1
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Gross J, Knipper M, Mazurek B. Candidate Key Proteins in Tinnitus: A Bioinformatic Study of Synaptic Transmission in Spiral Ganglion Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:4189-4207. [PMID: 37736859 PMCID: PMC10661836 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01405-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
To study key proteins associated with changes in synaptic transmission in the spiral ganglion in tinnitus, we build three gene lists from the GeneCard database: 1. Perception of sound (PoS), 2. Acoustic stimulation (AcouStim), and 3. Tinnitus (Tin). Enrichment analysis by the DAVID database resulted in similar Gene Ontology (GO) terms for cellular components in all gene lists, reflecting synaptic structures known to be involved in auditory processing. The STRING protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and the Cytoscape data analyzer were used to identify the top two high-degree proteins (HDPs) and their high-score interaction proteins (HSIPs) identified by the combined score (CS) of the corresponding edges. The top two protein pairs (key proteins) for the PoS are BDNF-GDNF and OTOF-CACNA1D and for the AcouStim process BDNF-NTRK2 and TH-CALB1. The Tin process showed BDNF and NGF as HDPs, with high-score interactions with NTRK1 and NGFR at a comparable level. Compared to the PoS and AcouStim process, the number of HSIPs of key proteins (CS > 90. percentile) increases strongly in Tin. In the PoS and AcouStim networks, BDNF receptor signaling is the dominant pathway, and in the Tin network, the NGF-signaling pathway is of similar importance. Key proteins and their HSIPs are good indicators of biological processes and of signaling pathways characteristic for the normal hearing on the one hand and tinnitus on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Gross
- Tinnitus Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Leibniz Society of Science Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marlies Knipper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Leibniz Society of Science Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Mazurek
- Tinnitus Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Salasova A, Monti G, Andersen OM, Nykjaer A. Finding memo: versatile interactions of the VPS10p-Domain receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:74. [PMID: 36397124 PMCID: PMC9673319 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of VPS10p-Domain (D) receptors comprises five members named SorLA, Sortilin, SorCS1, SorCS2 and SorCS3. While their physiological roles remain incompletely resolved, they have been recognized for their signaling engagements and trafficking abilities, navigating a number of molecules between endosome, Golgi compartments, and the cell surface. Strikingly, recent studies connected all the VPS10p-D receptors to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. In addition, they have been also associated with diseases comorbid with AD such as diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder. This systematic review elaborates on genetic, functional, and mechanistic insights into how dysfunction in VPS10p-D receptors may contribute to AD etiology, AD onset diversity, and AD comorbidities. Starting with their functions in controlling cellular trafficking of amyloid precursor protein and the metabolism of the amyloid beta peptide, we present and exemplify how these receptors, despite being structurally similar, regulate various and distinct cellular events involved in AD. This includes a plethora of signaling crosstalks that impact on neuronal survival, neuronal wiring, neuronal polarity, and synaptic plasticity. Signaling activities of the VPS10p-D receptors are especially linked, but not limited to, the regulation of neuronal fitness and apoptosis via their physical interaction with pro- and mature neurotrophins and their receptors. By compiling the functional versatility of VPS10p-D receptors and their interactions with AD-related pathways, we aim to further propel the AD research towards VPS10p-D receptor family, knowledge that may lead to new diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies for AD patients.
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3
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Mitok KA, Keller MP, Attie AD. Sorting through the extensive and confusing roles of sortilin in metabolic disease. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100243. [PMID: 35724703 PMCID: PMC9356209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortilin is a post-Golgi trafficking receptor homologous to the yeast vacuolar protein sorting receptor 10 (VPS10). The VPS10 motif on sortilin is a 10-bladed β-propeller structure capable of binding more than 50 proteins, covering a wide range of biological functions including lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, neuronal growth and death, inflammation, and lysosomal degradation. Sortilin has a complex cellular trafficking itinerary, where it functions as a receptor in the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, secretory vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and at the cell surface. In addition, sortilin is associated with hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, Parkinson's disease, and inflammation syndromes. The 1p13.3 locus containing SORT1, the gene encoding sortilin, carries the strongest association with LDL-C of all loci in human genome-wide association studies. However, the mechanism by which sortilin influences LDL-C is unclear. Here, we review the role sortilin plays in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and describe in detail the large and often contradictory literature on the role of sortilin in the regulation of LDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Mitok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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4
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Xue Y, Liang H, Yang R, Deng K, Tang M, Zhang M. The role of pro- and mature neurotrophins in the depression. Behav Brain Res 2021; 404:113162. [PMID: 33549684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors, which can provide nutritional support to neurons and neuronal cells, also played an important role in their proliferation and survival. As signaling molecules, it also mediated the learning, memory and other activities in the brain. The latest study shows that neurotrophic factors have diametrically opposing effects of the pro- and mature form through distinct receptors. In this review, we summarize the different forms of neurotrophic factors, related receptors, and the corresponding biological effects. More importantly, we expounded the physiology and pathology mechanisms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)in depression. It is hopefully to provide new idea on the relationship of neurotrophic factors and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Hongyan Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Kunhong Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Mimi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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5
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Schulze J, Staecker H, Wedekind D, Lenarz T, Warnecke A. Expression pattern of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its associated receptors: Implications for exogenous neurotrophin application. Hear Res 2020; 413:108098. [PMID: 33143996 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.108098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The application of neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a promising pharmacological approach in cochlear implant research. Several in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that treatment with neurotrophins support the spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) survival and the synapses. Of the more than 40 companies that are working in the field of inner ear therapeutics, only one company is currently advancing BDNF towards clinical translation. Thus, there are no approved clinical therapies with neurotrophins, their precursors or neurotrophin-like substances. For a better understanding of the mechanisms of BDNF in the inner ear, we analysed the expression of mature BDNF (mBDNF), its pro-form proBDNF and their respective receptors the low affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and the neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (NTRK2). In the adult murine inner ear, mBDNF is expressed in the inner and outer hair cells (IHC and OHC) of the organ of Corti and in the spiral ganglion of the Rosenthal's canal, whereas proBDNF is only detected in the supporting cells below the OHC. The corresponding receptors NTRK2 and p75NTR are expressed in the spiral ganglion whereof p75NTR is stronger expressed. For more insights in the effects of mBDNF and proBDNF on inner ear specific cells, we treated primary dissociated SGN with different concentrations of mBDNF and proBDNF alone and in combination. Interestingly, treatment with proBDNF is not toxic for SGN but simultaneously not protective. However, combined treatment of mBDNF and proBDNF maintained and perhaps slightly increased the protective effect of mBDNF. Thus, the mixture of mBDNF and proBDNF could be the new direction for the development of BDNF-based therapeutics in cochlear implantation and could represent more precisely the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schulze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1).
| | - Hinrich Staecker
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Dirk Wedekind
- Department of experimental animal science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1)
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1)
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6
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Montroull LE, Danelon V, Cragnolini AB, Mascó DH. Loss of TrkB Signaling Due to Status Epilepticus Induces a proBDNF-Dependent Cell Death. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:4. [PMID: 30800056 PMCID: PMC6375841 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are secretory proteins that bind to target receptors and influence many cellular functions, such as cell survival and cell death in neurons. The mammalian NT brain-derived neurotrophic factor (matBDNF) is the C-terminal mature form released by cleavage from the proBDNF precursor. The binding of matBDNF to the tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) activates different signaling cascades and leads to neuron survival and plasticity, while the interaction of proBDNF with the p75 NT receptor (p75NTR)/sortilin receptor complex has been highly involved in apoptosis. Many studies have demonstrated that prolonged seizures such as status epilepticus (SE) induce changes in the expression of NT, pro-NT, and their receptors. We have previously described that the blockage of both matBDNF and proBDNF signaling reduces neuronal death after SE in vivo (Unsain et al., 2008). We used an in vitro model as well as an in vivo model of SE to determine the specific role of TrkB and proBDNF signaling during neuronal cell death. We found that the matBDNF sequestering molecule TrkB-Fc induced an increase in neuronal death in both models of SE, and it also prevented a decrease in TrkB levels. Moreover, SE triggered the interaction between proBDNF and p75NTR, which was not altered by sequestering matBDNF. The intra-hippocampal administration of TrkB-Fc, combined with an antibody against proBDNF, prevented neuronal degeneration. In addition, we demonstrated that proBDNF binding to p75NTR exacerbates neuronal death when matBDNF signaling is impaired through TrkB. Our results indicated that both the mature and the precursor forms of BDNF may have opposite effects depending on the scenario in which they function and the signaling pathways they activate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ester Montroull
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Víctor Danelon
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Beatriz Cragnolini
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel Hugo Mascó
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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7
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Pathak A, Stanley EM, Hickman FE, Wallace N, Brewer B, Li D, Gluska S, Perlson E, Fuhrmann S, Akassoglou K, Bronfman F, Casaccia P, Burnette DT, Carter BD. Retrograde Degenerative Signaling Mediated by the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Requires p150 Glued Deacetylation by Axonal HDAC1. Dev Cell 2018; 46:376-387.e7. [PMID: 30086304 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During development, neurons undergo apoptosis if they do not receive adequate trophic support from tissues they innervate or when detrimental factors activate the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) at their axon ends. Trophic factor deprivation (TFD) or activation of p75NTR in distal axons results in a retrograde degenerative signal. However, the nature of this signal and the regulation of its transport are poorly understood. Here, we identify p75NTR intracellular domain (ICD) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) as part of a retrograde pro-apoptotic signal generated in response to TFD or ligand binding to p75NTR in sympathetic neurons. We report an unconventional function of HDAC1 in retrograde transport of a degenerative signal and its constitutive presence in sympathetic axons. HDAC1 deacetylates dynactin subunit p150Glued, which enhances its interaction with dynein. These findings define p75NTR ICD as a retrograde degenerative signal and reveal p150Glued deacetylation as a unique mechanism regulating axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emily M Stanley
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - F Edward Hickman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Natalie Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bryson Brewer
- Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Deyu Li
- Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shani Gluska
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Perlson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sabine Fuhrmann
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francisca Bronfman
- Center for Ageing and Regeneration (CARE UC), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Hunter College Department of Biology, Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dylan T Burnette
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bruce D Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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8
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Fan B, Wei Z, Yao X, Shi G, Cheng X, Zhou X, Zhou H, Ning G, Kong X, Feng S. Microenvironment Imbalance of Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:853-866. [PMID: 29871522 PMCID: PMC6050904 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718755778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), for which there currently is no cure, is a heavy burden on
patient physiology and psychology. The microenvironment of the injured spinal cord is
complicated. According to our previous work and the advancements in SCI research,
‘microenvironment imbalance’ is the main cause of the poor regeneration and recovery of
SCI. Microenvironment imbalance is defined as an increase in inhibitory factors and
decrease in promoting factors for tissues, cells and molecules at different times and
spaces. There are imbalance of hemorrhage and ischemia, glial scar formation,
demyelination and re-myelination at the tissue’s level. The cellular level imbalance
involves an imbalance in the differentiation of endogenous stem cells and the
transformation phenotypes of microglia and macrophages. The molecular level includes an
imbalance of neurotrophic factors and their pro-peptides, cytokines, and chemokines. The
imbalanced microenvironment of the spinal cord impairs regeneration and functional
recovery. This review will aid in the understanding of the pathological processes involved
in and the development of comprehensive treatments for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyou Fan
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijian Wei
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Yao
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guidong Shi
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianhu Zhou
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hengxing Zhou
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- 2 Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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9
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Boggild S, Molgaard S, Glerup S, Nyengaard JR. Highly segregated localization of the functionally related vps10p receptors sortilin and SorCS2 during neurodevelopment. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1267-1286. [PMID: 29405286 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nervous system development is a precisely orchestrated series of events requiring a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Sortilin and SorCS2 are members of the Vps10p receptor family with complementary influence on some of these cues including the neurotrophins (NTs). However, the developmental time points where sortilin and SorCS2 exert their activities in conjunction or independently still remain unclear. In this study we present the characterization of the spatiotemporal expression pattern of sortilin and SorCS2 in the developing murine nervous system. Sortilin is highly expressed in the fetal nervous system with expression localized to distinct cell populations. Expression was high in neurons of the cortical plate and developing allocortex, as well as subpallial structures. Furthermore, the neuroepithelium lining the ventricles and the choroid plexus showed high expression of sortilin, together with the developing retina, spinal ganglia, and sympathetic ganglia. In contrast, SorCS2 was confined in a marked degree to the thalamus and, at E13.5, the floor plate from midbrain rostrally to spinal cord caudally. SorCS2 was also found in the ventricular zones of the ventral hippocampus and nucleus accumbens areas, in the meninges and in Schwann cells. Hence, sortilin and SorCS2 are extensively present in several distinct anatomical areas in the developing nervous system and are rarely co-expressed. Possible functions of sortilin and SorCS2 pertain to NT signaling, axon guidance and beyond. The present data will form the basis for hypotheses and study designs for unravelling the functions of sortilin and SorCS2 during the establishment of neuronal structures and connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Boggild
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, MIND Centre, Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Simon Molgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, MIND Centre, Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Simon Glerup
- MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, MIND Centre, Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
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10
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Schwarz E. Cystine knot growth factors and their functionally versatile proregions. Biol Chem 2017; 398:1295-1308. [PMID: 28771427 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cystine knot disulfide pattern has been found to be widespread in nature, since it has been detected in proteins from plants, marine snails, spiders and mammals. Cystine knot proteins are secreted proteins. Their functions range from defense mechanisms as toxins, e.g. ion channel or enzyme inhibitors, to hormones, blood factors and growth factors. Cystine knot proteins can be divided into two superordinate groups. (i) The cystine knot peptides, also referred to - with other non-cystine knot proteins - as knottins, with linear and cyclic polypeptide chains. (ii) The cystine knot growth factor family, which is in the focus of this article. The disulfide ring structure of the cystine knot peptides is made up by the half-cystines 1-4 and 2-5, and the threading disulfide bond is formed by the half-cystines, 3-6. In the growth factor group, the disulfides of half-cystines 1 and 4 pass the ring structure formed by the half-cystines 2-5 and 3-6. In this review, special emphasis will be devoted to the growth factor cystine knot proteins and their proregions. The latter have shifted into the focus of scientific interest as their important biological roles are just to be unravelled.
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11
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Zanin JP, Unsain N, Anastasia A. Growth factors and hormones pro-peptides: the unexpected adventures of the BDNF prodomain. J Neurochem 2017; 141:330-340. [PMID: 28218971 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Most growth factors and hormones are synthesized as pre-pro-proteins which are processed to the biologically active mature protein. The pre- and prodomains are cleaved from the precursor protein in the secretory pathway or, in some cases, extracellularly. The canonical functions of these prodomains are to assist in folding and stabilization of the mature domain, to direct intra and extracellular localization, to facilitate storage, and to regulate bioavailability of their mature counterpart. Recently, exciting evidence has revealed that prodomains of certain growth factors, after cleaved from the precursor pro-protein, can act as independent active signaling molecules. In this review, we discuss the various classical functions of prodomains, and the biological consequences of these pro-peptides acting as ligands. We will focus our attention on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor prodomain (pBDNF), which has been recently described as a novel secreted ligand influencing neuronal morphology and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Zanin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nicolás Unsain
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Agustin Anastasia
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
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12
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Gibon J, Barker PA. Neurotrophins and Proneurotrophins: Focus on Synaptic Activity and Plasticity in the Brain. Neuroscientist 2017; 23:587-604. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858417697037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins have been intensively studied and have multiple roles in the brain. Neurotrophins are first synthetized as proneurotrophins and then cleaved intracellularly and extracellularly. Increasing evidences demonstrate that proneurotrophins and mature neurotrophins exerts opposing role in the central nervous system. In the present review, we explore the role of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT4) and their respective proform in cellular processes related to learning and memory. We focused on their roles in synaptic activity and plasticity in the brain with an emphasis on long-term potentiation, long-term depression, and basal synaptic transmission in the hippocampus and the temporal lobe area. We also discuss new findings on the role of the Val66Met polymorphism on the BDNF propeptide on synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gibon
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Philip A. Barker
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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13
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Retrograde apoptotic signaling by the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Neuronal Signal 2017; 1:NS20160007. [PMID: 32714573 PMCID: PMC7373242 DOI: 10.1042/ns20160007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are target-derived factors necessary for mammalian nervous system development and maintenance. They are typically produced by neuronal target tissues and interact with their receptors at axonal endings. Therefore, locally generated neurotrophin signals must be conveyed from the axon back to the cell soma. Retrograde survival signaling by neurotrophin binding to Trk receptors has been extensively studied. However, neurotrophins also bind to the p75 receptor, which can induce apoptosis in a variety of contexts. Selective activation of p75 at distal axon ends has been shown to generate a retrograde apoptotic signal, although the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The present review summarizes the available evidence for retrograde proapoptotic signaling in general and the role of the p75 receptor in particular, with discussion of unanswered questions in the field. In-depth knowledge of the mechanisms of retrograde apoptotic signaling is essential for understanding the etiology of neurodegeneration in many diseases and injuries.
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14
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Smith FL, Davis RL. Organ of Corti explants direct tonotopically graded morphology of spiral ganglion neurons in vitro. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2182-207. [PMID: 26663318 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The spiral ganglion is a compelling model system to examine how morphological form contributes to sensory function. While the ganglion is composed mainly of a single class of type I neurons that make simple one-to-one connections with inner hair cell sensory receptors, it has an elaborate overall morphological design. Specific features, such as soma size and axon outgrowth, are graded along the spiral contour of the cochlea. To begin to understand the interplay between different regulators of neuronal morphology, we cocultured neuron explants with peripheral target tissues removed from distinct cochlear locations. Interestingly, these "hair cell microisolates" were capable of both increasing and decreasing neuronal somata size, without adversely affecting survival. Moreover, axon characteristics elaborated de novo by the primary afferents in culture were systematically regulated by the sensory endorgan. Apparent peripheral nervous system (PNS)-like and central nervous system (CNS)-like axonal profiles were established in our cocultures allowing an analysis of putative PNS/CNS axon length ratios. As predicted from the in vivo organization, PNS-like axon bundles elaborated by apical cocultures were longer than their basal counterparts and this phenotype was methodically altered when neuron explants were cocultured with microisolates from disparate cochlear regions. Thus, location-dependent signals within the organ of Corti may set the "address" of neurons within the spiral ganglion, allowing them to elaborate the appropriate tonotopically associated morphological features in order to carry out their signaling function. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2182-2207, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia L Smith
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robin L Davis
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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15
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Boggild S, Molgaard S, Glerup S, Nyengaard JR. Spatiotemporal patterns of sortilin and SorCS2 localization during organ development. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17:8. [PMID: 26964886 PMCID: PMC4785631 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sortilin and SorCS2 are part of the Vps10p receptor family. They have both been studied in nervous tissue with several important functions revealed, while their expression and possible functions in developing peripheral tissue remain poorly understood. Here we deliver a thorough characterization of the prenatal localization of sortilin and SorCS2 in mouse peripheral tissue. RESULTS Sortilin is highly expressed in epithelial tissues of the developing lung, nasal cavity, kidney, pancreas, salivary gland and developing intrahepatic bile ducts. Furthermore tissues such as the thyroid gland, developing cartilage and ossifying bone also show high expression of sortilin together with cell types such as megakaryocytes in the liver. SorCS2 is primarily expressed in mesodermally derived tissues such as striated muscle, adipose tissue, ossifying bone and general connective tissue throughout the body, as well as in lung epithelia. Furthermore, the adrenal gland and liver show high expression of SorCS2 in embryos 13.5 days old. CONCLUSIONS The possible functions relating to the expression patterns of Sortilin and SorCS2 in development are numerous and hopefully this paper will help to generate new hypotheses to further our understanding of the Vps10p receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Boggild
- MIND Centre, Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark. .,MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Simon Molgaard
- MIND Centre, Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark.,MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Glerup
- MIND Centre, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- MIND Centre, Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Skeldal S, Kjaergaard MM, Alwasel S, Nyengaard JR. Establishing a cellular FRET-based fluorescence plate reader assay to monitor proNGF-induced cross-linking of sortilin and the neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 6:17-25. [PMID: 26823987 PMCID: PMC4700122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Whereas the proform of the nerve growth factor (proNGF) is crucial for eliminating superfluous cells during neuronal development it also promotes apoptosis following brain trauma and neuronal injury. The apoptotic signal is elicited upon formation of a trimeric receptor complex also containing the vps10p domain receptor sortilin and the neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR). However, proNGF-induced receptor complex formation has been difficult to directly assess other than by western blotting. We here describe a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based fluorescence plate reader assay to monitor the interaction between fluorescently tagged sortilin and p75(NTR) in live cells. The method is based on a standard fluorescent plate reader found in many biochemical laboratories and the results are evaluated using a microscopy-based quantified sensitized acceptor emission FRET approach making use of a pair of FRET standard constructs. As a result, the effect of proNGF on the interaction between sortilin and p75(NTR) can be evaluated in live cells allowing for screening and selection of therapeutic compounds interfering with proNGF-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Skeldal
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Aarhus University8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory & Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maj M Kjaergaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Aarhus University8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory & Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- Fetal Programming of Disease Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Aarhus University8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory & Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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17
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Alder J, Fujioka W, Giarratana A, Wissocki J, Thakkar K, Vuong P, Patel B, Chakraborty T, Elsabeh R, Parikh A, Girn HS, Crockett D, Thakker-Varia S. Genetic and pharmacological intervention of the p75NTR pathway alters morphological and behavioural recovery following traumatic brain injury in mice. Brain Inj 2015; 30:48-65. [PMID: 26579945 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1088963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Neurotrophin levels are elevated after TBI, yet there is minimal regeneration. It was hypothesized that the pro-neurotrophin/p75NTR pathway is induced more than the mature neurotrophin/Trk pathway and that interfering with p75 signalling improves recovery following TBI. RESEARCH DESIGN Lateral Fluid Percussion (LFP) injury was performed on wildtype and p75 mutant mice. In addition, TrkB agonist 7,8 Dihydroxyflavone or p75 antagonist TAT-Pep5 were tested. Western blot and immunohistochemistry revealed biochemical and cellular changes. Morris Water Maze and Rotarod tests demonstrated cognitive and vestibulomotor function. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS p75 was up-regulated and TrkB was down-regulated 1 day post-LFP. p75 mutant mice as well as mice treated with the p75 antagonist or the TrkB agonist exhibited reduced neuronal death and degeneration and less astrocytosis. The cells undergoing apoptosis appear to be neurons rather than glia. There was improved motor function and spatial learning in p75 mutant mice and mice treated with the p75 antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Many of the pathological and behavioural consequences of TBI might be due to activation of the pro-neurotrophin/p75 toxic pathway overriding the protective mechanisms of the mature neurotrophin/Trk pathway. Targeting p75 can be a novel strategy to counteract the damaging effects of TBI.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/drug therapy
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/genetics
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Cognition/physiology
- Flavones/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Receptor, trkB/agonists
- Receptor, trkB/genetics
- Receptor, trkB/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Sensory Receptor Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Alder
- a Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Wendy Fujioka
- a Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Anna Giarratana
- a Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Jenna Wissocki
- a Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Keya Thakkar
- a Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Phung Vuong
- a Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Bijal Patel
- a Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | | | - Rami Elsabeh
- a Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Ankit Parikh
- a Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Hartaj S Girn
- a Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - David Crockett
- a Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Piscataway , NJ , USA
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18
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Safina DR, Surin AM, Pinelis VG, Kostrov SV. Effect of neurotrophin-3 precursor on glutamate-induced calcium homeostasis deregulation in rat cerebellum granule cells. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1865-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina R. Safina
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering; Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander M. Surin
- Laboratory of Ionic Transport and Intracellular Signaling Pathology; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular; Genetic, and Cell Biology, Scientific Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Moscow Russia
| | - Vsevolod G. Pinelis
- Laboratory of Molecular; Genetic, and Cell Biology, Scientific Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Sergey V. Kostrov
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering; Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Centre for Convergence of Nano-, Bio-, Information, and Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute,”; Moscow Russia
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19
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Shen W, Lee SR, Araujo J, Chung SH, Zhu L, Gillies MC. Effect of glucocorticoids on neuronal and vascular pathology in a transgenic model of selective Müller cell ablation. Glia 2014; 62:1110-24. [PMID: 24687761 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Retinal diseases such as macular telangiectasis type 2 (MacTel), age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) affect both neurons and blood vessels. Treatments addressing both at the same time might have advantages over more specific approaches, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, which are used to treat vascular leak but are suspected to have a neurotoxic effect. Here, we studied the effects of an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in a transgenic model in which patchy Müller cell ablation leads to photoreceptor degeneration, vascular leak, and intraretinal neovascularization. TA was injected 4 days before Müller cell ablation. Changes in photoreceptors, microglia and Müller cells, retinal vasculature, differential expression of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR) ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), the precursor and mature forms of neurotrophin 3 (pro-NT3 and mature NT3) and activation of the p53 and p38 stress-activated protein kinase (p38/SAPK) signaling pathways were examined. We found that TA prevented photoreceptor degeneration and inhibited activation of microglial and Müller cells. TA attenuated Müller cell loss and inhibited overexpression of p75(NTR) , TNFα, pro-NT, and the activation of p53 and p38/SAPK signaling pathways. TA not only prevented the development of retinal vascular lesions but also inhibited fluorescein leakage from established vascular lesions. TA inhibited overexpression of VEGF in transgenic mice but without affecting its basal level expression in the normal retina. Our data suggest that glucocorticoid treatment may be beneficial for treatment of retinal diseases such as MacTel, AMD, and DR that affect both neurons and the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyong Shen
- Macular Research Group. Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
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20
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Glerup S, Olsen D, Vaegter CB, Gustafsen C, Sjoegaard SS, Hermey G, Kjolby M, Molgaard S, Ulrichsen M, Boggild S, Skeldal S, Fjorback AN, Nyengaard JR, Jacobsen J, Bender D, Bjarkam CR, Sørensen ES, Füchtbauer EM, Eichele G, Madsen P, Willnow TE, Petersen CM, Nykjaer A. SorCS2 regulates dopaminergic wiring and is processed into an apoptotic two-chain receptor in peripheral glia. Neuron 2014; 82:1074-87. [PMID: 24908487 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Balancing trophic and apoptotic cues is critical for development and regeneration of neuronal circuits. Here we identify SorCS2 as a proneurotrophin (proNT) receptor, mediating both trophic and apoptotic signals in conjunction with p75(NTR). CNS neurons, but not glia, express SorCS2 as a single-chain protein that is essential for proBDNF-induced growth cone collapse in developing dopaminergic processes. SorCS2- or p75(NTR)-deficient in mice caused reduced dopamine levels and metabolism and dopaminergic hyperinnervation of the frontal cortex. Accordingly, both knockout models displayed a paradoxical behavioral response to amphetamine reminiscent of ADHD. Contrary, in PNS glia, but not in neurons, proteolytic processing produced a two-chain SorCS2 isoform that mediated proNT-dependent Schwann cell apoptosis. Sciatic nerve injury triggered generation of two-chain SorCS2 in p75(NTR)-positive dying Schwann cells, with apoptosis being profoundly attenuated in Sorcs2(-/-) mice. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that two-chain processing of SorCS2 enables neurons and glia to respond differently to proneurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Glerup
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Ditte Olsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian B Vaegter
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Camilla Gustafsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Susanne S Sjoegaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Guido Hermey
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mads Kjolby
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Molgaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; MIND Center, Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maj Ulrichsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Boggild
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sune Skeldal
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anja N Fjorback
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- MIND Center, Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Jacobsen
- PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dirk Bender
- PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten R Bjarkam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben S Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Gregor Eichele
- Department of Genes and Behaviour, Max Plack Institute, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peder Madsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus M Petersen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Nykjaer
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 4, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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21
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Thakker-Varia S, Behnke J, Doobin D, Dalal V, Thakkar K, Khadim F, Wilson E, Palmieri A, Antila H, Rantamaki T, Alder J. VGF (TLQP-62)-induced neurogenesis targets early phase neural progenitor cells in the adult hippocampus and requires glutamate and BDNF signaling. Stem Cell Res 2014; 12:762-77. [PMID: 24747217 PMCID: PMC4991619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide VGF (non-acronymic), which has antidepressant-like effects, enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis as well as synaptic activity and plasticity in the hippocampus, however the interaction between these processes and the mechanism underlying this regulation remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that VGF-derived peptide TLQP-62 specifically enhances the generation of early progenitor cells in nestin-GFP mice. Specifically, TLQP-62 significantly increases the number of Type 2a neural progenitor cells (NPCs) while reducing the number of more differentiated Type 3 cells. The effect of TLQP-62 on proliferation rather than differentiation was confirmed using NPCs in vitro; TLQP-62 but not scrambled peptide PEHN-62 increases proliferation in a cell line as well as in primary progenitors from adult hippocampus. Moreover, TLQP-62 but not scrambled peptide increases Cyclin D mRNA expression. The proliferation of NPCs induced by TLQP-62 requires synaptic activity, in particular through NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors. The activation of glutamate receptors by TLQP-62 activation induces phosphorylation of CaMKII through NMDA receptors and protein kinase D through metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). Furthermore, pharmacological antagonists to CaMKII and PKD inhibit TLQP-62-induced proliferation of NPCs indicating that these signaling molecules downstream of glutamate receptors are essential for the actions of TLQP-62 on neurogenesis. We also show that TLQP-62 gradually activates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)-receptor TrkB in vitro and that Trk signaling is required for TLQP-62-induced proliferation of NPCs. Understanding the precise molecular mechanism of how TLQP-62 influences neurogenesis may reveal mechanisms by which VGF-derived peptides act as antidepressant-like agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Thakker-Varia
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Joseph Behnke
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - David Doobin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Vidhi Dalal
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Keya Thakkar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Farah Khadim
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Alicia Palmieri
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Hanna Antila
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tomi Rantamaki
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Janet Alder
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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22
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Andersen JL, Schrøder TJ, Christensen S, Strandbygård D, Pallesen LT, García-Alai MM, Lindberg S, Langgård M, Eskildsen JC, David L, Tagmose L, Simonsen KB, Maltas PJ, Rønn LCB, de Jong IEM, Malik IJ, Egebjerg J, Karlsson JJ, Uppalanchi S, Sakumudi DR, Eradi P, Watson SP, Thirup S. Identification of the first small-molecule ligand of the neuronal receptor sortilin and structure determination of the receptor-ligand complex. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:451-60. [PMID: 24531479 PMCID: PMC3940197 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sortilin is a type I membrane glycoprotein belonging to the vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (Vps10p) family of sorting receptors and is most abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. Sortilin has emerged as a key player in the regulation of neuronal viability and has been implicated as a possible therapeutic target in a range of disorders. Here, the identification of AF40431, the first reported small-molecule ligand of sortilin, is reported. Crystals of the sortilin-AF40431 complex were obtained by co-crystallization and the structure of the complex was solved to 2.7 Å resolution. AF40431 is bound in the neurotensin-binding site of sortilin, with the leucine moiety of AF40431 mimicking the binding mode of the C-terminal leucine of neurotensin and the 4-methylumbelliferone moiety of AF40431 forming π-stacking with a phenylalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lauwring Andersen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Centre MIND, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tenna Juul Schrøder
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Søren Christensen
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Strandbygård
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Centre MIND, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lone Tjener Pallesen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Centre MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Marta García-Alai
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Centre MIND, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Samsa Lindberg
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Morten Langgård
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Laurent David
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Lena Tagmose
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Klaus Baek Simonsen
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Philip James Maltas
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Inge E. M. de Jong
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim John Malik
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Jan Egebjerg
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Jens-Jacob Karlsson
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Srinivas Uppalanchi
- Medicinal Chemistry, GVK BioScience, Plot No. 28 A, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad 500 076, India
| | - Durga Rao Sakumudi
- Medicinal Chemistry, GVK BioScience, Plot No. 28 A, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad 500 076, India
| | - Pradheep Eradi
- Medicinal Chemistry, GVK BioScience, Plot No. 28 A, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad 500 076, India
| | - Steven P. Watson
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Søren Thirup
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Centre MIND, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Abstract
The sortilin family of Vps10p-domain receptors includes sortilin, SorLA, and SorCS1-3. These type-I transmembrane receptors predominate in distinct neuronal tissues, but expression is also present in certain specialized non-neuronal cell populations including hepatocytes and cells of the immune system. The biology of sortilins is complex as they participate in both cell signaling and in intracellular protein sorting. Sortilins function physiologically in signaling by pro- and mature neurotrophins in neuronal viability and functionality. Recent genome-wide association studies have linked members to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and bipolar disorder and outside the nervous system to development of coronary artery disease and type-2 diabetes. Particularly well described are the receptor functions in neuronal signaling by pro- (proNT) and mature (NT) neurotrophins and in the processing/metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Glerup
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership, and The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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24
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Abstract
Like most growth factors, neurotrophins are initially synthesized as precursors that are cleaved to release C-terminal mature forms. The well-characterized mature neurotrophins bind to Trk receptors to initiate survival and differentiative responses. More recently, the precursor forms or proneurotrophins have been found to act as distinct ligands by binding to an unrelated receptor complex consisting of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75) and sortilin to initiate cell death. Induction of proNGF and p75 has been observed in preclinical injury models and in pathological states in the central nervous system, and strategies that block the proNGF/p75 interaction are effective in limiting neuronal apoptosis. In contrast, the mechanisms that regulate expression of other proneurotrophins, including proBDNF and proNT-3, are less well understood. Here, recent findings on the biological actions, regulation of expression, and pathophysiological effects of proneurotrophins will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Hempstead
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Room C610, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA,
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25
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Shen W, Zhu L, Lee SR, Chung SH, Gillies MC. Involvement of NT3 and P75(NTR) in photoreceptor degeneration following selective Müller cell ablation. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:137. [PMID: 24224958 PMCID: PMC3831588 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotrophins can regulate opposing functions that result in cell survival or apoptosis, depending on which form of the protein is secreted and which receptor and signaling pathway is activated. We have recently developed a transgenic model in which inducible and patchy Müller cell ablation leads to photoreceptor degeneration. This study aimed to examine the roles of mature neurotrophin-3 (NT3), pro-NT3 and p75 neurotrophin receptor (P75(NTR)) in photoreceptor degeneration in this model. METHODS Transgenic mice received tamoxifen to induce Müller cell ablation. Changes in the status of Müller and microglia cells as well as expression of mature NT3, pro-NT3 and P75(NTR) were examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Recombinant mature NT3 and an antibody neutralizing 75(NTR) were injected intravitreally 3 and 6 days after Müller cell ablation to examine their effects on photoreceptor degeneration and microglial activation. RESULTS We found that patchy loss of Müller cells was associated with activation of surviving Müller cells and microglial cells, concurrently with reduced expression of mature NT3 and upregulation of pro-NT3 and P75(NTR). Intravitreal injection of mature NT3 and a neutralizing antibody to P75NTR, either alone or in combination, attenuated photoreceptor degeneration and the beneficial effect was associated with inhibition of microglial activation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Müller cell ablation alters the balance between the protective and deleterious effects of mature NT3 and pro-NT3. Modulation of the neuroprotective action of mature NT3 and pro-apoptotic pro-NT3/P75(NTR) signaling may represent a novel pharmacological strategy for photoreceptor protection in retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyong Shen
- Save Sight Institute, the University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney 2000, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, the University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney 2000, Australia
| | - So-Ra Lee
- Save Sight Institute, the University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney 2000, Australia
| | - Sook H Chung
- Save Sight Institute, the University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney 2000, Australia
| | - Mark C Gillies
- Save Sight Institute, the University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney 2000, Australia
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26
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Xia Y, Chen BY, Sun XL, Duan L, Gao GD, Wang JJ, Yung KKL, Chen LW. Presence of proNGF-sortilin signaling complex in nigral dopamine neurons and its variation in relation to aging, lactacystin and 6-OHDA insults. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14085-104. [PMID: 23880857 PMCID: PMC3742233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown that proNGF-p75NTR-sortilin signaling might be a crucial factor in neurodegeneration, but it remains unclear if it may function in nigral neurons under aging and disease. The purpose of this study is to examine and quantify proNGF and sortilin expression in the substantia nigra and dynamic changes of aging in lactacystin and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat models of Parkinson’s disease using immunofluorescence, electronic microscopy, western blot and FLIVO staining methods. The expression of proNGF and sortilin was abundantly and selectively identified in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. These proNGF/TH, sortilin/TH-positive neurons were densely distributed in the ventral tier, while they were less distributed in the dorsal tier, where calbindin-D28K-containing neurons were numerously located. A correlated decrease of proNGF, sortilin and TH was also detected during animal aging process. While increase of proNGF, sortilin and cleaved (active) caspase-3 expression was found in the lactacystin model, dynamic proNGF and sortilin changes along with dopamine neuronal loss were demonstrated in the substantia nigra of both the lactacystin and 6-OHDA models. This study has thus revealed the presence of the proNGF-sortilin signaling complex in nigral dopamine neurons and its response to aging, lactacystin and 6-OHDA insults, suggesting that it might contribute to neuronal apoptosis or neurodegeneration during pathogenesis and disease progression of Parkinson’s disease; the underlying mechanism and key signaling pathways involved warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xia
- Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; E-Mails: (Y.X.); (X.-L.S.); (L.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdou Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China; E-Mail:
| | - Bei-Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; E-Mail:
| | - Xiao-Long Sun
- Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; E-Mails: (Y.X.); (X.-L.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Li Duan
- Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; E-Mails: (Y.X.); (X.-L.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Guo-Dong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdou Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jing-Jie Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdou Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.-J.W.); (L.-W.C.); Tel.: +86-29-8477-6840 (L.-W.C.); Fax: +86-29-8324-6270 (L.-W.C.)
| | - Ken Kam-Lin Yung
- Department of Biology, Baptist University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; E-Mail:
| | - Liang-Wei Chen
- Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; E-Mails: (Y.X.); (X.-L.S.); (L.D.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.-J.W.); (L.-W.C.); Tel.: +86-29-8477-6840 (L.-W.C.); Fax: +86-29-8324-6270 (L.-W.C.)
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27
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Peng C, Yin X, Li M, He T, Li G. Construction of a eukaryotic expression plasmid for human retina-derived neurotrophin-3. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:1031-40. [PMID: 25206397 PMCID: PMC4145883 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) can promote the repair of central nervous system and retinal damage. In previous reports, NT-3 has been expressed by viral vectors. However, plasmid vectors have a safer profile compared with viral vectors in clinical studies. This study recombined amplified human retinal NT-3 with a eukaryotic expression plasmid containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) to construct an NT-3 expression plasmid, pEGFP-N1-NT-3. The transfection efficiency 48 hours after pEGFP-N1-NT-3 transfection to 293T cells was 50.06 ± 2.78%. Abundant NT-3-GFP was expressed in 293T cells as observed by fluorescence microscopy, suggesting the construct pEGFP-N1-NT-3 effectively expressed and secreted NT-3-GFP. Secretory vesicles containing NT-3-GFP were observed in a constant location in cells by laser scan confocal microscopy, indicating the expression and secretion processes of NT-3 in eukaryotic cells were in accordance with the physical synthesis processes of secreted proteins. Western blot assay showed that pro-NT-3-GFP had a molecular weight of 56 kDa, further confirming NT-3-GFP expression. At 48 hours after transfection, the concentration of NT-3 in culture medium was 22.3 ng/mL, suggesting NT-3 produced by pEGFP-N1-NT-3 was efficiently secreted. This study constructed a human retinal-derived NT-3 eukaryotic expression plasmid that efficiently expressed and secreted NT-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Peng
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaobei Yin
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mengda Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ting He
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Genlin Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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28
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Devader C, Béraud-Dufour S, Coppola T, Mazella J. The anti-apoptotic role of neurotensin. Cells 2013; 2:124-35. [PMID: 24709648 PMCID: PMC3972661 DOI: 10.3390/cells2010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide, neurotensin, exerts numerous biological functions, including an efficient anti-apoptotic role, both in the central nervous system and in the periphery. This review summarizes studies that clearly evidenced the protective effect of neurotensin through its three known receptors. The pivotal involvement of the neurotensin receptor-3, also called sortilin, in the molecular mechanisms of the anti-apoptotic action of neurotensin has been analyzed in neuronal cell death, in cancer cell growth and in pancreatic beta cell protection. The relationships between the anti-apoptotic role of neurotensin and important physiological and pathological contexts are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Devader
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 route des Lucioles, Valbonne 06560, France.
| | - Sophie Béraud-Dufour
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 route des Lucioles, Valbonne 06560, France
| | - Thierry Coppola
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 route des Lucioles, Valbonne 06560, France.
| | - Jean Mazella
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 route des Lucioles, Valbonne 06560, France.
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29
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Kondo K, Pak K, Chavez E, Mullen L, Euteneuer S, Ryan AF. Changes in responsiveness of rat spiral ganglion neurons to neurotrophins across age: differential regulation of survival and neuritogenesis. Int J Neurosci 2013; 123:465-75. [PMID: 23301942 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.764497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Developmental changes in responsiveness of rat spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) to neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were examined using an explant culture system. Spiral ganglion (SG) explants at embryonic Day 18 (E18), postnatal Day 0 (P0), P5, P10 and P20 were cultured with the addition of either NT-3 or BDNF at various concentrations (0.1-100 ng/ml) and analyzed the dose-response characteristics of three parameters: SGN survival, the number of neurites emanating from the explants and the length of neurite extension. In E18 cultures, SGN survival and neurite number were enhanced more strongly by NT-3 than by the BDNF. As the explants became more mature, the effects of NT-3 decreased, whereas those of BDNF increased, peaking at P0. Although the intrinsic capacity of SGNs to produce and extend neurites declined considerably by P20, they still retained the capacity to respond to both NT-3 and BDNF. These temporal patterns in responsiveness of SGNs to neurotrophins correspond well to the expression pattern of the two neurotrophins in cochlear sensory epithelium in vivo and also correlate with the time course of developmental events in SGNs such as cell death and the establishment of mature hair cell innervation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kondo
- Division of Otolaryngology and Neurosciences, Department of Surgery and Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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30
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Capsoni S, Amato G, Vignone D, Criscuolo C, Nykjaer A, Cattaneo A. Dissecting the role of sortilin receptor signaling in neurodegeneration induced by NGF deprivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:579-85. [PMID: 23313508 PMCID: PMC3585961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sortilin is a member of the family of vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein domain receptors which has emerged as a co-receptor in cell death and neurodegeneration processes mediated by proneurotrophins. Here we tested the possibility that sortilin deficiency interferes with behavioral and neuropathological endpoints in a chronic Nerve Growth factor (NGF)-deprivation model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the AD10 anti-NGF mouse. AD10 mice show cholinergic deficit, increased APP processing and tau hyper-phosphorylation, resulting in behavioral deficits in learning and memory paradigms assessed by novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. Sort1−/− mice were crossed with AD10 anti-NGF mice and the neurodegenerative phenotype was studied. We found that the loss of sortilin partially protected AD10 anti-NGF mice from neurodegeneration. A protective effect was observed on non-spatial memory as assessed by novel object recognition, and histopathologically at the level of Aβ and BFCNs, while the phosphotau increase was unaltered by knocking out sortilin. We suggest that sortilin might be involved in different aspects of neurodegeneration in a complex way, supporting the view that sortilin functions in the CNS are broader than being a co-receptor in proneurotrophin and neurotrophin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Capsoni
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
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31
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Skeldal S, Sykes AM, Glerup S, Matusica D, Palstra N, Autio H, Boskovic Z, Madsen P, Castrén E, Nykjaer A, Coulson EJ. Mapping of the interaction site between sortilin and the p75 neurotrophin receptor reveals a regulatory role for the sortilin intracellular domain in p75 neurotrophin receptor shedding and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43798-809. [PMID: 23105113 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.374710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins comprise a group of neuronal growth factors that are essential for the development and maintenance of the nervous system. However, the immature pro-neurotrophins promote apoptosis by engaging in a complex with sortilin and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)). To identify the interaction site between sortilin and p75(NTR), we analyzed binding between chimeric receptor constructs and truncated p75(NTR) variants by co-immunoprecipitation experiments, surface plasmon resonance analysis, and FRET. We found that complex formation between sortilin and p75(NTR) relies on contact points in the extracellular domains of the receptors. We also determined that the interaction critically depends on an extracellular juxtamembrane 23-amino acid sequence of p75(NTR). Functional studies further revealed an important regulatory function of the sortilin intracellular domain in p75(NTR)-regulated intramembrane proteolysis and apoptosis. Thus, although the intracellular domain of sortilin does not contribute to p75(NTR) binding, it does regulate the rates of p75(NTR) cleavage, which is required to mediate pro-neurotrophin-stimulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Skeldal
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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32
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Kim DH, Hong BN, Le HT, Hong HN, Lim CW, Park KH, Kim TW, Kang TH. Small molecular weight PEGylation of diosgenin in an in vivo animal study for diabetic auditory impairment treatment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4609-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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33
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Taylor AR, Gifondorwa DJ, Robinson MB, Strupe JL, Prevette D, Johnson JE, Hempstead BL, Oppenheim RW, Milligan CE. Motoneuron programmed cell death in response to proBDNF. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:699-712. [PMID: 21834083 PMCID: PMC3233653 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Motoneurons (MN) as well as most neuronal populations undergo a temporally and spatially specific period of programmed cell death (PCD). Several factors have been considered to regulate the survival of MNs during this period, including availability of muscle-derived trophic support and activity. The possibility that target-derived factors may also negatively regulate MN survival has been considered, but not pursued. Neurotrophin precursors, through their interaction with p75(NTR) and sortilin receptors have been shown to induce cell death during development and following injury in the CNS. In this study, we find that muscle cells produce and secrete proBDNF. ProBDNF through its interaction with p75(NTR) and sortilin, promotes a caspase-dependent death of MNs in culture. We also provide data to suggest that proBDNF regulates MN PCD during development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- AR Taylor
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC
| | - DJ Gifondorwa
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC
| | - MB Robinson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC
| | - JL Strupe
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC
| | - D Prevette
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC
| | - JE Johnson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC
| | - BL Hempstead
- Department of Medicine Cornell University Medical Center, NY
| | - RW Oppenheim
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC
- ALS Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC
| | - CE Milligan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC
- ALS Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC
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34
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Sortilin participates in light-dependent photoreceptor degeneration in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36243. [PMID: 22558402 PMCID: PMC3338683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both proNGF and the neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) are known to regulate photoreceptor cell death caused by exposure of albino mice to intense illumination. ProNGF-induced apoptosis requires the participation of sortilin as a necessary p75NTR co-receptor, suggesting that sortilin may participate in the photoreceptor degeneration triggered by intense lighting. We report here that light-exposed albino mice showed sortilin, p75NTR, and proNGF expression in the outer nuclear layer, the retinal layer where photoreceptor cell bodies are located. In addition, cone progenitor-derived 661W cells subjected to intense illumination expressed sortilin and p75NTR and released proNGF into the culture medium. Pharmacological blockade of sortilin with either neurotensin or the “pro” domain of proNGF (pro-peptide) favored the survival of 661W cells subjected to intense light. In vivo, the pro-peptide attenuated retinal cell death in light-exposed albino mice. We propose that an auto/paracrine proapoptotic mechanism based on the interaction of proNGF with the receptor complex p75NTR/sortilin participates in intense light-dependent photoreceptor cell death. We therefore propose sortilin as a putative target for intervention in hereditary retinal dystrophies.
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35
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Nykjaer A, Willnow TE. Sortilin: a receptor to regulate neuronal viability and function. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:261-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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