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Yang Z, Luo X, Shi Y, Zhou T, Luo K, Lai Y, Yu P, Liu L, Olchev A, Bond-Lamberty B, Hao D, Jian J, Fan S, Cai C, Tang X. Controls and variability of soil respiration temperature sensitivity across China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161974. [PMID: 36740054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil respiration is critical for benchmarking the potential intensity of regional and global terrestrial soil carbon fluxes-climate feedbacks. Although field observations have demonstrated the strong spatial heterogeneity of Q10, a significant knowledge gap still exists regarding to the factors driving spatial and temporal variabilities of Q10 at regional scales. Therefore, we used a machine learning approach to predict Q10 from 1994 to 2016 with a spatial resolution of 1 km across China from 515 field observations at 5 cm soil depth using climate, soil and vegetation variables. Predicted Q10 varied from 1.54 to 4.17, with an area-weighted average of 2.52. There was no significant temporal trend for Q10 (p = 0.32), but annual vegetation production (indicated by normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) was positively correlated to it (p < 0.01). Spatially, soil organic carbon (SOC) was the most important driving factor in 62 % of the land area across China, and varied greatly, demonstrating soil controls on the spatial pattern of Q10. These findings highlighted different environmental controls on the spatial and temporal pattern of soil respiration Q10, which should be considered to improve global biogeochemical models used to predict the spatial and temporal patterns of soil carbon fluxes to ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinrui Luo
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuehong Shi
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Luo
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunsen Lai
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Yu
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Liu
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
| | - Alexander Olchev
- Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global Change Research Institute at the University of Maryland-College Park, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Dalei Hao
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Jinshi Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shaohui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Chunju Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xiaolu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China.
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2
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Rembelski M, Fraterrigo J. Drought reduces invasive grass performance by disrupting plant-microbe interactions that enhance plant nitrogen supply. Oecologia 2023; 201:549-564. [PMID: 36598562 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-native invasive plants can promote their dominance in novel ecosystems by accelerating soil nutrient cycling via interactions with decomposer microbes. Changes in abiotic conditions associated with frequent or prolonged drought may disrupt these interactions, but the effects of disruption on invasive plant performance and the underpinning mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we used rainout shelters in an experimental field setting to test the hypothesis that drought reduces invasive plant performance by reducing microbial metabolic activity, resulting in decreased nitrogen flow to plants. We imposed growing season drought on populations of the exotic grass Microstegium vimineum, a widespread invasive plant in eastern deciduous forests, and quantified effects on aboveground and belowground biomass, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling among plants, decomposers, and soil. Drought resulted in a 24% decrease in soil respiration, a 16% decrease in phenol oxidase enzyme activity, a 12% decrease in dissolved organic N concentration, and a decrease in the C:N ratio of particulate organic matter, suggesting reduced microbial metabolic activity and nutrient mining of soil organic matter. Drought also reduced aboveground Microstegium biomass 33% and increased Microstegium leaf C:N ratio, consistent with a decline in plant N uptake. We conclude that drought can reduce the performance of existing invasive species populations by suppressing plant-microbe interactions that increase nitrogen supply to plants, which may have consequences for the persistence of invasive plants under hydrologic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Rembelski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer Fraterrigo
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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3
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Chertov O, Kuzyakov Y, Priputina I, Frolov P, Shanin V, Grabarnik P. Modelling the Rhizosphere Priming Effect in Combination with Soil Food Webs to Quantify Interaction between Living Plant, Soil Biota and Soil Organic Matter. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2605. [PMID: 36235471 PMCID: PMC9572548 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A model of rhizosphere priming effect under impact of root exudate input into rhizosphere soil was developed as an important process of the plant-soil interaction. The model was based on the concept of nitrogen (N) mining, compensating for the N scarcity in exudates for microbial growth by accelerating SOM mineralisation. In the model, N deficiency for microbial growth is covered ("mined") by the increased SOM mineralisation depending on the C:N ratio of the soil and exudates. The new aspect in the model is a food web procedure, which calculates soil fauna feeding on microorganisms, the return of faunal by-products to SOM and mineral N production for root uptake. The model verification demonstrated similar magnitude of the priming effect in simulations as in the published experimental data. Model testing revealed high sensitivity of the simulation results to N content in exudates. Simulated CO2 emission from the priming can reach 10-40% of CO2 emission from the whole Ah horizon of boreal forest soil depending on root exudation rates. This modeling approach with including food web activity allows quantifying wider aspects of the priming effect functioning including ecologically important available N production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Chertov
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bingen University of Applied Sciences, Berlin Str. 109, 55411 Bingen, Germany
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Department of Agricultural Soil Science, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Agro-Technological Institute, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Priputina
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Pavel Frolov
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Vladimir Shanin
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya st., 84/32, bld. 14, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Grabarnik
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 2, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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4
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Bi Y, Wang X, Cai Y, Christie P. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increases plant above-belowground feedback in a northwest Chinese coal mining-degraded soil by increasing photosynthetic carbon assimilation and allocation to maize. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:72612-72627. [PMID: 35610456 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A three-compartment culture system was used to study the mechanism by which the AM fungus Funneliformis mosseae influences host plant growth and soil organic carbon (SOC) content in a northwest China coal mining area. A 13CO2 pulse tracing technique was used to trace the allocation of maize photosynthetic C in shoots, roots, AM fungus, and soil. Carbon accumulation and allocation in mycorrhizal (inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae) and non-mycorrhizal treatments were detected. AM fungal inoculation significantly increased the 13C concentration and content in both above- and below-ground plant parts and also significantly enhanced anti-aging ability by increasing soluble sugars and catalase activity (CAT) in maize leaves while reducing foliar malondialdehyde content (MDA) and leaf temperature and promoted plant growth. AM fungi also increased P uptake to promote maize growth. Soil organic carbon (SOC), glomalin, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and nitrogen (MBN) contents increased significantly after inoculation. A mutually beneficial system was established involving maize, the AM fungus and the microbiome, and the AM fungus became an important regulator of C flux between the above- and below-ground parts of the system. Inoculation with the AM fungus promoted plant growth, C fixation and allocation belowground to enhance soil quality. A positive above-belowground feedback appeared to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinli Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
- Institute of Ecological Environmental Restoration in Mine Areas of West China, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Institute of Ecological Environmental Restoration in Mine Areas of West China, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
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5
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Lu J, Yang J, Keitel C, Yin L, Wang P, Cheng W, Dijkstra FA. Belowground Carbon Efficiency for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Acquisition Varies Between Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens and Depends on Phosphorus Fertilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:927435. [PMID: 35812934 PMCID: PMC9263692 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.927435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetically derived carbon (C) is allocated belowground, allowing plants to obtain nutrients. However, less is known about the amount of nutrients acquired relative to the C allocated belowground, which is referred to as C efficiency for nutrient acquisition (CENA). Here, we examined how C efficiency for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) acquisition varied between ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and clover (Trifolium repens) with and without P fertilization. A continuous 13C-labeling method was applied to track belowground C allocation. Both species allocated nearly half of belowground C to rhizosphere respiration (49%), followed by root biomass (37%), and rhizodeposition (14%). With regard to N and P, CENA was higher for clover than for ryegrass, which remained higher after accounting for relatively low C costs associated with biological N2 fixation. Phosphorus fertilization increased the C efficiency for P acquisition but decreased the C efficiency for N acquisition. A higher CENA for N and P in clover may be attributed to the greater rhizosphere priming on soil organic matter decomposition. Increased P availability with P fertilization could induce lower C allocation for P uptake but exacerbate soil N limitation, thereby making N uptake less C efficient. Overall, our study revealed that species-specific belowground C allocation and nutrient uptake efficiency depend on which nutrient is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Claudia Keitel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Liming Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Weixin Cheng
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Feike A. Dijkstra
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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6
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Mo F, Ren C, Yu K, Zhou Z, Phillips RP, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Dang Y, Han J, Ye J, Vinay N, Liao Y, Xiong Y, Wen X. Global pattern of soil priming effect intensity and its environmental drivers. Ecology 2022; 103:e3790. [PMID: 35718753 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The microbial priming effect - the decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) induced by plant inputs - has long been considered an important driver of SOC dynamics, yet we have limited understanding about the direction, intensitiy, and drivers of priming across ecosystem types and biomes. This gap hinders our ability to predict how shifts in litter inputs under global change can affect climate feedbacks. Here, we synthesized 18,919 observations of CO2 effluxes in 802 soils across the globe to test the relative effects (i.e., log response ratio; RR) of litter additions on native SOC decomposition, and identified the dominant environmental drivers in natural ecosystems and agricultural lands. Globally, litter additions enhanced native SOC decomposition (RR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.32 ~ 0.38), with greater priming effects occurring with decreasing latitude, and more in agricultural soils (RR = 0.43) than in uncultivated soils (RR = 0.28). In natural ecosystems, soil pH and microbial community composition (e.g., bacteria:fungi ratio) were the best predictors of priming, with greater effects occurring in acidic, bacterial-dominated, sandy soils. In contrast, substrate properties of plant litter and soils were the most important drivers of priming in agricultural systems, as soils with high C:N ratio and those receiving large inputs of low quality litter had the highest priming effects. Collectively, our results suggest that while different factors may control priming effects, the ubquitious nature of priming means that alterations of litter quality and quantity owing to global changes will likely have consequences for global C cycling and climate forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Mo
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengjie Ren
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kailiang Yu
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zhenghu Zhou
- Center for Ecological Research, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, China
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IM, USA
| | - Zhongkui Luo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yeye Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuteng Dang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Han
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiansheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Nangia Vinay
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box 6299-10112, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Yuncheng Liao
- Collage of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Youcai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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7
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Aldorfová A, Dostálek T, Münzbergová Z. Effects of soil conditioning, root and shoot litter addition interact to determine the intensity of plant–soil feedback. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aldorfová
- Inst. of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ. in Prague Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Dostálek
- Inst. of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ. in Prague Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Inst. of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ. in Prague Praha 2 Czech Republic
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D'Alò F, Odriozola I, Baldrian P, Zucconi L, Ripa C, Cannone N, Malfasi F, Brancaleoni L, Onofri S. Microbial activity in alpine soils under climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147012. [PMID: 33872894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil enzymatic activity was assessed in the Stelvio Pass area (Italian Central Alps) aiming to define the possible effects of climate change on microbial functioning. Two sites at two different elevations were chosen, a subalpine (2239 m) and an alpine belt (2604-2624 m), with mean annual air temperature differing by almost 3 °C, coherent with the worst future warming scenario (RCP 8.5) by 2100. The lower altitude site may represent a proxy of the potential future situation at higher altitude after the upward shift of subalpine vegetation due to climate change. Additionally, hexagonal open top chambers (OTCs) were installed at the upper site, to passively increase by about 2 °C the summer inner temperature to simulate short term effects of warming before the vegetation shift takes place. Soil physicochemical properties and the bacterial and fungal abundances of the above samples were also considered. The subalpine soils showed a higher microbial activity, especially for hydrolytic enzymes, higher carbon, ammonium and hydrogen (p < 0.001) contents, and a slightly higher PO4 content (p < 0.05) than alpine soils. Bacterial abundance was higher than fungal abundance, both for alpine and subalpine soils. On the other hand, the short term effect, which increased the mean soil temperature during the peak of the growing season in the OTC, showed to induce scarcely significant differences for edaphic parameters and microbial biomass content among the warmed and control plots. Using the manipulative warming experiments, we demonstrated that warming is able to change the enzyme activity starting from colder and higher altitude sites, known to be more vulnerable to the rising temperatures associated with climate change. Although five-years of experimental warming does not allow us to make bold conclusions, it appeared that warming-induced upwards vegetation shift might induce more substantial changes in enzymatic activities than the short-term effects, in the present vegetation context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica D'Alò
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Caterina Ripa
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Cannone
- Department of Science and High Technology, Insubria University, Via Valleggio 11, 21100 Como, CO, Italy.
| | - Francesco Malfasi
- Department of Science and High Technology, Insubria University, Via Valleggio 11, 21100 Como, CO, Italy.
| | - Lisa Brancaleoni
- Botanical Garden, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Silvano Onofri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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9
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Daly AB, Jilling A, Bowles TM, Buchkowski RW, Frey SD, Kallenbach CM, Keiluweit M, Mooshammer M, Schimel JP, Grandy AS. A holistic framework integrating plant-microbe-mineral regulation of soil bioavailable nitrogen. BIOGEOCHEMISTRY 2021; 154:211-229. [PMID: 34759436 PMCID: PMC8570341 DOI: 10.1007/s10533-021-00793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Soil organic nitrogen (N) is a critical resource for plants and microbes, but the processes that govern its cycle are not well-described. To promote a holistic understanding of soil N dynamics, we need an integrated model that links soil organic matter (SOM) cycling to bioavailable N in both unmanaged and managed landscapes, including agroecosystems. We present a framework that unifies recent conceptual advances in our understanding of three critical steps in bioavailable N cycling: organic N (ON) depolymerization and solubilization; bioavailable N sorption and desorption on mineral surfaces; and microbial ON turnover including assimilation, mineralization, and the recycling of microbial products. Consideration of the balance between these processes provides insight into the sources, sinks, and flux rates of bioavailable N. By accounting for interactions among the biological, physical, and chemical controls over ON and its availability to plants and microbes, our conceptual model unifies complex mechanisms of ON transformation in a concrete conceptual framework that is amenable to experimental testing and translates into ideas for new management practices. This framework will allow researchers and practitioners to use common measurements of particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) to design strategic organic N-cycle interventions that optimize ecosystem productivity and minimize environmental N loss. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10533-021-00793-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Daly
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - Andrea Jilling
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK USA
| | - Timothy M. Bowles
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | | | - Serita D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | | | - Marco Keiluweit
- School of Earth & Sustainability and Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA USA
| | - Maria Mooshammer
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Joshua P. Schimel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - A. Stuart Grandy
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824 USA
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10
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Sun Y, Zang H, Splettstößer T, Kumar A, Xu X, Kuzyakov Y, Pausch J. Plant intraspecific competition and growth stage alter carbon and nitrogen mineralization in the rhizosphere. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1231-1242. [PMID: 33175402 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots interact with rhizosphere microorganisms to accelerate soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization for nutrient acquisition. Root-mediated changes in SOM mineralization largely depend on root-derived carbon (root-C) input and soil nutrient status. Hence, intraspecific competition over plant development and spatiotemporal variability in the root-C input and nutrients uptake may modify SOM mineralization. To investigate the effect of intraspecific competition on SOM mineralization at three growth stages (heading, flowering, and ripening), we grew maize (C4 plant) under three planting densities on a C3 soil and determined in situ soil C- and N-mineralization by 13 C-natural abundance and 15 N-pool dilution approaches. From heading to ripening, soil C- and N-mineralization rates exhibit similar unimodal trends and were tightly coupled. The C-to-N-mineralization ratio (0.6 to 2.6) increased with N availability, indicating that an increase in N-mineralization with N depletion was driven by microorganisms mining N-rich SOM. With the intraspecific competition, plants increased specific root lengths as an efficient strategy to compete for resources. Root morphologic traits rather than root biomass per se were positively related to C- and N-mineralization. Overall, plant phenology and intraspecific competition controlled the intensity and mechanisms of soil C- and N- mineralization by the adaptation of root traits and nutrient mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Agroecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Huadong Zang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas Splettstößer
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate and Boreal Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Amit Kumar
- Chair of Ecosystem Functioning and Services, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Xingliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate and Boreal Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Johanna Pausch
- Department of Agroecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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11
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Mo C, Jiang Z, Chen P, Cui H, Yang J. Microbial metabolic efficiency functions as a mediator to regulate rhizosphere priming effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143488. [PMID: 33218804 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolic efficiency (MME), a key physiological property that indicates the allocation of carbon (C) to microbial growth, is surely one potential pathway involved in the regulation of priming effect within soil systems. However, the function and mechanism concerning the regulation of the rhizosphere priming effects (RPE) by MME in plant-soil systems remain unclear. In this study, we performed a pot experiment that included two soil types (paddy soil and lou soil), two plant species (sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and maize [Zea mays L.]) and three stages of growth (big trumpet, blooming and mature stage) to investigate the MME mechanism of RPE. Both positive (up to 76% at the big trumpet stage) and negative (down to -11% at the mature stage) RPE were observed. A shift in related enzyme activities and microbial biomass indicated that the 'microbial activation' and 'microbial nitrogen (N) mining' hypotheses functioned together at first. The 'preferential substrate utilization' hypothesis then functioned at the latter two stages. After that, according to a correlation analysis method, the MME was introduced to regulate the RPE: the availability of soil C and N and the microbial biomass jointly shaped the microbial C: N imbalance (MIC:N), and the microbes then regulated their MME based on the MIC:N, thus, regulating the RPE. Specifically, the lower MME induced by a higher MIC:N was responsible for a greater RPE at the big trumpet stage across all the planted treatments, while a higher MME induced by a lower MIC:N was responsible for the lower or negative RPE at the blooming and mature stages. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the MME shaped by MIC:N functions as a mediator to regulate the RPE in planted soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Mo
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenhui Jiang
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingping Yang
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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12
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Prescott CE, Grayston SJ, Helmisaari HS, Kaštovská E, Körner C, Lambers H, Meier IC, Millard P, Ostonen I. Surplus Carbon Drives Allocation and Plant-Soil Interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:1110-1118. [PMID: 32928565 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth is usually constrained by the availability of nutrients, water, or temperature, rather than photosynthetic carbon (C) fixation. Under these conditions leaf growth is curtailed more than C fixation, and the surplus photosynthates are exported from the leaf. In plants limited by nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P), photosynthates are converted into sugars and secondary metabolites. Some surplus C is translocated to roots and released as root exudates or transferred to root-associated microorganisms. Surplus C is also produced under low moisture availability, low temperature, and high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, with similar below-ground effects. Many interactions among above- and below-ground ecosystem components can be parsimoniously explained by the production, distribution, and release of surplus C under conditions that limit plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy E Prescott
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z4.
| | - Sue J Grayston
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Kaštovská
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Körner
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstr. 6, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ina C Meier
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Millard
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Ivika Ostonen
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
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13
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The Complex Issue of Urban Trees—Stress Factor Accumulation and Ecological Service Possibilities. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11090932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review paper is the first that summarizes many aspects of the ecological role of trees in urban landscapes while considering their growth conditions. Research Highlights are: (i) Plant growth conditions in cities are worsening due to high urbanization rates and new stress factors; (ii) Urban trees are capable of alleviating the stress factors they are exposed to; (iii) The size and vitality of trees is related to the ecological services they can provide. Our review shows, in a clear way, that the phenomenon of human-related environmental degradation, which generates urban tree stress, can be effectively alleviated by the presence of trees. The first section reviews concerns related to urban environment degradation and its influence on trees. Intense urbanization affects the environment of plants, raising the mortality rate of urban trees. The second part deals with the dieback of city trees, its causes and scale. The average life expectancy of urban trees is relatively low and depends on factors such as the specific location, proper care and community involvement, among others. The third part concerns the ecological and economic advantages of trees in the city structure. Trees affect citizen safety and health, but also improve the soil and air environment. Finally, we present the drawbacks of tree planting and discuss if they are caused by the tree itself or rather by improper tree management. We collect the latest reports on the complicated state of urban trees, presenting new insights on the complex issue of trees situated in cities, struggling with stress factors. These stressors have evolved over the decades and emphasize the importance of tree presence in the city structure.
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14
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Long-term decomposition of litter in the montane forest and the definition of fungal traits in the successional space. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Woody invaders do not alter rhizosphere microbial activity in a temperate deciduous forest. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Irrigation Combined with Aeration Promoted Soil Respiration through Increasing Soil Microbes, Enzymes, and Crop Growth in Tomato Fields. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9110945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil respiration (Rs) is one of the major components controlling the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems. Aerated irrigation has been proven to increase Rs compared with the control, but the mechanisms of CO2 release remain poorly understood. The objective of this study was (1) to test the effects of irrigation, aeration, and their interaction on Rs, soil physical and biotic properties (soil water-filled pore space, temperature, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, microbial biomass carbon, cellulose activity, dehydrogenase activity, root morphology, and dry biomass of tomato), and (2) to assess how soil physical and biotic variables control Rs. Therefore, three irrigation levels were included (60%, 80%, and 100% of full irrigation). Each irrigation level contained aeration and control. A total of six treatments were included. The results showed that aeration significantly increased total root length, dry biomass of leaf, stem, and fruit compared with the control (p < 0.05). The positive effect of irrigation on dry biomass of leaf, fruit, and root was significant (p < 0.05). With respect to the control, greater Rs under aeration (averaging 6.2% increase) was mainly driven by soil water-filled pore space, soil bacteria, and soil fungi. The results of this study are helpful for understanding the mechanisms of soil CO2 release under aerated subsurface drip irrigation.
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17
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Presence of Mycorrhizal Fungal Hyphae Rather than Living Roots Retards Root Litter Decomposition. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10060502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although both living roots and mycorrhizal fungi are well known to interact with saprotrophic microbes to affect litter decomposition, their relative importance is largely unclear. Here, a two-year pot experiment was conducted with two ectomycorrhizal (Pinus elliottii and Pinus massoniana) and four arbuscular mycorrhizal (Cinnamomum camphora, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Michelia maudiae and Schima superba) subtropical tree species to evaluate the relative effects of living roots and mycorrhizal fungal hyphae on their own root litter decomposition and to test whether these effects differed between ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal trees. To achieve these objectives, litterbags with 50-µm and 1-mm mesh sizes filled with root litter of a given tree species were simultaneously installed in pots planted with the same species and unplanted pots filled with composite soil for all species. Effects of living roots alone were calculated as differences in root litter decomposition between 50-µm and 1-mm mesh litterbags installed in planted pots. Mycorrhizal hyphal effects were calculated as differences in root litter decomposition between 50-µm litterbags installed in planted and unplanted pots. The presence of mycorrhizal fungal hyphae significantly reduced root litter mass loss and inhibited the activities of β-glucosidase and phenol oxidase, while effects of living roots alone were non-significant when all tree species were pooled and inconsistent at the tree species level. Mycorrhizal fungal hyphae induced decreases in root litter mass loss that were markedly related to their inhibitory effects on β-glucosidase and phenol oxidase activities. When tree species were grouped by their mycorrhizal types, non-significant differences were observed between ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal trees in their living root or mycorrhizal fungal effects on root litter decomposition. These findings highlight the important roles of mycorrhizal fungi in mediating litter decomposition via interacting with saprotrophic microbes and suggest that changes in tree carbon allocation to mycorrhizal fungi owing to global change may affect soil carbon storage.
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18
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Maggini V, Miceli E, Fagorzi C, Maida I, Fondi M, Perrin E, Mengoni A, Bogani P, Chiellini C, Mocali S, Fabiani A, Decorosi F, Giovannetti L, Firenzuoli F, Fani R. Antagonism and antibiotic resistance drive a species-specific plant microbiota differentiation in Echinacea spp. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:5037916. [PMID: 29912319 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A key factor in the study of plant-microbes interactions is the composition of plant microbiota, but little is known about the factors determining its functional and taxonomic organization. Here we investigated the possible forces driving the assemblage of bacterial endophytic and rhizospheric communities, isolated from two congeneric medicinal plants, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and Echinacea angustifolia (DC) Heller, grown in the same soil, by analysing bacterial strains (isolated from three different compartments, i.e. rhizospheric soil, roots and stem/leaves) for phenotypic features such as antibiotic resistance, extracellular enzymatic activity, siderophore and indole 3-acetic acid production, as well as cross-antagonistic activities. Data obtained highlighted that bacteria from different plant compartments were characterized by specific antibiotic resistance phenotypes and antibiotic production, suggesting that the bacterial communities themselves could be responsible for structuring their own communities by the production of antimicrobial molecules selecting bacterial-adaptive phenotypes for plant tissue colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Maggini
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.,Center for Integrative Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisangela Miceli
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Camilla Fagorzi
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Isabel Maida
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Marco Fondi
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Elena Perrin
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Patrizia Bogani
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Carolina Chiellini
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Stefano Mocali
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125 Cascine del Riccio (Florence), Italy
| | - Arturo Fabiani
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125 Cascine del Riccio (Florence), Italy
| | - Francesca Decorosi
- Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luciana Giovannetti
- Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Center for Integrative Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Dept. of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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19
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Waring BG, Pérez‐Aviles D, Murray JG, Powers JS. Plant community responses to stand‐level nutrient fertilization in a secondary tropical dry forest. Ecology 2019; 100:e02691. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie G. Waring
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Daniel Pérez‐Aviles
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Jessica G. Murray
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah 84321 USA
| | - Jennifer S. Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panamá República de Panamá
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20
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The Case for Digging Deeper: Soil Organic Carbon Storage, Dynamics, and Controls in Our Changing World. SOIL SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems3020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most of our terrestrial carbon (C) storage occurs in soils as organic C derived from living organisms. Therefore, the fate of soil organic C (SOC) in response to changes in climate, land use, and management is of great concern. Here we provide a unified conceptual model for SOC cycling by gathering the available information on SOC sources, dissolved organic C (DOC) dynamics, and soil biogeochemical processes. The evidence suggests that belowground C inputs (from roots and microorganisms) are the dominant source of both SOC and DOC in most ecosystems. Considering our emerging understanding of SOC protection mechanisms and long-term storage, we highlight the present need to sample (often ignored) deeper soil layers. Contrary to long-held biases, deep SOC—which contains most of the global amount and is often hundreds to thousands of years old—is susceptible to decomposition on decadal timescales when the environmental conditions under which it accumulated change. Finally, we discuss the vulnerability of SOC in different soil types and ecosystems globally, as well as identify the need for methodological standardization of SOC quality and quantity analyses. Further study of SOC protection mechanisms and the deep soil biogeochemical environment will provide valuable information about controls on SOC cycling, which in turn may help prioritize C sequestration initiatives and provide key insights into climate-carbon feedbacks.
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21
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Sokol NW, Kuebbing SE, Karlsen-Ayala E, Bradford MA. Evidence for the primacy of living root inputs, not root or shoot litter, in forming soil organic carbon. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:233-246. [PMID: 30067293 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is primarily formed from plant inputs, but the relative carbon (C) contributions from living root inputs (i.e. rhizodeposits) vs litter inputs (i.e. root + shoot litter) are poorly understood. Recent theory suggests that living root inputs exert a disproportionate influence on SOC formation, but few field studies have explicitly tested this by separately tracking living root vs litter inputs as they move through the soil food web and into distinct SOC pools. We used a manipulative field experiment with an annual C4 grass in a forest understory to differentially track its living root vs litter inputs into the soil and to assess net SOC formation over multiple years. We show that living root inputs are 2-13 times more efficient than litter inputs in forming both slow-cycling, mineral-associated SOC as well as fast-cycling, particulate organic C. Furthermore, we demonstrate that living root inputs are more efficiently anabolized by the soil microbial community en route to the mineral-associated SOC pool (dubbed 'the in vivo microbial turnover pathway'). Overall, our findings provide support for the primacy of living root inputs in forming SOC. However, we also highlight the possibility of nonadditive effects of living root and litter inputs, which may deplete SOC pools despite greater SOC formation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah W Sokol
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sara E Kuebbing
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Elena Karlsen-Ayala
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Mark A Bradford
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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22
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Liang J, Zhou Z, Huo C, Shi Z, Cole JR, Huang L, Konstantinidis KT, Li X, Liu B, Luo Z, Penton CR, Schuur EAG, Tiedje JM, Wang YP, Wu L, Xia J, Zhou J, Luo Y. More replenishment than priming loss of soil organic carbon with additional carbon input. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3175. [PMID: 30093611 PMCID: PMC6085371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in carbon (C) inputs to soil can replenish soil organic C (SOC) through various mechanisms. However, recent studies have suggested that the increased C input can also stimulate the decomposition of old SOC via priming. Whether the loss of old SOC by priming can override C replenishment has not been rigorously examined. Here we show, through data-model synthesis, that the magnitude of replenishment is greater than that of priming, resulting in a net increase in SOC by a mean of 32% of the added new C. The magnitude of the net increase in SOC is positively correlated with the nitrogen-to-C ratio of the added substrates. Additionally, model evaluation indicates that a two-pool interactive model is a parsimonious model to represent the SOC decomposition with priming and replenishment. Our findings suggest that increasing C input to soils likely promote SOC accumulation despite the enhanced decomposition of old C via priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK, 73019, USA. .,Environmental Sciences Division & Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.
| | - Zhenghu Zhou
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Changfu Huo
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - James R Cole
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, 320 Donggang West Road, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 790 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Xiaoming Li
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, 475004, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, 210042, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongkui Luo
- CSIRO A&F, GPO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - C Ryan Penton
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, 7271 E Sonoran Arroyo Mall, Mesa, AZ, 85281, USA.,Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Edward A G Schuur
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 600 S Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - James M Tiedje
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, PMB 1, Aspendale, VIC, 3195, Australia
| | - Liyou Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Jianyang Xia
- Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 500 Dongchuan Road, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.,State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, 100084, Beijing, China.,Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK, 73019, USA. .,Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 600 S Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA. .,Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, 100084, Beijing, China.
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23
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Mašková T, Herben T. Root:shoot ratio in developing seedlings: How seedlings change their allocation in response to seed mass and ambient nutrient supply. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7143-7150. [PMID: 30073073 PMCID: PMC6065327 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Root:shoot (R:S) biomass partitioning is one of the keys to the plants' ability to compensate for limiting resources in the environment and thus to survive and succeed in competition. In adult plants, it can vary in response to many factors, such as nutrient availability in the soil or reserves in the roots from the previous season. The question remains whether, at the interspecific level, reserves in seeds can affect seedlings' R:S ratio in a similar way. Proper allocation to resource-acquiring organs is enormously important for seedlings and is likely to determine their survival and further success. Therefore, we investigated the effect of seed mass on seedling R:S biomass partitioning and its interaction with nutrient supply in the substrate. We measured seedling biomass partitioning under two different nutrient treatments after 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks for seventeen species differing in seed mass and covering. We used phylogenetically informed analysis to determine the independent influence of seed mass on seedling biomass partitioning. We found consistently lower R:S ratios in seedlings with higher seed mass. Expectedly, R:S was also lower with higher substrate nutrient supply, but substrate nutrient supply had a bigger effect on R:S ratio for species with higher seed mass. These findings point to the importance of seed reserves for the usage of soil resources. Generally, R:S ratio decreased over time and, similarly to the effect of substrate nutrients, R:S ratio decreased faster for large-seeded species. We show that the seed mass determines the allocation patterns into new resource-acquiring organs during seedling development. Large-seeded species are more flexible in soil nutrient use. It is likely that faster development of shoots provides large-seeded species with the key advantage in asymmetric above-ground competition, and that this could constitute one of the selective factors for optimum seed mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Mašková
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of BotanyCharles University in PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Tomáš Herben
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of BotanyCharles University in PraguePragueCzech Republic
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24
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Yin L, Dijkstra FA, Wang P, Zhu B, Cheng W. Rhizosphere priming effects on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics among tree species with and without intraspecific competition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1036-1048. [PMID: 29512165 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rhizosphere priming effects (RPEs) play a central role in modifying soil organic matter mineralization. However, effects of tree species and intraspecific competition on RPEs are poorly understood. We investigated RPEs of three tree species (larch, ash and Chinese fir) and the impact of intraspecific competition of these species on the RPE by growing them at two planting densities for 140 d. We determined the RPE on soil organic carbon (C) decomposition, gross and net nitrogen (N) mineralization and net plant N acquisition. Differences in the RPE among species were associated with differences in plant biomass. Gross N mineralization and net plant N acquisition increased, but net N mineralization decreased, as the RPE on soil organic C decomposition increased. Intraspecific competition reduced the RPE on soil organic C decomposition, gross and net N mineralization, and net plant N acquisition, especially for ash and Chinese fir. Microbial N mining may explain the overall positive RPEs across species, whereas intensified plant-microbe competition for N may have reduced the RPE with intraspecific competition. Overall, the species-specific effects of tree species play an important role in modulating the magnitude and mechanisms of RPEs and the intraspecific competition on soil C and N dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feike A Dijkstra
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weixin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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Zwetsloot MJ, Kessler A, Bauerle TL. Phenolic root exudate and tissue compounds vary widely among temperate forest tree species and have contrasting effects on soil microbial respiration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:530-541. [PMID: 29473651 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-soil interactions fundamentally affect the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle and thereby ecosystem feedbacks to climate change. This study addressed the question of whether the secondary metabolism of different temperate forest tree species can affect soil microbial respiration. We hypothesized that phenolics can both increase and decrease respiration depending on their function as food source, mobilizer of other soil resources, signaling compound, or toxin. We analyzed the phenolic compounds from root exudates and root tissue extracts of six tree species grown in a glasshouse using high-performance liquid chromatography. We then tested the effect of individual phenolic compounds, representing the major identified phenylpropanoid compound classes, on microbial respiration through a 5-d soil incubation. Phenolic root profiles were highly species-specific. Of the eight classes identified, flavonoids were the most abundant, with flavanols being the predominating sub-class. Phenolic effects on microbial respiration ranged from a 26% decrease to a 46% increase, with reduced respiration occurring in the presence of compounds possessing a catechol ring. Tree species variation in root phenolic composition influences the magnitude and direction of root effects on microbial respiration. Our data support the hypothesis that functional group rather than biosynthetic class determines the root phenolic effect on soil C cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Zwetsloot
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - André Kessler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Taryn L Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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Kohout P, Charvátová M, Štursová M, Mašínová T, Tomšovský M, Baldrian P. Clearcutting alters decomposition processes and initiates complex restructuring of fungal communities in soil and tree roots. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:692-703. [PMID: 29335638 PMCID: PMC5864242 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-017-0027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Forest management practices often severely affect forest ecosystem functioning. Tree removal by clearcutting is one such practice, producing severe impacts due to the total reduction of primary productivity. Here, we assessed changes to fungal community structure and decomposition activity in the soil, roots and rhizosphere of a Picea abies stand for a 2-year period following clearcutting compared to data from before tree harvest. We found that the termination of photosynthate flow through tree roots into soil is associated with profound changes in soil, both in decomposition processes and fungal community composition. The rhizosphere, representing an active compartment of high enzyme activity and high fungal biomass in the living stand, ceases to exist and starts to resemble bulk soil. Decomposing roots appear to separate from bulk soil and develop into hotspots of decomposition and important fungal biomass pools. We found no support for the involvement of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the decomposition of roots, but we found some evidence that root endophytic fungi may have an important role in the early stages of this process. In soil, activity of extracellular enzymes also decreased in the long term following the end of rhizodeposition by tree roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kohout
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, Institute of Botany of the CAS, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Charvátová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Štursová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Mašínová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Tomšovský
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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Wang X, Tang C. The role of rhizosphere pH in regulating the rhizosphere priming effect and implications for the availability of soil-derived nitrogen to plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:143-151. [PMID: 29300813 PMCID: PMC5786243 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims A comprehensive understanding of the rhizosphere priming effect (RPE) on the decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) requires an integration of many factors. It is unclear how N form-induced change in soil pH affects the RPE and SOC sequestration. Methods This study compared the change in the RPE under supply of NO3-N and NH4-N. The effect of the RPE on the mineralization of soil N and hence its availability to plant and microbes was also examined using a 15N-labelled N source. Key Results The supply of NH4-N decreased rhizosphere pH by 0.16-0.38 units, and resulted in a decreased or negative RPE. In contrast, NO3-N nutrition increased rhizosphere pH by 0.19-0.78 units, and led to a persistently positive RPE. The amounts of rhizosphere-primed C were positively correlated with rhizosphere pH. Rhizosphere pH affected the RPE mainly through influencing microbial biomass, activity and utilization of root exudates, and the availability of SOC to microbes. Furthermore, the amount of rhizosphere primed C correlated negatively with microbial biomass atom% 15N (R2 0.77-0.98, n = 12), suggesting that microbes in the rhizosphere acted as the immediate sink for N released from enhanced SOC decomposition via the RPE. Conclusion N form was an important factor affecting the magnitude and direction of the RPE via its effect on rhizosphere pH. Rhizosphere pH needs to be considered in SOC and RPE modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Caixian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Žifčáková L, Větrovský T, Lombard V, Henrissat B, Howe A, Baldrian P. Feed in summer, rest in winter: microbial carbon utilization in forest topsoil. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:122. [PMID: 28923122 PMCID: PMC5604414 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evergreen coniferous forests contain high stocks of organic matter. Significant carbon transformations occur in litter and soil of these ecosystems, making them important for the global carbon cycle. Due to seasonal allocation of photosynthates to roots, carbon availability changes seasonally in the topsoil. The aim of this paper was to describe the seasonal differences in C source utilization and the involvement of various members of soil microbiome in this process. RESULTS Here, we show that microorganisms in topsoil encode a diverse set of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including glycoside hydrolases and auxiliary enzymes. While the transcription of genes encoding enzymes degrading reserve compounds, such as starch or trehalose, was high in soil in winter, summer was characterized by high transcription of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes produced mainly by fungi. Fungi strongly dominated the transcription in litter and an equal contribution of bacteria and fungi was found in soil. The turnover of fungal biomass appeared to be faster in summer than in winter, due to high activity of enzymes targeting its degradation, indicating fast growth in both litter and soil. In each enzyme family, hundreds to thousands of genes were typically transcribed simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS Seasonal differences in the transcription of glycoside hydrolases and auxiliary enzyme genes are more pronounced in soil than in litter. Our results suggest that mainly fungi are involved in decomposition of recalcitrant biopolymers in summer, while bacteria replace them in this role in winter. Transcripts of genes encoding enzymes targeting plant biomass biopolymers, reserve compounds and fungal cell walls were especially abundant in the coniferous forest topsoil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Žifčáková
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Větrovský
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Lombard
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Petr Baldrian
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
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Harrington CA, Holub SM, Bauer C, Steel EA. The Distribution of Tree Roots in Douglas-fir Forests in the Pacific Northwest in Relation to Depth, Space, Coarse Organic Matter and Mineral Fragments. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3955/046.091.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constance A. Harrington
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, Washington 98512
| | - Scott M. Holub
- Weyerhaeuser NR Company, PO Box 275, Springfield, Oregon 97477
| | - Cici Bauer
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Box 354322, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - E. Ashley Steel
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 400 N 34th St., Suite 201, Seattle, Washington 98103
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30
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Inter-annual Variability of Soil Respiration in Wet Shrublands: Do Plants Modulate Its Sensitivity to Climate? Ecosystems 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-0062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang X, Tang C, Severi J, Butterly CR, Baldock JA. Rhizosphere priming effect on soil organic carbon decomposition under plant species differing in soil acidification and root exudation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:864-73. [PMID: 27101777 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Effects of rhizosphere properties on the rhizosphere priming effect (RPE) are unknown. This study aimed to link species variation in RPE with plant traits and rhizosphere properties. Four C3 species (chickpea, Cicer arietinum; field pea, Pisum sativum; wheat, Triticum aestivum; and white lupin, Lupinus albus) differing in soil acidification and root exudation, were grown in a C4 soil. The CO2 released from soil was trapped using a newly developed NaOH-trapping system. White lupin and wheat showed greater positive RPEs, in contrast to the negative RPE produced by chickpea. The greatest RPE of white lupin was in line with its capacity to release root exudates, whereas the negative RPE of chickpea was attributed to its great ability to acidify rhizosphere soil. The enhanced RPE of field pea at maturity might result from high nitrogen deposition and release of structural root carbon components following root senescence. Root biomass and length played a minor role in the species variation in RPE. Rhizosphere acidification was shown to be an important factor affecting the magnitude and direction of RPE. Future studies on RPE modelling and mechanistic understanding of the processes that regulate RPE should consider the effect of rhizosphere pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Caixian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Julia Severi
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Clayton R Butterly
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
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32
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The Importance of Ectomycorrhizal Networks for Nutrient Retention and Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7395-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Finzi AC, Abramoff RZ, Spiller KS, Brzostek ER, Darby BA, Kramer MA, Phillips RP. Rhizosphere processes are quantitatively important components of terrestrial carbon and nutrient cycles. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2082-94. [PMID: 25421798 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
While there is an emerging view that roots and their associated microbes actively alter resource availability and soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, the ecosystem consequences of such rhizosphere effects have rarely been quantified. Using a meta-analysis, we show that multiple indices of microbially mediated C and nitrogen (N) cycling, including SOM decomposition, are significantly enhanced in the rhizospheres of diverse vegetation types. Then, using a numerical model that combines rhizosphere effect sizes with fine root morphology and depth distributions, we show that root-accelerated mineralization and priming can account for up to one-third of the total C and N mineralized in temperate forest soils. Finally, using a stoichiometrically constrained microbial decomposition model, we show that these effects can be induced by relatively modest fluxes of root-derived C, on the order of 4% and 6% of gross and net primary production, respectively. Collectively, our results indicate that rhizosphere processes are a widespread, quantitatively important driver of SOM decomposition and nutrient release at the ecosystem scale, with potential consequences for global C stocks and vegetation feedbacks to climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien C Finzi
- Department of Biology and PhD Program in Biogeoscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Nie M, Bell C, Wallenstein MD, Pendall E. Increased plant productivity and decreased microbial respiratory C loss by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under elevated CO₂. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9212. [PMID: 25784647 DOI: 10.1038/srep09212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased plant productivity and decreased microbial respiratory C loss can potentially mitigate increasing atmospheric CO₂, but we currently lack effective means to achieve these goals. Soil microbes may play critical roles in mediating plant productivity and soil C/N dynamics under future climate scenarios of elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) through optimizing functioning of the root-soil interface. By using a labeling technique with (13)C and (15)N, we examined the effects of plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas fluorescens on C and N cycling in the rhizosphere of a common grass species under eCO₂. These microbial inoculants were shown to increase plant productivity. Although strong competition for N between the plant and soil microbes was observed, the plant can increase its capacity to store more biomass C per unit of N under P. fluorescens addition. Unlike eCO₂ effects, P. fluorescens inoculants did not change mass-specific microbial respiration and accelerate soil decomposition related to N cycling, suggesting these microbial inoculants mitigated positive feedbacks of soil microbial decomposition to eCO₂. The potential to mitigate climate change by optimizing soil microbial functioning by plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas fluorescens is a prospect for ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Nie
- 1] Department of Botany and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA [2] Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Colin Bell
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Matthew D Wallenstein
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Elise Pendall
- 1] Department of Botany and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA [2] Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
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Hill PW, Garnett MH, Farrar J, Iqbal Z, Khalid M, Soleman N, Jones DL. Living roots magnify the response of soil organic carbon decomposition to temperature in temperate grassland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:1368-75. [PMID: 25351704 PMCID: PMC4365897 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentration is both a strong driver of primary productivity and widely believed to be the principal cause of recent increases in global temperature. Soils are the largest store of the world's terrestrial C. Consequently, many investigations have attempted to mechanistically understand how microbial mineralisation of soil organic carbon (SOC) to CO2 will be affected by projected increases in temperature. Most have attempted this in the absence of plants as the flux of CO2 from root and rhizomicrobial respiration in intact plant-soil systems confounds interpretation of measurements. We compared the effect of a small increase in temperature on respiration from soils without recent plant C with the effect on intact grass swards. We found that for 48 weeks, before acclimation occurred, an experimental 3 °C increase in sward temperature gave rise to a 50% increase in below ground respiration (ca. 0.4 kg C m(-2) ; Q10 = 3.5), whereas mineralisation of older SOC without plants increased with a Q10 of only 1.7 when subject to increases in ambient soil temperature. Subsequent (14) C dating of respired CO2 indicated that the presence of plants in swards more than doubled the effect of warming on the rate of mineralisation of SOC with an estimated mean C age of ca. 8 years or older relative to incubated soils without recent plant inputs. These results not only illustrate the formidable complexity of mechanisms controlling C fluxes in soils but also suggest that the dual biological and physical effects of CO2 on primary productivity and global temperature have the potential to synergistically increase the mineralisation of existing soil C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Hill
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor UniversityBangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
- Correspondence: Paul W. Hill, tel. +44 1248 382632, fax +44 1248 354997, e-mail:
| | - Mark H Garnett
- NERC Radiocarbon Facility, Scottish Enterprise Technology ParkEast Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
| | - John Farrar
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor UniversityBangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor UniversityBangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and BiologyFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor UniversityBangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of AgricultureFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nawaf Soleman
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor UniversityBangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor UniversityBangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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Lindahl BD, Tunlid A. Ectomycorrhizal fungi - potential organic matter decomposers, yet not saprotrophs. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1443-1447. [PMID: 25524234 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although hypothesized for many years, the involvement of ectomycorrhizal fungi in decomposition of soil organic matter remains controversial and has not yet been fully acknowledged as an important factor in the regulation of soil carbon (C) storage. Here, we review recent findings, which support the view that some ectomycorrhizal fungi have the capacity to oxidize organic matter, either by 'brown-rot' Fenton chemistry or using 'white-rot' peroxidases. We propose that ectomycorrhizal fungi benefit from organic matter decomposition primarily through increased nitrogen mobilization rather than through release of metabolic C and question the view that ectomycorrhizal fungi may act as facultative saprotrophs. Finally, we discuss how mycorrhizal decomposition may influence organic matter storage in soils and mediate responses of ecosystem C sequestration to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Tunlid
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, SE-22 362, Lund, Sweden
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Soil Quality and Plant-Microbe Interactions in the Rhizosphere. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16742-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Bödeker ITM, Clemmensen KE, de Boer W, Martin F, Olson Å, Lindahl BD. Ectomycorrhizal Cortinarius species participate in enzymatic oxidation of humus in northern forest ecosystems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:245-56. [PMID: 24725281 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In northern forests, belowground sequestration of nitrogen (N) in complex organic pools restricts nutrient availability to plants. Oxidative extracellular enzymes produced by ectomycorrhizal fungi may aid plant N acquisition by providing access to N in macromolecular complexes. We test the hypotheses that ectomycorrhizal Cortinarius species produce Mn-dependent peroxidases, and that the activity of these enzymes declines at elevated concentrations of inorganic N. In a boreal pine forest and a sub-arctic birch forest, Cortinarius DNA was assessed by 454-sequencing of ITS amplicons and related to Mn-peroxidase activity in humus samples with- and without previous N amendment. Transcription of Cortinarius Mn-peroxidase genes was investigated in field samples. Phylogenetic analyses of Cortinarius peroxidase amplicons and genome sequences were performed. We found a significant co-localization of high peroxidase activity and DNA from Cortinarius species. Peroxidase activity was reduced by high ammonium concentrations. Amplification of mRNA sequences indicated transcription of Cortinarius Mn-peroxidase genes under field conditions. The Cortinarius glaucopus genome encodes 11 peroxidases - a number comparable to many white-rot wood decomposers. These results support the hypothesis that some ectomycorrhizal fungi--Cortinarius species in particular--may play an important role in decomposition of complex organic matter, linked to their mobilization of organically bound N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga T M Bödeker
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden; Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 49, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
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van Groenigen KJ, Qi X, Osenberg CW, Luo Y, Hungate BA. Faster Decomposition Under Increased Atmospheric CO2 Limits Soil Carbon Storage. Science 2014; 344:508-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1249534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Perveen N, Barot S, Alvarez G, Klumpp K, Martin R, Rapaport A, Herfurth D, Louault F, Fontaine S. Priming effect and microbial diversity in ecosystem functioning and response to global change: a modeling approach using the SYMPHONY model. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:1174-90. [PMID: 24339186 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Integration of the priming effect (PE) in ecosystem models is crucial to better predict the consequences of global change on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and its feedbacks on climate. Over the last decade, many attempts have been made to model PE in soil. However, PE has not yet been incorporated into any ecosystem models. Here, we build plant/soil models to explore how PE and microbial diversity influence soil/plant interactions and ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) dynamics in response to global change (elevated CO2 and atmospheric N depositions). Our results show that plant persistence, soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation, and low N leaching in undisturbed ecosystems relies on a fine adjustment of microbial N mineralization to plant N uptake. This adjustment can be modeled in the SYMPHONY model by considering the destruction of SOM through PE, and the interactions between two microbial functional groups: SOM decomposers and SOM builders. After estimation of parameters, SYMPHONY provided realistic predictions on forage production, soil C storage and N leaching for a permanent grassland. Consistent with recent observations, SYMPHONY predicted a CO2 -induced modification of soil microbial communities leading to an intensification of SOM mineralization and a decrease in the soil C stock. SYMPHONY also indicated that atmospheric N deposition may promote SOM accumulation via changes in the structure and metabolic activities of microbial communities. Collectively, these results suggest that the PE and functional role of microbial diversity may be incorporated in ecosystem models with a few additional parameters, improving accuracy of predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Perveen
- INRA, UR874 (Unité Recherche d'Ecosystème prairial), 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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41
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Soil Changes in Model Tropical Ecosystems: Effects of Stand Longevity Outweigh Plant Diversity and Tree Species Identity in a Fertile Volcanic Soil. Ecosystems 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Ghashghaie J, Badeck FW. Opposite carbon isotope discrimination during dark respiration in leaves versus roots - a review. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:751-769. [PMID: 24251924 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In general, leaves are (13) C-depleted compared with all other organs (e.g. roots, stem/trunk and fruits). Different hypotheses are formulated in the literature to explain this difference. One of these states that CO2 respired by leaves in the dark is (13) C-enriched compared with leaf organic matter, while it is (13) C-depleted in the case of root respiration. The opposite respiratory fractionation between leaves and roots was invoked as an explanation for the widespread between-organ isotopic differences. After summarizing the basics of photosynthetic and post-photosynthetic discrimination, we mainly review the recent findings on the isotopic composition of CO2 respired by leaves (autotrophic organs) and roots (heterotrophic organs) compared with respective plant material (i.e. apparent respiratory fractionation) as well as its metabolic origin. The potential impact of such fractionation on the isotopic signal of organic matter (OM) is discussed. Some perspectives for future studies are also proposed .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Ghashghaie
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), CNRS UMR8079, Bâtiment 362, Université de Paris-Sud (XI), F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Franz W Badeck
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Genomics research centre (CRA - GPG), Via San Protaso, 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), PF 60 12 03, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
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43
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Cheng W, Parton WJ, Gonzalez-Meler MA, Phillips R, Asao S, McNickle GG, Brzostek E, Jastrow JD. Synthesis and modeling perspectives of rhizosphere priming. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:31-44. [PMID: 23952258 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The rhizosphere priming effect (RPE) is a mechanism by which plants interact with soil functions. The large impact of the RPE on soil organic matter decomposition rates (from 50% reduction to 380% increase) warrants similar attention to that being paid to climatic controls on ecosystem functions. Furthermore, global increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration and surface temperature can significantly alter the RPE. Our analysis using a game theoretic model suggests that the RPE may have resulted from an evolutionarily stable mutualistic association between plants and rhizosphere microbes. Through model simulations based on microbial physiology, we demonstrate that a shift in microbial metabolic response to different substrate inputs from plants is a plausible mechanism leading to positive or negative RPEs. In a case study of the Duke Free-Air CO2 Enrichment experiment, performance of the PhotoCent model was significantly improved by including an RPE-induced 40% increase in soil organic matter decomposition rate for the elevated CO2 treatment--demonstrating the value of incorporating the RPE into future ecosystem models. Overall, the RPE is emerging as a crucial mechanism in terrestrial ecosystems, which awaits substantial research and model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Cheng
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - William J Parton
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Miquel A Gonzalez-Meler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Richard Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Shinichi Asao
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Gordon G McNickle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Edward Brzostek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Julie D Jastrow
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
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44
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Giasson MA, Ellison AM, Bowden RD, Crill PM, Davidson EA, Drake JE, Frey SD, Hadley JL, Lavine M, Melillo JM, Munger JW, Nadelhoffer KJ, Nicoll L, Ollinger SV, Savage KE, Steudler PA, Tang J, Varner RK, Wofsy SC, Foster DR, Finzi AC. Soil respiration in a northeastern US temperate forest: a 22-year synthesis. Ecosphere 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/es13.00183.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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45
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A systematic review of biochar research, with a focus on its stability in situ and its promise as a climate mitigation strategy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75932. [PMID: 24098746 PMCID: PMC3786913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Claims about the environmental benefits of charring biomass and applying the resulting “biochar” to soil are impressive. If true, they could influence land management worldwide. Alleged benefits include increased crop yields, soil fertility, and water-holding capacity; the most widely discussed idea is that applying biochar to soil will mitigate climate change. This claim rests on the assumption that biochar persists for hundreds or thousands of years, thus storing carbon that would otherwise decompose. We conducted a systematic review to quantify research effort directed toward ten aspects of biochar and closely evaluated the literature concerning biochar's stability. Findings We identified 311 peer-reviewed research articles published through 2011. We found very few field studies that addressed biochar's influence on several ecosystem processes: one on soil nutrient loss, one on soil contaminants, six concerning non-CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes (some of which fail to support claims that biochar decreases non-CO2 GHG fluxes), and 16–19 on plants and soil properties. Of 74 studies related to biochar stability, transport or fate in soil, only seven estimated biochar decomposition rates in situ, with mean residence times ranging from 8 to almost 4,000 years. Conclusions Our review shows there are not enough data to draw conclusions about how biochar production and application affect whole-system GHG budgets. Wide-ranging estimates of a key variable, biochar stability in situ, likely result from diverse environmental conditions, feedstocks, and study designs. There are even fewer data about the extent to which biochar stimulates decomposition of soil organic matter or affects non-CO2 GHG emissions. Identifying conditions where biochar amendments yield favorable GHG budgets requires a systematic field research program. Finally, evaluating biochar's suitability as a climate mitigation strategy requires comparing its effects with alternative uses of biomass and considering GHG budgets over both long and short time scales.
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46
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Clemmensen KE, Bahr A, Ovaskainen O, Dahlberg A, Ekblad A, Wallander H, Stenlid J, Finlay RD, Wardle DA, Lindahl BD. Roots and Associated Fungi Drive Long-Term Carbon Sequestration in Boreal Forest. Science 2013; 339:1615-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1231923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 911] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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47
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Nottingham AT, Turner BL, Winter K, Chamberlain PM, Stott A, Tanner EV. Root and arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelial interactions with soil microorganisms in lowland tropical forest. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 85:37-50. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado; Panamá; Republic of Panama
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado; Panamá; Republic of Panama
| | - Paul M. Chamberlain
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology; Lancaster Environment Centre; Lancaster; UK
| | - Andrew Stott
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology; Lancaster Environment Centre; Lancaster; UK
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48
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Verburg PSJ, Young AC, Stevenson BA, Glanzmann I, Arnone JA, Marion GM, Holmes C, Nowak RS. Do increased summer precipitation and N deposition alter fine root dynamics in a Mojave Desert ecosystem? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:948-56. [PMID: 23504850 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to impact the amount and distribution of precipitation in the arid southwestern United States. In addition, nitrogen (N) deposition is increasing in these regions due to increased urbanization. Responses of belowground plant activity to increases in soil water content and N have shown inconsistent patterns between biomes. In arid lands, plant productivity is limited by water and N availability so it is expected that changes in these factors will affect fine root dynamics. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of increased summer precipitation and N deposition on fine root dynamics in a Mojave Desert ecosystem during a 2-year field experiment using minirhizotron measurements. Root length density, production, and mortality were measured in field plots in the Mojave Desert receiving three 25 mm summer rain events and/or 40 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) . Increased summer precipitation and N additions did not have an overall significant effect on any of the measured root parameters. However, differences in winter precipitation resulting from interannual variability in rainfall appeared to affect root parameters with root production and turnover increasing following a wet winter most likely due to stimulation of annual grasses. In addition, roots were distributed more deeply in the soil following the wet winter. Root length density was initially higher under canopies compared to canopy interspaces, but converged toward the end of the study. In addition, roots tended to be distributed more deeply into the soil in canopy interspace areas. Results from this study indicated that increased summer precipitation and N deposition in response to climate change and urbanization are not likely to affect fine root dynamics in these Mojave Desert ecosystems, despite studies showing aboveground plant physiological responses to these environmental perturbations. However, changes in the amount and possibly distribution of winter precipitation may affect fine root dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S J Verburg
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
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Addition of external organic carbon and native soil organic carbon decomposition: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54779. [PMID: 23405095 PMCID: PMC3566129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extensive studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of external organic Carbon on native soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition. However, the direction and extent of this effect reported by different authors is inconsistent. Objective The objective was to provide a synthesis of existing data that comprehensively and quantitatively evaluates how the soil chemical properties and incubation conditions interact with additional external organic C to affect the native SOC decomposition. Data Source A meta-analysis was conducted on previously published empirical studies that examined the effect of the addition of external organic carbon on the native SOC decomposition through isotopic techniques. Results and Conclusions The addition of external organic C, when averaged across all studies, enhanced the native SOC decomposition by 26.5%. The soil with higher SOC content and fine texture showed significantly higher priming effects, whereas the soil with higher total nitrogen content showed an opposite trend. The soils with higher C:N ratios had significantly stronger priming effects than those with low C:N ratios. The decomposition of native SOC was significantly enhanced more at early stage of incubation (<15d) than at the later stages (>15d). In addition, the incubation temperature and the addition rate of organic matter significantly influenced the native SOC decomposition in response to the addition of external organic C.
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50
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Dieleman WIJ, Vicca S, Dijkstra FA, Hagedorn F, Hovenden MJ, Larsen KS, Morgan JA, Volder A, Beier C, Dukes JS, King J, Leuzinger S, Linder S, Luo Y, Oren R, De Angelis P, Tingey D, Hoosbeek MR, Janssens IA. Simple additive effects are rare: a quantitative review of plant biomass and soil process responses to combined manipulations of CO2 and temperature. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2012; 18:2681-93. [PMID: 24501048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, increased awareness of the potential interactions between rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([ CO2 ]) and temperature has illustrated the importance of multifactorial ecosystem manipulation experiments for validating Earth System models. To address the urgent need for increased understanding of responses in multifactorial experiments, this article synthesizes how ecosystem productivity and soil processes respond to combined warming and [ CO2 ] manipulation, and compares it with those obtained in single factor [ CO2 ] and temperature manipulation experiments. Across all combined elevated [ CO2 ] and warming experiments, biomass production and soil respiration were typically enhanced. Responses to the combined treatment were more similar to those in the [ CO2 ]-only treatment than to those in the warming-only treatment. In contrast to warming-only experiments, both the combined and the [ CO2 ]-only treatments elicited larger stimulation of fine root biomass than of aboveground biomass, consistently stimulated soil respiration, and decreased foliar nitrogen (N) concentration. Nonetheless, mineral N availability declined less in the combined treatment than in the [ CO2 ]-only treatment, possibly due to the warming-induced acceleration of decomposition, implying that progressive nitrogen limitation (PNL) may not occur as commonly as anticipated from single factor [ CO2 ] treatment studies. Responses of total plant biomass, especially of aboveground biomass, revealed antagonistic interactions between elevated [ CO2 ] and warming, i.e. the response to the combined treatment was usually less-than-additive. This implies that productivity projections might be overestimated when models are parameterized based on single factor responses. Our results highlight the need for more (and especially more long-term) multifactor manipulation experiments. Because single factor CO2 responses often dominated over warming responses in the combined treatments, our results also suggest that projected responses to future global warming in Earth System models should not be parameterized using single factor warming experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter I J Dieleman
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Smithfield, 4878, QLD, Australia
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