1
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Jacques CED, Guerreiro G, Lopes FF, de Souza CFM, Giugliani R, Vargas CR. Alterations of Plasmatic Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II Patients Under Enzyme Replacement Therapy. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:533-542. [PMID: 37470932 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01149-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a disorder caused by a deficient activity of iduronate-2-sulfatase, a lysosomal enzyme responsible for degrading glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The abnormal storage of GAGs within lysosomes disrupts cellular homeostasis and leads to a severe symptomatology. Patients present neuropsychiatric impairment characterized by mental retardation and impaired cognition. The aim of this study was to quantify four neurodegeneration biomarkers in plasma: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and cathepsin-D, as well as to identify possible correlations with urinary GAGs in seven patients undergoing treatment with ERT (Elaprase® 0.5 mg/kg of body weight). Patients with both severe and attenuated forms of MPS II showed signs of neurodegeneration in neuroimaging exams. Patients have a decrease in BDNF and PDGF-AA concentrations, and an increase in NCAM level compared to controls. No alterations in cathepsin-D concentration were seen. GAGs levels were higher in patients than in controls, but no significant correlations between GAGs and biomarkers were observed. These results evidence that patients have neurodegeneration and that monitoring these biomarkers might be useful for assessing this process. To this date, this is the first work to analyze these plasmatic markers of neurodegeneration in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Diaz Jacques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-903, Brazil.
| | - Gilian Guerreiro
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-903, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRGS, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Franciele Fatima Lopes
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-903, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Giugliani
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-903, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-903, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRGS, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90610-000, Brazil.
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2
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Boiko AS, Mednova IA, Kornetova EG, Bokhan NA, Ivanova SA. Serum Growth Factors in Schizophrenia Patients. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3291-3301. [PMID: 37185739 PMCID: PMC10136551 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Some hypotheses include schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder, which indicates a special role in growth factors and neuroglia in the development of schizophrenia symptoms. Growth factors are cytokine molecules that play an important role in the regulation of tissue nucleation, cell development, survival, and migration of all tissues in organisms, including the brain and nervous system. The aim of the study was to determine the serum concentration of six growth factors (EGF, VEGF, FGF-2, TGF-α, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB) in schizophrenia patients and to identify the correlations with clinical characteristics. After signing an informed consent form, 236 schizophrenia patients (F20 according to the ICD-10) and 102 healthy people were recruited in the study. In patients with schizophrenia, we observed a significant elevation in the TGF-α and PDGF-AA serum levels. The duration of schizophrenia was significantly positively correlated with the FGF-2 level. The PANSS total score had a positive correlation with the FGF-2 level and a negative correlation with the TGF-α level. Our results and literature indicate the involvement of growth factors in the mechanisms of development of schizophrenia. Combined biomarker screening seems to be necessary to improve diagnosis and clinical follow-up of patients with severe mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia S Boiko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634014 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Irina A Mednova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634014 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elena G Kornetova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634014 Tomsk, Russia
- University Hospital, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634014 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, Addictology and Psychotherapy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634014 Tomsk, Russia
- University Hospital, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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3
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Ptaszek B, Podsiadło S, Czerwińska-Ledwig O, Maciejczyk M, Teległów A. Effect of Whole-Body Cryotherapy on Iron Status and Biomarkers of Neuroplasticity in Multiple Sclerosis Women. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091681. [PMID: 36141293 PMCID: PMC9498764 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of a series of 20 whole body cryotherapy (WBC) sessions on iron levels and neuroplasticity biomarkers in women with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy women. Consent was obtained from the Bioethics Committee at the Regional Medical Chamber in Krakow (87/KBL/OIL/2018; 8 May 2018). The study was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12620001142921; 2 November 2020). The study included 30 people: 15 women with multiple sclerosis (mean age 41.53 ± 6.98 years) and 15 healthy women (mean age 38.47 ± 6.0 years). Both groups attended cryotherapy sessions. Venous blood was collected for analysis before the WBC session and after 20 sessions. In women with MS and healthy women, no significant effect of WBC on changes in the level biomarkers of neuroplasticity was found. There were also no statistically significant differences between the groups of the analyzed indices at the beginning of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Ptaszek
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Szymon Podsiadło
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Olga Czerwińska-Ledwig
- Institute of Basic Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Teległów
- Institute of Basic Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
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4
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Collongues N, Becker G, Jolivel V, Ayme-Dietrich E, de Seze J, Binamé F, Patte-Mensah C, Monassier L, Mensah-Nyagan AG. A Narrative Review on Axonal Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:981-1042. [PMID: 35610531 PMCID: PMC9338208 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in demyelination and neurodegeneration. The therapeutic strategy is now largely based on reducing inflammation with immunosuppressive drugs. Unfortunately, when disease progression is observed, no drug offers neuroprotection apart from its anti-inflammatory effect. In this review, we explore current knowledge on the assessment of neurodegeneration in MS and look at putative targets that might prove useful in protecting the axon from degeneration. Among them, Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-apoptotic and antioxidant agents, sex hormones, statins, channel blockers, growth factors, and molecules preventing glutamate excitotoxicity have already been studied. Some of them have reached phase III clinical trials and carry a great message of hope for our patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Collongues
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM U1434, Strasbourg, France. .,Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France. .,University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Guillaume Becker
- University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,NeuroCardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, UR7296, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Jolivel
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Estelle Ayme-Dietrich
- University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,NeuroCardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, UR7296, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme de Seze
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM U1434, Strasbourg, France.,Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabien Binamé
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Patte-Mensah
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Monassier
- University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,NeuroCardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, UR7296, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ayikoé Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Scalabrino G. New Epidermal-Growth-Factor-Related Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Is It Also Epistemology? Front Neurol 2021; 12:754270. [PMID: 34899572 PMCID: PMC8664554 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.754270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings showing that epidermal growth factor (EGF) is significantly decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and spinal cord (SC) of living or deceased multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and that its repeated administration to rodents with chemically- or virally-induced demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) or experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) prevents demyelination and inflammatory reactions in the CNS, have led to a critical reassessment of the MS pathogenesis, partly because EGF is considered to have little or no role in immunology. EGF is the only myelinotrophic factor that has been tested in the CSF and spinal cord of MS patients, and it has been shown there is a good correspondence between liquid and tissue levels. This review: (a) briefly summarises the positive EGF effects on neural stem cells, oligodendrocyte cell lineage, and astrocytes in order to explain, at least in part, the biological basis of the myelin loss and remyelination failure in MS; and (b) after a short analysis of the evolution of the principle of cause-effect in the history of Western philosophy, highlights the lack of any experimental immune-, toxin-, or virus-mediated model that precisely reproduces the histopathological features and “clinical” symptoms of MS, thus underlining the inapplicability of Claude Bernard's crucial sequence of “observation, hypothesis, and hypothesis testing.” This is followed by a discussion of most of the putative non-immunologically-linked points of MS pathogenesis (abnormalities in myelinotrophic factor CSF levels, oligodendrocytes (ODCs), astrocytes, extracellular matrix, and epigenetics) on the basis of Popper's falsification principle, and the suggestion that autoimmunity and phologosis reactions (surely the most devasting consequences of the disease) are probably the last links in a chain of events that trigger the reactions. As it is likely that there is a lack of other myelinotrophic growth factors because myelinogenesis is controlled by various CNS and extra-CNS growth factors and other molecules within and outside ODCs, further studies are needed to investigate the role of non-immunological molecules at the time of the onset of the disease. In the words of Galilei, the human mind should be prepared to understand what nature has created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scalabrino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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6
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Yazdankhah M, Ghosh S, Shang P, Stepicheva N, Hose S, Liu H, Chamling X, Tian S, Sullivan ML, Calderon MJ, Fitting CS, Weiss J, Jayagopal A, Handa JT, Sahel JA, Zigler JS, Kinchington PR, Zack DJ, Sinha D. BNIP3L-mediated mitophagy is required for mitochondrial remodeling during the differentiation of optic nerve oligodendrocytes. Autophagy 2021; 17:3140-3159. [PMID: 33404293 PMCID: PMC8526037 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1871204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell axons are heavily myelinated (98%) and myelin damage in the optic nerve (ON) severely affects vision. Understanding the molecular mechanism of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes will be essential for developing new therapeutic approaches for ON demyelinating diseases. To this end, we developed a new method for isolation and culture of ON-derived oligodendrocyte lineage cells and used it to study OPC differentiation. A critical aspect of cellular differentiation is macroautophagy/autophagy, a catabolic process that allows for cell remodeling by degradation of excess or damaged cellular molecules and organelles. Knockdown of ATG9A and BECN1 (pro-autophagic proteins involved in the early stages of autophagosome formation) led to a significant reduction in proliferation and survival of OPCs. We also found that autophagy flux (a measure of autophagic degradation activity) is significantly increased during progression of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Additionally, we demonstrate a significant change in mitochondrial dynamics during oligodendrocyte differentiation, which is associated with a significant increase in programmed mitophagy (selective autophagic clearance of mitochondria). This process is mediated by the mitophagy receptor BNIP3L (BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3-like). BNIP3L-mediated mitophagy plays a crucial role in the regulation of mitochondrial network formation, mitochondrial function and the viability of newly differentiated oligodendrocytes. Our studies provide novel evidence that proper mitochondrial dynamics is required for establishment of functional mitochondria in mature oligodendrocytes. These findings are significant because targeting BNIP3L-mediated programmed mitophagy may provide a novel therapeutic approach for stimulating myelin repair in ON demyelinating diseases.Abbreviations: A2B5: a surface antigen of oligodendrocytes precursor cells, A2B5 clone 105; ACTB: actin, beta; APC: an antibody to label mature oligodendrocytes, anti-adenomatous polyposis coli clone CC1; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; ATG9A: autophagy related 9A; AU: arbitrary units; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BCL2: B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; BNIP3: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3-like; CASP3: caspase 3; CNP: 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase; Ctl: control; COX8: cytochrome c oxidase subunit; CSPG4/NG2: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4; DAPI: 4'6-diamino-2-phenylindole; DNM1L: dynamin 1-like; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; FIS1: fission, mitochondrial 1; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFAP: glial fibrillary growth factor; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HsESC: human embryonic stem cell; IEM: immunoelectron microscopy; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MBP: myelin basic protein; MFN2: mitofusin 2; Mito-Keima: mitochondria-targeted monomeric keima-red; Mito-GFP: mitochondria-green fluorescent protein; Mito-RFP: mitochondria-red fluorescent protein; MitoSOX: red mitochondrial superoxide probe; MKI67: antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki 67; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; O4: oligodendrocyte marker O4; OLIG2: oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2; ON: optic nerve; OPA1: OPA1, mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase; OPC: oligodendrocyte progenitor cell; PDL: poly-D-lysine; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN/Parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RT-PCR: real time polymerase chain reaction; SEM: standard error of the mean; SOD2: superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TMRM: tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TUBB: tubulin, beta; TUBB3: tubulin, beta 3 class III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nadezda Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xitiz Chamling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shenghe Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mara L.G. Sullivan
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Joseph Calderon
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S. Fitting
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - James T. Handa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institut De La Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - J. Samuel Zigler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul R. Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donald J. Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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7
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Klimaschewski L, Claus P. Fibroblast Growth Factor Signalling in the Diseased Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3884-3902. [PMID: 33860438 PMCID: PMC8280051 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) act as key signalling molecules in brain development, maintenance, and repair. They influence the intricate relationship between myelinating cells and axons as well as the association of astrocytic and microglial processes with neuronal perikarya and synapses. Advances in molecular genetics and imaging techniques have allowed novel insights into FGF signalling in recent years. Conditional mouse mutants have revealed the functional significance of neuronal and glial FGF receptors, not only in tissue protection, axon regeneration, and glial proliferation but also in instant behavioural changes. This review provides a summary of recent findings regarding the role of FGFs and their receptors in the nervous system and in the pathogenesis of major neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Klimaschewski
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Rajendran R, Böttiger G, Stadelmann C, Karnati S, Berghoff M. FGF/FGFR Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis and in Its Disease Models. Cells 2021; 10:884. [PMID: 33924474 PMCID: PMC8068804 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting more than two million people worldwide. In MS, oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths are destroyed by autoimmune-mediated inflammation, while remyelination is impaired. Recent investigations of post-mortem tissue suggest that Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling may regulate inflammation and myelination in MS. FGF2 expression seems to correlate positively with macrophages/microglia and negatively with myelination; FGF1 was suggested to promote remyelination. In myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), systemic deletion of FGF2 suggested that FGF2 may promote remyelination. Specific deletion of FGF receptors (FGFRs) in oligodendrocytes in this EAE model resulted in a decrease of lymphocyte and macrophage/microglia infiltration as well as myelin and axon degeneration. These effects were mediated by ERK/Akt phosphorylation, a brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and downregulation of inhibitors of remyelination. In the first part of this review, the most important pharmacotherapeutic principles for MS will be illustrated, and then we will review recent advances made on FGF signaling in MS. Thus, we will suggest application of FGFR inhibitors, which are currently used in Phase II and III cancer trials, as a therapeutic option to reduce inflammation and induce remyelination in EAE and eventually MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/deficiency
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Myelin Sheath/drug effects
- Myelin Sheath/immunology
- Myelin Sheath/pathology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Oligodendroglia/drug effects
- Oligodendroglia/immunology
- Oligodendroglia/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/immunology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/immunology
- Remyelination/drug effects
- Remyelination/genetics
- Remyelination/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjithkumar Rajendran
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35385 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Gregor Böttiger
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35385 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Martin Berghoff
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35385 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (G.B.)
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9
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Combinatory Multifactor Treatment Effects on Primary Nanofiber Oligodendrocyte Cultures. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111422. [PMID: 31726669 PMCID: PMC6912369 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Neurological deficits are attributed to inflammatory demyelination, which compromises axonal function and survival. These are mitigated in experimental models by rapid and often complete remyelination of affected axons, but in MS this endogenous repair mechanism frequently fails, leaving axons increasingly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of inflammatory and metabolic stress. Understanding the molecular basis of remyelination and remyelination failure is essential to develop improved therapies for this devastating disease. However, recent studies suggest that this is not due to a single dominant mechanism, but rather represents the biological outcome of multiple changes in the lesion microenvironment that combine to disrupt oligodendrocyte differentiation. This identifies a pressing need to develop technical platforms to investigate combinatory and/or synergistic effects of factors differentially expressed in MS lesions on oligodendrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Here we describe protocols using primary oligodendrocyte cultures from Bl6 mice on 384-well nanofiber plates to model changes affecting oligodendrogenesis and differentiation in the complex signaling environment associated with multiple sclerosis lesions. Using platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF–AA), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) as representative targets, we demonstrate that we can assess their combinatory effects across a wide range of concentrations in a single experiment. This in vitro model is ideal for assessing the combinatory effects of changes in availability of multiple factors, thus more closely modelling the situation in vivo and furthering high-throughput screening possibilities.
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Hiratsuka D, Kurganov E, Furube E, Morita M, Miyata S. VEGF- and PDGF-dependent proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the medulla oblongata after LPC-induced focal demyelination. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:176-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ghassabian A, Sundaram R, Chahal N, McLain AC, Bell EM, Lawrence DA, Gilman SE, Yeung EH. Concentrations of immune marker in newborn dried blood spots and early childhood development: Results from the Upstate KIDS Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2018; 32:337-345. [PMID: 29972605 PMCID: PMC6763275 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence shows cytokine dysregulation in children with developmental disabilities. The association between immune activity during the perinatal period and child development is less clear. METHODS We examined the relationship between newborn concentrations of immune markers and child development. Within Upstate KIDS, a population-based birth cohort (2008-2010, upstate New York), we assayed immune markers, which are postulated to have neuro-modulatory effects, in newborn dried blood spots (NDBS, n = 3038). Mothers completed the Ages & Stages Questionnaire© (ASQ) for their children repeatedly through age 36 months. At 30 and 36 months, mothers also reported whether their children received any developmental services. We used generalised linear mixed models adjusted for maternal and child characteristics to test associations. RESULTS Sixteen immune markers were associated with failing ASQ in unadjusted models. After full adjustment (for gestational age, mode of delivery, parity, pregnancy smoking, etc.), we observed that higher levels of 4 markers, including platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA, OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67, 0.89), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68, 0.94), stromal cell derived factor-1 (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73, 0.98), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77, 0.98) were associated with lower odds of ASQ failure. The associations did not exist if correction for multiple comparisons was performed, except for PDGF-AA. Analyses with developmental service use revealed similar null findings. CONCLUSIONS Immune marker concentrations in NDBS may not be associated with developmental delay in the general population. Newborn concentrations of growth factor PDGF-AA may be protective of developmental delay in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhgar Ghassabian
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine, and
Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY,Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population
Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rajeshwari Sundaram
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of
Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nikhita Chahal
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population
Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alexander C McLain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold
School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, SC
| | - Erin M. Bell
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University
at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY
| | - David A Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health,
Albany, NY
| | - Stephen E. Gilman
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population
Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,Department of Mental Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg
School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Edwina H Yeung
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population
Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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12
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Stampanoni Bassi M, Mori F, Buttari F, Marfia GA, Sancesario A, Centonze D, Iezzi E. Neurophysiology of synaptic functioning in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1148-1157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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Straudi S, Manfredini F, Lamberti N, Zamboni P, Bernardi F, Marchetti G, Pinton P, Bonora M, Secchiero P, Tisato V, Volpato S, Basaglia N. The effectiveness of Robot-Assisted Gait Training versus conventional therapy on mobility in severely disabled progressIve MultiplE sclerosis patients (RAGTIME): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:88. [PMID: 28241776 PMCID: PMC5330064 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-1838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gait and mobility impairments affect the quality of life (QoL) of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) is an effective rehabilitative treatment but evidence of its superiority compared to other options is lacking. Furthermore, the response to rehabilitation is multidimensional, person-specific and possibly involves functional reorganization processes. The aims of this study are: (1) to test the effectiveness on gait speed, mobility, balance, fatigue and QoL of RAGT compared to conventional therapy (CT) in progressive MS and (2) to explore changes of clinical and circulating biomarkers of neural plasticity. Methods This will be a parallel-group, randomized controlled trial design with the assessor blinded to the group allocation of participants. Ninety-eight (49 per arm) progressive MS patients (EDSS scale 6–7) will be randomly assigned to receive twelve 2-h training sessions over a 4-week period (three sessions/week) of either: (1) RAGT intervention on a robotic-driven gait orthosis (Lokomat, Hocoma, Switzerland). The training parameters (torque of the knee and hip drives, treadmill speed, body weight support) are set during the first session and progressively adjusted during training progression or (2) individual conventional physiotherapy focusing on over-ground walking training performed with the habitual walking device. The same assessors will perform outcome measurements at four time points: baseline (before the first intervention session); intermediate (after six training sessions); end of treatment (after the completion of 12 sessions); and follow-up (after 3 months from the end of the training program). The primary outcome is gait speed, assessed by the Timed 25-Foot Walk Test. We will also assess walking endurance, balance, depression, fatigue and QoL as well as instrumental laboratory markers (muscle metabolism, cerebral venous hemodynamics, cortical activation) and circulating laboratory markers (rare circulating cell populations pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, growth factors, neurotrophic factors, coagulation factors, other plasma proteins suggested by transcriptomic analysis and metabolic parameters). Discussion The RAGT training is expected to improve mobility compared to the active control intervention in progressive MS. Unique to this study is the analysis of various potential markers of plasticity in relation with clinical outcomes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02421731. Registered on 19 January 2015 (retrospectively registered). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1838-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Straudi
- Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Department, Ferrara University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Department, Ferrara University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Nicola Lamberti
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Zamboni
- Unit of Translational Surgery and Vascular Diseases Center, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpato
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nino Basaglia
- Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Department, Ferrara University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy
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Rajendran R, Giraldo-Velásquez M, Stadelmann C, Berghoff M. Oligodendroglial fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene targeting protects mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through ERK/AKT phosphorylation. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:212-224. [PMID: 28117910 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) exert diverse biological effects by binding and activation of specific fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). FGFs and FGFRs have been implicated in demyelinating pathologies including multiple sclerosis. In vitro activation of the FGF2/FGFR1 pathway results in downregulation of myelin proteins. FGF1, 2 and 9 have been shown to be involved in the pathology of multiple sclerosis. Recent studies on the function of oligodendroglial FGFR1 in a model of toxic demyelination showed that deletion of FGFR1 led to increased remyelination and preservation of axonal density and an increased number of mature oligodendrocytes. In the present study the in vivo function of oligodendroglial FGFR1 was characterized using an oligodendrocyte-specific genetic approach in the most frequently used model of multiple sclerosis the MOG35-55 -induced EAE. Oligodendroglial FGFR1 deficient mice (referred to as Fgfr1ind-/- ) showed a significantly ameliorated disease course in MOG35-55 -induced EAE. Less myelin and axonal loss, and reduced lymphocyte and macrophage/microglia infiltration were found in Fgfr1ind-/- mice. The reduction in disease severity in Fgfr1ind-/- mice was accompanied by ERK/AKT phosphorylation, and increased expression of BDNF and TrkB. Reduced proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression was seen in Fgfr1ind-/- mice compared with control mice. Considering that FGFR inhibitors are used in cancer trials, the oligodendroglial FGFR1 pathway may provide a new target for therapy in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjithkumar Rajendran
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, 35385, Germany
| | | | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, Göttingen, 37099, Germany
| | - Martin Berghoff
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, 35385, Germany
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15
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Serum Markers of Neurodegeneration in Maple Syrup Urine Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5709-5719. [PMID: 27660262 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited disorder caused by deficient activity of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex involved in the degradation pathway of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and their respective α-keto-acids. Patients affected by MSUD present severe neurological symptoms and brain abnormalities, whose pathophysiology is poorly known. However, preclinical studies have suggested alterations in markers involved with neurodegeneration. Because there are no studies in the literature that report the neurodegenerative markers in MSUD patients, the present study evaluated neurodegenerative markers (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cathepsin D, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 total (PAI-1 (total)), platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA), PDGF-AB/BB) in plasma from 10 MSUD patients during dietary treatment. Our results showed a significant decrease in BDNF and PDGF-AA levels in MSUD patients. On the other hand, NCAM and cathepsin D levels were significantly greater in MSUD patients compared to the control group, while no significant changes were observed in the levels of PAI-1 (total) and PDGF-AB/BB between the control and MSUD groups. Our data show that MSUD patients present alterations in proteins involved in the neurodegenerative process. Thus, the present findings corroborate previous studies that demonstrated that neurotrophic factors and lysosomal proteases may contribute, along with other mechanisms, to the intellectual deficit and neurodegeneration observed in MSUD.
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16
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Purmorphamine as a Shh Signaling Activator Small Molecule Promotes Motor Neuron Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured on Nanofibrous PCL Scaffold. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5668-5675. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Huang Y, Dreyfus CF. The role of growth factors as a therapeutic approach to demyelinating disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:531-40. [PMID: 27016070 PMCID: PMC5010931 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A variety of growth factors are being explored as therapeutic agents relevant to the axonal and oligodendroglial deficits that occur as a result of demyelinating lesions such as are evident in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This review focuses on five such proteins that are present in the lesion site and impact oligodendrocyte regeneration. It then presents approaches that are being exploited to manipulate the lesion environment affiliated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases and suggests that the utility of these approaches can extend to demyelination. Challenges are to further understand the roles of specific growth factors on a cellular and tissue level. Emerging technologies can then be employed to optimize the use of growth factors to ameliorate the deficits associated with demyelinating degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Cheryl F Dreyfus
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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18
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The Role of Stem Cells in the Treatment of Cerebral Palsy: a Review. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4963-4972. [PMID: 27520277 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neuromuscular disease due to injury in the infant's brain. The CP disorder causes many neurologic dysfunctions in the patient. Various treatment methods have been used for the management of CP disorder. However, there has been no absolute cure for this condition. Furthermore, some of the procedures which are currently used for relief of symptoms in CP cause discomfort or side effects in the patient. Recently, stem cell therapy has attracted a huge interest as a new therapeutic method for treatment of CP. Several investigations in animal and human with CP have demonstrated positive potential of stem cell transplantation for the treatment of CP disorder. The ultimate goal of this therapeutic method is to harness the regenerative capacity of the stem cells causing a formation of new tissues to replace the damaged tissue. During the recent years, there have been many investigations on stem cell therapy. However, there are still many unclear issues regarding this method and high effort is needed to create a technology as a perfect treatment. This review will discuss the scientific background of stem cell therapy for cerebral palsy including evidences from current clinical trials.
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19
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Turner CA, Eren-Koçak E, Inui EG, Watson SJ, Akil H. Dysregulated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 53:136-43. [PMID: 26454097 PMCID: PMC4833700 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system in brain-related disorders has received considerable attention in recent years. To understand the role of this system in neurological and psychiatric disorders, it is important to identify the specific members of the FGF family that are implicated, their location and the various mechanisms they can be modulated. Each disorder appears to impact specific molecular players in unique anatomical locations, and all of these could conceivably become targets for treatment. In the last several years, the issue of how to target this system directly has become an area of increasing interest. To date, the most promising therapeutics are small molecule inhibitors and antibodies that modulate FGF receptor (FGFR) function. Beyond attempting to modify the primary players affected by a given brain disorder, it may prove useful to target molecules, such as membrane-bound or extracellular proteins that interact with FGF ligands or FGFRs to modulate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney A Turner
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Emine Eren-Koçak
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Inhibitor of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway Small Molecule Promotes Motor Neuron Differentiation of Human Endometrial Stem Cells Cultured on Electrospun Biocomposite Polycaprolactone/Collagen Scaffolds. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2547-2554. [PMID: 26993294 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules as useful chemical tools can affect cell differentiation and even change cell fate. It is demonstrated that LY294002, a small molecule inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signal pathway, can inhibit proliferation and promote neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the differentiation effect of Ly294002 small molecule on the human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) into motor neuron-like cells on polycaprolactone (PCL)/collagen scaffolds. hEnSCs were cultured in a neurogenic inductive medium containing 1 μM LY294002 on the surface of PCL/collagen electrospun fibrous scaffolds. Cell attachment and viability of cells on scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoyl-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The expression of neuron-specific markers was assayed by real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry analysis after 15 days post induction. Results showed that attachment and differentiation of hEnSCs into motor neuron-like cells on the scaffolds with Ly294002 small molecule were higher than that of the cells on tissue culture plates as control group. In conclusion, PCL/collagen electrospun scaffolds with Ly294002 have potential for being used in neural tissue engineering because of its bioactive and three-dimensional structure which enhances viability and differentiation of hEnSCs into neurons through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Thus, manipulation of this pathway by small molecules can enhance neural differentiation.
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Ahmadi M, Emami Aleagha MS, Harirchian MH, Yarani R, Tavakoli F, Siroos B. Multiple sclerosis influences on the augmentation of serum Klotho concentration. J Neurol Sci 2016; 362:69-72. [PMID: 26944121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have already shown that the concentration of secreted form of Klotho decreases in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The current study aimed at assessing possible changes in the serum Klotho concentration of MS patients. Participants involved 15 new cases of RRMS patients in the relapse phase, 15 RRMS patients who had been suffering from the disease for more than three years and were under regular treatments (interferon beta-1a) and, finally, 15 non-MS patients who constituted the control group. Beside thorough neurological examinations, demographic and clinical data (e.g. gender, age, duration of disease and expanded disability status scale) were obtained. Serum Klotho concentration was measured using ELISA method. The results showed no statistically meaningful difference between new cases of RRMS (585.56pg/ml±153.99) and control group (556.81pg/ml±120.36; P=0.859). The serum Klotho level, however, was significantly higher in patients with prolonged disease duration (696.94pg/ml±170.52; P=0.037) in comparison with the subjects in the control group. In conclusion, this study showed that serum Klotho concentration tends to be higher in MS patients when compared to control group. This finding might be attributed to treatment of MS patients with immunomodulatory drugs or a compensatory response to enhance CNS regeneration and/or vitamin D biosynthesis. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of Klotho in MS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ahmadi
- Iranian Centre of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sajad Emami Aleagha
- Iranian Centre of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Harirchian
- Iranian Centre of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yarani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Farhad Tavakoli
- Department of Anesthesiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahaadin Siroos
- Iranian Centre of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Bayat N, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Ardakan MMM, Ai A, Kamyab A, Babaloo H, Ai J. Differentiation of Human Endometrial Stem Cells into Schwann Cells in Fibrin Hydrogel as 3D Culture. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:7170-7176. [PMID: 26687182 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) are a new source of adult multipotent stem cells with the ability of differentiation into many cell lineages. Many stem cell sources are desirable for differentiation into Schwann cells. Schwann-like cells derived from hEnSCs may be one of the ideal alternative cell sources for Schwann cell generation. In this study, for differentiation of hEnSCs into Schwann cells, hEnSCs were induced with RA/FSK/PDGF-AA/HRG as an induction medium for 14 days. The cells were cultured in a tissue culture plate (TCP) and fibrin gel matrix. The viability of cultured cells in the fibrin gel and TCP was analyzed with 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thia-zolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for 7 days. The attachment of cells was analyzed with SEM and DAPI staining. The expression of S100 and P75 as Schwann cell markers was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The evaluation of the MTT assay and gene expression showed that the survival rate and differentiation of hEnSCs into Schwann cells in the fibrin gel were better than those in the TCP group. These results suggest that human EnSCs can be differentiated into Schwann cells in the fibrin gel better than in the TCP, and the fibrin gel might provide a suitable three-dimensional (3D) scaffold for clinical applications for cell therapy of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Bayat
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center (BASIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Gharib Street, 6114185, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Mokhtari Ardakan
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Ai
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Kamyab
- Department of Genetics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Babaloo
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center (BASIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Gharib Street, 6114185, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Neural Plasticity in Multiple Sclerosis: The Functional and Molecular Background. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:307175. [PMID: 26229689 PMCID: PMC4503575 DOI: 10.1155/2015/307175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder resulting in motor dysfunction and cognitive decline. The inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes seen in the brains of MS patients lead to progressive disability and increasing brain atrophy. The most common type of MS is characterized by episodes of clinical exacerbations and remissions. This suggests the presence of compensating mechanisms for accumulating damage. Apart from the widely known repair mechanisms like remyelination, another important phenomenon is neuronal plasticity. Initially, neuroplasticity was connected with the developmental stages of life; however, there is now growing evidence confirming that structural and functional reorganization occurs throughout our lifetime. Several functional studies, utilizing such techniques as fMRI, TBS, or MRS, have provided valuable data about the presence of neuronal plasticity in MS patients. CNS ability to compensate for neuronal damage is most evident in RR-MS; however it has been shown that brain plasticity is also preserved in patients with substantial brain damage. Regardless of the numerous studies, the molecular background of neuronal plasticity in MS is still not well understood. Several factors, like IL-1β, BDNF, PDGF, or CB1Rs, have been implicated in functional recovery from the acute phase of MS and are thus considered as potential therapeutic targets.
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Growth factors and synaptic plasticity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:490-8. [PMID: 24671722 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During multiple sclerosis (MS) inflammatory attacks, and in subsequent clinical recovery phases, immune cells contribute to neuronal and oligodendroglial cell survival and tissue repair by secreting growth factors. Animal studies showed that growth factors also play a substantial role in regulating synaptic plasticity, and namely in long-term potentiation (LTP). LTP could drive clinical recovery in relapsing patients by restoring the excitability of denervated neurons. We recently reported that maintenance of synaptic plasticity reserve is crucial to contrast clinical deterioration in MS and that the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) may play a key role in its regulation. We also reported that a Hebbian form of LTP-like cortical plasticity, explored by paired associative stimulation (PAS), correlates with clinical recovery from a relapse in MS. Here, we explored the role of PDGF in clinical recovery and in adaptive neuroplasticity in relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) patients. We found a correlation between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PDGF concentrations and the extent of clinical recovery after a relapse, as full recovery was more likely observed in patients with high PDGF concentrations and poor recovery in subjects with low PDGF levels. Consistently with the idea that PDGF-driven synaptic plasticity contributes to attenuate the clinical consequences of tissue damage in RR-MS, we also found a striking correlation between CSF levels of PDGF and the amplitude of LTP-like cortical plasticity explored by PAS. CSF levels of fibroblast growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor did not correlate with clinical recovery nor with measures of synaptic transmission and plasticity.
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Synaptic plasticity and PDGF signaling defects underlie clinical progression in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci 2014; 33:19112-9. [PMID: 24305808 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2536-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity is essential to prevent clinical worsening despite continuing neuronal loss in several brain diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The precise nature of the adaptation mechanisms taking place in MS brains, ensuring protection from disability appearance and accumulation, is however unknown. Here, we explored the hypothesis that long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP), potentially able to minimize the effects of neuronal loss by providing extra excitation of denervated neurons, is the most relevant form of adaptive plasticity in stable MS patients, and it is disrupted in progressing MS patients. We found that LTP, explored by means of transcranial magnetic theta burst stimulation over the primary motor cortex, was still possible, and even favored, in stable relapsing-remitting (RR-MS) patients, whereas it was absent in individuals with primary progressive MS (PP-MS). We also provided evidence that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) plays a substantial role in favoring both LTP and brain reserve in MS patients, as this molecule: (1) was reduced in the CSF of PP-MS patients, (2) enhanced LTP emergence in hippocampal mouse brain slices, (3) was associated with more pronounced LTP in RR-MS patients, and (4) was associated with the clinical compensation of new brain lesion formation in RR-MS. Our results show that brain plasticity reserve, in the form of LTP, is crucial to contrast clinical deterioration in MS. Enhancing PDGF signaling might represent a valuable treatment option to maintain brain reserve and to attenuate the clinical consequences of neuronal damage in the progressive phases of MS and in other neurodegenerative disorders.
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