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Ye L, Zhang B, Yang X, Huang Y, Luo J, Zhang X, Tan W, Song C, Ao Z, Shen C, Li X. Metabolomic profiling reveals biomarkers for diverse flesh colors in jelly fungi (Auricularia cornea). Food Chem 2024; 446:138906. [PMID: 38460278 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Auricularia cornea has garnered attention due to its nutrition, culinary applications, and promising commercial prospects. However, there is little information available regarding the metabolic profiling of various colors strains. In this study, 642 metabolites across 64 classes were identified by LC-MS/MS to understand the metabolic variations between white, pink and dark brown strains. Notably, prenol lipids, carboxylic acids and fatty acyls accounted for 46.8 % of the total. Comparative analysis revealed 17 shared differential metabolites (DMs) among them. ACP vs ACW exhibited 17 unique metabolites, including d-arginine and maleic acid, etc. ACP vs ACB showed 5 unique metabolites, with only PS(18:1(9Z)/0:0) demonstrating up-regulation. ACB vs ACW showed 8 unique metabolites, including 4-hydroxymandelic acid and 5'-methylthioadenosine, etc. KEGG enrichment analysis highlighted pathway variations, and MetPA analysis identified key-pathways influencing DMs accumulation in A. cornea. This pioneering metabolomics study offers insights into A. cornea metabolic profiling, potential applications, and guides further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ye
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China; Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611134, China; Sichuan Jindi Fungus Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China; Sichuan Jindi Fungus Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xuezhen Yang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China; Sichuan Jindi Fungus Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jianhua Luo
- Sichuan Jindi Fungus Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611134, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China; Sichuan Jindi Fungus Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Chuan Song
- Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Zonghua Ao
- Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China
| | | | - Xiaolin Li
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China; Sichuan Jindi Fungus Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China; Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China.
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2
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Brody SI, Buonomo JA, Orimoloye MO, Jia Z, Sharma S, Brown CD, Baughn AD, Aldrich CC. A Nucleophilic Activity-Based Probe Enables Profiling of PLP-Dependent Enzymes. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200669. [PMID: 36652345 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PLP-dependent enzymes represent an important class of highly "druggable" enzymes that perform a wide array of critical reactions to support all organisms. Inhibition of individual members of this family of enzymes has been validated as a therapeutic target for pathologies ranging from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis to epilepsy. Given the broad nature of the activities within this family of enzymes, we envisioned a universally acting probe to characterize existing and putative members of the family that also includes the necessary chemical moieties to enable activity-based protein profiling experiments. Hence, we developed a probe that contains an N-hydroxyalanine warhead that acts as a covalent inhibitor of PLP-dependent enzymes, a linear diazirine for UV crosslinking, and an alkyne moiety to enable enrichment of crosslinked proteins. Our molecule was used to study PLP-dependent enzymes in vitro as well as look at whole-cell lysates of M. tuberculosis and assess inhibitory activity. The probe was able to enrich and identify LysA, a PLP-dependent enzyme crucial for lysine biosynthesis, through mass spectrometry. Overall, our study shows the utility of this trifunctional first-generation probe. We anticipate further optimization of probes for PLP-dependent enzymes will enable the characterization of rationally designed covalent inhibitors of PLP-dependent enzymes, which will expedite the preclinical characterization of these important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott I Brody
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph A Buonomo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Moyosore O Orimoloye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ziyi Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher D Brown
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Anthony D Baughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Kang S, Liu L, Wang T, Cannon M, Lin P, Fan TWM, Scott DA, Wu HJJ, Lane AN, Wang R. GAB functions as a bioenergetic and signalling gatekeeper to control T cell inflammation. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1322-1335. [PMID: 36192601 PMCID: PMC9584824 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyrate (GAB), the biochemical form of (GABA) γ-aminobutyric acid, participates in shaping physiological processes, including the immune response. How GAB metabolism is controlled to mediate such functions remains elusive. Here we show that GAB is one of the most abundant metabolites in CD4+ T helper 17 (TH17) and induced T regulatory (iTreg) cells. GAB functions as a bioenergetic and signalling gatekeeper by reciprocally controlling pro-inflammatory TH17 cell and anti-inflammatory iTreg cell differentiation through distinct mechanisms. 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase (ABAT) funnels GAB into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to maximize carbon allocation in promoting TH17 cell differentiation. By contrast, the absence of ABAT activity in iTreg cells enables GAB to be exported to the extracellular environment where it acts as an autocrine signalling metabolite that promotes iTreg cell differentiation. Accordingly, ablation of ABAT activity in T cells protects against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) progression. Conversely, ablation of GABAA receptor in T cells worsens EAE. Our results suggest that the cell-autonomous control of GAB on CD4+ T cells is bimodal and consists of the sequential action of two processes, ABAT-dependent mitochondrial anaplerosis and the receptor-dependent signalling response, both of which are required for T cell-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Kang
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lingling Liu
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tingting Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Cannon
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Penghui Lin
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Teresa W-M Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Cancer Metabolism Core, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsin-Jung Joyce Wu
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Park JY, Lee Y, Lee HJ, Kwon YS, Chun W. In silico screening of GABA aminotransferase inhibitors from the constituents of Valeriana officinalis by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation study. J Mol Model 2020; 26:228. [PMID: 32780180 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels has been required in various disorders. GABA itself cannot be directly introduced into central nervous system (CNS) because of the blood brain barrier; inhibition of GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT), which degrades GABA in CNS, has been the target for the modulation of GABA levels in CNS. Given that root extract of valerian (Valeriana officinalis) has been used for millennia as anti-anxiolytic and sedative, in silico approach was carried out to investigate valerian compounds exhibiting GABA-AT inhibiting activity. The 3D structure of human GABA-AT was created from pig crystal structure via homology modeling. Inhibition of GABA-AT by 18 valerian compounds was analyzed using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations and compared with known GABA-AT inhibitors such as vigabatrin and valproic acid. Isovaleric acid and didrovaltrate exhibited GABA-AT inhibiting activity in computational analysis, albeit less potent compared with vigabatrin. However, multiple compounds with low activity may have additive effects when the total extract of valeriana root was used in traditional usage. In addition, isovaleric acid shares similar backbone structure to GABA, suggesting that isovaleric acid might be a valuable starting structure for the development of more efficient GABA-AT inhibitors for disorders related with low level of GABA in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Hyoja-2, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Yuno Lee
- Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Hee Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Hyoja-2, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Wanjoo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Hyoja-2, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 200-701, South Korea.
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Johnson BM, Shu YZ, Zhuo X, Meanwell NA. Metabolic and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Fluorinated Compounds. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6315-6386. [PMID: 32182061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The applications of fluorine in drug design continue to expand, facilitated by an improved understanding of its effects on physicochemical properties and the development of synthetic methodologies that are providing access to new fluorinated motifs. In turn, studies of fluorinated molecules are providing deeper insights into the effects of fluorine on metabolic pathways, distribution, and disposition. Despite the high strength of the C-F bond, the departure of fluoride from metabolic intermediates can be facile. This reactivity has been leveraged in the design of mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors and has influenced the metabolic fate of fluorinated compounds. In this Perspective, we summarize the literature associated with the metabolism of fluorinated molecules, focusing on examples where the presence of fluorine influences the metabolic profile. These studies have revealed potentially problematic outcomes with some fluorinated motifs and are enhancing our understanding of how fluorine should be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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6
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Ji X, Wright T, VandenHoven C, MacKeen L, McFarlane M, Liu H, Dupuis A, Westall C. Reliability of Handheld Optical Coherence Tomography in Children Younger Than Three Years of Age Undergoing Vigabatrin Treatment for Childhood Epilepsy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:9. [PMID: 32704429 PMCID: PMC7347507 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Vigabatrin-associated retinal toxicity manifests as reduction in the clinical electroretinogram and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning. This observational investigation of RNFL thickness in young vigabatrin-treated children was to identify intravisit and intervisit reliabilities of peripapillary RNFL thickness measurements performed with Envisu (optical coherence tomography) OCT. Secondarily, a longitudinal assessment investigated the presence and extent of RNFL thinning. Methods We measured the handheld OCT in sedated children to evaluate the RNFL thickness using segmentation software. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) statistics identified intravisit and intervisit reliabilities for RNFL thickness. Results Twenty-nine children (10.1 ± 6.0 months old) underwent handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT). Fourteen of these completed follow-up assessments. Intravisit reliability was good for the right eye (ICCs = 0.82-0.98) and the left eye (ICCs = 0.75-0.89) for each of the 4 retinal quadrants. Inter-visit ICCs for each of the 4 retinal quadrants were good (ICC = 0.82-0.98). There was no consistent change in RNFL thickness longitudinally. Conclusions In this pediatric cohort, RNFL thickness measures using handheld OCT provided good reliability within a single visit and between consecutive visits supporting its use as an adjunctive tool in the clinical setting. Further long-term follow-up is required to understand RNFL thickness changes in this specific population and its association with vigabatrin toxicity. Translational Relevance The findings of good reliability and clinical feasibility would provide an opportunity for the handheld OCT to monitor reliably for vigabatrin-associated retinal toxicity in children who often show noncompliance to traditional testing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ji
- Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tom Wright
- Kensington Eye Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia VandenHoven
- Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leslie MacKeen
- Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle McFarlane
- Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Henry Liu
- Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Dupuis
- Clinical Research Services, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Westall
- Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Zheng D, Studer A. Asymmetric Synthesis of Heterocyclic γ-Amino-Acid and Diamine Derivatives by Three-Component Radical Cascade Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15803-15807. [PMID: 31489747 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An enantioselective three-component radical reaction of quinolines or pyridines with enamides and α-bromo carbonyl compounds by dual photoredox and chiral Brønsted acid catalysis is presented. A range of valuable chiral γ-amino-acid derivatives are accessible in high chemo-, regio-, and enantioselectivity from simple, readily available starting materials under mild reaction conditions. Using the same strategy, the asymmetric synthesis of 1,2-diamine derivatives is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Zheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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8
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Zheng D, Studer A. Asymmetric Synthesis of Heterocyclic γ‐Amino‐Acid and Diamine Derivatives by Three‐Component Radical Cascade Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Zheng
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
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9
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Improved cognition, mild anxiety-like behavior and decreased motor performance in pyridoxal phosphatase-deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:193-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Jachak GR, Reddy DS. Scalable Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Vigabatrin, an Antiepileptic Drug. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gorakhnath R. Jachak
- Organic Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road 411008 Pune India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 110 025 New Delhi India
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- Organic Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road 411008 Pune India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 110 025 New Delhi India
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Silverman RB. Design and Mechanism of GABA Aminotransferase Inactivators. Treatments for Epilepsies and Addictions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4037-4070. [PMID: 29569907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
When the brain concentration of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) diminishes below a threshold level, the excess neuronal excitation can lead to convulsions. This imbalance in neurotransmission can be corrected by inhibition of the enzyme γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT), which catalyzes the conversion of GABA to the excitatory neurotransmitter l-glutamic acid. It also has been found that raising GABA levels can antagonize the rapid elevation and release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, which is responsible for the reward response in addiction. Therefore, the design of new inhibitors of GABA-AT, which increases brain GABA levels, is an important approach to new treatments for epilepsy and addiction. This review summarizes findings over the last 40 or so years of mechanism-based inactivators (unreactive compounds that require the target enzyme to catalyze their conversion to the inactivating species, which inactivate the enzyme prior to their release) of GABA-AT with emphasis on their catalytic mechanisms of inactivation, presented according to organic chemical mechanism, with minimal pharmacology, except where important for activity in epilepsy and addiction. Patents, abstracts, and conference proceedings are not covered in this review. The inactivation mechanisms described here can be applied to the inactivations of a wide variety of unrelated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
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12
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Sousa K, Decker N, Pires TR, Papke DKM, Coelho VR, Pflüger P, Pereira P, Picada JN. Neurobehavioral effects of vigabatrin and its ability to induce DNA damage in brain cells after acute treatment in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:129-136. [PMID: 27678549 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Vigabatrin (VGB) is a drug indicated mostly for the treatment of spasms in childhood and West's syndrome patients. This drug inhibits irreversibly the enzyme GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), increasing GABA concentrations and enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission in the brain, which is known to induce behavioral changes. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of VGB in the short-term memory (STM), long-term memory (LTM), motivation, locomotion, and exploratory behavior tests and to detect deleterious or protective effects on DNA in target tissues of the drug. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with a single dose of VGB (100, 250, or 500 mg/kg) or saline solution before the inhibitory avoidance and open-field tasks. DNA damage was evaluated using the alkaline comet assay in peripheral blood, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus after behavioral testing. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the inhibitory avoidance task between the treated groups and the saline group. In all tested doses, VGB reduced the number of rearings in the open-field task. Besides, VGB 500 mg/kg affected locomotion, though it was not able to induce any DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS VGB did not affect STM and LTM, but the drug impaired the exploration and locomotion likely associated with its sedative effect. In addition, no DNA damage in cortex and hippocampus was detected after behavioral testing, when brain GABA levels are already increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sousa
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, 2425-900, Brazil
| | - Natalia Decker
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, 2425-900, Brazil
| | - Thienne Rocha Pires
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, 2425-900, Brazil
| | - Débora Kuck Mausolff Papke
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, 2425-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Coelho
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Pre-Clinical Toxicology. Pharmacology Department, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500/305, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Pricila Pflüger
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Pre-Clinical Toxicology. Pharmacology Department, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500/305, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Pre-Clinical Toxicology. Pharmacology Department, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500/305, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, 2425-900, Brazil.
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Rong HJ, Cheng YF, Liu FF, Ren SJ, Qu J. Synthesis of γ-Lactams by Mild, o-Benzoquinone-Induced Oxidation of Pyrrolidines Containing Oxidation-Sensitive Functional Groups. J Org Chem 2016; 82:532-540. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jie Rong
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute
of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yong-Feng Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute
of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fan-Fan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute
of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shu-Jian Ren
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute
of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin Qu
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute
of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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14
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Blancquaert L, Baba SP, Kwiatkowski S, Stautemas J, Stegen S, Barbaresi S, Chung W, Boakye AA, Hoetker JD, Bhatnagar A, Delanghe J, Vanheel B, Veiga‐da‐Cunha M, Derave W, Everaert I. Carnosine and anserine homeostasis in skeletal muscle and heart is controlled by β-alanine transamination. J Physiol 2016; 594:4849-63. [PMID: 27062388 PMCID: PMC5009790 DOI: 10.1113/jp272050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Using recombinant DNA technology, the present study provides the first strong and direct evidence indicating that β-alanine is an efficient substrate for the mammalian transaminating enzymes 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase and alanine-glyoxylate transaminase. The concentration of carnosine and anserine in murine skeletal and heart muscle depends on circulating availability of β-alanine, which is in turn controlled by degradation of β-alanine in liver and kidney. Chronic oral β-alanine supplementation is a popular ergogenic strategy in sports because it can increase the intracellular carnosine concentration and subsequently improve the performance of high-intensity exercises. The present study can partly explain why the β-alanine supplementation protocol is so inefficient, by demonstrating that exogenous β-alanine can be effectively routed toward oxidation. ABSTRACT The metabolic fate of orally ingested β-alanine is largely unknown. Chronic β-alanine supplementation is becoming increasingly popular for improving high-intensity exercise performance because it is the rate-limiting precursor of the dipeptide carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) in muscle. However, only a small fraction (3-6%) of the ingested β-alanine is used for carnosine synthesis. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the putative contribution of two β-alanine transamination enzymes, namely 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase (GABA-T) and alanine-glyoxylate transaminase (AGXT2), to the homeostasis of carnosine and its methylated analogue anserine. We found that, when transfected into HEK293T cells, recombinant mouse and human GABA-T and AGXT2 are able to transaminate β-alanine efficiently. The reaction catalysed by GABA-T is inhibited by vigabatrin, whereas both GABA-T and AGXT2 activity is inhibited by aminooxyacetic acid (AOA). Both GABA-T and AGXT2 are highly expressed in the mouse liver and kidney and the administration of the inhibitors effectively reduced their enzyme activity in liver (GABA-T for vigabatrin; GABA-T and AGXT2 for AOA). In vivo, injection of AOA in C57BL/6 mice placed on β-alanine (0.1% w/v in drinking water) for 2 weeks lead to a 3-fold increase in circulating β-alanine levels and to significantly higher levels of carnosine and anserine in skeletal muscle and heart. By contrast, specific inhibition of GABA-T by vigabatrin did not affect carnosine and anserine levels in either tissue. Collectively, these data demonstrate that homeostasis of carnosine and anserine in mammalian skeletal muscle and heart is controlled by circulating β-alanine levels, which are suppressed by hepatic and renal β-alanine transamination upon oral β-alanine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Blancquaert
- Department of Movement and Sports SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Shahid P. Baba
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKTUSA
| | - Sebastian Kwiatkowski
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistryde Duve InstituteUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Jan Stautemas
- Department of Movement and Sports SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Sanne Stegen
- Department of Movement and Sports SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Silvia Barbaresi
- Department of Movement and Sports SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Weiliang Chung
- Department of Movement and Sports SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Adjoa A. Boakye
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKTUSA
| | - J. David Hoetker
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKTUSA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKTUSA
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Clinical ChemistryGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
| | - Bert Vanheel
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesDivision of PhysiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Maria Veiga‐da‐Cunha
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistryde Duve InstituteUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Inge Everaert
- Department of Movement and Sports SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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15
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Tahara YK, Michino M, Ito M, Kanyiva KS, Shibata T. Enantioselective sp(3) C-H alkylation of γ-butyrolactam by a chiral Ir(I) catalyst for the synthesis of 4-substituted γ-amino acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16660-3. [PMID: 26426546 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07102j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ir-catalyzed sp(3) C-H alkylation of γ-butyrolactam with alkenes was used for the highly enantioselective synthesis of 5-substituted γ-lactams, which were readily converted into chiral 4-substituted γ-amino acids. A broad scope of alkenes was amenable as coupling partners, and the alkylated product using acrylate could be transformed into the key intermediate of pyrrolam A synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-ki Tahara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
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16
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Shannon RJ, Timofeev I, Nortje J, Hutchinson PJ, Carpenter KLH. Monitoring vigabatrin in head injury patients by cerebral microdialysis: obtaining pharmacokinetic measurements in a neurocritical care setting. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 78:981-95. [PMID: 24802902 PMCID: PMC4243872 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The aims were to determine blood–brain barrier penetration and brain extracellular pharmacokinetics for the anticonvulsant vigabatrin (VGB; γ-vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid) in brain extracellular fluid and plasma from severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, and to measure the response of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in brain extracellular fluid. Methods Severe TBI patients (n = 10) received VGB (0.5 g enterally, every 12 h). Each patient had a cerebral microdialysis catheter; two patients had a second catheter in a different region of the brain. Plasma samples were collected 0.5 h before and 2, 4 and 11.5 h after the first VGB dose. Cerebral microdialysis commenced before the first VGB dose and continued through at least three doses of VGB. Controls were seven severe TBI patients with microdialysis, without VGB. Results After the first VGB dose, the maximum concentration of VGB (Cmax) was 31.7 (26.9–42.6) μmol l−1 (median and interquartile range for eight patients) in plasma and 2.41 (2.03–5.94) μmol l−1 in brain microdialysates (nine patients, 11 catheters), without significant plasma–brain correlation. After three doses, median Cmax in microdialysates increased to 5.22 (4.24–7.14) μmol l−1 (eight patients, 10 catheters). Microdialysate VGB concentrations were higher close to focal lesions than in distant sites. Microdialysate GABA concentrations increased modestly in some of the patients after VGB administration. Conclusions Vigabatrin, given enterally to severe TBI patients, crosses the blood–brain barrier into the brain extracellular fluid, where it accumulates with multiple dosing. Pharmacokinetics suggest delayed uptake from the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Shannon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Le HV, Hawker DD, Wu R, Doud E, Widom J, Sanishvili R, Liu D, Kelleher NL, Silverman RB. Design and mechanism of tetrahydrothiophene-based γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase inactivators. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4525-33. [PMID: 25781189 PMCID: PMC4390550 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of two major neurotransmitters that regulate brain neuronal activity, are associated with many neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and cocaine addiction. One of the main methods to raise the GABA level in human brain is to use small molecules that cross the blood-brain barrier and inhibit the activity of γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT), the enzyme that degrades GABA. We have designed a series of conformationally restricted tetrahydrothiophene-based GABA analogues with a properly positioned leaving group that could facilitate a ring-opening mechanism, leading to inactivation of GABA-AT. One compound in the series is 8 times more efficient an inactivator of GABA-AT than vigabatrin, the only FDA-approved inactivator of GABA-AT. Our mechanistic studies show that the compound inactivates GABA-AT by a new mechanism. The metabolite resulting from inactivation does not covalently bind to amino acid residues of GABA-AT but stays in the active site via H-bonding interactions with Arg-192, a π-π interaction with Phe-189, and a weak nonbonded S···O═C interaction with Glu-270, thereby inactivating the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang V. Le
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Dustin D. Hawker
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660
| | - Emma Doud
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Julia Widom
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Ruslan Sanishvili
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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18
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Heravi MM, Lashaki TB, Poorahmad N. Applications of Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation in total synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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Pinto A, Tamborini L, Pennacchietti E, Coluccia A, Silvestri R, Cullia G, De Micheli C, Conti P, De Biase D. Bicyclic γ-amino acids as inhibitors of γ-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:295-301. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1021251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pinto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy,
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy,
| | - Eugenia Pennacchietti
- Istituto Pasteur – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Latina, Italy, and
| | - Antonio Coluccia
- Istituto Pasteur – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Istituto Pasteur – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Gregorio Cullia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy,
| | - Carlo De Micheli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy,
| | - Paola Conti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy,
| | - Daniela De Biase
- Istituto Pasteur – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Latina, Italy, and
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20
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Lee H, Doud EH, Wu R, Sanishvili R, Juncosa JI, Liu D, Kelleher NL, Silverman RB. Mechanism of inactivation of γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase by (1S,3S)-3-amino-4-difluoromethylene-1-cyclopentanoic acid (CPP-115). J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2628-40. [PMID: 25616005 PMCID: PMC4353033 DOI: 10.1021/ja512299n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that degrades GABA, the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian cells. When the concentration of GABA falls below a threshold level, convulsions can occur. Inhibition of GABA-AT raises GABA levels in the brain, which can terminate seizures as well as have potential therapeutic applications in treating other neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Among the analogues that we previously developed, (1S,3S)-3-amino-4-difluoromethylene-1-cyclopentanoic acid (CPP-115) showed 187 times greater potency than that of vigabatrin, a known inactivator of GABA-AT and approved drug (Sabril) for the treatment of infantile spasms and refractory adult epilepsy. Recently, CPP-115 was shown to have no adverse effects in a Phase I clinical trial. Here we report a novel inactivation mechanism for CPP-115, a mechanism-based inactivator that undergoes GABA-AT-catalyzed hydrolysis of the difluoromethylene group to a carboxylic acid with concomitant loss of two fluoride ions and coenzyme conversion to pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP). The partition ratio for CPP-115 with GABA-AT is about 2000, releasing cyclopentanone-2,4-dicarboxylate (22) and two other precursors of this compound (20 and 21). Time-dependent inactivation occurs by a conformational change induced by the formation of the aldimine of 4-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid and PMP (20), which disrupts an electrostatic interaction between Glu270 and Arg445 to form an electrostatic interaction between Arg445 and the newly formed carboxylate produced by hydrolysis of the difluoromethylene group in CPP-115, resulting in a noncovalent, tightly bound complex. This represents a novel mechanism for inactivation of GABA-AT and a new approach for the design of mechanism-based inactivators in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbeom Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for
Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emma H. Doud
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for
Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rui Wu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University
Chicago, 1068 W. Sheridan
Road, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Ruslan Sanishvili
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jose I. Juncosa
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for
Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University
Chicago, 1068 W. Sheridan
Road, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for
Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for
Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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21
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Lee H, Juncosa JI, Silverman RB. Ornithine aminotransferase versus GABA aminotransferase: implications for the design of new anticancer drugs. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:286-305. [PMID: 25145640 DOI: 10.1002/med.21328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) and γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) are classified under the same evolutionary subgroup and share a large portion of structural, functional, and mechanistic features. Therefore, it is not surprising that many molecules that bind to GABA-AT also bind well to OAT. Unlike GABA-AT, OAT had not been viewed as a potential therapeutic target until recently; consequently, the number of therapeutically viable molecules that target OAT is very limited. In this review the two enzymes are compared with respect to their active-site structures, catalytic and inactivation mechanisms, and selective inhibitors. Insight is offered that could aid in the design and development of new selective inhibitors of OAT for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbeom Lee
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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22
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Pharmacokinetic aspects of the anti-epileptic drug substance vigabatrin: focus on transporter interactions. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:927-42. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug transporters in various tissues, such as intestine, kidney, liver and brain, are recognized as important mediators of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drug substances. This review gives a current status on the transporter(s) mediating the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties of the anti-epileptic drug substance vigabatrin. For orally administered drugs, like vigabatrin, the absorption from the intestine is a prerequisite for the bioavailability. Therefore, transporter(s) involved in the intestinal absorption of vigabatrin in vitro and in vivo are discussed in detail. Special focus is on the contribution of the proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 (PAT1) for intestinal vigabatrin absorption. Furthermore, the review gives an overview of the pharmacokinetic parameters of vigabatrin across different species and drug–food and drug–drug interactions involving vigabatrin.
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23
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Rae CD, Davidson JE, Maher AD, Rowlands BD, Kashem MA, Nasrallah FA, Rallapalli SK, Cook JM, Balcar VJ. Ethanol, not detectably metabolized in brain, significantly reduces brain metabolism, probably via action at specific GABA(A) receptors and has measureable metabolic effects at very low concentrations. J Neurochem 2013; 129:304-14. [PMID: 24313287 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is a known neuromodulatory agent with reported actions at a range of neurotransmitter receptors. Here, we measured the effect of alcohol on metabolism of [3-¹³C]pyruvate in the adult Guinea pig brain cortical tissue slice and compared the outcomes to those from a library of ligands active in the GABAergic system as well as studying the metabolic fate of [1,2-¹³C]ethanol. Analyses of metabolic profile clusters suggest that the significant reductions in metabolism induced by ethanol (10, 30 and 60 mM) are via action at neurotransmitter receptors, particularly α4β3δ receptors, whereas very low concentrations of ethanol may produce metabolic responses owing to release of GABA via GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) and the subsequent interaction of this GABA with local α5- or α1-containing GABA(A)R. There was no measureable metabolism of [1,2-¹³C]ethanol with no significant incorporation of ¹³C from [1,2-¹³C]ethanol into any measured metabolite above natural abundance, although there were measurable effects on total metabolite sizes similar to those seen with unlabelled ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, and Brain Sciences UNSW, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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24
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: enzymes. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1797-867. [PMID: 24528243 PMCID: PMC3892293 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Enzymes are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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25
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Zhao X, Pabel J, Höfner GC, Wanner KT. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-substituted proline and pyrrolidin-2-ylacetic acid derivatives as GABA uptake inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:470-84. [PMID: 23245753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of enantiomerically pure 4-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-substituted proline and pyrrolidin-2-ylacetic acid derivatives have been synthesized starting from the respective N-protected 4-hydroxy derivatives via oxidation to the corresponding 4-oxo compounds, subsequent addition of organometallic reagents, final hydrolysis and deprotection. The major diastereoisomers obtained by the addition of the Grignard reagents were found to have opposite stereoconfigurations depending on whether cerium trichloride was present or absent as an additive. The final compounds were evaluated for their capability to inhibit the GABA transport proteins GAT1 and GAT3. 4-Hydroxyproline derivatives substituted with a tris(4-methoxyphenyl)methyloxyethyl residue at the nitrogen and a 4-methoxyphenyl group in 4-position showed, with the exception of the (2R,4R)-diastereomer, an improved inhibition at GAT3 compared to the derivatives missing the 4-methoxyphenyl group in 4-position. This may imply that an appropriate lipophilic group at the C-4 position of the proline moiety is beneficial for potent inhibition at GAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Zhao
- Department für Pharmazie-Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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26
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Hawker DD, Silverman RB. Synthesis and evaluation of novel heteroaromatic substrates of GABA aminotransferase. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5763-73. [PMID: 22944334 PMCID: PMC3448830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two principal neurotransmitters are involved in the regulation of mammalian neuronal activity, namely, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and L-glutamic acid, an excitatory neurotransmitter. Low GABA levels in the brain have been implicated in epilepsy and several other neurological diseases. Because of GABA's poor ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a successful strategy to raise brain GABA concentrations is the use of a compound that does cross the BBB and inhibits or inactivates GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT), the enzyme responsible for GABA catabolism. Vigabatrin, a mechanism-based inactivator of GABA-AT, is currently a successful therapeutic for epilepsy, but has harmful side effects, leaving a need for improved GABA-AT inactivators. Here, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a series of heteroaromatic GABA analogues as substrates of GABA-AT, which will be used as the basis for the design of novel enzyme inactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin D. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
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27
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Involvement of GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in the anticonvulsant activity of 3-alkynyl selenophene in 21 day-old rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365:175-80. [PMID: 22350757 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in the anticonvulsant action of 3-alkynyl selenophene (3-ASP) in a pilocarpine (PC) model of seizures. To this purpose, 21 day-old rats were administered with an anticonvulsant dose of 3-ASP (50 mg/kg, per oral, p.o.), and [(3)H]γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and [(3)H]glutamate uptakes were carried out in slices of cerebral cortex and hippocampus. [(3)H]GABA uptake was decreased in cerebral cortex (64%) and hippocampus (58%) slices of 21 day-old rats treated with 3-ASP. In contrast, no alteration was observed in [(3)H]glutamate uptake in cerebral cortex and hippocampus slices of 21 day-old rats that received 3-ASP. Considering the drugs that increase synaptic GABA levels, by inhibiting its uptake or catabolism, are effective anticonvulsants, we further investigated the possible interaction between sub-effective doses of 3-ASP and GABA uptake or GABA transaminase (GABA-T) inhibitors in PC-induced seizures in 21 day-old rats. For this end, sub-effective doses of 3-ASP (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and DL-2,4-diamino-n-butyric acid hydrochloride (DABA, an inhibitor of GABA uptake--2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally; i.p.) or aminooxyacetic acid hemihydrochloride (AOAA; a GABA-T inhibitor--10 mg/kg, i.p.) were co-administrated to 21 day-old rats before PC (400 mg/kg; i.p.) treatment, and the appearance of seizures was recorded. Results demonstrated that treatment with AOAA and 3-ASP or DABA and 3-ASP significantly abolished the number of convulsing animals induced by PC. The present study indicates that 3-ASP reduced [(3)H]GABA uptake, suggesting that its anticonvulsant action is related to an increase in inhibitory tonus.
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Rowley NM, Madsen KK, Schousboe A, Steve White H. Glutamate and GABA synthesis, release, transport and metabolism as targets for seizure control. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:546-58. [PMID: 22365921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, release, reuptake, and metabolism of the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, respectively, are tightly controlled. Given the role that these two neurotransmitters play in normal and abnormal neurotransmission, it is important to consider the processes whereby they are regulated. This brief review is focused entirely on the metabolic aspects of glutamate and GABA synthesis and neurotransmission. It describes in limited detail the synthesis, release, reuptake, metabolism, cellular compartmentation and pharmacology of the glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse. This review also provides a summary and brief description of the pathologic and phenotypic features of the various genetic animal models that have been developed in an effort to provide a greater understanding of the role that each of the aforementioned metabolic processes plays in controlling excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and how their use will hopefully facilitate the development of safer and more efficacious therapies for the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Rowley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, University of Utah, 417 Wakara Way, Suite 3211, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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Silverman RB. The 2011 E. B. Hershberg award for important discoveries in medicinally active substances: (1S,3S)-3-amino-4-difluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic acid (CPP-115), a GABA aminotransferase inactivator and new treatment for drug addiction and infantile spasms. J Med Chem 2012; 55:567-75. [PMID: 22168767 PMCID: PMC3266980 DOI: 10.1021/jm201650r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States.
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Pan Y, Gerasimov MR, Kvist T, Wellendorph P, Madsen KK, Pera E, Lee H, Schousboe A, Chebib M, Bräuner-Osborne H, Craft CM, Brodie JD, Schiffer WK, Dewey SL, Miller SR, Silverman RB. (1S, 3S)-3-amino-4-difluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic acid (CPP-115), a potent γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase inactivator for the treatment of cocaine addiction. J Med Chem 2011; 55:357-66. [PMID: 22128851 DOI: 10.1021/jm201231w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vigabatrin, a GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT) inactivator, is used to treat infantile spasms and refractory complex partial seizures and is in clinical trials to treat addiction. We evaluated a novel GABA-AT inactivator (1S, 3S)-3-amino-4-difluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic acid (CPP-115, compound 1) and observed that it does not exhibit other GABAergic or off-target activities and is rapidly and completely orally absorbed and eliminated. By use of in vivo microdialysis techniques in freely moving rats and microPET imaging techniques, 1 produced similar inhibition of cocaine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine and in synaptic dopamine in the nucleus accumbens at (1)/(300) to (1)/(600) the dose of vigabatrin. It also blocks expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference at a dose (1)/(300) that of vigabatrin. Electroretinographic (ERG) responses in rats treated with 1, at doses 20-40 times higher than those needed to treat addiction in rats, exhibited reductions in ERG responses, which were less than the reductions observed in rats treated with vigabatrin at the same dose needed to treat addiction in rats. In conclusion, 1 can be administered at significantly lower doses than vigabatrin, which suggests a potential new treatment for addiction with a significantly reduced risk of visual field defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Zhu Y, Khumsubdee S, Schaefer A, Burgess K. Asymmetric Syntheses of α-Methyl γ-Amino Acid Derivatives. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7449-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201215c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77841, United States
| | - Sakunchai Khumsubdee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77841, United States
| | - Amber Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77841, United States
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77841, United States
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Gasior M, Socała K, Nieoczym D, Wlaź P. Clavulanic acid does not affect convulsions in acute seizure tests in mice. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:1-6. [PMID: 21638029 PMCID: PMC3250610 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clavulanic acid (CLAV) inhibits bacterial β-lactamases and is commonly used to aid antibiotic therapy. Prompted by the initial evidence suggestive of the potential anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of CLAV, the present study was undertaken to systematically evaluate its acute effects on seizure thresholds in seizure tests typically used in primary screening of potential antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In the present study, 6-Hz seizure threshold, maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) test, and intravenous pentylenetetrazole (i.v. PTZ) seizure tests were used to determine anticonvulsant effects of intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered CLAV in mice. Acute effects on motor coordination and muscle strength were assessed in the chimney and grip-strength tests, respectively. Doses of CLAV studied in the present study were either comparable or extended the doses reported in the literature to be effective against kainic acid-induced convulsions in mice or behaviorally active in rodents and monkeys. CLAV had no effect on seizure thresholds in the 6-Hz (64 ng/kg to 1 mg/kg) and MEST (64 ng/kg to 5 mg/kg) seizure tests. Similarly, CLAV had no effect on seizure thresholds for i.v. PTZ-induced myoclonic twitch, clonic convulsions, and tonic convulsions (64 ng/kg to 5 mg/kg). Finally, CLAV (64 ng/kg to 5 mg/kg) had no effect on the motor performance and muscle strength in the chimney and grip-strength tests, respectively. In summary, CLAV failed to affect seizure thresholds in three seizure tests in mice. Although the results of the present study do not support further development of CLAV as an AED, its beneficial effects in chronic epilepsy models warrant further evaluation owing to its, for example, potential neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Gasior
- Clinical Research, Cephalon, Inc., 41 Moores Road, Frazer, PA 19355 USA
| | - Katarzyna Socała
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Nieoczym
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Nasrallah FA, Balcar VJ, Rae CD. Activity-dependent γ-aminobutyric acid release controls brain cortical tissue slice metabolism. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1935-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
In 1950, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was discovered in the brain and in 1967 it was recognized as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. The discovery of the benzodiazepines Librium® (launched in 1960) and Valium® by Sternbach initiated huge research activities resulting in 50 marketed drugs. In 1975, Haefely found that GABA is involved in the actions of benzodiazepines. The baclofen-sensitive, bicuculline-insensitive GABAB receptor was discovered by Bowery in 1980, and the baclofen-insensitive, bicuculline-insensitive GABAC receptor by Johnston in 1984. Barnard & Seeburg reported the cloning of the GABAA receptor in 1987, Cutting the GABAC receptor in 1991 and Bettler the GABAB1a and GABAB1b receptors in 1997. Six groups cloned the GABAB2 receptor in 1998/1999 showing that the GABAB receptor functions as a heterodimer with GABAB1b/GABAB2 mediating postsynaptic inhibition and GABAB1a/GABAB2 mediating presynaptic inhibition. Möhler and McKernan dissected the pharmacology of the benzodiazepine-receptor subtypes. Antagonists and positive allosteric modulators of GABAB receptors were discovered in 1987 and 2001, respectively. GABA transporter inhibitor, tiagabine, was launched in 1996, a GABA aminotransferase inhibitor, vigabatrin, in 1998 and a glutamic acid decarboxylase activator, pregabalin, in 2004. Most recently, brain-penetrating GABAC-receptor antagonists were reported in 2009.
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Wang Z, Silverman RB. Synthesis of Cyclopropane Isosteres of the Antiepilepsy Drug Vigabatrin and Evaluation of their Inhibition of GABA Aminotransferase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 19:293-301. [PMID: 15558944 DOI: 10.1080/14756360409162441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiepilepsy drug vigabatrin (1; 4-aminohex-5-enoic acid; gamma-vinyl GABA) is a mechanism-based inactivator of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT). Inactivation has been shown to proceed by two divergent mechanisms (Nanavati, S. M. and Silverman, R. B. (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 9341-9349), a Michael addition pathway (Scheme 2, pathway a) and an enamine pathway (Scheme 2, pathway b). Analogs of vigabatrin with a cyclopropyl or cyanocyclopropyl functionality in place of the vinyl group (2-5) were synthesized as potential inactivators of GABA-AT that can inactivate the enzyme only through a Michael addition pathway, but they were found to be only weak inhibitors of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
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Durak AT, Gökcan H, Konuklar FAS. Theoretical studies on the inactivation mechanism of γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5162-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05146f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Elterman RD, Shields WD, Bittman RM, Torri SA, Sagar SM, Collins SD. Vigabatrin for the treatment of infantile spasms: final report of a randomized trial. J Child Neurol 2010; 25:1340-7. [PMID: 20404353 DOI: 10.1177/0883073810365103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large randomized study was conducted in patients with newly diagnosed infantile spasms to compare 2 doses of vigabatrin in achieving spasm cessation. High (100-148 mg/kg/d) and low (18-36 mg/kg/d) oral doses of vigabatrin were evaluated in a randomized, single-blind study of 14 to 21 days with subsequent open-label treatment up to 3 years. Spasm cessation was defined as 7 consecutive days of spasm freedom beginning within the first 14 days, confirmed by video-electroencephalogram. A total of 221 subjects comprised the modified intent-to-treat cohort. More subjects in the high-dose group achieved spasm cessation compared with the low-dose vigabatrin group (15.9% [17/107] vs 7.0% [8/114]; P = .0375). During follow-up, 39 of 171 (23%) subjects relapsed; 28 of 39 (72%) regained spasm freedom. Adverse events were primarily mild to moderate in severity. Vigabatrin had a dose-dependent effect in spasm reduction. Spasm cessation occurred rapidly and was maintained in the majority of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy D Elterman
- Dallas Pediatric Neurology Associates, Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, TX 75230-2507, USA.
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Faust MR, Höfner G, Pabel J, Wanner KT. Azetidine derivatives as novel γ-aminobutyric acid uptake inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure–activity relationship. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2453-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Siddiqui N, Arshad MF, Khan SA, Ahsan W. Sulfonamide derivatives of thiazolidin-4-ones with anticonvulsant activity against two seizure models: synthesis and pharmacological evaluation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:485-91. [PMID: 20233086 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903282833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - M. Faiz Arshad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Suroor A. Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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Tolman JA, Faulkner MA. Vigabatrin: a comprehensive review of drug properties including clinical updates following recent FDA approval. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10:3077-89. [DOI: 10.1517/14656560903451690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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m-Trifluoromethyl-diphenyl diselenide attenuates pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice by inhibiting GABA uptake in cerebral cortex slices. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:1127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shorvon SD. Drug treatment of epilepsy in the century of the ILAE: the second 50 years, 1959-2009. Epilepsia 2009; 50 Suppl 3:93-130. [PMID: 19298435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The drug therapy of epilepsy evolved enormously in this 50 year period. Advances in therapeutics included the incorporation of pharmacokinetics into clinical practice, enormous advances in neurochemistry, a trend to antiepileptic drug monotherapy, better drug assessment, better understanding of therapeutic outcomes, and the recognition of the large epilepsy treatment gap in many countries. An unprecedented range of new drugs was introduced in this period. Before 1989, these included carbamazepine, valproate, ethosuximide, and the benzodiazepines. Since 1989, 13 more new drugs have been licensed and marketed and there are others in the pipeline. The International League Against Epilepsy and its leading figures have played an important role in these developments. In this period, too, there has been a rapid expansion in research and development within the pharmaceutical industry and a rise in the value of the antiepileptic drug market. In parallel, governmental regulation of pharmaceuticals has greatly increased. To what extent the overall prognosis of epilepsy has improved as a result of these activities is an interesting and perplexing question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Shorvon
- UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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46
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Inactivation of GABA transaminase by 3-chloro-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:731-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wheless JW, Carmant L, Bebin M, Conry JA, Chiron C, Elterman RD, Frost M, Paolicchi JM, Donald Shields W, Thiele EA, Zupanc ML, Collins SD. Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities associated with vigabatrin in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2008; 50:195-205. [PMID: 19054414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vigabatrin used to treat infantile spasms (IS) has been associated with transient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities. We carried out a retrospective review to better characterize the frequency of those abnormalities in IS and in children and adults treated with vigabatrin for refractory complex partial seizures (CPS). METHODS Medical records and 332 cranial MRIs from 205 infants (aged <or=24 months) with IS treated at 10 sites in the United States and Canada were collected. Similarly, 2,074 images from 668 children (aged 2-16 years) and adults (aged >16 years) with CPS were re-reviewed. Prespecified MRI abnormalities were defined as any hyperintensity on T(2)-weighted or fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) sequences with or without diffusion restriction not readily explained by a radiographically well-characterized pathology. MRIs were read by two neuroradiologists blinded to treatment group. The incidence and prevalence of MRI abnormalities associated with vigabatrin were estimated. RESULTS Among infants with IS, the prevalence of prespecified MRI abnormalities was significantly higher among vigabatrin-treated versus vigabatrin-naive subjects (22% vs. 4%; p < 0.001). Of nine subjects in the prevalence population with at least one subsequent determinate MRI, resolution of MRI abnormalities occurred in six (66.7%)-vigabatrin was discontinued in four. Among adults and children treated with vigabatrin for CPS, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence or prevalence of prespecified MRI abnormalities between vigabatrin-exposed and vigabatrin-naive subjects. DISCUSSION Vigabatrin is associated with transient, asymptomatic MRI abnormalities in infants treated for IS. The majority of these MRI abnormalities resolved, even in subjects who remained on vigabatrin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wheless
- LeBonheur Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
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Luszczki JJ, Ratnaraj N, Patsalos PN, Czuczwar SJ. Isobolographic and behavioral characterizations of interactions between vigabatrin and gabapentin in two experimental models of epilepsy. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 595:13-21. [PMID: 18708046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and adverse-effect profiles of vigabatrin and gabapentin. Isobolographic analysis was used in two mouse experimental models of epilepsy: the maximal electroshock seizure threshold test and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. In the maximal electroshock seizure threshold test, electroconvulsions were produced by a current with various intensities whilst in the pentylenetetrazole test a CD(97) dose (100 mg/kg) was used. Potential adverse-effect profiles of interactions of vigabatrin with gabapentin at three fixed-ratios of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 from both seizure tests were evaluated in the chimney (motor performance) and grip-strength (skeletal muscular strength) tests. Vigabatrin and gabapentin total brain concentrations were determined with high performance liquid chromatography. Vigabatrin and gabapentin administered singly increased the electroconvulsive threshold (TID(20) - 226.2 and 70.0 mg/kg, respectively). With isobolography, the combination of vigabatrin with gabapentin at the fixed-ratio of 1:3 exerted supra-additive (synergistic) interactions whilst at 1:1 and 3:1 additivity occurred. Similarly, vigabatrin and gabapentin administered singly suppressed the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures (ED(50) values - 622.5 and 201.1 mg/kg, respectively). Isobolography revealed that vigabatrin with gabapentin in combination at the fixed-ratio of 1:1 produced supra-additive (synergistic) interaction whilst at 1:3 and 3:1 additivity occurred. In combination neither motor coordination nor skeletal muscular strength was affected. Total vigabatrin and gabapentin brain concentrations revealed that neither drug affected the pharmacokinetics of the other. Vigabatrin and gabapentin have a favorable pharmacodynamic interaction in animal seizure models in the absence of acute adverse effects or concurrent pharmacokinetic changes.
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Rocha L. Subchronic treatment with antiepileptic drugs modifies pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice: Its correlation with benzodiazepine receptor binding. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:619-25. [PMID: 18830436 PMCID: PMC2526378 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments using male CD1 mice were carried out to investigate the effects of subchronic (daily administration for 8 days) pretreatments with drugs enhancing GABAergic transmission (diazepam, 10 mg/kg, ip; gabapentin, 100 mg/kg, po; or vigabatrin, 500 mg/kg, po) on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures, 24 h after the last injection. Subchronic administration of diazepam reduced latencies to clonus, tonic extension and death induced by PTZ. Subchronic vigabatrin produced enhanced latency to the first clonus but faster occurrence of tonic extension and death induced by PTZ. Subchronic gabapentin did not modify PTZ-induced seizures. Autoradiography experiments revealed reduced benzodiazepine receptor binding in several brain areas after subchronic treatment with diazepam or gabapentin, whereas subchronic vigabatrin did not induce significant receptor changes. The present results indicate differential effects induced by the subchronic administration of diazepam, vigabatrin, and gabapentin on the susceptibility to PTZ-induced seizures, benzodiazepine receptor binding, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Rocha
- Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies Calz, Tenorios, México.
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50
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Paul Raj IV, Sudalai A. Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-vigabatrin® and (S)-dihydrokavain via cobalt catalyzed hydrolytic kinetic resolution of epoxides. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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