The mutants provide new insights into the structure-function relationships of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and glucan, water dikinase1 in particular. Analyses of the mutant phenotypes indicate that the pathways of leaf starch metabolism in L. japonicus and Arabidopsis are largely conserved. However, the importance of these pathways for plant growth and development differs substantially between the two species. Whereas essentially starchless Arabidopsis plants lacking plastidial phosphoglucomutase grow slowly relative to wild-type plants, the equivalent mutant of L. japonicus grows normally even in a 12-h photoperiod. In contrast, the loss of GLUCAN, WATER DIKINASE1, required for starch degradation, has a far greater effect on plant growth and fertility in L. japonicus than in Arabidopsis. Moreover, we have also identified several mutants likely to be affected in new components or regulators of the pathways of starch metabolism. This suite of mutants provides a substantial new resource for further investigations of the partitioning of carbon and its importance for symbiotic nitrogen fixation, legume seed development, and perenniality and vegetative regrowth.
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Radchuk VV, Borisjuk L, Sreenivasulu N, Merx K, Mock HP, Rolletschek H, Wobus U, Weschke W. Spatiotemporal profiling of starch biosynthesis and degradation in the developing barley grain. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:190-204. [PMID: 19321714 PMCID: PMC2675734 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.133520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains synthesize starch as the main storage compound. However, some starch is degraded already during caryopsis development. We studied temporal and spatial expression patterns of genes coding for enzymes of starch synthesis and degradation. These profiles coupled with measurements of selected enzyme activities and metabolites have allowed us to propose a role for starch degradation in maternal and filial tissues of developing grains. Early maternal pericarp functions as a major short-term starch storage tissue, possibly ensuring sink strength of the young caryopsis. Gene expression patterns and enzyme activities suggest two different pathways for starch degradation in maternal tissues. One pathway possibly occurs via alpha-amylases 1 and 4 and beta-amylase 1 in pericarp, nucellus, and nucellar projection, tissues that undergo programmed cell death. Another pathway is deducted for living pericarp and chlorenchyma cells, where transient starch breakdown correlates with expression of chloroplast-localized beta-amylases 5, 6, and 7, glucan, water dikinase 1, phosphoglucan, water dikinase, isoamylase 3, and disproportionating enzyme. The suite of genes involved in starch synthesis in filial starchy endosperm is much more complex than in pericarp and involves several endosperm-specific genes. Transient starch turnover occurs in transfer cells, ensuring the maintenance of sink strength in filial tissues and the reallocation of sugars into more proximal regions of the starchy endosperm. Starch is temporally accumulated also in aleurone cells, where it is degraded during the seed filling period, to be replaced by storage proteins and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr V Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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