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Houshyar M, Saki AA, Alikhani MY, Bedford MR, Soleimani M, Kamarehei F. Characterization of recombinant phytase of Klebsiella sp. and the influence of novel 3-phytase on mineral solubility in broiler diets under an in vitro digestion assay. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 220:106489. [PMID: 38685535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) is the major storage form of phosphorus (P) in nature, and phytases catalyze the hydrolysis of P from phytate and the formation of inositol phosphate isomers. In this study, a bacterium that produces phytase was isolated in a phytase screening medium. The bacterium was identified as Klebsiella sp. using phenotypic and molecular techniques. The PhyK phytase gene was successfully amplified from the genome, inserted into the pET-21a (+) vector, and expressed as a recombinant protein in E. Coli BL21. The efficiency of a laboratory phytase (Lab-Ph, PhyK phytase) was determined and compared with a commercial phytase (Com-Ph, Quantum Blue 40P phytase, AB Vista) under an in vitro digestion assay. The native signal peptide effectively facilitated the translocation of the protein to the periplasmic space of E. Coli BL21, resulting in the proper folding of the protein and the manifestation of desirable enzyme activity. The Lab-Ph displayed the temperature and pH optima at 50 °C and 5 respectively. In addition, the Lab-Ph was inactivated at 80 °C. Under an in vitro digestion assay condition, Lab-Ph improved the P solubility coefficient in broiler diets. In comparison, the Com-Ph significantly increased the P solubility coefficient even when compared with the Lab-Ph. In summary, this study has shown that Lab-Ph possesses the necessary biochemical properties to be used in various industrial applications. However, Lab-Ph is extremely sensitive to heat treatment. The Lab-Ph and Com-Ph under an in vitro digestion assay improved the solubility coefficient of P in the broiler diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Houshyar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Saki
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Infectious Disease Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Meysam Soleimani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farideh Kamarehei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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2
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Khizar A, Fatima M, Khan N, Rashid MA. Effects of phytase inclusion in diets containing rice protein concentrate (RPC) on the nutrient digestibility, growth and chemical characteristics of rohu (Labeo rohita). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302859. [PMID: 38787870 PMCID: PMC11125473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to assess the impact of dietary phytase supplementation on Labeo rohita fingerlings and to examine the effects on growth, nutrient digestibility and chemical characteristics of diets containing rice protein concentrate (RPC) as a major protein source. Six experimental diets were made, i.e., a positive control (fishmeal-based diet with no phytase), FM0; a negative control (RPC-based diet with no phytase), RPC0; and four supplemental phytase levels (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 FTU/kg). Fingerlings with an average weight of 9.42 ± 0.02 grams (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into six experimental groups of three replicates, each containing 25 fish per tank (75 liters of water), provided with experimental diets at a rate equivalent to 5% of their body weight for 90 days, and uneaten feed was collected after 2 hours to determine feed consumption. The feces were collected before feeding to estimate digestibility. Phytase in combination with the RPC-based diet significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced phytate phosphorus in vitro hydrolysis; growth performance; nutrient (crude protein, crude fat, moisture and gross energy) and mineral (P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Mn and Cu) digestibility; digestive enzyme (protease, lipase and amylase) activity; and mineral deposition up to 1000 FTU/kg phytase. However, the hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices and carcass composition were not influenced (p > 0.05) by phytase supplementation. Increasing phytase supplementation in the RPC-based diets led to a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the serum biochemical parameters (alkaline phosphatase activity, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase), which resulted in improved liver health. In conclusion, phytase-supplemented RPC-based diets improved the growth, mineral/nutrient digestibility, digestive enzymes, serum biochemistry, and mineral deposition of L. rohita fingerlings up to 1000 FTU/kg. Broken line regression analysis revealed that the optimum phytase concentration in the RPC-based diet for L. rohita was 874.19 FTU/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Khizar
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahroze Fatima
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noor Khan
- Institute of Zoology, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal Rashid
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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3
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Negm AE, Abo-Raya MH, Gabr AM, Baloza SH, El-Nokrashy A, Prince A, Arana D, Wang Y, Abdelazeem S, Albadrani GM, Al-Ghadi MQ, Abdeen A, Shukry M, El-Sayed Khalafallah MM. Effects of phytase enzyme supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology and metabolism in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 38356017 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Phytase is crucial in enhancing the bioavailability and release of phosphorus and other nutrients bound to phytic acid, making them more bioavailable for animal absorption. This study was carried out to inspect the effect of supplementing low phosphorus (P) diet with di-calcium phosphate (DCP) and liquid phytase enzyme (LP), which contains 1500 FTU/kg, on growth performance, intestinal morphometry, proximate body chemical composition, blood profile, immunity status, liver mitochondrial enzyme activities, the expression response and economic returns of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three triplicate groups of fish (initial weight 5.405 ± 0.045 g, N = 90) were fed on three different diets for 90 days. The first was a control diet with zero DCP; the second was a control diet supplemented with 0.71% DCP; the third was a control diet supplemented with 0.03% LP. The groups were designated as CG, DCP and LP, respectively. Results showed that LP induced considerable improvements (p < 0.05) in FBW, body weight gain, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, HIS, viscero-somatic index, spleen-somatic index, feed conversion ratio, blood parameters and the histomorphometry assessment of intestinal villi absorptive capacity, compared with the other groups. Also, whole-body protein and lipid contents pointedly (p < 0.05) increased by LP, compared with the DCP group. A positive response (p < 0.05) to the phytase enzyme was noted in complexes I, III and IV of the mitochondrial liver complex enzyme activity. Likewise, the relative gene expression levels of (GHr-1, IGF-1, FAS and LPL) were notably (p < 0.05) upregulated by phytase enzyme, associated with DCP and control groups. Further, phytase recorded the highest total return and profit percentage. It can be concluded that Nile tilapia benefits from using phytase enzyme 1500 FTU/kg at 0.03% without adding DCP in terms of good performance and profits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Negm
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Abo-Raya
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Gabr
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Samar H Baloza
- Genetic and Genetic Engineering, Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Asmaa El-Nokrashy
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdelbary Prince
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimaa Abdelazeem
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ghadeer M Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muath Q Al-Ghadi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Malik M El-Sayed Khalafallah
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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Valente Junior DT, Genova JL, Kim SW, Saraiva A, Rocha GC. Carbohydrases and Phytase in Poultry and Pig Nutrition: A Review beyond the Nutrients and Energy Matrix. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:226. [PMID: 38254395 PMCID: PMC10812482 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to clarify the mechanisms through which exogenous enzymes (carbohydrases and phytase) influence intestinal health, as well as their effects on the nutrients and energy matrix in diets fed to poultry and pigs reared under sanitary challenging conditions. Enzyme supplementation can positively affect intestinal microbiota, immune system, and enhance antioxidant status. Although enzymes have been shown to save energy and nutrients, their responses under sanitary challenging conditions are poorly documented. Immune system activation alters nutrient partitioning, which can affect the matrix values for exogenous enzymes on commercial farms. Notably, the carbohydrases and phytase supplementation under sanitary challenging conditions align with energy and nutritional valorization matrices. Studies conducted under commercial conditions have shown that matrices containing carbohydrases and phytase can maintain growth performance and health in poultry and pigs. However, these studies have predominantly focused on assessing a single level of reduction in energy and/or available phosphorus and total calcium, limiting our ability to quantify potential energy and nutrient savings in the diet. Future research should delve deeper into determining the extent of energy and nutrient savings and understanding the effects of alone or blended enzymes supplementation to achieve more specific insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Teixeira Valente Junior
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Jansller Luiz Genova
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Alysson Saraiva
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Gabriel Cipriano Rocha
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
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Azcuy RL, Casaretto ME, Márquez L, Hernández AJ, Morales GA. Evaluation of Phytase Impact on In Vitro Protein and Phosphorus Bioaccessibility of Two Lupin Species for Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2024; 2024:2697729. [PMID: 38213755 PMCID: PMC10781528 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2697729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Legumes are an important source of protein, lipids, and other essential nutrients. As the demand for protein and lipids continues to surge on a global scale, there is a growing interest in incorporating legumes into aquafeeds. This shift is driven not only by the escalating growth of the aquaculture sector in recent years but also by the imperative to diminish the dependency on traditional resources like fishmeal (FM) and fish oil. Amongst legumes, different lupin species had been identified as a potential protein source to partially reduce the inclusion of FM in countries such as Australia, Chile, and the European Union. A comprehensive evaluation of their nutritional profiles, overall characteristics, and potential antinutritional factors is essential for informed utilization and the implementation of nutritional enhancement strategies. In pursuit of this goal, an in vitro gastrointestinal simulation system was devised to replicate the digestive conditions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The study focused on determining the bioaccessibility of protein and phosphorus within two sweet lupin varieties (alkaloids < 0.05) with high (Lupinus mutabilis) and low (Lupinus angustifolius) native phytic acid content evaluated as whole (W) or dehulled (D) seeds meals and the effect of a single dose of phytase (2,500 FTU/kg DM). Additionally, regular soybean meal (SBM) served as reference (10 treatments with 3 replicates). A 2,500 FTU/kg DM phytase dose increased the levels of PO4-3 released throughout the intestinal phase by 122.6% for L. mutatabilis W, 116.3% for L. mutatabilis D, 65.2% for L. angustifolius W, 59.0% for L. angustifolius D, and 91.8% for SBM compared to controls without phytase. The bioaccessibility of amino acids in varieties treated with phytase increased with respect to the control without phytase. L. mutabilis was found to be a potentially viable alternative as a good quality protein source for the manufacture of environmentally friendly aquafeeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo L. Azcuy
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Producción Animal, Cátedra de Acuicultura, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías E. Casaretto
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Producción Animal, Cátedra de Acuicultura, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorenzo Márquez
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Creación UCT, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adrián J. Hernández
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Gabriel A. Morales
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Producción Animal, Cátedra de Acuicultura, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas INPA–CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Zanu HK, Iddrisu M, Fosu BG, Ketemepi HK, Bedford MR. Influence of two levels of phytic acid and particle size of oyster shell on the performance, calcium digestibility, gastrointestinal pH, and bone traits in broilers. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:763-772. [PMID: 37747291 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2262401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
1. Phytic acid (PA) is an antinutritional factor in poultry diets. The effect of high dietary PA in chicken diets might be exacerbated when the particle size of oyster shell (OS) is too fine. Thus, this study investigated the hypothesis that high PA with fine OS particle size would impair growth in broilers.2. Two hundred and eighty Cobb 500 broilers were assigned to four diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a CRD. The factors were PA (low or high) and OS particle size (fine or coarse) in starter, grower and finisher diets. Data collected were performance, Ca digestibility, gastrointestinal pH and bone traits.3. On d 21, high PA increased intake (P < 0.05), gain (P = 0.099) and body weight (BW; P = 0.093) compared to low PA. On d 42, high PA increased BW (P = 0.086) and gain (P = 0.089) compared to low PA. High PA increased intake (P = 0.063), BW (P = 0.054) and gain (P = 0.056) compared to low PA on d 56. High PA improved liveability on d 56 (P < 0.05) compared to low PA. In birds fed coarse OS, crop and ileal pH were reduced (P < 0.05) by high PA on d 28. The OS × PA interaction was observed for ileal pH (P < 0.05) on d 56, where in birds fed coarse OS, low PA increased ileal pH. Fine OS increased crop (P = 0.056) and proventriculus pH (P < 0.05) on d 56. There were no treatment effects on calcium digestibility. In birds fed fine OS, high PA decreased the BS (P < 0.05).4. Overall, the study showed that a combination of high PA and coarse OS particle size improves the production performance of broilers, while low PA and coarse OS improve their bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Zanu
- Department of Animal Science Education, Akenten Appiah Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Mampong, Ghana
| | - M Iddrisu
- Department of Animal Science Education, Akenten Appiah Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Mampong, Ghana
| | - B G Fosu
- General Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Food Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - H K Ketemepi
- General Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Food Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
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Joudaki H, Aria N, Moravej R, Rezaei Yazdi M, Emami-Karvani Z, Hamblin MR. Microbial Phytases: Properties and Applications in the Food Industry. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:374. [PMID: 37847302 PMCID: PMC10581959 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial phytases are enzymes that break down phytic acid, an anti-nutritional compound found in plant-based foods. These enzymes which are derived from bacteria and fungi have diverse properties and can function under different pH and temperature conditions. Their ability to convert phytic acid into inositol and inorganic phosphate makes them valuable in food processing. The application of microbial phytases in the food industry has several advantages. Firstly, adding them to animal feedstuff improves phosphorus availability, leading to improved nutrient utilization and growth in animals. This also reduces environmental pollution by phosphorus from animal waste. Secondly, microbial phytases enhance mineral bioavailability and nutrient assimilation in plant-based food products, counteracting the negative effects of phytic acid on human health. They can also improve the taste and functional properties of food and release bioactive compounds that have beneficial health effects. To effectively use microbial phytases in the food industry, factors like enzyme production, purification, and immobilization techniques are important. Genetic engineering and protein engineering have enabled the development of phytases with improved properties such as enhanced stability, substrate specificity, and resistance to degradation. This review provides an overview of the properties and function of phytases, the microbial strains that produce them, and their industrial applications, focusing on new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Joudaki
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Negar Aria
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, Collect of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Moravej
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | | | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Toledo-Solís FJ, Mokhles Abadi Farahani A, Yagüe S, Mateos-Aparicio I, Pérez V, Larrán AM, Moyano FJ, Fernández I. Red Vetchling ( Lathyrus cicera L.), a Promising Crop for the Sustainable Replacement of Soybean Meal and Reducing the Carbon Footprint of European Aquafeeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3178. [PMID: 37893902 PMCID: PMC10603733 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In fish diets, soybean meal (SBM) is still positioned as the most widely used alternative to replace fishmeal. Red vetchling (Lathyrus cicera), a crop locally produced in Europe, is here evaluated as a substitute for SBM. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles (10.34 ± 0.04 g) were fed for 90 days. Six experimental diets replacing the SBM content at 0, 8, 16, 33, 66, and 100% (Named Control, T8, T16, T33, T66, and T100) were tested. Growth performance and fish fillet amino acid composition were only significantly reduced in fish fed the T100 diet. Histopathological analysis showed that no major alterations were observed in the intestine, while T100 fish had a higher density of pyknotic nuclei in the hepatocytes than the Control, but similar hepatocyte surface coverage. Finally, postprandial levels of glucose and triglycerides in blood plasma decreased when red vetchling content was increased, but was only not fully restored after 24 h in the case of glucose in T66 and T100 fish. According to these results, red vetchling meal can replace up to 66% of the SBM without a negative effect on fish growth or physiology, representing a good alternative raw material for reducing European aquaculture's dependency on SBM imports and the carbon footprint of aquafeeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Toledo-Solís
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain;
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras-ICBiol-UNICACH, Calle Juan José Calzada s/n, Tonalá 30500, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Amin Mokhles Abadi Farahani
- Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries Division), Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan 8415683111, Iran;
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, (IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Sara Yagüe
- Centro de Investigación en Acuacultura, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Ctra. Arévalo, Zamarramala, 40196 Segovia, Spain; (S.Y.); (A.M.L.)
| | | | - Valentín Pérez
- Campus Vegazana s/n, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Ana María Larrán
- Centro de Investigación en Acuacultura, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Ctra. Arévalo, Zamarramala, 40196 Segovia, Spain; (S.Y.); (A.M.L.)
| | | | - Ignacio Fernández
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, (IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Acuacultura, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Ctra. Arévalo, Zamarramala, 40196 Segovia, Spain; (S.Y.); (A.M.L.)
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Kokkali M, Sveen L, Larsson T, Krasnov A, Giakovakis A, Sweetman J, Lyons P, Kousoulaki K. Optimisation of trace mineral supplementation in diets for Atlantic salmon smolt with reference to holistic fish performance in terms of growth, health, welfare, and potential environmental impacts. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1214987. [PMID: 37664428 PMCID: PMC10469859 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1214987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aquafeed ingredient inventory is ever changing, from marine to plant based, and recently evolving to incorporate increasing amounts of low trophic, side stream and circular economy based raw materials, each one contributing with variable amounts and qualities of macro- and micronutrients. Meeting the micronutrient requirement of farmed fish for healthy and efficient growth under normal and challenging conditions is of paramount importance. In this study we run a trial based on a 2 × 4 factorial design with three replications for each dietary treatment, where Atlantic salmon smolt were fed one of 8 experimental diets supplemented with either organic or inorganic mineral premixes (copper, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc) at four dietary inclusion levels. We saw a trend for higher growth rate in the organic mineral groups irrespective of the dietary mineral levels. Mineral digestibility was negatively correlated with increasing mineral supplementation levels for all tested minerals but Se which increased with the increasing supplementation in the inorganic and up to the 2nd inclusion level in the organic mineral groups. Increasing mineral supplementation affected retention efficiency of Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe while mineral source affected only the retention of Se which was higher in the organic mineral groups. Moreover, fish obtained higher EPA and DHA in their body and increased slaughter yield in the organic as compared to the inorganic mineral groups and corroborated that trace mineral inclusion levels play a key role on salmon fillet's technical quality. More effects from different origin and dietary inclusion levels of trace minerals were seen on fillet yield, fillet technical and nutritional quality, bone strength, skin morphology, organ mineralization and midgut transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lene Sveen
- Department of Fish Health, Nofima, Ås, Norway
| | - Thomas Larsson
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Nofima, Bergen, Norway
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10
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Fujaya Y, Hidayani AA, Sari DK, Aslamyah S, Rukminasari N, Muthalib A, Cristianto S, Defista E, Fazhan H, Waiho K. The Optimal Dosage of Fermented Herbal Extract on Growth and Feed Efficiency of Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Trop Life Sci Res 2023; 34:39-56. [PMID: 38144381 PMCID: PMC10743046 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2023.34.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to their availability, cost effectiveness and environmental-friendly nature, plant extracts are promising additives for fish farming. This study aims to determine the optimal dosage of fermented herbal extract (FHE)-composed of Morus alba (33.3%), Curcuma xanthorrhiza (33.3%), and Boesenbergia rotunda (33.3%)-for growth enhancement and feed utilisation efficiency of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Fermentation was conducted using probiotics Lactobacillus casei (Yakult®, Tokyo, Japan) and Saccharomyces cereviceae (commercial baker's yeast). The FHE was high in flavonoid and alkaloid, vitamin C, potassium, natrium, lipase and protease. Four doses of FHE treatments, namely treatment A (0 mg/kg of feed); treatment B (100 mg/kg of feed); treatment C (300 mg/kg of feed); treatment D (500 mg/kg of feed) were compared. After subjected to 35 days of culture, tilapias subjected to FHE-coated feed exhibited better weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed efficiency (FE) compared to control. The best dosage that gave the highest growth and feed efficiency was treatment C (300 mg/kg of feed). Furthermore, the feed efficiencies of FHE-incorporated treatments were positively influenced by the increased in length and density of intestinal villi, number of goblet cells, lymphocytes, as well as nutrient retention to support growth. The results of this study indicate that FHE is a promising functional feed additive to stimulate growth and improve feed efficiency in tilapia farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushinta Fujaya
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Andi Aliah Hidayani
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Kesuma Sari
- Study Program of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Siti Aslamyah
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Nita Rukminasari
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Muthalib
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Stevie Cristianto
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Emilia Defista
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Hanafiah Fazhan
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Khor Waiho
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Blok B No. 10, Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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11
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Dalsgaard J, Ekmann KS, Jensen MD, Pedersen PB. Reducing phosphorus emissions from net cage fish farming by diet manipulation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 334:117445. [PMID: 36774900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To alleviate the environmental impact of net cage fish farming in terms of phosphorous (P) emissions to the Baltic Sea, this study aimed at developing and documenting a diet concept for large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in brackish water (∼15 ppt) that minimizes the excretion of dissolved P and reduces the excretion of particulate P without compromising fish performance and gonadal development. This was to be achieved by reducing the total dietary P content and matching dietary bioavailable P concentrations to fish requirements using whole-body P concentration and expected individual raw material digestibility as criteria. The diet concept was firstly tested in a laboratory mass-balance study with all female rainbow trout (∼1100 g fish-1) fed three commercial-like low-P diets with 0.74% total P, 0.67% total P, or 0.62% total P plus phytase. Comparing the highest and lowest P diets showed that it was possible to reduce the excretion of dissolved P by 87% to 0.08 g dissolved P kg-1 biomass gain without compromising P requirements and fish performance. To verify the concept on commercial scale, an 8 mm P-reduced test diet with 0.63% total P and targeted a bioavailable P concentration of 0.41% by adding phytase was tested against a commercial control diet with 0.81% total P, feeding each diet to four commercial net cages for 5½ months. Harvest data along with ovary and whole-body P analysis confirmed that there were no performance differences between treatment groups, further sustaining that the specific P discharge may be reduced from an estimated 5.1 to 3.2 kg P t-1 fish produced by minimizing the total dietary P content while tailoring the bioavailable P concentration to match fish requirements. Applying the diet concept to the current (2020) Baltic salmonid production could theoretically reduce P emissions by 147 t yr-1 including 79 t dissolved P and 68 t particulate P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Dalsgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, Willemoesvej 2, DK-9850 Hirtshals, Denmark.
| | - Kim Schön Ekmann
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, Willemoesvej 2, DK-9850 Hirtshals, Denmark; BioMar A/S, Mylius Erichsensvej 35, DK-7330 Brande, Denmark.
| | | | - Per Bovbjerg Pedersen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, Willemoesvej 2, DK-9850 Hirtshals, Denmark.
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12
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Buyinza I, Lochmann R, Sinha AK, Thompson M, Romano N, Ramena G. Elevated concentrations of organic and inorganic forms of iron in plant-based diets for channel catfish prevent anemia but damage liver and intestine, respectively, without impacting growth performance. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:289-305. [PMID: 36952067 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effects of using inorganic and organic forms of iron in plant-based diets on catfish performance in a feeding trial with 6-g catfish fingerlings. The objective was to determine whether dietary iron in excess of known requirements negatively affected the fish. Five diets supplemented with 0 (basal), 125, 250 mg Fe/kg of either FeSO4 or iron methionine were formulated. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio, hepatosomatic index, and survival were similar among diets. Plasma and intestine iron concentration was similar among diets. Whole-body total lipid, protein, and dry matter were similar among diets, while ash content was higher in fish fed the basal diet. Total liver iron concentration was higher in fish fed diets supplemented with 250 mg Fe/kg in both iron forms than other diets. Hematological parameters were similar among treatments. Liver necrosis, inflammation, and vacuolization were highest in fish fed the diet supplemented with 250 mg Fe/kg from organic iron, followed by those fed diets with 250 mg Fe/kg from inorganic iron. Inorganic iron-supplemented diets caused more intestinal inflammation (increased inflammatory cells, villi swelling, thicker lamina propria) than the organic iron-supplemented diets or basal diet. Organic iron at 250 mg/kg resulted in a $0.143/kg increase in feed cost. Latent iron deficiency and initial signs of anemia developed in catfish fed the basal diet. Supplemental iron from either form prevented iron deficiency. Organic iron at 125 mg/kg optimized fish performance at a cost comparable to that of fish fed other diets, but without overt negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Buyinza
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 N. University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR, USA
| | - Rebecca Lochmann
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 N. University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR, USA.
| | - Amit K Sinha
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 N. University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR, USA
| | - Michele Thompson
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 N. University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR, USA
| | - Nicholas Romano
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 N. University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR, USA
| | - Grace Ramena
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 N. University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR, USA
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13
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Growth Performance, Antioxidant and Immunity Capacity Were Significantly Affected by Feeding Fermented Soybean Meal in Juvenile Coho Salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050945. [PMID: 36899803 PMCID: PMC10000117 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of partial dietary replacement of fish meal with unfermented and/or fermented soybean meal (fermented by Bacillus cereus) supplemented on the growth performance, whole-body composition, antioxidant and immunity capacity, and their related gene expression of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Four groups of juveniles (initial weight 159.63 ± 9.54 g) at 6 months of age in triplicate were fed for 12 weeks on four different iso-nitrogen (about 41% dietary protein) and iso-lipid (about 15% dietary lipid) experimental diets. The main results were: Compared with the control diet, the diet with replaced 10% fish meal protein with fermented soybean meal protein supplementation can significantly (p < 0.05) influence the expression of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 genes, the growth performance, the serum biochemical indices, and the activity of antioxidant and immunity enzymes. However, there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the survival rate (SR) and whole-body composition in the juveniles among the experimental groups. In conclusion, the diet with replaced 10% fish meal protein with fermented soybean meal protein supplementation could significantly increase the growth performance, antioxidant and immunity capacity, and their related gene expression of juveniles.
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14
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Adeshina I, Akpoilih BU, Tiamiyu LO, Badmos AA, Emikpe BO, Abdel-Tawwab M. Effects of dietary supplementation with microbial phytase on the growth, bone minerals, antioxidant status, innate immunity and disease resistance of African catfish fed on high soybean meal-based diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:733-745. [PMID: 35979610 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The microbial phytase, derived from Buttiauxella gaviniae, Yersinia mollarettiv and Hafnia spp., is proven to be safe for avian and porcine feeding and promotes their overall growth performance. Here, we have evaluated microbial phytase's effects on the growth, bone mineral content, antioxidant status, immune responses and the resistance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed with high soybean meal-based diets against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Five isonitrogenous diets (40% protein) were supplemented with different levels of microbial phytase ranging from 0 as a control to 250, 500, 750 and 1000 FTU/kg diet. African catfish (n = 300; 8.5 ± 0.3 g) were allocated in 15 50-L tanks (in triplicates) and were fed on the prepared tested diets for 12 weeks. After the end of the feeding period of 12 weeks, 10 fish from each replicate was intraperitoneally infected with A. hydrophila (0.5 × 105 CFU/ml) and monitored for 14 days. Dietary phytase levels linearly and quadratically improved the growth performance of African catfish and stimulated feed intake. Bone levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc were also positively modulated in phytase-fed fish, especially at 750-1000 FTU/kg diet. Similarly, counts of red and white blood cells as well as haemoglobin, packed cells volume, platelets, lymphocytes and heterocytes were significantly modulated in all fish fed with phytase-supplemented diets. Higher levels of serum total protein, albumin and globulin were also observed in fish fed with a 750-1000 FTU/kg diet of phytase. Conversely, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities were lower in fish fed with a 750-1000 FTU/kg diet of phytase, compared to those fed the control diet. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase), reduced glutathione levels and immune responses (lysozyme, respiratory burst, protease and alkaline phosphatase activities) biomarkers were linearly and quadratically elevated, while malondialdehyde values were linearly and quadratically decreased in fish groups fed with phytase-based diets. After administering A. hydrophila, 60.0% of the fish fed the control diet perished, while no mortalities were observed in fish fed with 750-1000 FTU/kg diets. Taken together, the current study reveals that dietary phytase could improve the growth performance, blood profile, bone mineralization, antioxidant activities, immunity and overall protection of African catfish against A. hydrophila infection. Dietary phytase may be efficiently used in the feeding of African catfish to enhance their overall performance and mitigate health conditions with optimum level of 900 FTU/kg diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Adeshina
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin U Akpoilih
- Department of Fisheries, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Lateef O Tiamiyu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Benjamin O Emikpe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, Egypt
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15
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Sarker PK. Microorganisms in Fish Feeds, Technological Innovations, and Key Strategies for Sustainable Aquaculture. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020439. [PMID: 36838404 PMCID: PMC9961935 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture, the world's fastest growing food sector, produces over half of all fish for human consumption. Aquaculture feeds include fishmeal and fish oil, extracted from wild-caught fish such as sardines, and poses ecological, food security, and economic drawbacks. Microalgae, yeasts, fungi, bacteria, and other alternative ingredients show promise as potential ingredients in aquafeeds that provide protein/amino acids, lipids, or omega-3 sources and sources of bioactive molecules. This review article discusses the issues that the literature often lacks data on, such as the recent development of using microorganisms, technological innovation, challenges, and opportunities to develop a low environmental footprint of aquaculture diet. The ingredients often require novel processing technology to improve digestibility and fish growth and reduce antinutritional factors. This is an important gap to fill because microalgae are the most frequently used organism in fish feed, particularly as a dietary supplement or mixed with other ingredients. The production, processing, and formulating steps can affect the nutritional qualities. Stepwise strategies are required to evaluate these ingredients for feed application, and in this article, I articulated the stepwise key approaches of evaluating nutritional and environmental response metrics to develop highly sustainable aquaculture feed using these microorganisms, which would guide a more judicious inclusion of these novel ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab K Sarker
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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16
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Hernandez AI, Dos Santos Azevedo R, Werhli AV, Dos Santos Machado K, Nornberg BF, F Marins L. Phylogenetic analysis, computer modeling and catalytic prediction of an Amazonian soil β-glucosidase against a soybean saponin. Integr Biol (Camb) 2022; 14:204-211. [PMID: 36691944 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are amphipathic glycosides with detergent properties present in vegetables. These compounds, when ingested, can cause difficulties in absorbing nutrients from food and even induce inflammatory processes in the intestine. There is already some evidence that saponins can be degraded by β-glucosidases of the GH3 family. In the present study, we evaluated, through computational tools, the possibility of a β-glucosidase (AMBGL17) obtained from a metagenomic analysis of the Amazonian soil, to catalytically interact with a saponin present in soybean. For this, the amino acid sequence of AMBGL17 was used in a phylogenetic analysis to estimate its origin and to determine its three-dimensional structure. The 3D structure of the enzyme was used in a molecular docking analysis to evaluate its interaction with soy saponin as a ligand. The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that AMBGL17 comes from a microorganism of the phylum Chloroflexi, probably related to species of the order Aggregatinales. Molecular docking showed that soybean saponin can interact with the catalytic site of AMBGL17, with the amino acid GLY345 being important in this catalytic interaction, especially with a β-1,2 glycosidic bond present in the carbohydrate portion of saponin. In conclusion, AMBGL17 is an enzyme with interesting biotechnological potential in terms of mitigating the anti-nutritional and pro-inflammatory effects of saponins present in vegetables used for human and animal food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Hernandez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Raíza Dos Santos Azevedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriano V Werhli
- Center of Computational Science (C3), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Karina Dos Santos Machado
- Center of Computational Science (C3), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna F Nornberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis F Marins
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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17
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Rodrigues EJD, Ito PI, Ribeiro LFM, de Carvalho PLPF, Xavier WDS, Guimarães MG, Junior ACF, Pezzato LE, Barros MM. Phytase Supplementation under Commercially Intensive Rearing Conditions: Impacts on Nile Tilapia Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010136. [PMID: 36611745 PMCID: PMC9817946 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of phytase supplementation on growth performance and apparent digestibility of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a commercial fish farm setting. Nile tilapia (6300 male, 57.48 ± 1.04 g) were randomly stocked into 42 floating cages. The experimental design was completely randomized, comprising six treatments and seven replications. Fish were fed five phosphorus deficient plant-based diets with graded levels of phytase supplementation (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 UF kg-1) and an additional diet containing phosphorus supplementation to meet the requirement of this fish species (positive control). After 97 days of feeding, growth performance data were collected and 900 fish (500 ± 10 g) were relocated to 6 floating cages for the digestibility assessment. Quadratic polynomial regression analysis indicated 1537.5 and 1593.2 UF kg-1 as the optimum dietary levels for daily weight gain and feed conversion rate, respectively. Including 2000 UF kg-1 resulted in the higher dry matter, crude protein, energy, and ash apparent digestibility coefficient values. Therefore, phytase supplementation from 1500 to 2000 UF kg-1 is recommended to enhance growth performance and nutrient bioavailability of Nile tilapia reared according to industry practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Junio Damasceno Rodrigues
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Incane Ito
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Franco Miranda Ribeiro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Pucci Figueiredo de Carvalho
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - William dos Santos Xavier
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus Gardim Guimarães
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Ademir Calvo Fernandes Junior
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Margarida Maria Barros
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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18
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Nguyen KQ, Bruce TJ, Afe OE, Liles MR, Beck BH, Davis DA. Growth Performance, Survival, Blood Chemistry, and Immune Gene Expression of Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) Fed Probiotic-Supplemented Diets. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120701. [PMID: 36548862 PMCID: PMC9786324 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) farming industry is the largest and one of the oldest aquaculture industries in the United States. Despite being an established industry, production issues stemming from disease outbreaks remain problematic for producers. Supplementing fish diets with probiotics to enhance the immune system and growth potential is one approach to mitigating disease. Although considerable laboratory data demonstrate efficacy, these results do not always translate to natural modes of disease transmission. Hence, the present work was conducted in the laboratory but incorporated flow-through water from large catfish pond production systems, allowing for natural exposure to pathogens. Two feeding trials were conducted in an 18-tank aquaria system housing two different sizes, 34.8 ± 12.5 g and 0.36 ± 0.03 g, of channel catfish. Channel catfish in the first trial were fed three experimental diets over six weeks. Commercial diets were top-coated with two selected spore-forming Bacillus spp. probiotics, Bacillus velezensis AP193 (1 × 106 CFU g−1) and BiOWiSH (3.6 × 104 CFU g−1), or a basal diet that contained no dietary additive. In the second eight-week trial, diets were top-coated with BiOWiSH at three concentrations (1.8, 3.6, and 7.3 × 104 CFU g−1), along with one basal diet (no probiotic). At the completion of these studies, growth performance, survival, hematocrit, blood chemistry, and immune expression of interleukin 1β (il1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-α), interleukin-8 (il8), transforming-growth factor β1 (tgf-β1), and toll-like receptor 9 (tlr9) were evaluated using qPCR. Trial results revealed no differences (p > 0.05) among treatments concerning growth, survival, or hematological parameters. For immune gene expression, interesting trends were discerned, with substantial downregulation observed in B. velezensis AP193-fed fish for il1β, tnf-α, and tlr9 expression within splenic tissue, compared to that of the basal and BiOWiSH diets (p < 0.05). However, the results were not statistically significant for anterior kidney tissue in the first trial. In the second trial, varied levels of probiotic inclusion revealed no significant impact of BiOWiSH’s products on the expression of il1β, tnf-α, il8, and tgf-β1 in both spleen and kidney tissue at any rate of probiotic inclusion (p > 0.05). Based on these findings, more research on utilizing probiotics in flow-through systems with natural infection conditions is crucial to ensure consistency from a controlled laboratory scale to real-world practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Q. Nguyen
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Timothy J. Bruce
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Oluwafunmilola E. Afe
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure 340110, Nigeria
| | - Mark R. Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Beck
- USDA-ARS Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | - Donald Allen Davis
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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19
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Zhou Y, Anoopkumar AN, Tarafdar A, Madhavan A, Binoop M, Lakshmi NM, B AK, Sindhu R, Binod P, Sirohi R, Pandey A, Zhang Z, Awasthi MK. Microbial engineering for the production and application of phytases to the treatment of the toxic pollutants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119703. [PMID: 35787420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytases are a group of digestive enzymes which are commonly used as feed enzymes. These enzymes are used exogenously in the feeds of monogastric animals thereby it improves the digestibility of phosphorous and thus reduces the negative impact of inorganic P excretion on the environment. Even though these enzymes are widely distributed in many life forms, microorganisms are the most preferred and potential source of phytase. Despite the extensive availability of the phytase-producing microbial consortia, only a few microorganisms have been known to be exploited at industrial level. The high costs of the enzyme along with the incapability to survive high temperatures followed by the poor storage stability are noted to be the bottleneck in the commercialization of enzymes. For this reason, besides the conventional fermentation approaches, the applicability of cloning, expression studies and genetic engineering has been implemented for the past few years to accomplish the abovesaid benefits. The site-directed mutagenesis as well as knocking out have also validated their prominent role in microbe-based phytase production with enhanced levels. The present review provides detailed information on recent insights on the modification of phytases through heterologous expression and protein engineering to make thermostable and protease-resistant phytases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - A N Anoopkumar
- Centre for Research in Emerging Tropical Diseases, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Mohan Binoop
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Nair M Lakshmi
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Arun K B
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India; Department of Food Technology, T K M Institute of Technology, Kollam, 691 505, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136713, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248 007, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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20
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Determination and validation of available phosphorus equivalency of Escherichia coli-derived phytase in broiler diets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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21
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Sosa F, Marguet E, Vallejo M. Cambios en la concentración de ácido fítico, fósforo libre y hierro soluble durante la fermentación de repollo blanco y repollo chino. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.02.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Se estudió la evolución de la concentración de ácido fítico, fósforo libre y hierro soluble durante la fermentación de repollo blanco y repollo chino. En ambos casos, la máxima población de bacterias ácido lácticas se logró a los cinco días del proceso y luego disminuyó continuamente hasta el final. El pH inicial del repollo blanco y repollo chino fue de 6,1 y durante los primeros cinco días disminuyó a 3,7 y 4,3 respectivamente, luego permanecieron estables hasta los 30 días. En el repollo blanco, la concentración de ácido fítico disminuyó y el fósforo libre se incrementó durante los primeros cinco días, después no se detectaron cambios significativos. En el repollo chino, la degradación del ácido fítico se observó durante los primeros 15 días, mientras que el fósforo libre aumentó hasta el final del proceso. Ambos vegetales mostraron una concentración inicial de hierro comparable, luego, se observó un incremento hasta el final del proceso, siendo este fenómeno más notable en el repollo chino. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la degradación del ácido fítico producida durante la fermentación por la actividad de fitasas vegetales y bacterianas, no sólo origina la liberación de fósforo libre, sino que mejora la bioaccesibilidad del hierro.
Palabras claves. biodisponibilidad de nutrientes, fermentación espontánea, Brassica
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Sosa
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. 2 Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud (Sede Trelew). Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia. Argentina
| | - Emilio Marguet
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud (Sede Trelew). Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia. Argentina
| | - Marisol Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud (Sede Trelew). Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia. Argentina
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22
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Toledo-Solís FJ, Hilerio-Ruíz AG, Martínez FP, Barrios A, Aznar MJ, Larrán AM, Fernández I, Moyano FJ. Selection and improvement of alternative raw materials for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquafeeds through a multiparametric screening tool. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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23
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Influence of extracellular protein isolated from fish gut associated bacteria as an enhancer of growth and innate immune system in Mugil cephalus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3217. [PMID: 35217708 PMCID: PMC8881613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cultural microbiomes of 27 bacteria colonies were isolated from Mugil cephalus for analysis of the antibacterial and antagonistic activities. A potent probiotic bacterium was characterized using16S r RNA sequencing. The potent strain was added to fish diet to perform the challenge test and to study the growth and immunological parameter. The extracellular proteins from the probiotic were collected and characterized using MALDI TOF/TOF. Out of G27, G9 strain inhibited all the five pathogenic strains. An isolated bacterium was identified as Bacillus subtilis PRBD09 with accession number KF765648. After 35 days of feeding period B. subtilis PRBD09 enhance the both cellular and humoral immune responses, which responsible for survive of the Mugil cephalus against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The MALDI TOF sample 08 and 09 were recognized as hypothetical proteins based on the MALDI TOF sample. A cytidinedeaminase was found in samples 10, 11, and 12. Extracellular proteins may be involved for the immunological increase in Mugil cephalus against Aeromonas hydrophila, according to the current research.
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Ding X, Nie X, Yuan C, Jiang L, Ye W, Qian L. Effects of Dietary Multienzyme Complex Supplementation on Growth Performance, Digestive Capacity, Histomorphology, Blood Metabolites and Hepatic Glycometabolism in Snakehead (Channa argus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030380. [PMID: 35158703 PMCID: PMC8833691 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The multienzyme complex is composed of one or several single enzymes as the main component, mixed with other single enzyme preparations, or obtained by the fermentation of one or more microorganisms, and an the exogenous enzyme mixture with multiple functions of a single enzyme. Supplementation with exogenous enzyme preparations offsets the negative effects of removing antibiotics from animal diets. The multienzyme complex supplemented in aquatic feed can enhance the secretion and activity of endogenous digestive enzymes in aquatic animals. Meanwhile, exogenous digestive enzymes can also help aquatic animals to decompose some anti-nutrients, improve the utilization and digestibility of feed, and promote animal growth. Abstract The present study evaluated the impact of dietary multienzyme complex (MEC) supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, histomorphology, serum metabolism and hepatopancreas glycometabolism in snakeheads (Channa argus). A total of 600 fish (initial weight, 69.70 ± 0.30 g) were randomly divided into four groups. Four diets were formulated: (1) control (basic diet); (2) E1 (400 U kg−1 amylase, 150 U kg−1 acid protease, 1900 U kg−1 neutral protease and basic diet); (3) E2 (800 U kg−1 amylase, 300 U kg−1 acid protease, 3800 U kg−1 neutral protease and basic diet); and (4) E3 (1200 U kg−1 amylase, 450 U kg−1 acid protease, 5700 U kg−1 neutral protease and basic diet). The results show that the E2 group increased the specific growth rate, weight gain rate and the final body weight, as well as decreasing the blood urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase and triglyceride. The mRNA levels and activities of digestive enzymes and key glucose metabolism enzymes in the hepatopancreas were enhanced in snakeheads fed the MEC. Meanwhile, moderate MEC diet (E2 groups) supplementation improved digestive tract morphology, increased the glycogen in the hepatopancreas and the lipids in the dorsal muscle. Moreover, plasma metabolomics revealed differential metabolites mainly involved in amino acid metabolism. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with the MEC improved growth performance, digestive tract morphology, gene expression and the activity of digestive enzymes, enhanced the glycolysis-gluconeogenesis and amino acid metabolism of snakeheads, and the optimal composition of the MEC was group E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.D.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xinzheng Nie
- Shandong Animal Husbandry General Station, Jinan 250022, China;
| | - Chunchun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.D.); (C.Y.)
| | - Lai Jiang
- Hainan Academy of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; (L.J.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wenxin Ye
- Hainan Academy of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; (L.J.); (W.Y.)
| | - Lichun Qian
- Hainan Academy of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; (L.J.); (W.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-88982171
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25
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Zhao Y, Wen X, Xiao H, Hou L, Wang X, Huang Y, Lin Y, Zheng C, Wang L, Jiang Z. Effects of phytase and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation on growth performance and bone development in weaned piglets in Ca- and P-deficient dietary. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:940-948. [PMID: 34265089 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The beneficial function of phytase and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (HyD) on the feed utilization rate has been widely investigated. However, studies concerning its influence on weaned piglets largely lag behind. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of phytase and HyD supplementation on the growth performance and bone development in weaned piglets under dietary Ca and P deficiency. RESULTS The results showed that dietary Ca and P deficiency decreased (P < 0.05) the content of serum P in 6-10 kg piglets, as well as reducing (P < 0.05) the contents of serum Ca and P, average daily gain (ADG), bone mineral density (BMD), breaking force (BF), bone ash and femur Ca in 10-20 kg piglets. Compared with the control group, the feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) of 6-10 kg piglets in the Phy group was decreased (P < 0.05), whereas the ADG, blood Ca and P, BMD, BF, bone ash, P apparent digestibility, Ca and P retention rate of 10-20 kg piglets were increased (P < 0.05). The contents of serum osteocalcin and HyD in 6-10 kg piglets and ADG were higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), as well as the contents of serum Ca and HyD in 10-20 kg piglets in the HyD treatment group. Supplementation with both Phy and HyD decreased the F/D (P < 0.05) and increased the contents of serum Ca, P and HyD in 6-10 kg piglets as well as enhancing the ADG, BMD, BF, bone ash, femur Ca and P, serum Ca and P, HyD, and the apparent digestibility and retention of Ca and P (P < 0.05) in 10-20 kg piglets. Supplementation with Phy and HyD in Ca- and P-deficient dietary decreased bone resorption, and improved tight arrangement of collagen fibers and oblique fibers in weaned piglets. CONCLUSION These data indicated that supplementation with both 1500 U kg-1 Phy and 50 μg kg-1 HyD could enhance dietary Ca and P utilization and promote bone development in low Ca and P dietary, and supplementation with both Phy and HyD had a significant synergy effect compared to single supplement. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - XiaoLu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingcai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuntian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Comparative Pathogenicity of Aeromonas spp. in Cultured Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus). BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111192. [PMID: 34827185 PMCID: PMC8614744 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genus Aeromonas has been recognised as an important pathogenic species in aquaculture that causes motile Aeromonas septicaemia (MAS) or less severe, chronic infections. This study compares the pathogenicity of the different Aeromonas spp. that were previously isolated from freshwater fish with signs of MAS. A total of 124 isolates of Aeromonas spp. were initially screened for the ability to grow on M9 agar with myo-inositol as a sole carbon source, which is a discriminatory phenotype for the hypervirulent A. hydrophila (vAh) pathotype. Subsequently, LD50 of six selected Aeromonas spp. were determined by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial suspension containing 103, 105, and 107 CFU/mL of the respective Aeromonas sp. to red hybrid tilapias. The kidneys, livers and spleens of infected moribund fish were examined for histopathological changes. The screening revealed that only A. dhakensis 1P11S3 was able to grow using myo-inositol as a sole carbon source, and no vAh strains were identified. The LD50–240h of A. dhakensis 1P11S3 was 107 CFU/mL, while the non-myo-inositol utilizing A. dhakensis 4PS2 and A. hydrophila 8TK3 was lower at 105 CFU/mL. Similarly, tilapia challenged with the myo-inositol A. dhakensis 1P11S3 showed significantly (p < 0.05) less severe signs, gross and histopathological lesions, and a lower mortality rate than the non-myo-inositol A. dhakensis 4PS2 and A. hydrophila 8TK3. These findings suggested that myo-inositol utilizing A. dhakensis 1P11S3 was not a hypervirulent Aeromonas sp. under current experimental disease challenge conditions, and that diverse Aeromonas spp. are of concern in aquaculture farmed freshwater fish. Therefore, future study is warranted on genomic level to further elucidate the influence of myo-inositol utilizing ability on the pathogenesis of Aeromonas spp., since this ability correlates with hypervirulence in A. hydrophila strains.
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Kou H, Hu J, Vijayaraman SB, Wang AL, Zheng Y, Chen J, He G, Miao Y, Lin L. Evaluation of dietary zinc on antioxidant-related gene expression, antioxidant capability and immunity of soft-shelled turtles Pelodiscussinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:303-312. [PMID: 34481088 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) plays a role in the antioxidant capacity and immunity of aquatic animals. A twelve-week feeding experiment was performed to estimate the impact of dietary zinc on antioxidant enzyme-related gene expression, antioxidant enzyme activity and non-specific immune functions of soft-shelled turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis. Six fishmeal-based experimental diets with 32.45% protein were formulated, which contained 35.43, 46.23, 55.38, 66.74, 75.06 and 85.24 mg/kg Zn, respectively. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels improved with an elevation in dietary Zn from 35.43 to 55.38 mg/kg and then reduced when dietary Zn was further elevated. The expression levels of Nrf2 and antioxidant-related genes CuZnSOD, MnSOD, CAT, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and GPX4 escalated with elevating Zn concentration up to 55.38 mg/kg in diets and then reduced as dietary Zn elevated. The expression levels of Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1 (keap1) showed a reverse trend with that of Nrf2. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the 55.38 and 66.74 mg/kg Zn diet-fed groups were the lowest. Alkaline phosphatase activity (AKP), superoxide anion (O2-), lysozyme activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) improved with an escalation in dietary Zn concentration up to 66.74 mg/kg. Optimal dietary Zn improved antioxidant capability, immunity, and antioxidant enzyme-related gene expression. The dietary Zn demand for soft-shelled turtles were 60.93 and 61.63 mg/kg, based on second regression analysis of SOD and T-AOC activity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Kou
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Junru Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Sarath Babu Vijayaraman
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - An-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yanyun Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Guoping He
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Yutao Miao
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China; Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
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Kumari M, Padhi S, Sharma S, Phukon LC, Singh SP, Rai AK. Biotechnological potential of psychrophilic microorganisms as the source of cold-active enzymes in food processing applications. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:479. [PMID: 34790503 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms striving in extreme environments and exhibiting optimal growth and reproduction at low temperatures, otherwise known as psychrophilic microorganisms, are potential sources of cold-active enzymes. Owing to higher stability and cold activity, these enzymes are gaining enormous attention in numerous industrial bioprocesses. Applications of several cold-active enzymes have been established in the food industry, e.g., β-galactosidase, pectinase, proteases, amylases, xylanases, pullulanases, lipases, and β-mannanases. The enzyme engineering approaches and the accumulating knowledge of protein structure and function have made it possible to improve the catalytic properties of interest and express the candidate enzyme in a heterologous host for a higher level of enzyme production. This review compiles the relevant and recent information on the potential uses of different cold-active enzymes in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kumari
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Sikkim, India
| | - Srichandan Padhi
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Sikkim, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Sikkim, India
| | - Loreni Chiring Phukon
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Sikkim, India
| | - Sudhir P Singh
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Sikkim, India
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Meena D, Sahoo A, Jayant M, Sahu N, Srivastava P, Swain H, Behera B, Satvik K, Das B. Bioconversion of Terminalia arjuna bark powder into a herbal feed for Labeo rohita: Can it be a sustainability paradigm for Green Fish production? Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Lall SP, Kaushik SJ. Nutrition and Metabolism of Minerals in Fish. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092711. [PMID: 34573676 PMCID: PMC8466162 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our aim is to introduce the mineral nutrition of fish and explain the complexity of determining requirements for these elements, which are absorbed and excreted by the fish into the surrounding water. To date, only the requirements for nine minerals have been investigated. The review is focused on the absorption and the dietary factors that reduce their absorption from feed ingredients of plant and animal origin. Some diseases, such as cataracts, anemia and bone deformity, have been linked to dietary deficiency of minerals. Abstract Aquatic animals have unique physiological mechanisms to absorb and retain minerals from their diets and water. Research and development in the area of mineral nutrition of farmed fish and crustaceans have been relatively slow and major gaps exist in the knowledge of trace element requirements, physiological functions and bioavailability from feed ingredients. Quantitative dietary requirements have been reported for three macroelements (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) and six trace minerals (zinc, iron, copper, manganese, iodine and selenium) for selected fish species. Mineral deficiency signs in fish include reduced bone mineralization, anorexia, lens cataracts (zinc), skeletal deformities (phosphorus, magnesium, zinc), fin erosion (copper, zinc), nephrocalcinosis (magnesium deficiency, selenium toxicity), thyroid hyperplasia (iodine), muscular dystrophy (selenium) and hypochromic microcytic anemia (iron). An excessive intake of minerals from either diet or gill uptake causes toxicity and therefore a fine balance between mineral deficiency and toxicity is vital for aquatic organisms to maintain their homeostasis, either through increased absorption or excretion. Release of minerals from uneaten or undigested feed and from urinary excretion can cause eutrophication of natural waters, which requires additional consideration in feed formulation. The current knowledge in mineral nutrition of fish is briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh P. Lall
- National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.P.L.); (S.J.K.)
| | - Sadasivam J. Kaushik
- Retd. INRA, 64310 St Pée sur Nivelle, France
- Ecoaqua Institute, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Las Palmas, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.P.L.); (S.J.K.)
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Hussain SM, Hanif S, Sharif A, Bashir F, Iqbal HMN. Unrevealing the Sources and Catalytic Functions of Phytase with Multipurpose Characteristics. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Singh B, Kumar G, Kumar V, Singh D. Enhanced Phytase Production by Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis in Solid State Fermentation and its Utility in Improving Food Nutrition. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1083-1089. [PMID: 34303326 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210720142359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytic acid acts as anti-nutritional factor in food and feed ingredients for monogastric animals as they lack phytases. OBJECTIVE Phytase production by Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis JJBS250 was studied in solid state fermentation and its applicability in dephytinization of food Methods: Bacterial culture was grown in solid state fermentation using wheat bran and various culture conditions were optimized using 'One variable at a time' (OVAT) approach. Effects of different substrates (wheat bran, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse), incubation time (24, 48, 72 and 96 h), incubation temperatures (25, 30, 35 and 40 oC), pH (4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0) and moisture content (1:1.5, 1:2.0, 1:2.5 and 1:3) were studied on phytase production. Bacterial phytase was used in dephytinization of food samples. RESULTS Optimization of phytase production was studied in solid state fermentation (SSF) using 'One variable at a time' (OVAT) approach. Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis JJBS250 grew well in various agroresidues in SSF and secreted high enzyme titres using wheat bran at 30 oC and pH 5.0 after incubation time of 48 h with substrate to moisture ratio of 1:3. Glucose and ammonium sulphate supplementation to wheat bran further enhanced phytase production in SSF. Optimization of phytase production resulted in 2.4-fold improvement in phytase production in solid state fermentation. The enzyme resulted in dephytinization of wheat and rice flours with concomitant release of inorganic phosphate, reducing sugar and soluble protein. CONCLUSION Optimization resulted in 2.34-fold enhancement in phytase production by bacterial culture that showed dephytinization of food ingredients with concomitant release of nutritional components. Therefore, phytase of B. subtilis subsp. subtilis JJBS250 could find application in improving nutritional quality of food and feed of monogastric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Gurprit Kumar
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India
| | - Davender Singh
- Department of Physics, RPS Degree College, Balana, Satnali Road, Mahendergarh-123029, Haryana, India
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Abstract
Enzymes are widely used in the food industry. Their use as a supplement to the raw material for animal feed is a current research topic. Although there are several studies on the application of enzyme additives in the animal feed industry, it is necessary to search for new enzymes, as well as to utilize bioinformatics tools for the design of specific enzymes that work in certain environmental conditions and substrates. This will allow the improvement of the productive parameters in animals, reducing costs and making the processes more efficient. Technological needs have considered these catalysts as essential in many industrial sectors and research is constantly being carried out to optimize their use in those processes. This review describes the enzymes used in animal nutrition, their mode of action, their production and new sources of production as well as studies on different animal models to evaluate their effect on the productive performance intended for the production of animal feed.
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Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal as Alternative to Fish Meal for Aquaculture Feed. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens meal (HIM) as ingredient in feed represents a way to achieve more sustainable food production. The aim was to characterize the chemical, microbiological and organoleptic characteristics of four diets for Sparus aurata, isoenergetic and isoproteic, containing 0%, 25%, 35% and 50% of HIM in substitution of fish meal (FM). Analyses were carried out using gas chromatography for fatty acids and amino acids, ICP-OES for minerals and liquid chromatography for aflatoxins and following International Organization for Standardization methods for microbial flora. E-sensing analysis of the diets was evaluated using an artificial sensory platform (E-eye, E-nose and E-tongue). The chemical results were submitted to a one-way ANOVA while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the e-sensing data was performed. No significant differences were observed for polyunsaturated fatty acids, thrombogenic and peroxidation indices among the diets. The replacement of FM with HIM increased the content of lysine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine and valine, while phosphorus, calcium and sodium content decreased (p < 0.01) as the percentage of HIM increased. Lead was significantly below the maximum level set by the EU regulation. The diets showed good hygienic and sanitary quality. The artificial senses permitted distinguishing color, odor and taste among the diets. Data allow considering Hermetia illucens as alternative protein source in fish nutrition.
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Ghodrati M, Rajabi Islami H, Hosseini Shekarabi SP, Shenavar Masouleh A, Shamsaie Mehrgan M. Combined effects of enzymes and probiotics on hemato-biochemical parameters and immunological responses of juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 112:116-124. [PMID: 33713825 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A 10-week feeding trial was run to investigate the separate and simultaneous effects of exogenous enzymes (Enz), probiotics (Pro), and Pro-Enz mixtures on the hematology indices, serum biochemical parameters, and innate-immunity status of juvenile Siberian sturgeon. The fish (138.06 ± 3.64 g) were randomly dispersed into 12 tanks (20 individuals per tank) and fed with Enz (Phytase, protease, and xylanase), Pro (Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactococcus lactis), and Pro-Enz cocktail. At the end of the feeding bioassay, the highest values of red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit level, and lymphocyte percentage followed by the lowest neutrophil percentage were obtained in Pro-Enz treatment (P < 0.05). Despite a significantly lower level of alkaline phosphatase in the fish fed with Pro supplemented diet (P < 0.05), no significant difference was found in the serum level of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase among the experimental groups (P > 0.05). Total protein content was significantly upregulated in serum and skin mucus samples from those fed with supplemented diets compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In both serum and skin mucus samples, higher immune responses in terms of lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin M, total protein was seen in Pro-Enz treatment compared to the control group followed by the serum complement components (P < 0.05). The results indicate that the combinational supplementation of Siberian sturgeon diet with the exogenous enzymes and probiotics modulates the physiometabolic responses and innate immune system to a higher grade than their individual supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ghodrati
- Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houman Rajabi Islami
- Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Alireza Shenavar Masouleh
- Department of Fish Health and Diseases, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shamsaie Mehrgan
- Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Maas RM, Deng Y, Dersjant-Li Y, Petit J, Verdegem MCJ, Schrama JW, Kokou F. Exogenous enzymes and probiotics alter digestion kinetics, volatile fatty acid content and microbial interactions in the gut of Nile tilapia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8221. [PMID: 33859242 PMCID: PMC8050056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable aquafeed production requires fishmeal replacement, leading to an increasing use of plant-derived ingredients. As a consequence, higher levels of antinutritional substances, such as non-starch polysaccharides and phytate, are present in aquafeeds, with negative effects on fish performance, nutrient digestibility and overall gut health. To alleviate these negative effects, providing exogenous digestive enzymes and/or probiotics can be an effective solution. In this study, we tested the effect of dietary supplementation of enzymes (phytase and xylanase) and probiotics (three strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) on nutrient digestion kinetics and volatile fatty acid content along the gut, and the distal gut microbiome diversity in Nile tilapia. Chyme volatile fatty content was increased with probiotic supplementation in the proximal gut, while lactate content, measured for the first time in vivo in fish, decreased with enzymes along the gut. Enzyme supplementation enhanced crude protein, Ca and P digestibility in proximal and middle gut. Enzymes and probiotics supplementation enhanced microbial interactions as shown by network analysis, while increased the abundance of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus species. Such results suggest that supplementation with exogenous enzymes and probiotics increases nutrient availability, while at the same time benefits gut health and contributes to a more stable microbiome environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel M. Maas
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yale Deng
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jules Petit
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C. J. Verdegem
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. Schrama
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fotini Kokou
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Musa SO, Okomoda VT, Tiamiyu LO, Solomon SG, Adeyemo BT, Alamanjo CC, Abol-Munafi AB. Dietary implications of toasted Jatropha curcas kernel on the growth, haematology, and organ histology of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:232. [PMID: 33772665 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional value of Jatropha curcas kernel (JCK) can be improved through different processing methods; however, when using a thermal treatment, optimization of the process is needed to prevent denaturation of nutrients. In this study, JCK was toasted for varying durations (0, 10, 20, and 30 min) and nutritionally evaluated. The implication of feeding Clarias gariepinus with dietary inclusions (35% CP; 315 kcal g-1) of the toasted JCK was also reported. The results obtained suggest that prolonged duration of toasting improved the nutritional characteristics of the JCK until the 20th min. Beyond this time, the protein content and essential amino acids are reduced. However, the antinutrients continuously decreased with prolonged processing. The growth, carcass analysis, and haematology of the fish groups fed toasted JCK at varying duration also did better than those fed raw JCK. Importantly, the performance tends to reduce for those fed JCK toasted beyond 20 min. The estimated cost of producing 1 kg of the fish also substantially reduced with feeding the processed JCK than feeding raw JCK. Histological examination of the intestine and liver tissues further revealed fewer signs of histopathological degeneration for fish-fed processed JCK compared to the control. It was concluded that the processing of JCK by toasting should not exceed 20 min to improve the nutritional composition of the feed ingredients and their dietary utilization by fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ojonogecha Musa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, PMB, Jos, 2084, Nigeria
| | - Victor Tosin Okomoda
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forestry and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Makurdi, PMB, Makurdi, 2373, Nigeria. .,Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21030, Tereengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Lateef Oloyede Tiamiyu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, PMB, Ilorin, 1515, Nigeria
| | - Shola Gabriel Solomon
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forestry and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Makurdi, PMB, Makurdi, 2373, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Ambok Bolong Abol-Munafi
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21030, Tereengganu, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Effect of Bacterial or Fungal Phytase Supplementation on the Performance, Egg Quality, Plasma Biochemical Parameters, and Reproductive Morphology of Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020540. [PMID: 33669736 PMCID: PMC7921993 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study shows that 5000 FTU/kg dietary supplementation with bacterial (E. coli) or fungal (Aspergillus niger and Trichodermareesei) sources of phytase with less available phosphorus is capable of maintaining productive efficiency, reproductive morphology, and egg quality of laying hens. Eggshell consistency was increased while yolk cholesterol was decreased as a result of diets supplemented with bacterial or fungal phytase. All in all, our results clarify that feeding laying hens bacterial and fungal phytase at 5000 FTU/kg can be effective to replace inorganic phosphorus commercially. Abstract Catalytic and physicochemical properties of microbial phytase sources may differ, affecting phosphorus (P) release and subsequently the productive and reproductive performance of layers. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of bacterial and fungal phytase sources on layer productivity, egg production, biochemical blood indices, and reproductive morphology. For this purpose, 360 Bovans brown hens at 42 weeks of age were randomly allocated into 4 experimental groups, each with 15 replicates of 6 hens. The first group (control) was fed a basal diet with 4.6 g/kg available P. In contrast, the second, third, and fourth groups were fed diets treated with 3.2 g/kg available P, supplemented with either 5000 FTU/kg of bacterial E. coli (QuantumTM Blue 5G), fungal Aspergillus niger (VemoZyme® F 5000 Naturally Thermostable Phytase (NTP)), or fungal Trichodermareesei (Yemzim® FZ100). Dietary supplementation of bacterial and fungal phytases did not affect the productive performance or egg quality criteria, except for increased shell weight and thickness (p < 0.05). Serum hepatic function biomarkers and lipid profiles were not altered in treated hens, while calcium and P levels were increased (p < 0.05) related to the controls. Ovary index and length, and relative weight of oviduct and its segments were not influenced. The contents of cholesterol and malondialdehyde in the yolks from treated birds were lower compared to control hens, while calcium and P content increased (p < 0.05). Conclusively, bacterial and fungal phytase sources can compensate for the reduction of available P in layers’ diets and enhance shell and yolk quality without affecting productive performance, and no differences among them were noticed.
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Wang R, Guo S. Phytic acid and its interactions: Contributions to protein functionality, food processing, and safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2081-2105. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruican Wang
- Department of Food Science University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Shuntang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Protein and Cereal Processing, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing China
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Ranjan A, Kumar S, Sahu NP, Jain KK, Deo AD. Exogenous phytase and xylanase supplementation of formulated diets for rohu (Labeo rohita): impact on haematology, histology and IGF I gene expression. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:49-58. [PMID: 33099718 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to delineate the effect of exogenous enzyme supplementation of fermented or non-fermented de-oiled rice bran (DORB) on haematology, histology and expression of IGF I gene expression of Labeo rohita. Four test diets, namely, T1 (DORB), T2 (fermented DORB), T3 (DORB+exogenous enzyme) and T4 (fermented DORB+exogenous enzyme) were formulated and fed to the L. rohita for a period of 60 days. The test diets T3 and T4 were supplemented with 0.1 g kg-1 xylanase (16,000 U kg-1) and 0.1 g kg-1 phytase (500 U kg-1) enzymes. A total of 120 juveniles of L. rohita (average weight 5.01 ± 0.02 g) were stocked in 12 rectangular tanks with 10 fish per tank in triplicates. At the end of the experiment, haematology, histology and IGF I gene expression of the different groups were analysed. The haemoglobin (Hb) content, RBC count and WBC count of L. rohita varied significantly (p < 0.05) among different groups. T3 diet-fed group had the highest Hb content, RBC count and WBC count as compared to the other groups. The MCV content was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in T3 group. The DORB type, exogenous enzyme supplementation and their interaction have no significant (p > 0.05) effect on MCH, MCHC and lymphocyte content of the cultured fish. The group which were fed T3 diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher IGF-I gene expression as compared to other groups. The histological examination of liver revealed no pathological alteration of this organ. Similarly, there were no pathological changes observed in intestinal tissue in any dietary treatment group. Based on the findings of the present study, it is concluded that exogenous enzyme supplementation of DORB-based diets improves the physiological status and growth performances of Labeo rohita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ranjan
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off Yari Road, Panch Marg, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India.
- Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, OMR Campus, Vaniyanchavadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India.
| | - Sarvendra Kumar
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off Yari Road, Panch Marg, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Narottam Prasad Sahu
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off Yari Road, Panch Marg, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Kamal Kant Jain
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off Yari Road, Panch Marg, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Ashutosh Dharmendra Deo
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off Yari Road, Panch Marg, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India
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Effectiveness of phytase pre-treatment on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and mineral status of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) juveniles fed Moringa by-product based diet. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1944-1953. [PMID: 33732080 PMCID: PMC7938206 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several anti-nutritional substances are found in plant derivatives for example phytate, that make the nutrients and minerals unavailable to fish, hence leading to poor growth performance. Presence of the anti-nutrient factor such as phytate is a chelated compound and need enzyme for its breakdown and availability of nutrients to improve fish growth. This research work was performed to check the improvement of overall performance of Cyprinus carpio fingerlings by the help of phytase addition in Moringa oleifera by- products based diet. Combination of Moringa seed meal and Moringa leaf meal was utilized as test ingredient to formulate seven test feeds, containing graded levels of phytase (0, 500, 650, 800, 950, 1100 and 1250 FTU kg-1). In feeding trial of 70 days, fingerlings were given feed two times in a day at the rate of 4% of wet weight of their bodies and faeces were collected. According to current results, it was found that growth performance parameters i.e. weight gain; 25 g, specific growth rate; 1.67 and feed conversion ratio; 1.10 were improved to maximum at 950 FTU kg-1. Digestibility of nutrients (crude protein; 73%, crude fat; 71% and gross energy; 67%) and minerals absorption was also maximum (Ca; 70%, Zn; 66%, K; 74%, Mn; 66% and P; 71%) at 950 FTU kg-1. Lowest growth efficiency, nutrient digestibility and mineral absorption were observed in fingerlings fed at control diet (0 FTU kg-1). Results of the current study, proved that 950 FTU kg-1 is the most optimum level of phytase to formulate economical and ecofriendly feed for improved growth of C. carpio fingerlings as it decreases the discharge of minerals and nutrients in water bodies.
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Effects and interactions between phytase, xylanase and β-glucanase on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in Nile tilapia. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Dery Bede
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Luhu Avenue Wuxi Jiangsu Province 214122 P. R. China
| | - Lou Zaixiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Luhu Avenue Wuxi Jiangsu Province 214122 P. R. China
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Moon SG, Lee SK, Lee WD, Niu KM, Hwang WU, Oh JS, Kothari D, Kim SK. Effect of dietary supplementation of a phytogenic blend containing Schisandra chinensis, Pinus densiflora, and Allium tuberosum on productivity, egg quality, and health parameters in laying hens. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:285-294. [PMID: 33171027 PMCID: PMC7876724 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to investigate the supplementary effect of a phytogenic blend (SPA: a mixture containing fermented Schisandra chinensis pomace, fermented Pinus densiflora needle extract, and Allium tuberosum powder in the ratio of 2:2:1) on egg production, egg quality, blood constituents, and visceral organs in laying hens. Methods A total of 135 Hy-line brown laying hens (48-wk-old) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 9 hens. The control group (CON) was fed a basal diet (no exogenous SPA addition) and the experimental groups were fed the basal diet containing SPA at the level of 0.1% and 0.3% for 6 weeks. Results The feed intake was significantly improved in SPA supplemented groups as compared with the control (p<0.05). However, egg production, daily egg mass, and feed conversion ratio were not different among the dietary treatments (p>0.05). For egg quality traits, only Haugh unit (HU) was significantly improved in SPA (0.3%) (p<0.05) as compared with other groups. However, HU was not affected during 4-wk of storage at 18°C among the dietary treatments (p>0.05). Furthermore, SPA supplementation did not affect the blood biochemical constituents except for the phosphate content, which was significantly higher in SPA groups than the CON group (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in visceral organ characteristics and immune indicators (immunoglobulin A [IgA], IgG, and IgM) in SPA or CON groups. Conclusion This study suggested that the supplementation of SPA may have beneficial effects on feed intake and egg quality in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Gyu Moon
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung-Kwang Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Woo-Do Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kai-Min Niu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Institute of Biological Resource, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Won-Uk Hwang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Oh
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Damini Kothari
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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45
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Ries EF, Ferreira CC, Goulart FR, Lovatto NM, Loureiro BB, Bender ABB, Macedo GA, Silva LPDA. Improving nutrient availability of defatted rice bran using different phytase sources applied to grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) diet. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20190201. [PMID: 33175015 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020190201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the effects of the hydrolysis of phytate of defatted rice bran (DRB) by a pretreatment with non-commercial phytase produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DRB-PS) compared to the application of Natuphos® (commercial phytase produced by the BASF Company) (DRB-PN) in diets for grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Fish (57.55 ± 0.4 g) fed one of the experimental diets in triplicates for 35 days. Effects of the phytase used on blood parameters, intestinal proteases and hepatic glucose were not observed (p > 0.05). Similarly, no differences were found for serum phosphorus (P). However, were found higher levels of calcium (9 and 5.25%) in the control treatment in relation to DRB-PS and DRB-PN respectively, besides higher calcium-phosphorus ratio was found in this treatment. For the fish carcass composition was not statistically different (p > 0.05) except total lipids, which showed its highest content in fish fed on the DRB-PN diet (p < 0.05). The obtained results suggested that the use of the phytase, irrespective to its source may eliminate the use of traditional P sources in fish diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edi F Ries
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Cidade Universitária, Barão Geraldo, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiano C Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Estação Marinha de Aquacultura, Avenida Itália, Km 8, Campus Carneiros, Cassino, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Goulart
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Piscicultura, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Naglezi M Lovatto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Piscicultura, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Loureiro
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Piscicultura, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana B B Bender
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Macedo
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Cidade Universitária, Barão Geraldo, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leila P DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Piscicultura, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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46
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Hernández C, Olmeda-Guerrero L, Chávez-Sánchez M, Ibarra-Castro L, Gaxiola-Cortez G, Martínez-Cárdenas L. Nutritional evaluation of canola meal as fish meal replacement for juvenile spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus): Effects on growth performance, hematological parameters, body composition, and nutrient digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Corrêa TLR, de Araújo EF. Fungal phytases: from genes to applications. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1009-1020. [PMID: 32410091 PMCID: PMC7455620 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytic acid stores 60-90% of the inorganic phosphorus in legumes, oil seeds, and cereals, making it inaccessible for metabolic processes in living systems. In addition, given its negative charge, phytic acid complexes with divalent cations, starch, and proteins. Inorganic phosphorous can be released from phytic acid upon the action of phytases. Phytases are phosphatases produced by animals, plants, and microorganisms, notably Aspergillus niger, and are employed as animal feed additive, in chemical industry and for ethanol production. Given the industrial relevance of phytases produced by filamentous fungi, this work discusses the functional characterization of fungal phytase-coding genes/proteins, highlighting the physicochemical parameters that govern the enzymatic activity, the development of phytase super-producing strains, and key features for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamy Lívia Ribeiro Corrêa
- Department of Microbiology/BIOAGRO, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Vicosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.
| | - Elza Fernandes de Araújo
- Department of Microbiology/BIOAGRO, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Vicosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
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48
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Li S, Ding G, Song F, Sang C, Wang A, Chen N. Comparison of dehulled, fermented and enzyme-treated soybean meal in diets for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides: Effects on growth performance, feed utilization, immune response and intestinal morphology. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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49
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Zhong JR, Wu P, Feng L, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Kuang SY, Tang L, Zhou XQ. Dietary phytic acid weakened the antimicrobial activity and aggravated the inflammatory status of head kidney, spleen and skin in on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:256-265. [PMID: 32439508 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of phytic acid (PA) on the antimicrobial activity and inflammatory response in three immune organs (head kidney, spleen and skin) of on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). To achieve this goal, we first conducted a 60-day growth trial by feeding fish with graded levels of PA (0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.0%). Then, the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila for 6 days. Compared with the control group, the following results were obtained regarding supplementation with certain levels of PA in the diet. (1) There was an increase in skin haemorrhage and lesion morbidity in fish. (2) There was a decrease in activities or contents of immune factors, including lysozyme (LZ), complement 3 (C3), C4 and immunoglobulin M (IgM), and there was downregulation of gene expression levels of hepcidin, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2A (LEAP-2A), LEAP-2B, and β-defensin-1 in immune organs. (3) There was upregulation in the gene expression of the following pro-inflammatory cytokines: tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) (except in the spleen), interferon γ2 (IFN-γ2), IL-6 (except in the spleen), IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-15 and IL-17D. These changes were partly related to the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway, but downregulation of mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β2, IL-413/A, IL-413/B, IL-10 (except in the skin) and IL-11) occurred in a manner partially related to the target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway. Finally, based on the broken-line analysis of skin haemorrhage and lesion morbidity and IgM content in the head kidney, the maximum tolerance levels of PA for on-growing grass carp (120.56-452.00 g) were estimated to be 1.79 and 1.31% of the diet, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ren Zhong
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production, University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, China.
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50
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Lee† GH, Jang† WJ, Kim S, Kim Y, Kong IS. Effect of Polar Amino Acid Residue Substitution by Site-Directed Mutagenesis in the N-terminal Domain of Pseudomonas sp. Phytase on Enzyme Activity. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:2003-3020. [PMID: 32325546 PMCID: PMC9728340 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2003.03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas sp. FB15 phytase increases low-temperature activity and catalytic efficiency. In this study, the 3D structure of the N-terminal domain was predicted and substitutions for the amino acid residues of the region assumed to be the active site were made. The activity of mutants, in which alanine (A) was substituted for the original residue, was investigated at various temperatures and pH values. Significant differences in enzymatic activity were observed only in mutant E263A, suggesting that the amino acid residue at position 263 of the N-terminal domain is important in enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Hye Lee†
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Je Jang†
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonha Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Kong
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-51-629-5865 Fax: +82-81-629-5863 E-mail:
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