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Takeuchi K, Yasuhiko O. Non-invasive Visualization and Characterization of Bile Canaliculus Formation Using Refractive Index Tomography. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1163-1171. [PMID: 38880624 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The vital role of bile canaliculus (BC) in liver function is closely related to its morphology. Electron microscopy has contributed to understanding BC morphology; however, its invasiveness limits its use in living specimens. Here, we report non-invasive characterization of BC formation using refractive index (RI) tomography. First, we investigated and characterized the RI distribution of BCs in two-dimensional (2D) cultured HepG2 cells. BCs were identified based on their distinct morphology and functionality, as confirmed using a fluorescence-labeled bile acid analog. The RI distribution of BCs exhibited three common features: (1) luminal spaces with a low RI between adjacent hepatocytes; (2) luminal spaces surrounded by a membranous structure with a high RI; and (3) multiple microvillus structures with a high RI within the lumen. Second, we demonstrated the characterization of BC structures in a three-dimensional (3D) culture model, which is more relevant to the in vivo environment but more difficult to evaluate than 2D cultures. Various BC structures were identified inside HepG2 spheroids with the three features of RI distribution. Third, we conducted comparative analyses and found that the BC lumina of spheroids had higher circularity and lower RI standard deviation than 2D cultures. We also addressed comparison of BC and intracellular lumen-like structures within a HepG2 spheroid, and found that the BC lumina had higher RI and longer perimeter than intracellular lumen-like structures. Our demonstration of the non-destructive, label-free visualization and quantitative characterization of living BC structures will be a basis for various hepatological and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Takeuchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K
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2
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Lee SY, Koo IS, Hwang HJ, Lee DW. WITHDRAWN: In Vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell culture tools for spheroid and organoid models. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023; 29:131. [PMID: 38101575 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea; Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seong Koo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Hwang
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea.
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Seo JY, Park SB, Kim SY, Seo GJ, Jang HK, Lee TJ. Acoustic and Magnetic Stimuli-Based Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:563-580. [PMID: 37052782 PMCID: PMC10313605 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In a conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture method, cells are attached to the bottom of the culture dish and grow into a monolayer. These 2D culture methods are easy to handle, cost-effective, reproducible, and adaptable to growing many different types of cells. However, monolayer 2D cell culture conditions are far from those of natural tissue, indicating the need for a three-dimensional (3D) culture system. Various methods, such as hanging drop, scaffolds, hydrogels, microfluid systems, and bioreactor systems, have been utilized for 3D cell culture. Recently, external physical stimulation-based 3D cell culture platforms, such as acoustic and magnetic forces, were introduced. Acoustic waves can establish acoustic radiation force, which can induce suspended objects to gather in the pressure node region and aggregate to form clusters. Magnetic targeting consists of two components, a magnetically responsive carrier and a magnetic field gradient source. In a magnetic-based 3D cell culture platform, cells are aggregated by changing the magnetic force. Magnetic fields can manipulate cells through two different methods: positive magnetophoresis and negative magnetophoresis. Positive magnetophoresis is a way of imparting magnetic properties to cells by labeling them with magnetic nanoparticles. Negative magnetophoresis is a label-free principle-based method. 3D cell structures, such as spheroids, 3D network structures, and cell sheets, have been successfully fabricated using this acoustic and magnetic stimuli-based 3D cell culture platform. Additionally, fabricated 3D cell structures showed enhanced cell behavior, such as differentiation potential and tissue regeneration. Therefore, physical stimuli-based 3D cell culture platforms could be promising tools for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Seo
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Bin Park
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Kim
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Jin Seo
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ki Jang
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Wolfe JT, He W, Kim MS, Liang HL, Shradhanjali A, Jurkiewicz H, Freudinger BP, Greene AS, LaDisa JF, Tayebi L, Mitchell ME, Tomita-Mitchell A, Tefft BJ. 3D-bioprinting of patient-derived cardiac tissue models for studying congenital heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1162731. [PMID: 37293290 PMCID: PMC10247285 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1162731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Congenital heart disease is the leading cause of death related to birth defects and affects 1 out of every 100 live births. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology has allowed for patient-derived cardiomyocytes to be studied in vitro. An approach to bioengineer these cells into a physiologically accurate cardiac tissue model is needed in order to study the disease and evaluate potential treatment strategies. Methods To accomplish this, we have developed a protocol to 3D-bioprint cardiac tissue constructs comprised of patient-derived cardiomyocytes within a hydrogel bioink based on laminin-521. Results Cardiomyocytes remained viable and demonstrated appropriate phenotype and function including spontaneous contraction. Contraction remained consistent during 30 days of culture based on displacement measurements. Furthermore, tissue constructs demonstrated progressive maturation based on sarcomere structure and gene expression analysis. Gene expression analysis also revealed enhanced maturation in 3D constructs compared to 2D cell culture. Discussion This combination of patient-derived cardiomyocytes and 3D-bioprinting represents a promising platform for studying congenital heart disease and evaluating individualized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne T. Wolfe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin & Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Wei He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin & Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Min-Su Kim
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Huan-Ling Liang
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Akankshya Shradhanjali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin & Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Hilda Jurkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin & Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | | | - John F. LaDisa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin & Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics - Section of Cardiology, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- The Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael E. Mitchell
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- The Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Aoy Tomita-Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin & Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- The Herma Heart Institute, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Brandon J. Tefft
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin & Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Sendra M, Štampar M, Fras K, Novoa B, Figueras A, Žegura B. Adverse (geno)toxic effects of bisphenol A and its analogues in hepatic 3D cell model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107721. [PMID: 36580735 PMCID: PMC9875311 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used and versatile chemical compounds in polymer additives and epoxy resins for manufacturing a range of products for human applications. It is known as endocrine disruptor, however, there is growing evidence that it is genotoxic. Because of its adverse effects, the European Union has restricted its use to protect human health and the environment. As a result, the industry has begun developing BPA analogues, but there are not yet sufficient toxicity data to claim that they are safe. We investigated the adverse toxic effects of BPA and its analogues (BPS, BPAP, BPAF, BPFL, and BPC) with emphasis on their cytotoxic and genotoxic activities after short (24-h) and prolonged (96-h) exposure in in vitro hepatic three-dimensional cell model developed from HepG2 cells. The results showed that BPFL and BPC (formed by an additional ring system) were the most cytotoxic analogues that affected cell viability, spheroid surface area and morphology, cell proliferation, and apoptotic cell death. BPA, BPAP, and BPAF induced DNA double-strand break formation (γH2AX assay), whereas BPAF and BPC increased the percentage of p-H3-positive cells, indicating their aneugenic activity. All BPs induced DNA single-strand break formation (comet assay), with BPAP (≥0.1 μM) being the most effective and BPA and BPC the least effective (≥1 μM) under conditions applied. The results indicate that not all of the analogues studied are safer alternatives to BPA and thus more in-depth research is urgently needed to adequately evaluate the risks of BPA analogues and assess their safety for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sendra
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Martina Štampar
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Katarina Fras
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Immunology and Genomics Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Immunology and Genomics Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Integrated System Pharmacology Approaches to Elucidate Multi-Target Mechanism of Solanum surattense against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196220. [PMID: 36234758 PMCID: PMC9570789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant liver tumors with high mortality. Chronic hepatitis B and C viruses, aflatoxins, and alcohol are among the most common causes of hepatocellular carcinoma. The limited reported data and multiple spectra of pathophysiological mechanisms of HCC make it a challenging task and a serious economic burden in health care management. Solanum surattense (S. surattense) is the herbal plant used in many regions of Asia to treat many disorders including various types of cancer. Previous in vitro studies revealed the medicinal importance of S. surattense against hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the exact molecular mechanism of S. surattense against HCC still remains unclear. In vitro and in silico experiments were performed to find the molecular mechanism of S. surattense against HCC. In this study, the network pharmacology approach was used, through which multi-targeted mechanisms of S. surattense were explored against HCC. Active ingredients and potential targets of S. surattense found in HCC were figured out. Furthermore, the molecular docking technique was employed for the validation of the successful activity of bioactive constituents against potential genes of HCC. The present study investigated the active “constituent–target–pathway” networks and determined the tumor necrosis factor (TNF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Bcl-2-like protein 1(BCL2L1), estrogen receptor (ER), GTPase HRas, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-α), Harvey Rat sarcoma virus, also known as transforming protein p21 (HRAS), and AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1 (AKT1), and found that the genes were influenced by active ingredients of S. surattense. In vitro analysis was also performed to check the anti-cancerous activity of S. surattense on human liver cells. The result showed that S. surattense appeared to act on HCC via modulating different molecular functions, many biological processes, and potential targets implicated in 11 different pathways. Furthermore, molecular docking was employed to validate the successful activity of the active compounds against potential targets. The results showed that quercetin was successfully docked to inhibit the potential targets of HCC. This study indicates that active constituents of S. surattense and their therapeutic targets are responsible for their pharmacological activities and possible molecular mechanisms for treating HCC. Lastly, it is concluded that active compounds of S. surattense act on potential genes along with their influencing pathways to give a network analysis in system pharmacology, which has a vital role in the development and utilization of drugs. The current study lays a framework for further experimental research and widens the clinical usage of S. surattense.
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7
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Tutty MA, Vella G, Prina-Mello A. Pre-clinical 2D and 3D toxicity response to a panel of nanomaterials; comparative assessment of NBM-induced liver toxicity. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2157-2177. [PMID: 35763196 PMCID: PMC9360078 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanobiomaterials, or NBMs, have been used in medicine and bioimaging for decades, with wide-reaching applications ranging from their uses as carriers of genes and drugs, to acting as sensors and probes. When developing nanomedicine products, it is vitally important to evaluate their safety, ensuring that both biocompatibility and efficacy are achieved so their applications in these areas can be safe and effective. When discussing the safety of nanomedicine in general terms, it is foolish to make generalised statements due to the vast array of different manufactured nanomaterials, formulated from a multitude of different materials, in many shapes and sizes; therefore, NBM pre-clinical screening can be a significant challenge. Outside of their distribution in the various tissues, organs and cells in the body, a key area of interest is the impact of NBMs on the liver. A considerable issue for researchers today is accurately predicting human-specific liver toxicity prior to clinical trials, with hepatotoxicity not only the most cited reasons for withdrawal of approved drugs, but also a primary cause of attrition in pre-launched drug candidates. To date, no simple solution to adequately predict these adverse effects exists prior to entering human experimentation. The limitations of the current pre-clinical toolkit are believed to be one of the main reasons for this, with questions being raised on the relevance of animal models in pre-clinical assessment, and over the ability of conventional, simplified in vitro cell–based assays to adequately assess new drug candidates or NBMs. Common 2D cell cultures are unable to adequately represent the functions of 3D tissues and their complex cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, as well as differences found in diffusion and transport conditions. Therefore, testing NBM toxicity in conventional 2D models may not be an accurate reflection of the actual toxicity these materials impart on the body. One such method of overcoming these issues is the use of 3D cultures, such as cell spheroids, to more accurately assess NBM-tissue interaction. In this study, we introduce a 3D hepatocellular carcinoma model cultured from HepG2 cells to assess both the cytotoxicity and viability observed following treatment with a variety of NBMs, namely a nanostructured lipid carrier (in the specific technical name = LipImage™ 815), a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and a panel of polymeric (in the specific technical name = PACA) NBMs. This model is also in compliance with the 3Rs policy of reduction, refinement and replacement in animal experimentation [1], and meets the critical need for more advanced in vitro models for pre-clinical nanotoxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Anne Tutty
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), TTMI, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Gabriele Vella
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), TTMI, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), TTMI, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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8
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Van Breedam E, Ponsaerts P. Promising Strategies for the Development of Advanced In Vitro Models with High Predictive Power in Ischaemic Stroke Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137140. [PMID: 35806146 PMCID: PMC9266337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although stroke is one of the world’s leading causes of death and disability, and more than a thousand candidate neuroprotective drugs have been proposed based on extensive in vitro and animal-based research, an effective neuroprotective/restorative therapy for ischaemic stroke patients is still missing. In particular, the high attrition rate of neuroprotective compounds in clinical studies should make us question the ability of in vitro models currently used for ischaemic stroke research to recapitulate human ischaemic responses with sufficient fidelity. The ischaemic stroke field would greatly benefit from the implementation of more complex in vitro models with improved physiological relevance, next to traditional in vitro and in vivo models in preclinical studies, to more accurately predict clinical outcomes. In this review, we discuss current in vitro models used in ischaemic stroke research and describe the main factors determining the predictive value of in vitro models for modelling human ischaemic stroke. In light of this, human-based 3D models consisting of multiple cell types, either with or without the use of microfluidics technology, may better recapitulate human ischaemic responses and possess the potential to bridge the translational gap between animal-based in vitro and in vivo models, and human patients in clinical trials.
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9
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Kim DE, Lee YB, Shim HE, Song JJ, Han JS, Moon KS, Huh KM, Kang SW. Application of Hexanoyl Glycol Chitosan as a Non-cell Adhesive Polymer in Three-Dimensional Cell Culture. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18471-18480. [PMID: 35694497 PMCID: PMC9178711 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture technology has evolved into three-dimensional (3D) artificial tissue models for better reproduction of human native tissues. However, there are some unresolved limitations that arise due to the adhesive properties of cells. In this study, we developed a hexanoyl glycol chitosan (HGC) as a non-cell adhesive polymer for scaffold-based and -free 3D culture. The uniform cell distribution in a porous scaffold was well maintained during the long culutre period on the HGC-coated substrate by preventing ectopic adhesion and migration of cells on the substrate. In addition, when culturing many spheroids in one dish, supplementation of the culture medium with HGC prevented the aggregation of spheroids and maintained the shape and size of spheroids for a long culture duration. Collectively, the use of HGC in 3D culture systems is expected to contribute greatly to creating excellent regenerative therapeutics and screening models of bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Eun Kim
- Research
Group for Biomimetic Advanced Technology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam
National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Bin Lee
- Department
of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute
of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Shim
- Research
Group for Biomimetic Advanced Technology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam
National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Jung Song
- Research
Group for Biomimetic Advanced Technology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam
National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seok Han
- Department
of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Department
of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute
of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam
National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woong Kang
- Research
Group for Biomimetic Advanced Technology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Human
and Environmental Toxicology Program, University
of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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10
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Sodium Butyrate Induces Hepatic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in 3D Collagen Scaffolds. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3721-3732. [PMID: 35499693 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy is considered an attractive tool to overcome the burden of liver diseases. However, efficient hepatic differentiation is still a big challenge for the research community. In this study, we explored a novel method for differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into hepatic-like cells using 3D culture conditions and histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium butyrate (NaBu). MSCs were characterized by the presence of cell surface markers via immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and by their potential for osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. MSCs were treated with 1mM NaBu in 2D and 3D environments for 21 days. The hepatic differentiation was confirmed by qPCR and immunostaining. According to qPCR data, the 3D culture of NaBu-treated MSCs has shown significant upregulation of hepatic gene, CK-18 (P < 0.01), and hepatic proteins, AFP (P < 0.01) and ALB (P < 0.01). In addition, immunocytochemistry analysis showed significant increase (P < 0.05) in the acetylation of histones (H3 and H4) in NaBu-pretreated cells. It can be concluded from the study that NaBu-treated MSCs in 3D culture conditions can induce hepatic differentiation without the use of additional cytokines and growth factors. The method shown in this study represents an improved protocol for hepatic differentiation and could contribute to improvement in future cell-based therapeutics.
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11
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Braccini S, Tacchini C, Chiellini F, Puppi D. Polymeric Hydrogels for In Vitro 3D Ovarian Cancer Modeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063265. [PMID: 35328686 PMCID: PMC8954571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) grows and interacts constantly with a complex microenvironment, in which immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, signal molecules and the extracellular matrix (ECM) coexist. This heterogeneous environment provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells and undergoes constant and dynamic remodeling that actively promotes tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Despite the fact that traditional 2D cell culture systems have led to relevant medical advances in cancer research, 3D cell culture models could open new possibilities for the development of an in vitro tumor microenvironment more closely reproducing that observed in vivo. The implementation of materials science and technology into cancer research has enabled significant progress in the study of cancer progression and drug screening, through the development of polymeric scaffold-based 3D models closely recapitulating the physiopathological features of native tumor tissue. This article provides an overview of state-of-the-art in vitro tumor models with a particular focus on 3D OC cell culture in pre-clinical studies. The most representative OC models described in the literature are presented with a focus on hydrogel-based scaffolds, which guarantee soft tissue-like physical properties as well as a suitable 3D microenvironment for cell growth. Hydrogel-forming polymers of either natural or synthetic origin investigated in this context are described by highlighting their source of extraction, physical-chemical properties, and application for 3D ovarian cancer cell culture.
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12
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Cho J, Lee H, Rah W, Chang HJ, Yoon YS. From engineered heart tissue to cardiac organoid. Theranostics 2022; 12:2758-2772. [PMID: 35401829 PMCID: PMC8965483 DOI: 10.7150/thno.67661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) presented a new paradigm to employ hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) in drug screening and disease modeling. However, hPSC-CMs differentiated in conventional two-dimensional systems are structurally and functionally immature. Moreover, these differentiation systems generate predominantly one type of cell. Since the heart includes not only CMs but other cell types, such monolayer cultures have limitations in simulating the native heart. Accordingly, three-dimensional (3D) cardiac tissues have been developed as a better platform by including various cardiac cell types and extracellular matrices. Two advances were made for 3D cardiac tissue generation. One type is engineered heart tissues (EHTs), which are constructed by 3D cell culture of cardiac cells using an engineering technology. This system provides a convenient real-time analysis of cardiac function, as well as a precise control of the input/output flow and mechanical/electrical stimulation. The other type is cardiac organoids, which are formed through self-organization of differentiating cardiac lineage cells from hPSCs. While mature cardiac organoids are more desirable, at present only primitive forms of organoids are available. In this review, we discuss various models of hEHTs and cardiac organoids emulating the human heart, focusing on their unique features, utility, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyeaon Cho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyein Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woongchan Rah
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Jae Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-sup Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Karis Bio Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bioinspired Sandcastle Worm-Derived Peptide-Based Hybrid Hydrogel for Promoting the Formation of Liver Spheroids. Gels 2022; 8:gels8030149. [PMID: 35323262 PMCID: PMC8950079 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of hepatic spheroids is beneficial for a variety of potential applications, including drug development, disease modeling, transplantation, and regenerative medicine. Natural hydrogels are obtained from tissues and have been widely used to promote the growth, differentiation, and retention of specific functionalities of hepatocytes. However, relying on natural hydrogels for the generation of hepatic spheroids, which have batch to batch variations, may in turn limit the previously mentioned potential applications. For this reason, we researched a way to establish a three-dimensional (3D) culture system that more closely mimics the interaction between hepatocytes and their surrounding microenvironments, thereby potentially offering a more promising and suitable system for drug development, disease modeling, transplantation, and regenerative medicine. Here, we developed self-assembling and bioactive hybrid hydrogels to support the generation and growth of hepatic spheroids. Our hybrid hydrogels (PC4/Cultrex) inspired by the sandcastle worm, an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) cell adhesion sequence, and bioactive molecules derived from Cultrex BME (Basement Membrane Extract). By performing optimizations to the design, the PC4/Cultrex hybrid hydrogels can enhance HepG2 cells to form spheroids and express their molecular signatures (e.g., Cyp3A4, Cyp7a1, A1at, Afp, Ck7, Ck1, and E-cad). Our study demonstrated that this hybrid hydrogel system offers potential advantages for hepatocytes in proliferating, differentiating, and self-organizing to form hepatic spheroids in a more controllable and reproducible manner. In addition, it is a versatile and cost-effective method for 3D tissue cultures in mass quantities. Importantly, we demonstrate that it is feasible to adapt a bioinspired approach to design biomaterials for 3D culture systems, which accelerates the design of novel peptide structures and broadens our research choices on peptide-based hydrogels.
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Özkan H, Öztürk DG, Korkmaz G. Transcriptional Factor Repertoire of Breast Cancer in 3D Cell Culture Models. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041023. [PMID: 35205770 PMCID: PMC8870600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of breast cancer tumorigenesis is largely based on studies performed in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture models, which lack tissue architecture and therefore fail to represent tumor heterogeneity. However, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are better at mimicking in vivo tumor microenvironment, which is critical in regulating cellular behavior. Hence, 3D cell culture models hold great promise for translational breast cancer research. Abstract Intratumor heterogeneity of breast cancer is driven by extrinsic factors from the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as tumor cell–intrinsic parameters including genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic traits. The extracellular matrix (ECM), a major structural component of the TME, impacts every stage of tumorigenesis by providing necessary biochemical and biomechanical cues that are major regulators of cell shape/architecture, stiffness, cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and migration. Moreover, ECM and tissue architecture have a profound impact on chromatin structure, thereby altering gene expression. Considering the significant contribution of ECM to cellular behavior, a large body of work underlined that traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures depriving cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions as well as spatial cellular distribution and organization of solid tumors fail to recapitulate in vivo properties of tumor cells residing in the complex TME. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) culture models are increasingly employed in cancer research, as these culture systems better mimic the physiological microenvironment and shape the cellular responses according to the microenvironmental cues that will regulate critical cell functions such as cell shape/architecture, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and drug response as well as gene expression. Therefore, 3D cell culture models that better resemble the patient transcriptome are critical in defining physiologically relevant transcriptional changes. This review will present the transcriptional factor (TF) repertoire of breast cancer in 3D culture models in the context of mammary tissue architecture, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis, cell death mechanisms, cancer therapy resistance and differential drug response, and stemness and will discuss the impact of culture dimensionality on breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Özkan
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Deniz Gülfem Öztürk
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (D.G.Ö.); (G.K.)
| | - Gozde Korkmaz
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (D.G.Ö.); (G.K.)
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15
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Mazzocchi A, Yoo KM, Nairon KG, Kirk LM, Rahbar E, Soker S, Skardal A. Exploiting maleimide-functionalized hyaluronan hydrogels to test cellular responses to physical and biochemical stimuli. Biomed Mater 2022; 17:10.1088/1748-605X/ac45eb. [PMID: 34937006 PMCID: PMC9528802 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac45eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Currentin vitrothree-dimensional (3D) models of liver tissue have been limited by the inability to study the effects of specific extracellular matrix (ECM) components on cell phenotypes. This is in part due to limitations in the availability of chemical modifications appropriate for this purpose. For example, hyaluronic acid (HA), which is a natural ECM component within the liver, lacks key ECM motifs (e.g. arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides) that support cell adhesion. However, the addition of maleimide (Mal) groups to HA could facilitate the conjugation of ECM biomimetic peptides with thiol-containing end groups. In this study, we characterized a new crosslinkable hydrogel (i.e. HA-Mal) that yielded a simplified ECM-mimicking microenvironment supportive of 3D liver cell culture. We then performed a series of experiments to assess the impact of physical and biochemical signaling in the form of RGD peptide incorporation and transforming growth factorß(TGF-ß) supplementation, respectively, on hepatic functionality. Hepatic stellate cells (i.e. LX-2) exhibited increased cell-matrix interactions in the form of cell spreading and elongation within HA-Mal matrices containing RGD peptides, enabling physical adhesions, whereas hepatocyte-like cells (HepG2) had reduced albumin and urea production. We further exposed the encapsulated cells to soluble TGF-ßto elicit a fibrosis-like state. In the presence of TGF-ßbiochemical signals, LX-2 cells became activated and HepG2 functionality significantly decreased in both RGD-containing and RGD-free hydrogels. Altogether, in this study we have developed a hydrogel biomaterial platform that allows for discrete manipulation of specific ECM motifs within the hydrogel to better understand the roles of cell-matrix interactions on cell phenotype and overall liver functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mazzocchi
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America.,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Ave. Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America
| | - Kyung Min Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America
| | - Kylie G Nairon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - L Madison Kirk
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Ave. Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America
| | - Elaheh Rahbar
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Ave. Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America.,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Ave. Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America.,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Ave. Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.,The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W. 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
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16
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Lee SY, Teng Y, Son M, Ku B, Moon HS, Tergaonkar V, Chow PKH, Lee DW, Nam DH. High-dose drug heat map analysis for drug safety and efficacy in multi-spheroid brain normal cells and GBM patient-derived cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251998. [PMID: 34855773 PMCID: PMC8638871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To test the safety and efficacy of drugs via a high does drug heat map, a multi-spheroids array chip was developed by adopting a micropillar and microwell structure. In the chip, patient-derived cells were encapsulated in alginate and grown to maturity for more than 7 days to form cancer multi-spheroids. Multi-spheroids grown in conventional well plates require many cells and are easily damaged as a result of multiple pipetting during maintenance culture or experimental procedures. To address these issues, we applied a micropillar and microwell structure to the multi-spheroids array. Patient-derived cells from patients with Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and lethal form of central nervous system cancer, were used to validate the array chip performance. After forming multi-spheroids with a diameter greater than 100μm in a 12×36 pillar array chip (25mm × 75mm), we tested 70 drug compounds (6 replicates) using a high-dose to determine safety and efficacy for drug candidates. Comparing the drug response of multi-spheroids derived from normal cells and cancer cells, we found that four compounds (Dacomitinib, Cediranib, LY2835219, BGJ398) did not show toxicity to astrocyte cell and were efficacious to patient-derived GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Device (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yvonne Teng
- Research & Development Department, AVATAMED Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Miseol Son
- Research & Development Department, AVATAMED Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bosung Ku
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Device (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sang Moon
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Device (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Laboratory of NFκB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pierce Kah-Hoe Chow
- Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital (SGH), Singapore, Singapore
- Surgery Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Faculty (Senior Group Leader), Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Singapore, Singapore
- Research Director, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology (IMCB), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Konyang University, Daejon, Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Development of a Microfluidic Device to Form a Long Chemical Gradient in a Tissue from Both Ends with an Analysis of Its Appearance and Content. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121482. [PMID: 34945332 PMCID: PMC8709218 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tissue assays have improved our understanding of cancers in terms of the three-dimensional structures and cellular diversity of the tissue, although they are not yet well-developed. Perfusion culture and active chemical gradient formation in centimeter order are difficult in tissue assays, but they are important for simulating the metabolic functions of tissues. Using microfluidic technology, we developed an H-shaped channel device that could form a long concentration gradient of molecules in a tissue that we could then analyze based on its appearance and content. For demonstration, a cylindrical pork tissue specimen was punched and equipped in the H-shaped channel device, and both ends of the tissue were exposed to flowing distilled and blue-dyed water for 100 h. After perfusion, the tissue was removed from the H-shaped channel device and sectioned. The gradient of the blue intensity along the longitudinal direction of the tissue was measured based on its appearance and content. We confirmed that the measured gradients from the appearance and content were comparable.
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18
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Habanjar O, Diab-Assaf M, Caldefie-Chezet F, Delort L. 3D Cell Culture Systems: Tumor Application, Advantages, and Disadvantages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12200. [PMID: 34830082 PMCID: PMC8618305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical trials to ideally represent physiological conditions. This culture cannot mimic the natural tumor microenvironment due to the lack of cellular communication (cell-cell) and interaction (cell-cell and cell-matrix). To overcome these limitations, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems are increasingly developed in research and have become essential for tumor research, tissue engineering, and basic biology research. 3D culture has received much attention in the field of biomedicine due to its ability to mimic tissue structure and function. The 3D matrix presents a highly dynamic framework where its components are deposited, degraded, or modified to delineate functions and provide a platform where cells attach to perform their specific functions, including adhesion, proliferation, communication, and apoptosis. So far, various types of models belong to this culture: either the culture based on natural or synthetic adherent matrices used to design 3D scaffolds as biomaterials to form a 3D matrix or based on non-adherent and/or matrix-free matrices to form the spheroids. In this review, we first summarize a comparison between 2D and 3D cultures. Then, we focus on the different components of the natural extracellular matrix that can be used as supports in 3D culture. Then we detail different types of natural supports such as matrigel, hydrogels, hard supports, and different synthetic strategies of 3D matrices such as lyophilization, electrospiding, stereolithography, microfluid by citing the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. Finally, we summarize the different methods of generating normal and tumor spheroids, citing their respective advantages and disadvantages in order to obtain an ideal 3D model (matrix) that retains the following characteristics: better biocompatibility, good mechanical properties corresponding to the tumor tissue, degradability, controllable microstructure and chemical components like the tumor tissue, favorable nutrient exchange and easy separation of the cells from the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Habanjar
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (O.H.); (F.C.-C.)
| | - Mona Diab-Assaf
- Equipe Tumorigénèse Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Anticancéreuse, Faculté des Sciences II, Université Libanaise Fanar, Beyrouth 1500, Liban;
| | - Florence Caldefie-Chezet
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (O.H.); (F.C.-C.)
| | - Laetitia Delort
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (O.H.); (F.C.-C.)
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19
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Sharifian M, Baharvand P, Moayyedkazemi A. Liver Cancer: New Insights into Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatments. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394717666210219104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer
that has increased in recent years worldwide. Primary liver cancer or HCC is considered the 5th and
7th most common cancer among men and women, respectively. It is also the second leading cause
of cancer death worldwide. Unfortunately, HCC is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage when
the majority of the patients do not have access to remedial therapies. Furthermore, current systemic
chemotherapy shows low efficacy and minimum survival benefits. Liver cancer therapy is a multidisciplinary,
multiple-choice treatment based on the complex interaction of the tumour stage, the
degree of liver disease, and the patient's general state of health.
Methods:
In this paper, we reviewed new insights into nonsurgical and surgical treatment of liver
cancer in five English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google
Scholar up to December 2019.
Results:
The results demonstrated, in addition to current therapies such as chemotherapy and surgical
resection, new approaches, including immunotherapy, viral therapy, gene therapy, new ablation
therapies, and adjuvant therapy, are widely used for the treatment of HCC. In recent years, biomaterials
such as nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, and nanofibers are also regarded as reliable
and innovative patents for the treatment and study of liver cancers.
Conclusion:
Multidisciplinary and multi-choice treatments and therapies are available for this liver
cancer, while there are differences in liver cancer management recommendations among specialties
and geographic areas. Current results have shown that treatment strategies have been combined
with the advancement of novel treatment modalities. In addition, the use of new approaches with
greater efficacy, such as combination therapy, biomaterials, ablation therapy, etc. can be considered
the preferred treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Sharifian
- Department of Surgery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Parastoo Baharvand
- Department of Social Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Moayyedkazemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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20
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Ao-Ieong WS, Chien ST, Jiang WC, Yet SF, Wang J. The Effect of Heat Treatment toward Glycerol-Based, Photocurable Polymeric Scaffold: Mechanical, Degradation and Biocompatibility. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121960. [PMID: 34198515 PMCID: PMC8232022 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocurable polymers have become increasingly important for their quick prototyping and high accuracy when used in three dimensional (3D) printing. However, some of the common photocurable polymers are known to be brittle, cytotoxic and present low impact resistance, all of which limit their applications in medicine. In this study, thermal treatment was studied for its effect and potential applications on the mechanical properties, degradability and biocompatibility of glycerol-based photocurable polymers, poly(glycerol sebacate) acrylate (PGSA). In addition to the slight increase in elongation at break, a two-fold increase in both Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength were also observed after thermal treatment for the production of thermally treated PGSA (tPGSA). Moreover, the degradation rate of tPGSA significantly decreased due to the increase in crosslinking density in thermal treatment. The significant increase in cell viability and metabolic activity on both flat films and 3D-printed scaffolds via digital light processing-additive manufacturing (DLP-AM) demonstrated high in vitro biocompatibility of tPGSA. The histological studies and immune staining indicated that tPGSA elicited minimum immune responses. In addition, while many scaffolds suffer from instability through sterilization processes, it was proven that once glycerol-based polymers have been treated thermally, the influence of autoclaving the scaffolds were minimized. Therefore, thermal treatment is considered an effective method for the overall enhancement and stabilization of photocurable glycerol-based polymeric scaffolds in medicine-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Sam Ao-Ieong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (W.-S.A.-I.); (S.-T.C.)
| | - Shin-Tian Chien
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (W.-S.A.-I.); (S.-T.C.)
| | - Wei-Cheng Jiang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (W.-C.J.); (S.-F.Y.)
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (W.-C.J.); (S.-F.Y.)
| | - Jane Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (W.-S.A.-I.); (S.-T.C.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Kim J, Lyu HZ, Jung C, Lee KM, Han SH, Lee JH, Cha M. Osteogenic Response of MC3T3-E1 and Raw264.7 in the 3D-Encapsulated Co-Culture Environment. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:387-397. [PMID: 33415675 PMCID: PMC8169729 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cultures recapitulate the physiological microenvironment and exhibit high concordance with in vivo conditions. Improving co-culture models with different kind of cell types cultured on a 3D scaffold can closely mimic the in vivo environment. In this study, we examined the osteogenic response of pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells and Raw264.7 mouse monocytes in a 3D-encapsulated co-culture environment composed of the Cellrix® 3D culture system, which provides a physiologically relevant environment. METHODS The Cellrix® 3D Bio-Gel scaffolds were used to individually culture or co-culture two type cells in 3D microenvironment. Under 3D culture conditions, osteoblastic behavior was evaluated with an ALP assay and staining. ACP assay and TRAP staining were used as osteoclastic behavior indicator. RESULTS Treatment with osteoblastic induction factors (+3F) and RANKL had on positively effect on alkaline phosphatase activity but significantly inhibited to acid phosphatase activity during osteoclastic differentiation in 3D co-culture. Interestingly, alkaline phosphatase activity or acid phosphatase activity in 3D co-culture was stimulated with opposite differentiation factors at an early stage of differentiation. We guess that these effects may be related to RANK-RANKL signaling, which is important in osteoblast regulation of osteoclasts. CONCLUSION In this study, the osteogenic response of 3D encapsulated pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells and mouse monocyte Raw264.7 cells was successfully demonstrated. Our 3D culture conditions will be able to provide a foundation for developing a high-throughput in vitro bone model to study the effects of various drugs and other agents on molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungju Kim
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Medifab Co, Ltd., 70, Dusan-ro, Doksan-dong, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08584, South Korea
| | - Hao-Zhen Lyu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 103, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Chisung Jung
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Medifab Co, Ltd., 70, Dusan-ro, Doksan-dong, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08584, South Korea
| | - Kyung Mee Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 103, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Shi Huan Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 103, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyup Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro 103, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Boramae-ro 5-gil 20, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea.
| | - Misun Cha
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Medifab Co, Ltd., 70, Dusan-ro, Doksan-dong, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08584, South Korea.
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Kramer S, Cameron NR, Krajnc P. Porous Polymers from High Internal Phase Emulsions as Scaffolds for Biological Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111786. [PMID: 34071683 PMCID: PMC8198890 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs), with densely packed droplets of internal phase and monomers dispersed in the continuous phase, are now an established medium for porous polymer preparation (polyHIPEs). The ability to influence the pore size and interconnectivity, together with the process scalability and a wide spectrum of possible chemistries are important advantages of polyHIPEs. In this review, the focus on the biomedical applications of polyHIPEs is emphasised, in particular the applications of polyHIPEs as scaffolds/supports for biological cell growth, proliferation and tissue (re)generation. An overview of the polyHIPE preparation methodology is given and possibilities of morphology tuning are outlined. In the continuation, polyHIPEs with different chemistries and their interaction with biological systems are described. A further focus is given to combined techniques and advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanko Kramer
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence: (N.R.C.); (P.K.)
| | - Peter Krajnc
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (N.R.C.); (P.K.)
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Saydé T, El Hamoui O, Alies B, Gaudin K, Lespes G, Battu S. Biomaterials for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture: From Applications in Oncology to Nanotechnology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:481. [PMID: 33668665 PMCID: PMC7917665 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell culture has revolutionized cellular biology research and opened the door to novel discoveries in terms of cellular behavior and response to microenvironment stimuli. Different types of 3D culture exist today, including hydrogel scaffold-based models, which possess a complex structure mimicking the extracellular matrix. These hydrogels can be made of polymers (natural or synthetic) or low-molecular weight gelators that, via the supramolecular assembly of molecules, allow the production of a reproducible hydrogel with tunable mechanical properties. When cancer cells are grown in this type of hydrogel, they develop into multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). Three-dimensional (3D) cancer culture combined with a complex microenvironment that consists of a platform to study tumor development and also to assess the toxicity of physico-chemical entities such as ions, molecules or particles. With the emergence of nanoparticles of different origins and natures, implementing a reproducible in vitro model that consists of a bio-indicator for nano-toxicity assays is inevitable. However, the maneuver process of such a bio-indicator requires the implementation of a repeatable system that undergoes an exhaustive follow-up. Hence, the biggest challenge in this matter is the reproducibility of the MCTS and the associated full-scale characterization of this system's components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Saydé
- EA3842-CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France;
- ARNA, INSERM U1212, UMR CNRS 5320, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (O.E.H.); (B.A.); (K.G.)
| | - Omar El Hamoui
- ARNA, INSERM U1212, UMR CNRS 5320, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (O.E.H.); (B.A.); (K.G.)
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour (E2S/UPPA), 2 Avenue Pierre Angot, 64053 Pau, France
| | - Bruno Alies
- ARNA, INSERM U1212, UMR CNRS 5320, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (O.E.H.); (B.A.); (K.G.)
| | - Karen Gaudin
- ARNA, INSERM U1212, UMR CNRS 5320, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (O.E.H.); (B.A.); (K.G.)
| | - Gaëtane Lespes
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour (E2S/UPPA), 2 Avenue Pierre Angot, 64053 Pau, France
| | - Serge Battu
- EA3842-CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France;
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Štampar M, Breznik B, Filipič M, Žegura B. Characterization of In Vitro 3D Cell Model Developed from Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) Cell Line. Cells 2020; 9:E2557. [PMID: 33260628 PMCID: PMC7759933 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In genetic toxicology, there is a trend against the increased use of in vivo models as highlighted by the 3R strategy, thus encouraging the development and implementation of alternative models. Two-dimensional (2D) hepatic cell models, which are generally used for studying the adverse effects of chemicals and consumer products, are prone to giving misleading results. On the other hand, newly developed hepatic three-dimensional (3D) cell models provide an attractive alternative, which, due to improved cell interactions and a higher level of liver-specific functions, including metabolic enzymes, reflect in vivo conditions more accurately. We developed an in vitro 3D cell model from the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. The spheroids were cultured under static conditions and characterised by monitoring their growth, morphology, and cell viability during the time of cultivation. A time-dependent suppression of cell division was observed. Cell cycle analysis showed time-dependent accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, time-dependent downregulation of proliferation markers was shown at the mRNA level. Genes encoding hepatic markers, metabolic phase I/II enzymes, were time-dependently deregulated compared to monolayers. New knowledge on the characteristics of the 3D cell model is of great importance for its further development and application in the safety assessment of chemicals, food products, and complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Štampar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (B.B.); (M.F.)
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (B.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (B.B.); (M.F.)
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (B.B.); (M.F.)
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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25
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Azadi AS, Carmichael RE, Kovacs WJ, Koster J, Kors S, Waterham HR, Schrader M. A Functional SMAD2/3 Binding Site in the PEX11β Promoter Identifies a Role for TGFβ in Peroxisome Proliferation in Humans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:577637. [PMID: 33195217 PMCID: PMC7644849 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.577637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, peroxisomes perform crucial functions in cellular metabolism, signaling and viral defense which are essential to the viability of the organism. Molecular cues triggered by changes in the cellular environment induce a dynamic response in peroxisomes, which manifests itself as a change in peroxisome number, altered enzyme levels and adaptations to the peroxisomal morphology. How the regulation of this process is integrated into the cell's response to different stimuli, including the signaling pathways and factors involved, remains unclear. Here, a cell-based peroxisome proliferation assay has been applied to investigate the ability of different stimuli to induce peroxisome proliferation. We determined that serum stimulation, long-chain fatty acid supplementation and TGFβ application all increase peroxisome elongation, a prerequisite for proliferation. Time-resolved mRNA expression during the peroxisome proliferation cycle revealed a number of peroxins whose expression correlated with peroxisome elongation, including the β isoform of PEX11, but not the α or γ isoforms. An initial map of putative regulatory motif sites in the respective promoters showed a difference between binding sites in PEX11α and PEX11β, suggesting that these genes may be regulated by distinct pathways. A functional SMAD2/3 binding site in PEX11β points to the involvement of the TGFβ signaling pathway in expression of this gene and thus peroxisome proliferation/dynamics in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoon S Azadi
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Carmichael
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Werner J Kovacs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janet Koster
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Suzan Kors
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Schrader
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Aldemir Dikici B, Claeyssens F. Basic Principles of Emulsion Templating and Its Use as an Emerging Manufacturing Method of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:875. [PMID: 32903473 PMCID: PMC7435020 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) aims to regenerate critical size defects, which cannot heal naturally, by using highly porous matrices called TE scaffolds made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials. There are various manufacturing techniques commonly used to fabricate TE scaffolds. However, in most cases, they do not provide materials with a highly interconnected pore design. Thus, emulsion templating is a promising and convenient route for the fabrication of matrices with up to 99% porosity and high interconnectivity. These matrices have been used for various application areas for decades. Although this polymer structuring technique is older than TE itself, the use of polymerised internal phase emulsions (PolyHIPEs) in TE is relatively new compared to other scaffold manufacturing techniques. It is likely because it requires a multidisciplinary background including materials science, chemistry and TE although producing emulsion templated scaffolds is practically simple. To date, a number of excellent reviews on emulsion templating have been published by the pioneers in this field in order to explain the chemistry behind this technique and potential areas of use of the emulsion templated structures. This particular review focusses on the key points of how emulsion templated scaffolds can be fabricated for different TE applications. Accordingly, we first explain the basics of emulsion templating and characteristics of PolyHIPE scaffolds. Then, we discuss the role of each ingredient in the emulsion and the impact of the compositional changes and process conditions on the characteristics of PolyHIPEs. Afterward, current fabrication methods of biocompatible PolyHIPE scaffolds and polymerisation routes are detailed, and the functionalisation strategies that can be used to improve the biological activity of PolyHIPE scaffolds are discussed. Finally, the applications of PolyHIPEs on soft and hard TE as well as in vitro models and drug delivery in the literature are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Aldemir Dikici
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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27
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Ong LJY, Zhu L, Tan GJS, Toh YC. Quantitative Image-Based Cell Viability (QuantICV) Assay for Microfluidic 3D Tissue Culture Applications. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11070669. [PMID: 32660019 PMCID: PMC7407956 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic 3D tissue culture systems are attractive for in vitro drug testing applications due to the ability of these platforms to generate 3D tissue models and perform drug testing at a very small scale. However, the minute cell number and liquid volume impose significant technical challenges to perform quantitative cell viability measurements using conventional colorimetric or fluorometric assays, such as MTS or Alamar Blue. Similarly, live-dead staining approaches often utilize metabolic dyes that typically label the cytoplasm of live cells, which makes it difficult to segment and count individual cells in compact 3D tissue cultures. In this paper, we present a quantitative image-based cell viability (QuantICV) assay technique that circumvents current challenges of performing the quantitative cell viability assay in microfluidic 3D tissue cultures. A pair of cell-impermeant nuclear dyes (EthD-1 and DAPI) were used to sequentially label the nuclei of necrotic and total cell populations, respectively. Confocal microscopy and image processing algorithms were employed to visualize and quantify the cell nuclei in the 3D tissue volume. The QuantICV assay was validated and showed good concordance with the conventional bulk MTS assay in static 2D and 3D tumor cell cultures. Finally, the QuantICV assay was employed as an on-chip readout to determine the differential dose responses of parental and metastatic 3D oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to Gefitinib in a microfluidic 3D culture device. This proposed technique can be useful in microfluidic cell cultures as well as in a situation where conventional cell viability assays are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Jun Ye Ong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4, Engineering Drive 3, E4-04-10, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (L.J.Y.O.); (L.Z.); (G.J.S.T.)
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Level 7, O Block, Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane City QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4, Engineering Drive 3, E4-04-10, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (L.J.Y.O.); (L.Z.); (G.J.S.T.)
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 31 Biopolis Way, #04-10 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, 28 Medical Drive, #05-corridor, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Gabriel Jenn Sern Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4, Engineering Drive 3, E4-04-10, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (L.J.Y.O.); (L.Z.); (G.J.S.T.)
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4, Engineering Drive 3, E4-04-10, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (L.J.Y.O.); (L.Z.); (G.J.S.T.)
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Level 7, O Block, Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane City QLD 4000, Australia
- The N.1 Institute for Health, 28 Medical Drive, #05-corridor, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Q Block-IHBI, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove QLD 4059, Australia
- Correspondence:
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28
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Vagaska B, Gillham O, Ferretti P. Modelling human CNS injury with human neural stem cells in 2- and 3-Dimensional cultures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6785. [PMID: 32321995 PMCID: PMC7176653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult human central nervous system (CNS) has very limited regenerative capability, and injury at the cellular and molecular level cannot be studied in vivo. Modelling neural damage in human systems is crucial to identifying species-specific responses to injury and potentially neurotoxic compounds leading to development of more effective neuroprotective agents. Hence we developed human neural stem cell (hNSC) 3-dimensional (3D) cultures and tested their potential for modelling neural insults, including hypoxic-ischaemic and Ca2+-dependent injury. Standard 3D conditions for rodent cells support neuroblastoma lines used as human CNS models, but not hNSCs, but in all cases changes in culture architecture alter gene expression. Importantly, response to damage differs in 2D and 3D cultures and this is not due to reduced drug accessibility. Together, this study highlights the impact of culture cytoarchitecture on hNSC phenotype and damage response, indicating that 3D models may be better predictors of in vivo response to damage and compound toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Vagaska
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Olivia Gillham
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
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29
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Olsvik PA, Søfteland L. Mixture toxicity of chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl, and nonylphenol in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) hepatocytes. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:547-558. [PMID: 32373476 PMCID: PMC7191540 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shotgun lipidomics points to combined effects on 18:0 and 18:1 lipid species. Combined effects seen on membrane phospholipids and TAG in salmon hepatocytes. Inhibited stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) and increased Δ6 desaturase (D6D) activity. Adjuvants may amend toxicity of active ingredient in pesticide formulations.
Pesticide formulations typically contain adjuvants added to enhance the performance of the active ingredient. Adjuvants may modify the bioavailability and toxicity of pesticides. In this study, the aim was to examine to which degree nonylphenol (NP) may interfere with the toxicity of two organophosphorus pesticides found in aquafeeds, chlorpyrifos-methyl (CPM) and pirimiphos-methyl (PPM). Atlantic salmon liver cells were exposed to these compounds singly or in combinations for 48 h using 3D cell cultures. Cytotoxicity, gene expression (RT-qPCR), and lipidomics endpoints were used to assess toxicity. The dose-response assessment showed that NP was the most toxic compound at equimolar concentrations (100 μM). Shotgun lipidomics pointed to a general pattern of elevated levels of saturated 18:0 fatty acids and declined levels of 18:1 monounsaturated fatty acids by the combined treatment. All three compounds had a distinct effect on membrane phospholipids, in particular on phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Lipid species patterns predicted inhibited stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) activity and increased Δ6 desaturase (D6D) activity in co-treated cells. While all three compounds alone mitigated increased triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation, combined treatment resulted in lower total TAG in the cells. Multivariate analysis with PLS regression showed significant combined effects for nine genes (d5d, d6d, scd, srebf2, vtg, esr1, cyp1, ugt1a, and cat) and four lipid species (FFA 22:5, LPC 18:0, TAG52:1-FA16:0, and TAG52:1-FA18:0). In summary, this study demonstrates that the adjuvant can be the main contributor to the toxicity of a mixture of two organophosphorus pesticides with relatively low toxicity in fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål A Olsvik
- Nord University, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Bodø, Norway.,Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
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30
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Hoyle HW, Smith LA, Williams RJ, Przyborski SA. Applications of novel bioreactor technology to enhance the viability and function of cultured cells and tissues. Interface Focus 2020; 10:20190090. [PMID: 32194933 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the field of tissue engineering continues to advance rapidly, so too does the complexity of cell culture techniques used to generate in vitro tissue constructs, with the overall aim of mimicking the in vivo microenvironment. This complexity typically comes at a cost with regards to the size of the equipment required and associated expenses. We have developed a small, low-cost bioreactor system which overcomes some of the issues of typical bioreactor systems while retaining a suitable scale for the formation of complex tissues. Herein, we have tested this system with three cell populations/tissues: the culture of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, where an improved structure and basic metabolic function is seen; the culture of human pluripotent stem cells, in which the cultures can form more heterogeneous tissues resembling the in vivo teratoma and ex vivo liver tissue slices, in which improved maintenance of cellular viability is seen over the 3 days tested. This system has the flexibility to be used for a variety of further uses and has the potential to provide a more accessible alternative to current bioreactor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Hoyle
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - L A Smith
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - R J Williams
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - S A Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.,Reprocell Europe Ltd, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, UK
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31
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Asthana A, White CM, Ndyabawe K, Douglass M, Kisaalita WS. Secretome-Based Prediction of Three-Dimensional Hepatic Microtissue Physiological Relevance. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:587-596. [PMID: 33463204 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early biomarkers for indication of the complex physiological relevance (CPR) of a three-dimensional (3D) tissue model are needed. CPR is detected late in culture and requires different analytical techniques. Albumin production, CYP3A4 expression, and formation of bile canaliculi structures are commonly used to compare in vitro hepatic cells to their in vivo counterpart. A universal biomarker independent of the cell type would bring this to a common detection platform. We make the case that these hepatic characteristics are not sufficient to differentiate traditional (2D) cell culture from the more complex 3D culture. We explored the cytokine secretion profile (secretome) for its potential as a 3D early culture biomarker. PDGF-AB/BB and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were found to be upregulated in 3D compared to 2D cultures at early time points (days 3 and 4). These observations provide a foundation upon which in vivo validation of cytokines can lead to physiologically relevant 3D in vitro cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amish Asthana
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, The University of Georgia, 597 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Charles McRae White
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, The University of Georgia, 597 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kenneth Ndyabawe
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, The University of Georgia, 597 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Megan Douglass
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, The University of Georgia, 597 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - William S Kisaalita
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, The University of Georgia, 597 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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32
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Liver Cancer: Current and Future Trends Using Biomaterials. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11122026. [PMID: 31888198 PMCID: PMC6966667 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common type of cancer diagnosed and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite advancement in current treatments for HCC, the prognosis for this cancer is still unfavorable. This comprehensive review article focuses on all the current technology that applies biomaterials to treat and study liver cancer, thus showing the versatility of biomaterials to be used as smart tools in this complex pathologic scenario. Specifically, after introducing the liver anatomy and pathology by focusing on the available treatments for HCC, this review summarizes the current biomaterial-based approaches for systemic delivery and implantable tools for locally administrating bioactive factors and provides a comprehensive discussion of the specific therapies and targeting agents to efficiently deliver those factors. This review also highlights the novel application of biomaterials to study HCC, which includes hydrogels and scaffolds to tissue engineer 3D in vitro models representative of the tumor environment. Such models will serve to better understand the tumor biology and investigate new therapies for HCC. Special focus is given to innovative approaches, e.g., combined delivery therapies, and to alternative approaches-e.g., cell capture-as promising future trends in the application of biomaterials to treat HCC.
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A Cancer Spheroid Array Chip for Selecting Effective Drug. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10100688. [PMID: 31614722 PMCID: PMC6843395 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A cancer spheroid array chip was developed by modifying a micropillar and microwell structure to improve the evaluation of drugs targeting specific mutations such as phosphor-epidermal growth factor receptor (p-EGFR). The chip encapsulated cells in alginate and allowed cancer cells to grow for over seven days to form cancer spheroids. However, reagents or media used to screen drugs in a high-density spheroid array had to be replaced very carefully, and this was a tedious task. Particularly, the immunostaining of cancer spheroids required numerous steps to replace many of the reagents used for drug evaluation. To solve this problem, we adapted a micropillar and microwell structure to a spheroid array. Thus, culturing cancer spheroids in alginate spots attached to the micropillar allowed us to replace the reagents in the microwell chip with a single fill of fresh medium, without damaging the cancer spheroids. In this study, a cancer spheroid array was made from a p-EGFR-overexpressing cell line (A549 lung cancer cell line). In a 12 by 36 column array chip (25 mm by 75 mm), the spheroid over 100 µm in diameter started to form at day seven and p-EGFR was also considerably overexpressed. The array was used for p-EGFR inhibition and cell viability measurement against seventy drugs, including ten EGFR-targeting drugs. By comparing drug response in the spheroid array (spheroid model) with that in the single-cell model, we demonstrated that the two models showed different responses and that the spheroid model might be more resistant to some drugs, thus narrowing the choice of drug candidates.
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34
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A Microfluidic Chip Embracing a Nanofiber Scaffold for 3D Cell Culture and Real-Time Monitoring. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040588. [PMID: 30974794 PMCID: PMC6523224 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture and tissue-on-a-chip application have attracted attention because of increasing demand from the industries and their potential to replace conventional two-dimensional culture and animal tests. As a result, numerous studies on 3D in-vitro cell culture and microfluidic chip have been conducted. In this study, a microfluidic chip embracing a nanofiber scaffold is presented. A electrospun nanofiber scaffold can provide 3D cell culture conditions to a microfluidic chip environment, and its perfusion method in the chip can allow real-time monitoring of cell status based on the conditioned culture medium. To justify the applicability of the developed chip to 3D cell culture and real-time monitoring, HepG2 cells were cultured in the chip for 14 days. Results demonstrated that the cells were successfully cultured with 3D culture-specific-morphology in the chip, and their albumin and alpha-fetoprotein production was monitored in real-time for 14 days.
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Samal P, van Blitterswijk C, Truckenmüller R, Giselbrecht S. Grow with the Flow: When Morphogenesis Meets Microfluidics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805764. [PMID: 30767289 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Developmental biology has advanced the understanding of the intricate and dynamic processes involved in the formation of an organism from a single cell. However, many gaps remain in the knowledge of embryonic development, especially regarding tissue morphogenesis. A possible approach to mimic such phenomena uses pluripotent stem cells in in vitro morphogenetic models. Herein, these systems are summarized with emphasis on the ability to better manipulate and control cellular interfaces with either liquid or solid materials using microengineered tools, which is critical for attaining deeper insights into pattern formation and stem cell differentiation during organogenesis. The role of conventional and customized cell-culture systems in supporting important advances in the field of morphogenesis is discussed, and the fascinating role that material sciences and microengineering currently play and are expected to play in the future is highlighted. In conclusion, it is proffered that continued microfluidics innovations when applied to morphogenesis promise to provide important insights to advance many multidisciplinary fields, including regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinak Samal
- Department of Complex Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- Department of Complex Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- Department of Complex Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Department of Complex Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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36
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Flampouri E, Imar S, OConnell K, Singh B. Spheroid-3D and Monolayer-2D Intestinal Electrochemical Biosensor for Toxicity/Viability Testing: Applications in Drug Screening, Food Safety, and Environmental Pollutant Analysis. ACS Sens 2019; 4:660-669. [PMID: 30698007 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The rise of three-dimensional cell culture systems that provide in vivo-like environments for pharmaco-toxicological models has prompted the need for simple and robust viability assays suitable for complex cell architectural structures. This study addresses that challenge with the development of an in vitro enzyme based electrochemical sensor for viability/cytotoxicity assessment of two-dimensional (2D) monolayer and three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture formats. The biosensor measures the cell viability/toxicity via electrochemical monitoring of the enzymatic activity of nonspecific esterases of viable cells, through the hydrolysis of 1-naphthyl acetate to 1-naphthol. The proposed sensor demonstrated strong correlation ( r = 0.979) with viable cell numbers. Furthermore, the model intestinal toxicants diclofenac (DFC, pharmaceutical), okadaic acid (OA, food-safety), and mancozeb (MZB, environmental) were used for the functional evaluation of the proposed sensor using 2D and 3D culture formats. Sensor performance showed high consistency with conventional cell viability/cytotoxicity assays (MTT/CFDA-AM) for all toxicants, with the sensor IC50 values matching the relevant viability LC50 values at the 95% confidence interval range for 2D (DCF: 1.19-1.26 mM, MZB: 10.28-14.18 μM, OA: 40.91-77.13 nM) and 3D culture formats (DCF: 1.02-4.78 mM, MZB: 11.26-15.16 μM, OA: 162.09-179.67 nM). The presented results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed sensor as a robust endpoint screening tool for both 2D and 3D cytotoxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Flampouri
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin - Tallaght Campus), Tallaght, Dublin 24, D24 FKT9, Ireland
| | - Shahzad Imar
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin - Tallaght Campus), Tallaght, Dublin 24, D24 FKT9, Ireland
| | - Kieran OConnell
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin - Tallaght Campus), Tallaght, Dublin 24, D24 FKT9, Ireland
- Hothouse, Technological University Dublin, (TU Dublin − City Campus), Aungier Street, Dublin 2, D02 HW71, Ireland
| | - Baljit Singh
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin - Tallaght Campus), Tallaght, Dublin 24, D24 FKT9, Ireland
- Hothouse, Technological University Dublin, (TU Dublin − City Campus), Aungier Street, Dublin 2, D02 HW71, Ireland
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Effect of Spheroidal Age on Sorafenib Diffusivity and Toxicity in a 3D HepG2 Spheroid Model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4863. [PMID: 30890741 PMCID: PMC6425026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The enhanced predictive power of 3D multi-cellular spheroids in comparison to conventional monolayer cultures makes them a promising drug screening tool. However, clinical translation for pharmacology and toxicology is lagging its technological progression. Even though spheroids show a biological complexity resembling native tissue, standardization and validation of drug screening protocols are influenced by continuously changing physiological parameters during spheroid formation. Such cellular heterogeneities impede the comparability of drug efficacy studies and toxicological screenings. In this paper, we demonstrated that aside from already well-established physiological parameters, spheroidal age is an additional critical parameter that impacts drug diffusivity and toxicity in 3D cell culture models. HepG2 spheroids were generated and maintained on a self-assembled ultra-low attachment nanobiointerface and characterized regarding time-dependent changes in morphology, functionality as well as anti-cancer drug resistance. We demonstrated that spheroidal aging directly influences drug response due to the evolution of spheroid micro-structure and organo-typic functions, that alter inward diffusion, thus drug uptake.
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38
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Hensel KO, Cantner F, Bangert F, Wirth S, Postberg J. Episomal HBV persistence within transcribed host nuclear chromatin compartments involves HBx. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:34. [PMID: 29933745 PMCID: PMC6015472 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In hepatocyte nuclei, hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomes occur episomally as covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The HBV X protein (HBx) is required to initiate and maintain HBV replication. The functional nuclear localization of cccDNA and HBx remains unexplored. Results To identify virus–host genome interactions and the underlying nuclear landscape for the first time, we combined circular chromosome conformation capture (4C) with RNA-seq and ChIP-seq. Moreover, we studied HBx-binding to HBV episomes. In HBV-positive HepaRG hepatocytes, we observed preferential association of HBV episomes and HBx with actively transcribed nuclear domains on the host genome correlating in size with constrained topological units of chromatin. Interestingly, HBx alone occupied transcribed chromatin domains. Silencing of native HBx caused reduced episomal HBV stability. Conclusions As part of the HBV episome, HBx might stabilize HBV episomal nuclear localization. Our observations may contribute to the understanding of long-term episomal stability and the facilitation of viral persistence. The exact mechanism by which HBx contributes to HBV nuclear persistence warrants further investigations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-018-0204-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai O Hensel
- Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge,, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Franziska Cantner
- Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Felix Bangert
- Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirth
- Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jan Postberg
- Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany. .,Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448, Witten, Germany.
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Langhans SA. Three-Dimensional in Vitro Cell Culture Models in Drug Discovery and Drug Repositioning. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:6. [PMID: 29410625 PMCID: PMC5787088 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 867] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug development is a lengthy and costly process that proceeds through several stages from target identification to lead discovery and optimization, preclinical validation and clinical trials culminating in approval for clinical use. An important step in this process is high-throughput screening (HTS) of small compound libraries for lead identification. Currently, the majority of cell-based HTS is being carried out on cultured cells propagated in two-dimensions (2D) on plastic surfaces optimized for tissue culture. At the same time, compelling evidence suggests that cells cultured in these non-physiological conditions are not representative of cells residing in the complex microenvironment of a tissue. This discrepancy is thought to be a significant contributor to the high failure rate in drug discovery, where only a low percentage of drugs investigated ever make it through the gamut of testing and approval to the market. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technologies that more closely resemble in vivo cell environments are now being pursued with intensity as they are expected to accommodate better precision in drug discovery. Here we will review common approaches to 3D culture, discuss the significance of 3D cultures in drug resistance and drug repositioning and address some of the challenges of applying 3D cell cultures to high-throughput drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid A. Langhans
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research and Nemours Center for Neuroscience Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
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40
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Yang X, Wang X, Huang X, Hang R, Zhang X, Tang B. A hybrid co-culture model with endothelial cells designed for the hepatic tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2017; 28:139. [PMID: 28812179 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-017-5950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cultured hepatic cells in vitro are prone to losing their characteristic morphologies and biological functions. To avoid this problem, a hybrid co-culture system was proposed to elucidate the effect of cellular communication on the phenotype of hepatic cells. A monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) was co-cultured on the surface of a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold embedded with HepG2 cells. In this hybrid co-culture system, the growth of encapsulated hepatic cells is barely influenced by the co-cultured ECs. However, the liver-special functions of hepatic cells, including the albumin secretion and the expression levels of hepatocyte-specific genes, are significantly improved. It is deduced that the improved liver-special functions is likely related to the paracrine mechanisms. Hence, this hybrid co-culture model may open a window for the co-cultivation of the multi-type of cells as well as the study of cell-cell signaling interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Yang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
| | - Ruiqiang Hang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
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41
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Gupta N, Liu JR, Patel B, Solomon DE, Vaidya B, Gupta V. Microfluidics-based 3D cell culture models: Utility in novel drug discovery and delivery research. Bioeng Transl Med 2016; 1:63-81. [PMID: 29313007 PMCID: PMC5689508 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of microfluidic devices within life sciences has furthered the possibilities of both academic and industrial applications such as rapid genome sequencing, predictive drug studies, and single cell manipulation. In contrast to the preferred two‐dimensional cell‐based screening, three‐dimensional (3D) systems have more in vivo relevance as well as ability to perform as a predictive tool for the success or failure of a drug screening campaign. 3D cell culture has shown an adaptive response to the recent advancements in microfluidic technologies which has allowed better control over spheroid sizes and subsequent drug screening studies. In this review, we highlight the most significant developments in the field of microfluidic 3D culture over the past half‐decade with a special focus on their benefits and challenges down the lane. With the newer technologies emerging, implementation of microfluidic 3D culture systems into the drug discovery pipeline is right around the bend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Gupta
- Neofluidics LLC, Research and Development Wing San Diego CA 92121
| | - Jeffrey R Liu
- Neofluidics LLC, Research and Development Wing San Diego CA 92121
| | | | - Deepak E Solomon
- Neofluidics LLC, Research and Development Wing San Diego CA 92121
| | | | - Vivek Gupta
- School of Pharmacy Keck Graduate Institute Claremont CA 91711
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42
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Storm MP, Sorrell I, Shipley R, Regan S, Luetchford KA, Sathish J, Webb S, Ellis MJ. Hollow Fiber Bioreactors for In Vivo-like Mammalian Tissue Culture. J Vis Exp 2016:53431. [PMID: 27285826 PMCID: PMC4927741 DOI: 10.3791/53431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue culture has been used for over 100 years to study cells and responses ex vivo. The convention of this technique is the growth of anchorage dependent cells on the 2-dimensional surface of tissue culture plastic. More recently, there is a growing body of data demonstrating more in vivo-like behaviors of cells grown in 3-dimensional culture systems. This manuscript describes in detail the set-up and operation of a hollow fiber bioreactor system for the in vivo-like culture of mammalian cells. The hollow fiber bioreactor system delivers media to the cells in a manner akin to the delivery of blood through the capillary networks in vivo. The system is designed to fit onto the shelf of a standard CO2 incubator and is simple enough to be set-up by any competent cell biologist with a good understanding of aseptic technique. The systems utility is demonstrated by culturing the hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2/C3A for 7 days. Further to this and in line with other published reports on the functionality of cells grown in 3-dimensional culture systems the cells are shown to possess increased albumin production (an important hepatic function) when compared to standard 2-dimensional tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Storm
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath;
| | - Ian Sorrell
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool
| | | | - Sophie Regan
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool
| | - Kim A Luetchford
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath
| | - Jean Sathish
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool
| | - Steven Webb
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University
| | - Marianne J Ellis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath
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43
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Mohanty S, Alm M, Hemmingsen M, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Trifol J, Thomsen P, Dufva M, Wolff A, Emnéus J. 3D Printed Silicone–Hydrogel Scaffold with Enhanced Physicochemical Properties. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1321-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyaranjan Mohanty
- DTU
Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Alm
- BioModics ApS, Gregersensvej 7, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Mette Hemmingsen
- DTU
Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz
- DTU
Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
- Technical
University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, 2800 Kgs, Denmark
| | - Jon Trifol
- Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Thomsen
- BioModics ApS, Gregersensvej 7, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Martin Dufva
- DTU
Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Wolff
- DTU
Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- DTU
Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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Kumari J, Karande AA, Kumar A. Combined Effect of Cryogel Matrix and Temperature-Reversible Soluble-Insoluble Polymer for the Development of in Vitro Human Liver Tissue. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:264-277. [PMID: 26654271 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic cell culture on a three-dimensional (3D) matrix or as a hepatosphere appears to be a promising in vitro biomimetic system for liver tissue engineering applications. In this study, we have combined the concept of a 3D scaffold and a spheroid culture to develop an in vitro model to engineer liver tissue for drug screening. We have evaluated the potential of poly(ethylene glycol)-alginate-gelatin (PAG) cryogel matrix for in vitro culture of human liver cell lines. The synthesized cryogel matrix has a flow rate of 7 mL/min and water uptake capacity of 94% that enables easy nutrient transportation in the in vitro cell culture. Young's modulus of 2.4 kPa and viscoelastic property determine the soft and elastic nature of synthesized cryogel. Biocompatibility of PAG cryogel was evaluated through MTT assay of HepG2 and Huh-7 cells on matrices. The proliferation and functionality of the liver cells were enhanced by culturing hepatic cells as spheroids (hepatospheres) on the PAG cryogel using temperature-reversible soluble-insoluble polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). Pore size of the cryogel above 100 μm modulated spheroid size that can prevent hypoxia condition within the spheroid culture. Both the hepatic cells have shown a significant difference (P < 0.05) in terms of cell number and functionality when cultured with PNIPAAm. After 10 days of culture using 0.05% PNIPAAm, the cell number increased by 11- and 7-fold in case of HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, respectively. Similarly, after 10 days of hepatic spheroids culture on PAG cryogel, the albumin production, urea secretion, and CYP450 activity were significantly higher in case of culture with PNIPAAm. The developed tissue mass on the PAG cryogel in the presence of PNIPAAm possess polarity, which was confirmed using F-actin staining and by presence of intercellular bile canalicular lumen. The developed cryogel matrix supports liver cells proliferation and functionality and therefore can be used for in vitro and in vivo drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kumari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur, 208016 UP, India
| | - Anjali A Karande
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Sciences , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur, 208016 UP, India
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45
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Ulusoy M, Lavrentieva A, Walter JG, Sambale F, Green M, Stahl F, Scheper T. Evaluation of CdTe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell quantum dot toxicity on three-dimensional spheroid cultures. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:126-135. [PMID: 30090332 PMCID: PMC6060716 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00236b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs), with tissue-mimetic morphology through well developed cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and distinct diffusion/transport characteristics, were assessed for dose-dependent toxic effects of red-emitting CdTe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots (Qdots). Morphological investigations and time-resolved microscopy analysis in addition to cell metabolic activity studies revealed that 3D spheroid cultures are more resistant to Qdot-induced cytotoxicity in comparison to conventional 2D cultures. The obtained results suggest the presence of two distinct cell populations in 2D cultures with different sensitivity to Qdots, however that effect wasn't observed in 3D spheroids. Our investigations were aimed to improve the prediction of nanotoxicity of Qdot on tissue-level and provide the essential screening steps prior to any in vivo application. Moreover, penetration ability of highly fluorescent Qdots to densely-packed spheroids will fortify the biological application of developed Qdots in tissue-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehriban Ulusoy
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover , Institute of Technical Chemistry , 30167 Hanover , Germany . ; Tel: +49 (0)511 762-2968
| | - Antonina Lavrentieva
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover , Institute of Technical Chemistry , 30167 Hanover , Germany . ; Tel: +49 (0)511 762-2968
| | - Johanna-Gabriela Walter
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover , Institute of Technical Chemistry , 30167 Hanover , Germany . ; Tel: +49 (0)511 762-2968
| | - Franziska Sambale
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover , Institute of Technical Chemistry , 30167 Hanover , Germany . ; Tel: +49 (0)511 762-2968
| | - Mark Green
- King's College London , Department of Physics , The Strand , WC2R LS London , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)2078 48212
| | - Frank Stahl
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover , Institute of Technical Chemistry , 30167 Hanover , Germany . ; Tel: +49 (0)511 762-2968
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover , Institute of Technical Chemistry , 30167 Hanover , Germany . ; Tel: +49 (0)511 762-2968
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46
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Nishida Y, Taniguchi A. A three-dimensional collagen-sponge-based culture system coated with simplified recombinant fibronectin improves the function of a hepatocyte cell line. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:271-277. [PMID: 26714750 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are widely used in pharmaceutical drug discovery tests, but their hepatic functions decrease rapidly during in vitro culture. Many culture systems have been devised to address this problem. We here report that a three-dimensional (3D) collagen-based scaffold coated with simplified recombinant fibronectin (FN) enhanced the function of a hepatocyte cell line. The developed culture system uses a honeycomb collagen sponge coated with collagen-binding domain (CBD)-cell attachment site (CAS), a chimeric protein comprising the CBD and CAS of FN. The function of HepG2 cells grown on honeycomb collagen sponge coated with CBD-CAS was investigated by determining the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of several genes. The mRNA expression level of albumin increased 3.25 times in cells grown on CBD-CAS-coated honeycomb collagen sponge for 3 days; the expression level of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBPα) increased 40-fold after 1 d and up to 150-fold after 3 d. These results suggested that CBD-CAS-coated honeycomb collagen sponge could improve the functions of hepatocytes by inducing C/EBPα expression. The activation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in HepG2 cells grown on CBD-CAS-coated honeycomb collagen sponge was measured at the mRNA level and was found to increase between two and six times compared to cells grown without the CBD-CAS coating, showing that this culture system induced CYP gene expression and thus may be useful in drug metabolism assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Nishida
- Cell-Materials Interaction Group, Biomaterials Unit, Nano-Life Field, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Taniguchi
- Cell-Materials Interaction Group, Biomaterials Unit, Nano-Life Field, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan. .,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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47
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Joshi P, Lee MY. High Content Imaging (HCI) on Miniaturized Three-Dimensional (3D) Cell Cultures. BIOSENSORS 2015; 5:768-90. [PMID: 26694477 PMCID: PMC4697144 DOI: 10.3390/bios5040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High content imaging (HCI) is a multiplexed cell staining assay developed for better understanding of complex biological functions and mechanisms of drug action, and it has become an important tool for toxicity and efficacy screening of drug candidates. Conventional HCI assays have been carried out on two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayer cultures, which in turn limit predictability of drug toxicity/efficacy in vivo; thus, there has been an urgent need to perform HCI assays on three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures. Although 3D cell cultures better mimic in vivo microenvironments of human tissues and provide an in-depth understanding of the morphological and functional features of tissues, they are also limited by having relatively low throughput and thus are not amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS). One attempt of making 3D cell culture amenable for HTS is to utilize miniaturized cell culture platforms. This review aims to highlight miniaturized 3D cell culture platforms compatible with current HCI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Joshi
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 1960 East 24th Street Cleveland, Ohio, OH 44115-2214, USA.
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 1960 East 24th Street Cleveland, Ohio, OH 44115-2214, USA.
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Knight E, Przyborski S. Advances in 3D cell culture technologies enabling tissue-like structures to be created in vitro. J Anat 2015; 227:746-56. [PMID: 25411113 PMCID: PMC4694114 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in mammalian cell biology often relies on developing in vitro models to enable the growth of cells in the laboratory to investigate a specific biological mechanism or process under different test conditions. The quality of such models and how they represent the behavior of cells in real tissues plays a critical role in the value of the data produced and how it is used. It is particularly important to recognize how the structure of a cell influences its function and how co-culture models can be used to more closely represent the structure of real tissue. In recent years, technologies have been developed to enhance the way in which researchers can grow cells and more readily create tissue-like structures. Here we identify the limitations of culturing mammalian cells by conventional methods on two-dimensional (2D) substrates and review the popular approaches currently available that enable the development of three-dimensional (3D) tissue models in vitro. There are now many ways in which the growth environment for cultured cells can be altered to encourage 3D cell growth. Approaches to 3D culture can be broadly categorized into scaffold-free or scaffold-based culture systems, with scaffolds made from either natural or synthetic materials. There is no one particular solution that currently satisfies all requirements and researchers must select the appropriate method in line with their needs. Using such technology in conjunction with other modern resources in cell biology (e.g. human stem cells) will provide new opportunities to create robust human tissue mimetics for use in basic research and drug discovery. Application of such models will contribute to advancing basic research, increasing the predictive accuracy of compounds, and reducing animal usage in biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Knight
- School of Biological and Biomedical ScienceDurham UniversityDurhamUK
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- School of Biological and Biomedical ScienceDurham UniversityDurhamUK
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Grootaert C, Kamiloglu S, Capanoglu E, Van Camp J. Cell Systems to Investigate the Impact of Polyphenols on Cardiovascular Health. Nutrients 2015; 7:9229-55. [PMID: 26569293 PMCID: PMC4663590 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are a diverse group of micronutrients from plant origin that may serve as antioxidants and that contribute to human health in general. More specifically, many research groups have investigated their protective effect against cardiovascular diseases in several animal studies and human trials. Yet, because of the excessive processing of the polyphenol structure by human cells and the residing intestinal microbial community, which results in a large variability between the test subjects, the exact mechanisms of their protective effects are still under investigation. To this end, simplified cell culture systems have been used to decrease the inter-individual variability in mechanistic studies. In this review, we will discuss the different cell culture models that have been used so far for polyphenol research in the context of cardiovascular diseases. We will also review the current trends in cell culture research, including co-culture methodologies. Finally, we will discuss the potential of these advanced models to screen for cardiovascular effects of the large pool of bioactive polyphenols present in foods and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grootaert
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Senem Kamiloglu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - John Van Camp
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
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Kadletz L, Heiduschka G, Domayer J, Schmid R, Enzenhofer E, Thurnher D. Evaluation of spheroid head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell models in comparison to monolayer cultures. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1281-1286. [PMID: 26622664 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell culture models are the most common method used to investigate tumor cells in vitro. In the few last decades, a multicellular spheroid model has gained attention due to its adjacency to tumors in vivo. The aim of the present study was to investigate immunohistochemical differences between these two cell culture systems. The FaDu, CAL27 and SCC25 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines were seeded out in monolayer and multicellular spheroids. The FaDu and SCC25 cells were treated with increasing doses of cisplatin and irradiation. CAL27 cells were not used in theproliferation experiments, since the spheroids of CAL27 cells were not able to process the reagent in CCK-8 assays. Furthermore, they were stained to present alterations of the following antigens: Ki-67, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, epithelial growth factor and survivin. Differences in growth rates and expression patterns were detected in certain HNSCC cell lines. The proliferation rates showed a significant divergence of cells grown in the three-dimensional model compared with cells grown in the 2D model. Overall, multicellular spheroids are a promising method to reproduce the immunohistochemical aspects and characteristics of tumor cells, and may show different response rates to therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Kadletz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Gregor Heiduschka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Julian Domayer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Rainer Schmid
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Enzenhofer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Dietmar Thurnher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
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