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Mansour KA, Hussain MH, Al-Husseiny SH, Abid AJ, Kshash QH. Clinical Manifestation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Local Iraqi Breed Sheep in Al-Diwaniyah Province. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:5579913. [PMID: 39140004 PMCID: PMC11321894 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5579913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), a contagious virus that infects sheep and goats, damages livestock globally. This study examined the clinical features and phylogenetic analysis of the PPR virus in Iraqi breed sheep from Al-Diwaniyah province. A clinical trial of 610 sheep from different flocks found 150 oral lesions. Special primers for RT-PCR and Mega11 for phylogenetic analysis were used to study the PPR virus nucleoprotein (N) gene. The PPR infection rate was 44.6% in 4-12 month olds (n = 33/131) and 4.8% in 36-48 month olds (n = 3/75). A 608-bp PPR virus partial N gene sequence was found in 49.3% of samples by RT-PCR. In leucine, isoleucine, proline, glycine, alanine, glutamine, asparagine, threonine, serine, arginine, and lysine codons, 25 amino acid alterations were found. The protein codon 56 alanine-valine alteration was most significant. Moving from a smaller hydrophobic amino acid to one with a bigger side chain may reduce protein stability. Steric hindrance or protein shape change from Valine's extended side chain may impact folding, stability, functionality, and interactions with other molecules. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that the Nigerian strain (MN271586) was most similar to our Iraqi strain, with 100% identity and coverage. This study found the Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus in sheep flocks in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, Iraq, which is genetically similar to neighboring countries. PPR virus strains must be monitored and genetically characterized since N gene alterations can affect infection and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalefa A. Mansour
- Department of Internal and Preventive MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq
| | - Muthanna H. Hussain
- Department of Internal and Preventive MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq
| | - Saad H. Al-Husseiny
- Department of Internal and Preventive MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq
| | - Asaad J. Abid
- Department of Internal and Preventive MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq
| | - Qassim H. Kshash
- Department of Internal and Preventive MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq
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2
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Zhang R, Hu Z, Wei D, Li R, Li Y, Zhang Z. Carboplatin restricts peste des petits ruminants virus replication by suppressing the STING-mediated autophagy. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1383927. [PMID: 38812563 PMCID: PMC11133560 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1383927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that causes the acute and highly pathogenic infectious disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in small ruminants and poses a major threat to the goat and sheep industries. Currently, there is no effective treatment for PPRV infection. Here, we propose Carboplatin, a platinum-based regimen designed to treat a range of malignancies, as a potential antiviral agent. We showed that Carboplatin exhibits significant antiviral activity against PPRV in a cell culture model. The mechanism of action of Carboplatin against PPRV is mainly attributed to its ability to block STING mediated autophagy. Together, our study supports the discovery of Carboplatin as an antiviral against PPRV and potentially other closely related viruses, sheds light on its mode of action, and establishes STING as a valid and attractive target to counteract viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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3
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Muritala I, Bemji MN, Ozoje MO, Ajayi OL, Oluwayinka EB, Sonibare AO, James IJ, Ibeagha-Awemu EM. Comparative study of HA and HNB staining RT-LAMP assays for peste des petits ruminants virus detection in West African Dwarf goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:356. [PMID: 37821730 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) cause severe economic losses to many countries of the world where the disease is endemic. It has been targeted for global eradication by 2030 following the successful eradication of rinderpest in 2011. The proposed eradication program would benefit from efficient and relatively reliable diagnostic tools for early PPR virus (PPRV) detection. A total of 33 eight to 12 months old West African Dwarf (WAD) goats were used. Nineteen goats infected by commingling with two PPR virus-positive animals formed the infected group (PPRV-infected goats) while 14 non-infected goats formed the control group (CTG). The suitability of hydroxyl naphthol blue (HNB) staining of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and haemagglutination (HA) assays was compared for their sensitivity to detect the PPRV in PPRV-infected goats and non-infected CTG. PPR disease severity in WAD goats at different days post infection (dpi) was evaluated by clinical scoring and haemagglutination titre (HAT). HNB staining RT-LAMP reaction and HA showed sensitivities of 100% and 73.68%, respectively, for PPRV detection. Expression of PPR clinical signs began from 3 dpi, attained peak at 5 dpi, thereafter showed irregular patterns till 24 dpi. Evaluation of HAT in PPRV-infected goats at 12 dpi ranged from 2 to 64 haemagglutination units (HAU), while CTG goats had 0 HAU. In conclusion, HA could be a good tool for rapid diagnosis of PPRV in a developing country setting. However, HNB staining RT-LAMP assay demonstrated high sensitivity for accurate diagnoses of PPRV and as an important diagnostic tool when precise phenotyping is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaila Muritala
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Martha N Bemji
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Michael O Ozoje
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola L Ajayi
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Eniope B Oluwayinka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Adekayode O Sonibare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu J James
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Nabi Khan RI, Praharaj MR, Malla WA, Hosamani N, Saxena S, Mishra B, Rajak KK, Dhanavelu M, Tiwari AK, Sajjanar B, Gandham RK, Mishra B. Changes in m 6A RNA methylation of goat lung following PPRV infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19358. [PMID: 37681172 PMCID: PMC10480600 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of goats and sheep, caused by the Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Earlier studies suggest the involvement of diverse regulatory mechanisms in PPRV infection. Methylation at N6 of Adenosine called m6A is a type RNA modification that influences various physiological and pathological phenomena. As the lung tissue represents the primary target organ of PPRV, the present study explored the m6A changes and their functional significance in PPRV disease pathogenesis. m6A-seq analysis revealed 1289 m6A peaks to be significantly altered in PPRV infected lung in comparison to normal lung, out of which 975 m6A peaks were hypomethylated and 314 peaks were hypermethylated. Importantly, hypomethylated genes were enriched in Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 signaling and various processes associated with extracellular matrix organization. Further, of the 843 differentially m6A-containing cellular transcripts, 282 transcripts were also found to be differentially expressed. Functional analysis revealed that these 282 transcripts are significantly enriched in signaling by Interleukins, extracellular matrix organization, cytokine signaling in the immune system, signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases, and Toll-like Receptor Cascades. We also found m6A reader HNRNPC and the core component of methyltransferase complex METTL14 to be highly upregulated than the m6A readers - HNRNPA2B1 and YTHDF1 at the transcriptome level. These findings suggest that alteration in the m6A landscape following PPRV is implicated in diverse processes including Interleukin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ishaq Nabi Khan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, 08854-8021, New Jersey, USA
| | - Manas Ranjan Praharaj
- DBT- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
- DBT-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Waseem Akram Malla
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Neelima Hosamani
- DBT- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Bina Mishra
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
- ICAR – National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Kaushal Kishor Rajak
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | | | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- ICAR – Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Basavaraj Sajjanar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
- ICAR – National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - B.P. Mishra
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
- ICAR – National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
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Schmitz KS, Eblé PL, van Gennip RGP, Maris-Veldhuis MA, de Vries RD, van Keulen LJM, de Swart RL, van Rijn PA. Pathogenesis of wild-type- and vaccine-based recombinant peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) expressing EGFP in experimentally infected domestic goats. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 36757863 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a highly contagious morbillivirus related to measles and canine distemper virus, mostly affecting small ruminants. The corresponding PPR disease has a high clinical impact in goats and is characterized by fever, oral and nasal erosions, diarrhoea and pneumonia. In addition, massive infection of lymphoid tissues causes lymphopaenia and immune suppression. This results in increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, explaining the observed high mortality in some outbreaks. We studied the pathogenesis of PPR by experimental inoculation of Dutch domestic goats with a recombinant virulent PPRV strain modified to express EGFP and compared it to an EGFP-expressing vaccine strain of PPRV. After intratracheal inoculation with virulent PPRV, animals developed fever, viraemia and leucopaenia, and shed virus from the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tracts. Macroscopic evaluation of fluorescence at the peak of infection 7 days post-inoculation (dpi) showed prominent PPRV infection of the respiratory tract, lymphoid tissues, gastro-intestinal tract, mucosae and skin. Flow cytometry of PBMCs collected over time demonstrated a cell-associated viraemia mediated by infected lymphocytes. At 14 dpi, pathognomonic zebra stripes were detected in the mucosa of the large intestine. In contrast, vaccine strain-inoculated goats remained largely macroscopically fluorescence negative and did not present clinical signs. A low-level viraemia was detected by flow cytometry, but at necropsy no histological lesions were observed. Animals from both groups seroconverted as early as 7 dpi and sera efficiently neutralized virulent PPRV in vitro. Combined, this work presents a study of the pathogenesis of wild type- and vaccine-based PPRV in its natural host. This study shows the strength of recombinant EGFP-expressing viruses in fluorescence-guided pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phaedra L Eblé
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - René G P van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | | | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lucien J M van Keulen
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Milovanović M, Dietze K, Joseph S, Wernery U, Kumar A, Kinne J, Patteril NG, Hoffmann B. The Experimental Infection of Goats with Small Ruminant Morbillivirus Originated from Barbary Sheep. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090991. [PMID: 36145423 PMCID: PMC9502496 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary contagious disease in domestic small ruminants. Infections with the small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV) were regularly found in wildlife, with unknown roles in PPR epidemiology. In order to access infection dynamics and virulence, we infected German Edelziege goats intranasally with a SRMV isolate that originated from Barbary sheep from an outbreak in the United Arab Emirates. Six goats were infected with cell culture-isolated SRMV, and two goats were kept in contact. Goats were daily monitored, and clinical score was recorded. EDTA blood, nasal, conjunctival and rectal swab samples were collected for the detection of SRMV genome load and serum for serological analysis. Short incubation period in infected (4 to 5 dpi) as well as in contact goats (9 dpi) was followed by typical clinical signs related to PPR. The highest viral load was detectable in conjunctival and nasal swab samples with RT-qPCR and rapid pen-side test. Specific antibodies were detected at 7 dpi in infected and 14 dpi in contact goats. In general, high virulence and easy transmission of the virus originated from wildlife in domestic goats was observed. The virus isolate belongs to Asian lineage IV, genetically related to Chinese and Mongolian strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milovan Milovanović
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sunitha Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai P.O. Box 597, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai P.O. Box 597, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ajith Kumar
- Hatta Conservation Area, Q4W5+3JJ-Unnamed Road, Dubai P.O. Box 597, United Arab Emirates
| | - Joerg Kinne
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai P.O. Box 597, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Eloiflin RJ, Grau-Roma L, Python S, Mehinagic K, Godel A, Libeau G, Summerfield A, Bataille A, García-Nicolás O. Comparative pathogenesis of peste des petits ruminants virus strains of difference virulence. Vet Res 2022; 53:57. [PMID: 35804440 PMCID: PMC9270740 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute disease of small ruminants caused by a morbillivirus. Clinical observation of the disease in the field revealed that several species of small ruminants are affected to varying degrees. This difference in disease-related effects could depend either on the host or on the virulence of the virus strain. A previous study highlighted the difference in virulence between two strains of PPRV used to infect Saanen goats. For this breed, PPRV Morocco 2008 strain (MA08) was highly virulent while PPRV Côte d’Ivoire 1989 (IC89) strain induced mild disease. Experimental studies generally based on healthy and young animals do not permit exploration of the natural variability of the host susceptibility to PPRV. Therefore, building on the previous study on Saanen goats, the current study focussed on this breed of goat and used commercially available animals with an unknown history of infection with other pathogens. Results confirmed the previous disease pattern for PPRV IC89 and MA08 strains. Viral RNA detection, macroscopic and histological lesions were stronger for the highly virulent MA08 strain. We show here for the first time that viral RNA can be detected in the tissues of vaccinated animals. Viral RNA was also detected for the first time in serum samples, which is in agreement with the role of circulating immune cells in transporting the virus into host target organs. Thus, this study provides insight into the pathogenesis of strains of different virulence of PPRV and will help to better understand the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger-Junior Eloiflin
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Llorenç Grau-Roma
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kemal Mehinagic
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3001, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Godel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Libeau
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Bataille
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France. .,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Gautam S, Joshi C, Sharma AK, Singh KP, Gurav A, Sankar M, Ramakrishnan MA, Chaudhary D, Chauhan RS, Dhama K, Dhanavelu M. Virus distribution and early pathogenesis of highly pathogenic peste-des-petits-ruminants virus in experimentally infected goats. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105232. [PMID: 34627939 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite causing one of the most dreaded diseases of small ruminants, relatively little is known about the pathogenic events, antigen distribution and the cells responsible for the uptake and transmission of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) during primitive stages of infection. OBJECTIVES We aimed at deciphering the sequential tissue tropism, pathological events and putative role of M2c macrophages during incubatory, prodromal and invasive stages of PPRV infection. METHODOLOGY A total of 10 goats were sequentially sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days post-infection (dpi, n = 2 per time-point) following intranasal inoculation with a highly virulent strain of PPRV (lineage IV PPRV/Izatnagar/94). Histological evaluation to assess PPRV mediated pathologies, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to decipher sequential virus distribution, and dual immunolabelling to determine the role of M2c macrophage in early PPRV uptake and transmission was performed. RESULTS PPRV/Izatnagar/94 caused major pathologies in the lung tissues. Unprecedentedly, PPRV nucleic acid and antigens were detected in various tissues as early as one dpi. RT-qPCR revealed PPRV in the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, tongue and lymph nodes draining these tissues from 1 dpi. IHC affirms cells residing in the lamina propria and submucosa of the respiratory tract and tongue and peribronchiolar areas of lungs as the primary target of PPRV. Following initial replication in the respiratory tract, PPRV is transmitted to the regional lymph nodes where primary viral amplification occurs. After viraemia and secondary replication in generalized lymphoid tissues, PPRV infects and replicates in the epithelial cells. Further, we localized CD163+ M2c macrophages in the goat tissues, but dual IHC elucidated that M2c macrophages do not facilitate uptake and transmission of PPRV during the early stages of infection. CONCLUSION Our study substantiates the disease establishment process and pathogenesis of PPRV/Izatnagar/94 during the incubatory and prodromal stages of infection. Further, we have also observed M2c macrophage distribution in the goat tissues and demonstrated that they do not pick and transmit PPRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Gautam
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Nainital, U.K., 263138, India.
| | - Chitra Joshi
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Almora, U.K., 263601, India
| | - Anil K Sharma
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Karam P Singh
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Amol Gurav
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Nainital, U.K., 263138, India
| | - Muthu Sankar
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Nainital, U.K., 263138, India
| | | | - Dheeraj Chaudhary
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Nainital, U.K., 263138, India
| | - Ramswaroop S Chauhan
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, U.S. Nagar, U.K., 263145, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., 243122, India
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9
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, Smid B, Verheij E, van der Poel WHM, Wisselink HJ. Determination of Intestinal Viral Loads and Distribution of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Classical Swine Fever Virus, and Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus: A Pilot Study. Pathogens 2021; 10:1188. [PMID: 34578220 PMCID: PMC8466767 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to determine viral loads and distribution over the total length, at short distances, and in the separate layers of the intestine of virus-infected animals for future inactivation studies. Two calves, two pigs, and two goats were infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), respectively. Homogenously distributed maximum BVDV viral loads were detected in the ileum of both calves, with a mean titer of 6.0 log10 TCID50-eq/g. The viral loads in colon and caecum were not distributed homogenously. In one pig, evenly distributed CSFV mean viral loads of 4.5 and 4.2 log10 TCID50-eq/g were found in the small and large intestines, respectively. Mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer/serosa showed mean viral loads of 5.3, 3.4, and 4.0 log10 TCID50-eq/g, respectively. Homogenous distribution of PPRV was shown in the ileum of both goats, with a mean viral load of 4.6 log10 TCID50-eq/g. Mean mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer/serosa viral loads were 3.5, 2.8, and 1.7 log10 TCID50-eq/g, respectively. This pilot study provides essential data for setting up inactivation experiments with intestines derived from experimentally infected animals, in which the level and the homogeneous distribution of intestinal viral loads are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinka Jelsma
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Joris J. Wijnker
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.175, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Bregtje Smid
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Eline Verheij
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Wim H. M. van der Poel
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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10
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Sharma Y, Sarkar R, Jain A, Singh S, Shekhar C, Shanmugam C, Dhanavelu M, Tembhurne P, Kaul R, Sehrawat S. A Mouse Model of PPRV Infection for Elucidating Protective and Pathological Roles of Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630307. [PMID: 33912160 PMCID: PMC8072281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed at developing an accessible laboratory animal model to elucidate protective and pathological roles of immune mediators during Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection. It is because of the critical roles of type I IFNs in anti-viral defense, we assessed the susceptibility of IFN receptor knock out (IFNR KO) mice to PPRV infection. IFNR KO mice were exceedingly susceptible to the infection but WT animals efficiently controlled PPRV. Accordingly, the PPRV infected IFNR KO mice gradually reduced their body weights and succumbed to the infection within 10 days irrespective of the dose and route of infection. The lower infecting doses predominantly induced immunopathological lesions. The viral antigens as well as the replicating PPRV were abundantly present in most of the critical organs such as brain, lungs, heart and kidneys of IFNR KO mice infected with high dose of the virus. Neutrophils and macrophages transported the replicating virus to central nervous system (CNS) and contributed to pathology while the elevated NK and T cell responses directly correlated with the resolution of PPRV infection in WT animals. Using an array of fluorescently labeled H-2Kb tetramers, we discovered four immunogenic epitopes of PPRV. The PPRV-peptides interacted well with H-2Kb in acellular and cellular assay as well as expanded the virus-specific CD8+ T cells in immunized or infected mice. Adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells helped control PPRV in infected mice. Our study therefore established and employed a mouse model for investigating the pathogenesis of PPRV. The model could be useful for elucidating the contribution of immune cells in disease progression as well as to test anti-viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashu Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Roman Sarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Ayush Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Sudhakar Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Chander Shekhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | | | | | - Prabhakar Tembhurne
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, India
| | - Rajeev Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
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11
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Abstract
Immune response is a highly coordinated cascade involving all the subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of PBMC subsets was done to delineate the systems biology behind immune protection of the vaccine in sheep and goats. The PBMC subsets studied were CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD21+, and CD335+ cells from day 0 and day 5 of sheep and goats vaccinated with Sungri/96 peste des petits ruminants virus. Assessment of the immune response processes enriched by the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in all the subsets suggested a strong dysregulation toward the development of early inflammatory microenvironment, which is very much required for differentiation of monocytes to macrophages, and activation as well as the migration of dendritic cells into the draining lymph nodes. The protein-protein interaction networks among the antiviral molecules (IFIT3, ISG15, MX1, MX2, RSAD2, ISG20, IFIT5, and IFIT1) and common DEGs across PBMC subsets in both species identified ISG15 to be a ubiquitous hub that helps in orchestrating antiviral host response against peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). IRF7 was found to be the key master regulator activated in most of the subsets in sheep and goats. Most of the pathways were found to be inactivated in B lymphocytes of both the species, indicating that 5 days postvaccination (dpv) is too early a time point for the B lymphocytes to react. The cell-mediated immune response and humoral immune response pathways were found more enriched in goats than in sheep. Although animals from both species survived the challenge, a contrast in pathway activation was observed in CD335+ cells. IMPORTANCE Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) by PPR virus (PPRV) is an World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)-listed acute, contagious transboundary viral disease of small ruminants. The attenuated Sungri/96 PPRV vaccine used all over India against this PPR provides long-lasting robust innate and adaptive immune response. The early antiviral response was found mediated through type I interferon-independent interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. However, systems biology behind this immune response is unknown. In this study, in vivo transcriptome profiling of PBMC subsets (CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD21+, and CD335+) in vaccinated goats and sheep (at 5 days postvaccination) was done to understand this systems biology. Though there are a few differences in the systems biology across cells (specially the NK cells) between sheep and goats, the coordinated response that is inclusive of all the cell subsets was found to be toward the induction of a strong innate immune response, which is needed for an appropriate adaptive immune response.
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12
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Ezeasor CK, Emikpe BO, Shoyinka SV, Sabri MY. The influence of intranasal peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine administration alone or with phytogenic mucoadhesive delivery system on PPR outbreak outcomes in goats. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2021; 42:424-443. [PMID: 33724901 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2021.1895216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the influence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccination on the clinico-pathological outcomes of PPR in the face of an outbreak. Twenty-two West African dwarf goats procured for a different study started showing early signs of PPR during acclimatization. In response, PPR vaccine was administered either intranasally with phytogenic mucoadhesive gum (Group A; n = 6) or without gum (Group B; n = 6); subcutaneously (Group C; n = 6) or not vaccinated (Group D; n = 4) and studied for 21 days. The clinical scores, hematology, serology and pathology scores were evaluated. Clinical signs of PPR were present in all groups, presenting a percentage mortality of 33%; 33%; 64% and 100% for Groups A, B, C, and D, respectively. Polycythemia and mild leukopenia were observed in all groups, and all animals were seropositive by day 7 post-vaccination. The lung consolidation scores were low in Groups A and B, compared to Group C. Histopathological lesions consistent with PPR was observed in the lymphoid organs, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs with the presence of PPR antigen as detected by immunohistochemistry. The findings suggest that intranasal vaccination with or without mucoadhesive gum may influence the outcome of PPR infection more than the subcutaneous route in the face of an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shodeinde Vincent Shoyinka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Yusoff Sabri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Begum S, Nooruzzaman M, Islam MR, Chowdhury EH. A Sequential Study on the Pathology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants and Tissue Distribution of the Virus Following Experimental Infection of Black Bengal Goats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:635671. [PMID: 33681333 PMCID: PMC7933573 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.635671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the sequential pathology of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Black Bengal goats and analyzed virus distribution in tissues and virus shedding following experimental infection with a Bangladeshi isolate of lineage IV PPR virus (PPRV). The early clinical signs like fever, depression, and ocular and nasal discharges first appeared at 4-7 days post-infection (dpi). Three out of eight inoculated goats died at 13, 15, and 18 dpi, and the rest were killed at different time points from 5 to 18 dpi. Initially, the virus multiplied mostly in the lymphoid organs of the pharyngeal region and caused extensive lymphoid destruction and hemorrhages. This was followed by viremia, massive virus replication in the lungs, and pneumonia along with the appearance of the clinical signs. Subsequently, the virus spread to other organs causing necrotic and hemorrhagic lesions, as well as the virus localized in the upper respiratory, oral and intestinal mucosa resulting in catarrhal, erosive, and ulcerative lesions. On hematological and biochemical investigation progressive leukopenia and hypoproteinemia, a gradual increase of serum metabolites and enzymes associated with liver and kidney damage, and electrolyte imbalance were observed. Seroconversion started at 7 dpi and all the surviving animals had serum antibodies at 14 dpi. Virus shedding was observed in nasal and ocular secretions at 4 dpi and in feces and urine at 14 dpi, which gradually increased and continued till the end of the experiment (18 dpi) despite seroconversion. Therefore, the virus shedding of naturally infected seroconverted goats should be monitored for effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahana Begum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Kinimi E, Odongo S, Muyldermans S, Kock R, Misinzo G. Paradigm shift in the diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants: scoping review. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:7. [PMID: 31996243 PMCID: PMC6988203 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-0505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus causes a highly contagious disease, which poses enormous economic losses in domestic animals and threatens the conservation of wild herbivores. Diagnosis remains a cornerstone to the Peste des petits ruminants Global Control and Eradication Strategy, an initiative of the World Organisation for Animal Health and the Food and Agriculture Organisation. The present review presents the peste des petits ruminants diagnostic landscape, including the practicality of commercially available diagnostic tools, prototype tests and opportunities for new technologies. The most common peste des petits ruminants diagnostic tools include; agar gel immunodiffusion, counter-immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction either gel-based or real-time, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification, reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assays, immunochromatographic lateral flow devices, luciferase immunoprecipitation system and pseudotype-based assays. These tests vary in their technical demands, but all require a laboratory with exception of immunochromatographic lateral flow and possibly reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assays. Thus, we are proposing an efficient integration of diagnostic tests for rapid and correct identification of peste des petits ruminants in endemic zones and to rapidly confirm outbreaks. Deployment of pen-side tests will improve diagnostic capacity in extremely remote settings and susceptible wildlife ecosystems, where transportation of clinical samples in the optimum cold chain is unreliable.
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15
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Sahoo M, M D, Thakor JC, Baloni S, Saxena S, Shrivastava S, Dhama K, Singh K, Singh R. Neuropathology mediated through caspase dependent extrinsic pathway in goat kids naturally infected with PPRV. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103949. [PMID: 31875517 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR), a highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants, is characterized by erosive stomatitis and pneumo-enteritis. However, its neurovirulence potential as observed with other morbilliviruses has not been fully investigated. The present study describes the neuropathological alterations induced by PPR virus through apoptotic pathway. A total number of 12 carcasses of local breed goat kids of either sex were received for postmortem examination. The clinical history was described as symptoms of mucopurulent nasal discharge, high to low grade fever, erosive stomatitis, dyspnoea and profuse watery diarrhoea followed by mortality of 35 goat kids within a week. The pathoanatomical lesions and immunohistochemical demonstration of PPRV antigen in lungs, intestine, spleen and lymph nodes confirmed PPR disease in goats. Grossly, five brain specimens showed moderate to severe leptomeningeal congestion during necropsy. Microscopically, brain sections showed leptomeningitis and nonsuppurative encephalitis characterized by vascular congestion, haemorrhages in the parenchyma, perivascular cuffing with mild to moderate mononuclear cells (mainly lymphocytes and few macrophages), focal to diffuse microgliosis, neuronal degeneration, satellitosis and neuronophagia. Immunolabelling of viral antigen was observed in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells. The RT-PCR amplification of N gene fragment also confirmed the presence of PPRV in the brain. The strong immunoreactivity of Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and comparatively lower expression of caspase-9 along with the absence of any reactivity for Apaf-1 antigen in the brain sections indicated the role of caspase dependent extrinsic pathway in inducing neuropathological changes. The presence of apoptotic neurons in the brain by TUNEL assay further confirmed the apoptosis and strong immunoreactivity of iNOS in neurons which suggested the generation of oxidative stress, that might have induced the apoptosis. The overall findings confirm the neurovirulence potential of PPR virus, via the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, in natural cases of PPR disease in goat kids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India.
| | - Dinesh M
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | | | - Suraj Baloni
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Sonal Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Sameer Shrivastava
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Karampal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
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16
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Bamouh Z, Fakri F, Jazouli M, Safini N, Omari Tadlaoui K, Elharrak M. Peste des petits ruminants pathogenesis on experimental infected goats by the Moroccan 2015 isolate. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:452. [PMID: 31842890 PMCID: PMC6916009 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of major economic importance on small ruminants. Goats are usually known to be more susceptible to the disease. Infection chronology, virus circulation, and the disease early detection need to be better understood. This study evaluates the tissue tropism and pathogenesis of PPR following experimental infection of goats using a lineage IV virus, the most dominant in the world originated from Asia. PPRV infection was experimentally induced in 4 six-month-old goats by intra-nasal and intravenous route of cell virus suspension and from infectious mashed tissue. The clinical signs were observed and goats were euthanized at predetermined clinical score level for post-mortem examinations and PPRV detection by RT-PCR. Clinical signs of infection were present, pyrexia, serous-mucopurulent nasal discharges, coughing, diarrhea and asthenia, for both cell virus suspension and infectious mashed tissue. PPRV genome was highly detected in swabs and tissues with clinical signs dominated by pulmonary attack and digestive symptoms secondary. RESULTS Results of this study indicates that PPRV is an invasive infection in animals that in a short period, less than 10 days, invade all vital organs. On live animals, early diagnostic may be easily done on lacrimal and rectal swabs. CONCLUSION The experimental PPRV-infection model using the cell virus suspension is suitable for vaccine evaluation as a standard model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Bamouh
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - F. Fakri
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M. Jazouli
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - N. Safini
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - K. Omari Tadlaoui
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M. Elharrak
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
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17
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Khan A, Saleemi MK, Ali F, Abubakar M, Hussain R, Abbas RZ, Khan IA. Pathophysiology of peste des petits ruminants in sheep (Dorper & Kajli) and goats (Boer & Beetal). Microb Pathog 2018; 117:139-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Wani SA, Sahu AR, Saxena S, Rajak KK, Saminathan M, Sahoo AP, Kanchan S, Pandey A, Mishra B, Muthuchelvan D, Tiwari AK, Mishra BP, Singh RK, Gandham RK. Expression kinetics of ISG15, IRF3, IFNγ, IL10, IL2 and IL4 genes vis-a-vis virus shedding, tissue tropism and antibody dynamics in PPRV vaccinated, challenged, infected sheep and goats. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:206-218. [PMID: 29476787 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we studied the in vivo expression of Th1 (IL2 and IFN gamma) and Th2 (IL4 and IL10) - cytokines and antiviral molecules - IRF3 and ISG15 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in relation to antigen and antibody dynamics under Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) vaccination, infection and challenge in both sheep and goats. Vaccinated goats were seropositive by 9 days post vaccination (dpv) while in sheep idiosyncratic response was observed between 9 and 14 dpv for different animals. Expression of PPRV N gene was not detected in PBMCs of vaccinated and vaccinated challenged groups of both species, but was detected in unvaccinated infected PBMCs at 9 and 14 days post infection. The higher viral load at 9 dpi coincided with the peak clinical signs of the disease. The peak in viral replication at 9 dpi correlated with significant expression of antiviral molecules IRF3, ISG15 and IFN gamma in both the species. With the progression of disease, the decrease in N gene expression also correlated with the decrease in expression of IRF3, ISG15 and IFN gamma. In the unvaccinated infected animals ISG15, IRF3, IFN gamma and IL10 expression was higher than vaccinated animals. The IFN gamma expression predominated over IL4 in both vaccinated and infected animals with the infected exhibiting a stronger Th1 response. The persistent upregulation of this antiviral molecular signature - ISG15 and IRF3 even after 2 weeks post vaccination, presumably reflects the ongoing stimulation of innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ahmad Wani
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Amit Ranjan Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Kaushal Kishor Rajak
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - M Saminathan
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Aditya Prasad Sahoo
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Sonam Kanchan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Aruna Pandey
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Bina Mishra
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - D Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteshwar Campus, Nainital, 263138, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Mishra
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India.
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Rojas JM, Avia M, Pascual E, Sevilla N, Martín V. Vaccination with recombinant adenovirus expressing peste des petits ruminants virus-F or -H proteins elicits T cell responses to epitopes that arises during PPRV infection. Vet Res 2017; 48:79. [PMID: 29157291 PMCID: PMC5697415 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an economically important disease that limits productivity in small domestic ruminants and often affects the livestock of the poorest populations in developing countries. Animals that survive PPRV develop strong cellular and humoral responses, which are probably necessary for protection. Vaccination should thus aim at mimicking these natural responses. Immunization strategies against this morbillivirus using recombinant adenoviruses expressing PPRV-F or -H proteins can protect PPRV-challenged animals and permit differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. Little is known of the T cell repertoire these recombinant vaccines induce. In the present work, we identified several CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes in sheep infected with PPRV. We also show that recombinant adenovirus vaccination induced T cell responses to the same epitopes, and led to memory T cell differentiation. T cells primed by these recombinant adenovirus vaccines expanded after PPRV challenge and probably contributed to protection. These data validate the use of recombinant adenovirus expressing PPRV genes as DIVA strategies to control this highly contagious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Avia
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Pascual
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Sanz Bernardo B, Goodbourn S, Baron MD. Control of the induction of type I interferon by Peste des petits ruminants virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177300. [PMID: 28475628 PMCID: PMC5419582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that produces clinical disease in goats and sheep. We have studied the induction of interferon-β (IFN-β) following infection of cultured cells with wild-type and vaccine strains of PPRV, and the effects of such infection with PPRV on the induction of IFN-β through both MDA-5 and RIG-I mediated pathways. Using both reporter assays and direct measurement of IFN-β mRNA, we have found that PPRV infection induces IFN-β only weakly and transiently, and the virus can actively block the induction of IFN-β. We have also generated mutant PPRV that lack expression of either of the viral accessory proteins (V&C) to characterize the role of these proteins in IFN-β induction during virus infection. Both PPRV_ΔV and PPRV_ΔC were defective in growth in cell culture, although in different ways. While the PPRV V protein bound to MDA-5 and, to a lesser extent, RIG-I, and over-expression of the V protein inhibited both IFN-β induction pathways, PPRV lacking V protein expression can still block IFN-β induction. In contrast, PPRV C bound to neither MDA-5 nor RIG-I, but PPRV lacking C protein expression lost the ability to block both MDA-5 and RIG-I mediated activation of IFN-β. These results shed new light on the inhibition of the induction of IFN-β by PPRV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Goodbourn
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Kumar N, Barua S, Riyesh T, Tripathi BN. Advances in peste des petits ruminants vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:91-101. [PMID: 28161212 PMCID: PMC7130925 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants that leads to high morbidity and mortality thereby results in devastating economic consequences to the livestock industry. PPR is currently endemic across most parts of Asia and Africa, the two regions with the highest concentration of poor people in the world. Sheep and goats in particularly contribute significantly towards the upliftment of livelihood of the poor and marginal farmers in these regions. In this context, PPR directly affecting the viability of sheep and goat husbandry has emerged as a major hurdle in the development of these regions. The control of PPR in these regions could significantly contribute to poverty alleviation, therefore, the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) have targeted the control and eradication of PPR by 2030 a priority. In order to achieve this goal, a potent, safe and efficacious live-attenuated PPR vaccine with long-lasting immunity is available for immunoprophylaxis. However, the live-attenuated PPR vaccine is thermolabile and needs maintenance of an effective cold chain to deliver into the field. In addition, the infected animals cannot be differentiated from vaccinated animals. To overcome these limitations, some recombinant vaccines have been developed. This review comprehensively describes about the latest developments in PPR vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Kul O, Kabakci N, Atmaca HT, Ozkul A. Natural Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection: Novel Pathologic Findings Resembling Other Morbillivirus Infections. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:479-86. [PMID: 17606509 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-4-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes pathologic and virologic findings in 15 sheep and 6 goats that died of natural peste des petits ruminants virus infection in Turkey. Pathologic findings included erosiveulcerative stomatitis, fibrino-necrotic tracheitis, bronchointerstitial pneumonia, multifocal coagulation necroses in the liver, and severe lymphocytolysis in lymphoid tissues. Syncytial cells were conspicuous, especially in the oral mucosa, pulmonary alveoli, liver, and lymphoid tissues. In addition to the typical tissue distribution, eosinophilic intracytoplasmic and/or intranuclear inclusions were observed in epithelial cells lining the renal pelvis and abomasal mucosa. Immunolabeling of the viral antigen was observed in the kidney, brain, rumen, abomasum, heart, and myocytes of the tongue besides its more typical locations. In this study, we report and describe in detail the first peste des petits ruminants endemic in Kirikkale Province, Central Anatolia of Turkey. In conclusion, these previously unreported pathologic findings in natural peste des petits ruminants virus infection establish a basis for resemblance to other morbillivirus infections, such as canine distemper and distemper of sea mammals. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that the 448-bp genome fragment was amplified in 18 cases (18/21, 85.7%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that viruses belong to lineage 4 in the peste des petits ruminants virus common phylogenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kul
- Department of Pathology, Kirikkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 71451, Yahsihan, Kirikkale, Turkey.
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Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus causes a highly infectious disease of small ruminants that is endemic across Africa, the Middle East and large regions of Asia. The virus is considered to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world and has recently been targeted by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) for eradication with the aim of global elimination of the disease by 2030. Fundamentally, the vaccines required to successfully achieve this goal are currently available, but the availability of novel vaccine preparations to also fulfill the requisite for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) may reduce the time taken and the financial costs of serological surveillance in the later stages of any eradication campaign. Here, we overview what is currently known about the virus, with reference to its origin, updated global circulation, molecular evolution, diagnostic tools and vaccines currently available to combat the disease. Further, we comment on recent developments in our knowledge of various recombinant vaccines and on the potential for the development of novel multivalent vaccines for small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; National Institute for Animal Biotechnology, Miyapur, Hyderabad, India.
| | - M Muniraju
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - M Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - H Buczkowski
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB United Kingdom
| | - A C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB United Kingdom
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Kumar N, Maherchandani S, Kashyap SK, Singh SV, Sharma S, Chaubey KK, Ly H. Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: a comprehensive review. Viruses 2014; 6:2287-327. [PMID: 24915458 PMCID: PMC4074929 DOI: 10.3390/v6062287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is caused by a Morbillivirus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR is an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, whereas cattle undergo sub-clinical infection. With morbidity and mortality rates that can be as high as 90%, PPR is classified as an OIE (Office International des Epizooties)-listed disease. Considering the importance of sheep and goats in the livelihood of the poor and marginal farmers in Africa and South Asia, PPR is an important concern for food security and poverty alleviation. PPR virus (PPRV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) are closely related Morbilliviruses. Rinderpest has been globally eradicated by mass vaccination. Though a live attenuated vaccine is available against PPR for immunoprophylaxis, due to its instability in subtropical climate (thermo-sensitivity), unavailability of required doses and insufficient coverage (herd immunity), the disease control program has not been a great success. Further, emerging evidence of poor cross neutralization between vaccine strain and PPRV strains currently circulating in the field has raised concerns about the protective efficacy of the existing PPR vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advancement in PPRV replication, its pathogenesis, immune response to vaccine and disease control. Attempts have also been made to highlight the current trends in understanding the host susceptibility and resistance to PPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Sunil Maherchandani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India.
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India.
| | - Hinh Ly
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., Ste 295, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Baron J, Bin-Tarif A, Herbert R, Frost L, Taylor G, Baron MD. Early changes in cytokine expression in peste des petits ruminants disease. Vet Res 2014; 45:22. [PMID: 24559207 PMCID: PMC3941941 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants is a viral disease of sheep and goats that has spread through most of Africa as well as the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. Although, the spread of the disease and its economic impact has made it a focus of international concern, relatively little is known about the nature of the disease itself. We have studied the early stages of pathogenesis in goats infected with six different isolates of Peste des petits ruminants virus representing all four known lineages of the virus. No lineage-specific difference in the pathogenicity of the virus isolates was observed, although there was evidence that even small numbers of cell culture passages could affect the degree of pathogenicity of an isolate. A consistent reduction in CD4+ T cells was observed at 4 days post infection (dpi). Measurement of the expression of various cytokines showed elements of a classic inflammatory response but also a relatively early induction of interleukin 10, which may be contributing to the observed disease.
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Truong T, Boshra H, Embury-Hyatt C, Nfon C, Gerdts V, Tikoo S, Babiuk LA, Kara P, Chetty T, Mather A, Wallace DB, Babiuk S. Peste des petits ruminants virus tissue tropism and pathogenesis in sheep and goats following experimental infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87145. [PMID: 24498032 PMCID: PMC3907444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease which primarily affects small ruminants, causing significant economic losses for the livestock industry in developing countries. It is endemic in Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and the Indian sub-continent. The primary hosts for peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) are goats and sheep; however recent models studying the pathology, disease progression and viremia of PPRV have focused primarily on goat models. This study evaluates the tissue tropism and pathogenesis of PPR following experimental infection of sheep and goats using a quantitative time-course study. Upon infection with a virulent strain of PPRV, both sheep and goats developed clinical signs and lesions typical of PPR, although sheep displayed milder clinical disease compared to goats. Tissue tropism of PPRV was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Lymph nodes, lymphoid tissue and digestive tract organs were the predominant sites of virus replication. The results presented in this study provide models for the comparative evaluation of PPRV pathogenesis and tissue tropism in both sheep and goats. These models are suitable for the establishment of experimental parameters necessary for the evaluation of vaccines, as well as further studies into PPRV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang Truong
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hani Boshra
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Suresh Tikoo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Pravesh Kara
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Thireshni Chetty
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Arshad Mather
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - David B. Wallace
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Balamurugan V, Hemadri D, Gajendragad MR, Singh RK, Rahman H. Diagnosis and control of peste des petits ruminants: a comprehensive review. Virusdisease 2014; 25:39-56. [PMID: 24426309 PMCID: PMC3889233 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious, world organization for animal health (OIE) notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats associated with high morbidity and mortality and caused by PPR virus. PPR is considered as one of the main constraints in augmenting the productivity of small ruminants in developing countries and particularly severely affects poor farmer's economy. The disease is clinically manifested by pyrexia, oculo-nasal discharges, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea and bronchopneumonia. The disease can be diagnosed from its clinical signs, pathological lesions, and specific detection of virus antigen/antibodies/genome in the clinical samples by various serological tests and molecular assays. PPR is the one of the priority animal diseases whose control is considered important for poverty alleviation in enzootic countries. Availability of effective and safe live attenuated cell culture PPR vaccines and diagnostics have boosted the recently launched centrally sponsored control programme in India and also in other countries. This review article primarily focus on the current scenario of PPR diagnosis and its control programme with advancement of research areas that have taken place in the recent years with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Balamurugan
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
| | - D. Hemadri
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
| | - M. R. Gajendragad
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
| | - R. K. Singh
- />National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - H. Rahman
- />Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), ICAR, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 Karnataka India
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Clinicopathological evaluation of intranasal, subcutaneous and intramuscular routes of vaccination against intratracheal challenge of Peste des petits ruminants virus in goats. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pope RA, Parida S, Bailey D, Brownlie J, Barrett T, Banyard AC. Early events following experimental infection with Peste-Des-Petits ruminants virus suggest immune cell targeting. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55830. [PMID: 23418464 PMCID: PMC3572172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste-des-petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a viral pathogen that causes a devastating plague of small ruminants. PPRV is an economically significant disease that continues to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world. The current understanding of PPRV pathogenesis has been heavily assumed from the closely related rinderpest virus (RPV) and other morbillivirus infections alongside data derived from field outbreaks. There have been few studies reported that have focused on the pathogenesis of PPRV and very little is known about the processes underlying the early stages of infection. In the present study, 15 goats were challenged by the intranasal route with a virulent PPRV isolate, Côte d'Ivoire '89 (CI/89) and sacrificed at strategically defined time-points post infection to enable pre- and post-mortem sampling. This approach enabled precise monitoring of the progress and distribution of virus throughout the infection from the time of challenge, through peak viraemia and into a period of convalescence. Observations were then related to findings of previous field studies and experimental models of PPRV to develop a clinical scoring system for PPRV. Importantly, histopathological investigations demonstrated that the initial site for virus replication is not within the epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa, as has been previously reported, but is within the tonsillar tissue and lymph nodes draining the site of inoculation. We propose that virus is taken up by immune cells within the respiratory mucosa which then transport virus to lymphoid tissues where primary virus replication occurs, and from where virus enters circulation. Based on these findings we propose a novel clinical scoring methodology for PPRV pathogenesis and suggest a fundamental shift away from the conventional model of PPRV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Pope
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Dalan Bailey
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Brownlie
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Barrett
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Meng X, Dou Y, Zhai J, Zhang H, Yan F, Shi X, Luo X, Li H, Cai X. Tissue distribution and expression of signaling lymphocyte activation molecule receptor to peste des petits ruminant virus in goats detected by real-time PCR. J Mol Histol 2011; 42:467-72. [PMID: 21863328 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-011-9352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the tissue distribution and expression of signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) in 40 tissues and organs of goats by real-time RT-PCR, in order to determine the role of these receptors in tissue tropism. SLAM mRNA was detected in all the samples investigated. The expression of SLAM mRNA was detected at high levels in spleen, mesenteric lymph node, hilar lymph node, mandibular lymph node, superficial cervical lymph node, nasal mucosa, duodenum, heart, gallbladder, thymus and blood; this is similar to the tissue tropism of peste des petits ruminant virus. However, it was surprising that expression of SLAM was low in lungs, colon and rectum which are the major sites of replication of PPRV. In addition, very low levels were detected in larynx, tongue and esophagus, which suggest the possible presence of an alternative receptor for PPRV. This study provided the first data on caprine SLAM for use in further studies of the pathogenesis of PPRV in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Engineering and Technique Research Centre on Biological Detection, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Yanchangpu, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730046, China
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Emikpe B, Akpavie S. Clinicopathologic effects of Peste Des Petit Ruminant Virus infection in West African dwarf goats. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Emikpe BO, Sabri MY, Akpavie SO, Zamri-Saad M. Experimental infection of Peste des Petit Ruminant virus and Mannheimia haemolytica A2 in goats: immunolocalisation of Mannheimia haemolytica antigens. Vet Res Commun 2010; 34:569-78. [PMID: 20617380 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nigerian strain of Peste des Petit Ruminant (PPR) virus and Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) biotype A serotype 2, was used successfully to reproduce a concurrent disease in West African Dwarf goats. The development of the various pathological features were studied at regular intervals following infection. The acute inflammatory reaction which had developed by day 3 after initial infection was characterised by flooding of the alveoli by neutrophils, oedema, hemorrhage and syncytial cells together with a moderate bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial necrosis. This progressed to a milder acute broncho interstitial pneumonia with giant cells. At this stage, the mucosal immunity were well developed especially the aggregate form of NALT and more of nodular forms of BALT. The organisms were demonstrated with strong immunostaining in the necrotic center, necrotic alveolar wall, fibrin, serous exudate, and degenerated leukocyte in the alveoli and respiratory airways. The bacterial antigens were observed as a strong immunostaining in the blood vessels of the nasal septum, sinusoid in the liver and interstium of the kidney, cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages, pneumocytes, bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium, in the monocytes in the blood vessels. These findings confirmed the enhancement of MH tropism especially in the respiratory tract, liver and kidney. It also showed that West african dwarf goats are highly susceptible to the intratracheal combined infection of PPR virus and MH. The fact that the infection induces strong mucosal responses, this phenomenon can be explored in Africa with the use of combined PPR virus and MH intranasal vaccines to curtail the menace of pneumonia associated with the combined infection on field.
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Pathological, serological, and virological findings in sheep infected simultaneously with Bluetongue, Peste-des-petits-ruminants, and Sheeppox viruses. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 41:951-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abu Elzein EME, Al-Naeem A. Utilization of protein-A in immuno-histochemical techniques for detection of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus antigens in tissues of experimentally infected goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 41:1-4. [PMID: 19052895 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper constitutes the first record of utilizing the S. aureus protein-A (PA), conjugated to peroxidase enzyme, for the detection of the Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus antigens in tissues of experimentally infected goats. The goats were experimentally infected with a virulent PPR virus, which was previously isolated from a severe natural disease outbreak in gazelles, during 2002 in Saudi Arabia. The technique is rapid, and has the superiority over the peroxidase -anti-peroxidase (PAP) test in that, inactivation of the indigenous peroxidase in the tissues is not required and that it can be used against a wide range of animal species. An advantage over the other immunolabelled conjugates is that PA attaches specifically to the crystalizable fraction (Fc) of the IgG molecule, thus allowing the antigen binding fraction (Fab) of the molecule, free to interact specifically with the antigen. So, it doesn't actually compete with the antigen for the Fab portion of the IgG molecule. In the present study, PA conjugate detected the PPR virus antigens in various tissues of the experimentally infected goats.
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In situ detection of PPR virus antigen in skin papules around the mouth of sheep experimentally infected with PPR virus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 40:239-41. [PMID: 18557185 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-007-9089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kul O, Kabakci N, Özkul A, Kalender H, Atmaca HT. Concurrent Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus and Pestivirus Infection in Stillborn Twin Lambs. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:191-6. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-2-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent infection with peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and pestivirus was diagnosed in stillborn twin lambs. With the flock history, the findings of epidermal syncytial cells and necrotizing bronchitis/bronchiolitis prompted testing for PPRV infection, and PPRV antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the skin, lungs, kidneys, rumen, and thymus. Macroscopic anomalies that were typical of border disease included scoliosis, brachygnathism, prognathism, arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, and hairy fleece; pestiviral antigen was detected by IHC in the brain, liver, lungs, and kidneys. Tissues from both lambs were positive by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for PPRV and pestivirus. To the authors' knowledge, PPR has not been reported previously as a congenital infection or in combination with pestiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Kul
- Department of Pathology, Kirikkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yahsihan, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - N. Kabakci
- Department of Pathology, Kirikkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yahsihan, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - A. Özkul
- Department of Virology, Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H. Kalender
- Department of Gynecology and Theriogenology, Kirikkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yahsihan, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - H. T. Atmaca
- Department of Pathology, Kirikkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yahsihan, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Sips GJ, Chesik D, Glazenburg L, Wilschut J, De Keyser J, Wilczak N. Involvement of morbilliviruses in the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease. Rev Med Virol 2007; 17:223-44. [PMID: 17410634 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two members of the morbillivirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae, canine distemper virus (CDV) and measles virus (MV), are well-known for their ability to cause a chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS in their natural hosts, dogs and humans, respectively. Both viruses have been studied for their potential involvement in the neuropathogenesis of the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Recently, three new members of the morbillivirus genus, phocine distemper virus (PDV), porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) and dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), have been discovered. These viruses have also been shown to induce multifocal demyelinating disease in infected animals. This review focuses on morbillivirus-induced neuropathologies with emphasis on aetiopathogenesis of CNS demyelination. The possible involvement of a morbillivirus in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Sips
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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39
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Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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40
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Rajak KK, Sreenivasa BP, Hosamani M, Singh RP, Singh SK, Singh RK, Bandyopadhyay SK. Experimental studies on immunosuppressive effects of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in goats. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 28:287-96. [PMID: 16188317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Effect of virulent and attenuated peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus on the immune response to nonspecific antigen (ovalbumin) was investigated. Clinical and serological responses were monitored in goats administered with ovalbumin concurrently with either PPR vaccine or virulent virus. Study showed that PPR virulent virus causes marked immunosuppression as evidenced by leukopenia, lymphopenia, and reduced early antibody response to both specific and nonspecific antigen. These observations were predominant particularly during acute phase of disease (4-10 days post-infection). On the other hand, the vaccine virus induced only a transient lymphopenia without significantly affecting the immune response to nonspecific antigen or to itself during this period. Further, the antibody levels to ovalbumin in the group administered with virulent PPRV increased significantly between days 28 and 35 post-infection in comparison to the titers in other two groups given with either ovalbumin alone or in combination with vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Rajak
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar Campus, Nainital (Uttaranchal) 263138, India
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