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Erhard MH, Schmidt P, Hofmann A, Bergmann J, Mittermeier P, Kaufmann P, Wiesmiiller KH, Bessler WG, Lösch U. The Lipopeptide, Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4: An Alternative Adjuvant to Freund's Adjuvant for the Immunisation of Chicken to Produce Egg Yolk Antibodies. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299702500210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study describes an alternative adjuvant for the immunisation of chicken. The lipopeptide, Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (PCSL), has been demonstrated to be a very potent adjuvant, by immunisation with the hapten methyl phosphonic acid paraaminophenyl 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl diester, with coronavirus, with rotavirus and with the Escherichia coli K99 pilus antigen. The antibody titres in chickens that received PCSL were compared with those in animals that received Freund's complete adjuvant/Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FCA/FIA). Antigen-dependent differences in antibody titres could be shown. The optimal dosage for PCSL was 250μg per injection. Whereas injection of FCA/FIA resulted in chronic inflammatory alterations, mostly accompanied with granulomatous reactions, no long-term tissue damage could be found with PCSL. When PCSL was used as the adjuvant, the total immunoglobulin Y (IgY) levels in chicken sera were constant during the immunisation period (20.2mg/ml, SD ± 1.3), and were significantly different (p < 0.0001) from those in chickens given FCA as adjuvant (26.6mg7ml, SD ± 4.9). IgY concentrations in the egg yolks showed no significant differences in both groups (PCSL — 13.7mg/ml, SD ± 3.7; FCA — 13.5mg/ml, SD ± 4.2), and were significantly lower (p < 0.0001) than the IgY serum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Erhard
- Institut für Physiologic Physiologische Chemie und Tierernährung and
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Universität München, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Andrea Hofmann
- Institut für Physiologic Physiologische Chemie und Tierernährung and
| | - Josefine Bergmann
- Institut für Physiologic Physiologische Chemie und Tierernährung and
| | - Peter Mittermeier
- Institut für Physiologic Physiologische Chemie und Tierernährung and
| | - Pia Kaufmann
- Institut für Physiologic Physiologische Chemie und Tierernährung and
| | | | - Wolfgang G. Bessler
- Institut für Immunbiologie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 8, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uli Lösch
- Institut für Physiologic Physiologische Chemie und Tierernährung and
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Schade R, Hlinak A, Marburger A, Henklein P, Morgenstern R, Blankenstein P, Gerl M, Zott A, Pfister C, Erhard M. Advantages of Using Egg Yolk Antibodies in the Life Sciences: The Results of Five Studies. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299702500512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for over a century that specific antibodies can be extracted from the eggs of immunised chickens. However, it was only when animal welfare became a subject of public debate that the chicken was considered as an alternative source of antibodies due to the possibility of non-invasive antibody sampling. Unfortunately, the welfare of animals alone is not sufficient to attract the interest of scientists; it is therefore important to demonstrate to potential users that avian antibodies can be used successfully in a variety of scientific investigations. The particular specificity of avian antibodies would appear to be due to the phylogenetic difference between Mammalia and Aves as well as to differences between the molecular structures of avian immunoglobulin (IgY) and mammalian immunoglobulin (IgG). The use of avian antibodies has additional advantages, as a considerable quantity of antibodies can be obtained from one chicken, and because the specificity of avian antibodies often markedly differs from that of comparable mammalian antibodies. This paper aims to demonstrate the advantages of using avian antibodies by presenting the results of five separate studies. In the first study, coordinated by Rüdiger Schade, the visualisation of cholecystokinin-like immuno-reactivity in the substantia nigra of rats by using anti-cholecystokinin antibody, without the pre-treatment of colchicine, is described. The second study, headed by Albrecht Zott, describes the use of avian antibodies in the identification of modern acellular pertussis vaccines by using rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The identification of unknown vaccine batches and the comparison with reference vaccines is a prerequisite for reducing the number of animal experiments necessary for vaccine control. The third study, coordinated by Martin Gerl, investigates the specificity of antibodies directed against the N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III (PIIINP). Among the antibodies originating from different species (rabbit, mouse and chicken), only the chicken antibody was able to respond to the PIIINP in both human and rat sera. Thus, a direct comparison between human serum samples (alcoholic liver) and serum samples derived from corresponding animal models was possible. The fourth study, coordinated by Michael Erhard, shows that egg yolk antibodies can be successfully used to manage infectious diarrhoea in young agricultural animals. The final study, led by Andreas Hlinak, describes the successful production of anti-bovine leukaemia virus antibody. This antibody could be used in several diagnostic systems (for example, enzyme immunoassays and cytology). The five studies demonstrate that avian antibodies are an attractive alternative to mammalian antibodies, not only with respect to the welfare of animals, but also with respect to scientific and economic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Schade
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine (Charité), Humboldt University, Dorotheenstrasse 94, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hlinak
- Institute of Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Free University, Luisenstrasse 56, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Marburger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine (Charité), Humboldt University, Dorotheenstrasse 94, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Henklein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine (Charité), Humboldt University, Dorotheenstrasse 94, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf Morgenstern
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine (Charité), Humboldt University, Dorotheenstrasse 94, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Blankenstein
- Institute of Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Free University, Luisenstrasse 56, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Gerl
- Hoechst AG, TD Metabolism, H821, Postfach 800320, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Albrecht Zott
- Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51–59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Claus Pfister
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Bergholz-Rehbrücke
| | - Michael Erhard
- Institute of Physiology, Physiological Chemistry and Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Diraviyam T, Zhao B, Wang Y, Schade R, Michael A, Zhang X. Effect of chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) against diarrhea in domesticated animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97716. [PMID: 24846286 PMCID: PMC4028221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgY antibodies are serum immunoglobulin in birds, reptiles and amphibians, and are transferred from serum to egg yolk to confer passive immunity to their embryos and offspring. Currently, the oral passive immunization using chicken IgY has been focused as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment and control of diarrhea in animals and humans. This systematic review was focused to determine the effect of IgY in controlling and preventing diarrhea in domesticated animals including Piglets, Mice, Poultry and Calves. METHODS AND RESULTS Previous research reports focused on treatment effect of Chicken IgY against diarrhea were retrieved from different electronic data bases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPRINGER-LINK, WILEY, AGRICOLA, MEDWELL Journals, Scientific Publish, Chinese articles from Core periodicals in 2012). A total of 61 studies in 4 different animal classes met the inclusion criteria. Data on study characteristics and outcome measures were extracted. The pooled relative risk (RR) of 49 studies of different animals [Piglets--22; Mice--14; Poultry--7 and Calves--6] in meta-analyses revealed that, IgY significantly reduced the risk of diarrhea in treatment group when compare to the placebo. However, the 95% confidence intervals of the majority of studies in animal class piglets and calves embrace RR of one. The same results were obtained in sub group analyses (treatment regiment--prophylactic or therapeutic; pathogen type--bacterial or viral). Perhaps, this inconsistency in the effect of IgY at the individual study level and overall effect measures could be influenced by the methodological heterogeneity. CONCLUSION The present systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis demonstrated the beneficial effect of IgY. This supports the opinion that IgY is useful for prophylaxis and treatment. However, more intensive studies using the gold standard animal experiments with the focus to use IgY alone or in combination with other alternative strategies are indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalai Diraviyam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruediger Schade
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonysamy Michael
- PSG College of Arts and Science, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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You J, Xu Y, Li H, Wang L, Wu F, Xu F, Jin L, Li S, Li X. Chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) developed against fusion protein LTB-STa-STb neutralizes the toxicity of Escherichia coli
heat-stable enterotoxins. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:320-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. You
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian Liaoning China
- Postdoctoral Working Station; Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co., Ltd.; Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Y. Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian Liaoning China
- Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin; Dalian Liaoning China
| | - H. Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian Liaoning China
| | - L. Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian Liaoning China
| | - F. Wu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian Liaoning China
| | - F. Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian Liaoning China
| | - L. Jin
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian Liaoning China
- Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin; Dalian Liaoning China
| | - S. Li
- Postdoctoral Working Station; Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co., Ltd.; Dalian Liaoning China
| | - X. Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian Liaoning China
- Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin; Dalian Liaoning China
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DING J, LIU QR, HAN JP, QIAN WF, LIU Q. Anti-Recombinant Gametocyte 56 Protein IgY Protected Chickens from Homologous Coccidian Infection. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AGRICULTURE : JIA 2012; 11:1721-1728. [PMID: 32288948 PMCID: PMC7128897 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-3119(12)60176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is caused by intra-cellular infection of Eimeria spp., which goes through a complex life cycle in the intestinal mucosa of infected hosts. Specific immunoglobulins (IgY) could be produced in egg yolk by immunizing hens with specific antigens. In the present study, we cloned the E. maxima gam56 gene, expressed the GST-GAM56 fusion protein and raised IgY to GST-GAM56 in hens. The anti-GST-GAM56 IgY antibody was isolated and used to treat chickens infected with E. maxima oocysts. Intramuscular injection of the antibodies provided minimal protection against parasite infection. However, oral dosing of the IgY 3 or 5 d after oocyst inoculation significantly improved body weight gain, reduced oocyst output and intestinal lesion score were reduced at 3 or 5 d after oocyst challenging, compared to the untreated control group. Our findings suggest that the IgY to gam56 could be an effective prophylactic or therapeutic agent against E. maxima infection in chickens and should have a practical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qun LIU
- Correspondence LIU Qun, Tel: +86-10-62734496
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6
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Xu F, Xu Y, Jin L, Liu H, Wang L, You J, Li S, Li X. Effectiveness of egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against periodontal disease-causing Fusobacterium nucleatum. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:983-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F.X. Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian; China
| | | | | | - H. Liu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian; China
| | - L.H. Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian; China
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7
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Zhen YH, Fang R, Ding C, Jin LJ, Li XY, Diao YP, Shu XH, Ma XC, Xu YP. Efficacy of specific IgY for treatment of lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia using a mouse model. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1524-32. [PMID: 21933310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the efficacy of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) for the treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia using a mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS Specific IgY was obtained from the yolk of hens immunized with formaldehyde-killed Escherichia coli O111 and showed a high binding activity to LPS when subjected to an ELISA. Endotoxemia was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of LPS at a dose of 20 mg kg(-1) for measuring survival rate and 10 mg kg(-1) for cytokine measurement. The survival rate of mice treated with 200 mg kg(-1) specific IgY or 5 mg kg(-1) dexamethasone was 70% while none of the mice in the normal saline-treated group survived more than 7 days. Specific IgY significantly (P < 0.05) decreased tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level and increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) level in the serum of endotoxemia mice. Specific IgY had less of an effect on TNF-α than dexamethasone, while its effect on increasing IL-10 was stronger than dexamethasone. Haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections indicated that IgY attenuated the damage to the lung and liver observed in mice with endotoxemia. CONCLUSIONS The specific IgY increased the survival rate of mice with endotoxemia induced by LPS, down-regulated TNF-α and up-regulated IL-10 in serum and attenuated the extent of damage to the lung and liver. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The specific IgY has potential for the treatment of LPS-induced endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Zhen
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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8
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Zhen YH, Jin LJ, Guo J, Li XY, Li Z, Fang R, Xu YP. Characterization of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 105:1529-35. [PMID: 19146490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the in vitro activity of egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS AND RESULTS Specific IgY was produced by immunizing hens with formaldehyde-killed Staph. aureus, using a bacterial strain known to cause mastitis. The IgY, of 94% purity, was obtained from yolks by water dilution, salt precipitations, ultrafiltration and gel filtration. ELISA indicated that the IgY produced was specific to the antigen and five Staph. aureus isolates obtained from mastitic cows. The growth of Staph. aureus was inhibited by specific IgY at concentrations from 1 to 10 mg ml(-1) in a dose-dependent manner. The phagocytosis of Staph. aureus by milk macrophages was enhanced in the presence of specific IgY with the highest phagocytic percentage being 30% higher than that without IgY (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The specific IgY against mastitis-causing Staph. aureus inhibited the growth of Staph. aureus and enhanced the phagocytosis of Staph. aureus by milk macrophages. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Specific IgY would be a potential treatment for bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Zhen
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Zhen YH, Jin LJ, Li XY, Guo J, Li Z, Zhang BJ, Fang R, Xu YP. Efficacy of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) to bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Microbiol 2009; 133:317-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhen YH, Jin LJ, Guo J, Li XY, Lu YN, Chen J, Xu YP. Characterization of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against mastitis-causing Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jamalludeen N, Johnson RP, Friendship R, Kropinski AM, Lingohr EJ, Gyles CL. Isolation and characterization of nine bacteriophages that lyse O149 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:47-57. [PMID: 17560053 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to isolate and characterize phages that might be used in prevention and treatment of porcine post-weaning diarrhea due to O149 enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Serotype O149:H10:F4 was especially targeted because this is the dominant ETEC serotype. Mixtures of 10 strains of O149:H10:F4 ETEC and of 10 O149:H43:F4 ETEC were used as hosts for isolation of phages in sewage from 38 Ontario pig farms. Six phages (GJ1-GJ6) that lysed O149:H10:F4 ETEC and three (GJ7-GJ9) that lysed O149:H43:F4 ETEC were isolated. All phages produced large, clear plaques. All nine phages had necks and contractile tails and therefore belonged to the Myoviridae. Their estimated genome sizes were 48.3-50.7kb and their restriction enzyme fragments suggested that they were closely related. Phages GJ1-GJ6 lysed 99-100% of 85 O149:H10:F4 ETEC, 0-12% of 42 O149:H43:F4 ETEC, 3-35% of 37 non-O149 porcine ETEC, and 6-68% of the 72 strains of the ECOR collection. Phages GJ7-GJ9 lysed 86-98% of the O149:H43:F4 ETEC, 2-53% of the O149:H10:F4 ETEC, and 24-41% of the non-O149 porcine ETEC. Titres of the nine phages were unaffected by exposure for 16h to pH 5-9. Among phages GJ1-GJ6, resistance of O149:H10:F4 ETEC to one phage was generally not accompanied by resistance to other phages. It is concluded that the nine phages are suitable candidates for prophylaxis and therapy of porcine post-weaning diarrhea due to O149 ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidham Jamalludeen
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Huopalahti R, López-Fandiño R, Anton M, Schade R. Use of IgY Antibodies in Human and Veterinary Medicine. BIOACTIVE EGG COMPOUNDS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7121454 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-37885-3_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Huopalahti
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Mercedes Ramos: Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Anton
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44316 NANTES, France
| | - Rüdiger Schade
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Dorotheenstr. 94, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Whitney MH, Shurson GC, Guedes RC. Effect of dietary inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles, soybean hulls, or a polyclonal antibody product on the ability of growing pigs to resist a Lawsonia intracellularis challenge. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:1880-9. [PMID: 16775072 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2004-578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine if dietary inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), soybean hulls, or soybean hulls sprayed with an egg-based, polyclonal antibody product would reduce the incidence or severity of infection, or both, in growing pigs after a Lawsonia intracellularis challenge. One hundred 17-d-old weaned pigs were blocked by sex, ancestry, and BW, and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatment groups: negative control, unchallenged, corn-soy diet; positive control, challenged, corn-soy diet; 20% DDGS diet (D), challenged; 5% soybean hulls diet (SH), challenged; and SH sprayed with a polyclonal antibody product diet, challenged. Challenged pigs were orally inoculated with 6.4 x 10(8) L. intracellularis organisms after a 4-wk prechallenge feeding period. On d 21 postchallenge, pigs were euthanized, lesions of intestinal mucosa were evaluated, and ileal tissue samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry to determine the presence and proliferation rate of L. intracellularis. Challenging pigs with L. intracellularis reduced growth rate, feed intake, and efficiency of gain (P < 0.02) and increased the proportion of internal organ weights relative to BW (P < 0.01). Dietary treatment did not affect growth performance pre- or postchallenge (P > 0.10). Heart, empty stomach, and liver weights were similar among dietary treatments (P > 0.10). Weight of the large intestine as a percentage of BW was increased in D and SH pigs compared with positive control pigs (P < 0.05). Lesion length, prevalence, and severity, and fecal shedding of L. intracellularis were primarily unaffected by dietary treatment (P > 0.10), although ileal lesion length and severity observed tended to be greater in the SH sprayed with polyclonal antibody product diet vs. the D pigs (P < 0.10). Results from a previous study indicated that diet composition may affect length, severity, and prevalence of lesions caused by L. intracellularis in growing pigs subjected to a moderate challenge. However, beneficial results were not observed by feeding the dietary treatments used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Whitney
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA.
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14
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Harmsen MM, van Solt CB, Hoogendoorn A, van Zijderveld FG, Niewold TA, van der Meulen J. Escherichia coli F4 fimbriae specific llama single-domain antibody fragments effectively inhibit bacterial adhesion in vitro but poorly protect against diarrhoea. Vet Microbiol 2005; 111:89-98. [PMID: 16221532 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration of polyclonal antibodies directed against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 fimbriae is used to protect against piglet post-weaning diarrhoea. For cost reasons, we aim to replace these polyclonal antibodies by recombinant llama single-domain antibody fragments (VHHs) that can be produced efficiently in microorganisms. Six F4 fimbriae specific VHHs were isolated. The VHH that was produced at the highest level by yeast, K609, was further analysed. 3.8 mg/L K609 inhibited 90% of bacterial attachment to intestinal brush borders in vitro. Perfusion of a jejunal segment with at least 4 mg/L K609 reduced the ETEC-induced fluid loss, but only to 30%. Preventive administration of a high K609 dose (150 mg/(piglet day)) to piglets that were challenge infected with ETEC resulted in less severe diarrhoea only at 4 and 5 days post-infection, but did not improve average daily weight gain, ETEC shedding and piglet survival. Thus, we have shown that an antibody fragment that effectively inhibited in vitro ETEC adhesion to intestinal brush borders poorly protected piglets against experimental ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Harmsen
- Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad) of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Edelhertweg 15, 8219 PH Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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15
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Schade R, Calzado EG, Sarmiento R, Chacana PA, Porankiewicz-Asplund J, Terzolo HR. Chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY-technology): a review of progress in production and use in research and human and veterinary medicine. Altern Lab Anim 2005; 33:129-54. [PMID: 16180988 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503300208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The production of antibodies (Abs) in chickens and the extraction of specific Abs from egg yolk (IgY Abs) are increasingly attracting the interest of the scientific community, as demonstrated by the significant growth of the IgY literature. This review offers detailed and comprehensive information about IgY-technology, including: a) possibilities for hen keeping in accordance with the Three Rs principles; b) new insights into the IgY transfer mechanism from blood to yolk as a biological basis for the technology; c) the comparative characteristics of IgY Abs and IgG Abs; d) the high efficacy of the technique, in view of the extraordinary amount of IgY Ab produced by one hen in one year (between 20 g and 40 g IgY in total); e) comparisons between the efficacies of IgY Abs and IgG Abs (rabbit, sheep, mouse) in several immunological assays; f) immunisation protocols, as well as the most commonly used IgY-extraction procedures; g) new possibilities for application in human and veterinary medicine, including strategies for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection or fatal intestinal diseases in children, particularly in poor countries, for reducing the use of antibiotics, and, in Asia and South America, for producing Abs against snake, spider and scorpion venoms; and h) the use of IgY Abs in various fields of research, also taking into consideration recent developments in South America (particularly Argentina and Cuba) and in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Schade
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty (Charité) of Humboldt University, Dorotheenstrasse 94, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Gürtler M, Methner U, Kobilke H, Fehlhaber K. Effect of orally administered egg yolk antibodies on Salmonella enteritidis contamination of hen's eggs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:129-34. [PMID: 15107039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Gürtler
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Hygiene, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Erhard MH, Schmidt P, Zinsmeister P, Hofmann A, Münster U, Kaspers B, Wiesmüller KH, Bessler WG, Stangassinger M. Adjuvant effects of various lipopeptides and interferon-gamma on the humoral immune response of chickens. Poult Sci 2000; 79:1264-70. [PMID: 11020070 DOI: 10.1093/ps/79.9.1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adjuvant effects of various lipopeptides and recombinant chicken interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) on the humoral immune response of laying hens was investigated in four immunization studies. We used the lipopeptide Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (PCSL), the conjugate P-Th1 consisting of the lipopeptide P3CS and the T-helper epitope Th1 (FISEAIIHVLHSRHPG), and the conjugate P-Th2 of the lipopeptide P3CSS and the T-helper epitope Th2, which corresponds to the peptide EWEFVNTPPLV, as adjuvants. Human serum albumin (HSA), recombinant bovine somatotropin (RBST), and human immunoglobulin G (IgG) served as antigens in the different experiments. All tested adjuvants enhanced the humoral immune response with various intensities. Chickens showed high antibody titers after the immunization with HSA even without adjuvant, but the adjuvant effects of PCSL and the combination of PCSL and recombinant chicken interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were much more pronounced using the antigens RBST and IgG. Especially after the third immunization, higher titers of antibodies were induced by the coadministration of P-Th1 and, to a greater extent, by the combination of PCSL and P-Th1 compared with the use of PCSL. Also, chickens that had received PCSL and P-Th2 showed the highest immune response, even after the second booster. The average concentrations of chicken immunoglobulin Y were significantly higher in 5-mo-old chickens (9.4 mg/mL serum and 10.1 mg/mL egg yolk) compared with 9-mo-old chickens (5.9 mg/mL serum and 5.1 mg/mL egg yolk). The specific serum antibody response was higher in the older chickens than in the younger chickens. Because chicken antibodies are likely to be used increasingly for diagnostic and therapy in the future, lipopeptides and recombinant chicken IFN-gamma may find many applications as adjuvants, thus contributing to the welfare of experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Erhard
- Institut für Physiologie, Physiologische Chemie und Tierernährung, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Universität München, Germany.
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Erhard MH, Mahn K, Schmidt P, Oltmer S, Preisinger R, Zinsmeister P, Stangassinger M. Evaluation of Various Immunisation Procedures in Laying Hens to Induce High Amounts of Specific Egg Yolk Antibodies. Altern Lab Anim 2000; 28:63-80. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290002800105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study, involving 972 laying hens divided into 162 groups (n = 6), was aimed at the development of an immunisation protocol for laying hens to produce specific egg yolk antibodies. Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbst), Escherichia coli pilus antigen K88 (K88), human serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were used as antigens, each at four different doses (rbst, K88, LDL: 1μg, 10μg, 100μg, 1mg; IgG: 0.5μg, 5μg, 50μg, 0.5mg). Three subcutaneous or intramuscular immunisations were performed at intervals of four weeks. The adjuvant used was either the lipopeptide Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (PCSL) or Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), in two different doses (PCSL: 0.1 and 0.25mg; FIA: 0.1 and 0.25ml). In the four antigen control groups, hens were immunised without any adjuvant. In two negative control groups, only physiological saline was injected. The mean egg weight and egg yield were not influenced by the immunisation procedures. An antigen dose of 10–100g per injection was sufficient to induce high specific antibody titres in the egg yolk. The adjuvant efficacy of PCSL and FIA was proved to be the same (p < 0.05 versus antigen control). With PCSL as adjuvant, some groups showed a tendency to produce even higher specific antibody titres than did FIA groups. A second booster often caused a further significant increase in the amounts of specific antibodies, especially with PCSL. Subcutaneous administration of the antigen together with 250μg PCSL, resulted in a significantly higher immune response than when FIA was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Erhard
- Institut für Physiologie, Physiologische Chemie und Tierernährung Tierärztliche Fakultät, Universität München, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Mahn
- Institut für Physiologie, Physiologische Chemie und Tierernährung Tierärztliche Fakultät, Universität München, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Institut für Pathologie und Gerichtliche Veterinärmedizin, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Austria
| | - Susanne Oltmer
- Lohmann Animal Health, Heinz-Lohmann-Strasse 4, 27454 Cuxhaven, Germany
| | - Rudolf Preisinger
- Lohmann Animal Health, Heinz-Lohmann-Strasse 4, 27454 Cuxhaven, Germany
| | - Pia Zinsmeister
- Institut für Physiologie, Physiologische Chemie und Tierernährung Tierärztliche Fakultät, Universität München, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Stangassinger
- Institut für Physiologie, Physiologische Chemie und Tierernährung Tierärztliche Fakultät, Universität München, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Marquardt RR, Jin LZ, Kim JW, Fang L, Frohlich AA, Baidoo SK. Passive protective effect of egg-yolk antibodies against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88+ infection in neonatal and early-weaned piglets. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999; 23:283-8. [PMID: 10225287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1999.tb01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of egg-yolk antibodies obtained from hens immunized with fimbrial antigens from a local strain (Escherichia coli K88+ MB, Manitoba, Canada) of K88+ piliated enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were evaluated in 3- and 21-day-old piglets in which ETEC diarrhea was induced and also in early-weaned piglets in a commercial farm. The results demonstrated that the E. coli K88+ MB-induced diarrhea in 3-day-old piglets was cured 24 h after treating with egg-yolk antibodies while those treated with egg-yolk powder from conventional hens continued to have diarrhea and 62.5% of them died of severe diarrhea. For 21-day-old weaned piglets, those fed egg-yolk antibodies had transient diarrhea, positive body weight gains and 100% survival during the period of the experiment, whereas control piglets that were treated with placebo had severe diarrhea and dehydration and some died within 48 h after infection. In the field trial, the incidence and severity of diarrhea of 14-18-day-old weaned piglets fed egg-yolk antibodies were much lower than in those fed a commercial diet containing an antibiotic. These results indicate that the neonatal and early-weaned piglets that received the egg-yolk antibodies were protected against ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Marquardt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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