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Cuena-Lombraña A, Fois M, Bacchetta G. Gone with the waves: the role of sea currents as key dispersal mechanism for Mediterranean coastal and inland plant species. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024. [PMID: 38743610 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Thalassochory, the dispersal of propagules through marine currents, is a key long-distance dispersal (LDD) mechanism with implications for global biogeography and particularly for island colonization. The propagules of coastal plant species are generally assumed to be better adapted for sea dispersal than those of inland plants, but this hypothesis remains largely untested. We conducted experiments on four genera (Juniperus, Daucus, Ferula, and Pancratium) and compared traits among nine species with different habitats and distributions. Our results showed that Juniperus spp. and P. maritimum have strong thalassochorous potential within the Mediterranean Basin. Interestingly, we did not find a clear association on the thalassochorous potential of coastal versus inland species within all the tested genera, apart from P. maritimum compared with the endemic inland P. illyricum. These findings suggest that thalassochory may be a more common dispersal mechanism than previously assumed. The apparently weak link of dispersal syndrome with species ecology broadens the possibility of dispersal by the sea also for inland plants, although considered to be poorly salt-tolerant. Moreover, our results reveal significant differences in sea dispersal between endemic and widespread species, but do not rule out an important role of thalassochory in shaping the distribution patterns of archipelago endemic flora. The presented method is largely replicable and could be used for further studies with a larger set of species to better delineate trends of sea dispersal syndrome among species with different ecology or dispersal traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cuena-Lombraña
- Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB) - Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Fois
- Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB) - Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - G Bacchetta
- Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB) - Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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2
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Tiburtini M, Bacchetta G, Sarigu M, Cambria S, Caputo P, De Luca D, Domina G, Turini A, Peruzzi L. Integrative Taxonomy of Armeria Taxa (Plumbaginaceae) Endemic to Sardinia and Corsica. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112229. [PMID: 37299208 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sardinia and Corsica are two Mediterranean islands where the genus Armeria is represented by 11 taxa, 10 out of which are endemic. An integrative approach, using molecular phylogeny, karyology, and seed and plant morphometry was used to resolve the complex taxonomy and systematics in this group. We found that several taxa are no longer supported by newly produced data. Accordingly, we describe a new taxonomic hypothesis that only considers five species: Armeria leucocephala and A. soleirolii, endemic to Corsica, and A. morisii, A. sardoa, and A. sulcitana, endemic to Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tiburtini
- PLANTSEED Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Bacchetta
- Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB), Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, V.le S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Sarigu
- Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB), Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, V.le S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cambria
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Antonino Longo 19, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Caputo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele De Luca
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianniantonio Domina
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Turini
- PLANTSEED Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Peruzzi
- PLANTSEED Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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3
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Brodie JF, Henao-Diaz LF, Pratama B, Copeland C, Wheeler T, Helmy OE. Fruit Size in Indo-Malayan Island Plants Is More Strongly Influenced by Filtering than by In Situ Evolution. Am Nat 2023; 201:574-585. [PMID: 36957999 DOI: 10.1086/723212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCommunity trait assembly, the formation of distributions of phenotypic characteristics across coexisting species, can occur via two main processes: filtering of trait distributions from the regional pool and in situ phenotypic evolution in local communities. But the relative importance of these processes remains unclear, largely because of the difficulty in determining the timing of evolutionary trait changes and biogeographic dispersal events in phylogenies. We assessed evolutionary and biogeographic transitions in woody plant species across the Indo-Malay archipelago, a series of island groups where the same plant lineages interact with different seed disperser and seed predator assemblages. Fruit size in 2,650 taxa spanning the angiosperm tree of life tended to be smaller in the Sulawesi and Maluku island groups, where frugivores are less diverse and smaller bodied, than in the regional source pool. While numerous plant lineages (not just small-fruited ones) reached the isolated islands, colonists tended to be the smaller-fruited members of each clade. Nearly all of the evolutionary transitions to smaller fruit size predated, often substantially, organismal dispersal to the islands. Our results suggest that filtering rather than within-island evolution largely determined the distribution of fruit sizes in these regions.
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Functional traits explain non-native plant species richness and occupancy on northern New Zealand islands. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02762-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPlant functional traits can greatly influence invasion success on islands. However, interrelationships between traits and invasion success are rarely integrated with the island biogeography theory. Here, we explored relations between functional traits and plant distributions to assess which traits are associated with invasion success (i.e. high island occupancy), test whether non-native richness and seed mass of species with distinct growth forms and dispersal modes vary differently with island characteristics (e.g. area, isolation, exposure to ocean-borne disturbances, distance from the nearest urban area, and whether islands were managed for conservation), and whether results differ from native species. We assembled a database of 264 northern New Zealand offshore islands, amalgamating species lists from field surveys and previously published data, and comprising 822 native and 855 non-native species. Non-native graminoids occurred on islands more frequently than forbs and woody species, and long-distance dispersal modes (wind, animal, unspecialized) more than species with short-distance dispersal modes. Most differences among trait categories of non-native species were associated with human-related variables (i.e. distance from the nearest urban area, and whether islands were conservation areas). Non-native plant species with high island occupancy were less commonly associated with human-related variables than non-native species with low island occupancy. Instead, they were more similar in their distributional patterns to native species within the same trait category, suggesting comparable processes regulate both sets of species. Our results illustrate that integrating trait-based approaches in the island biogeography framework can be a useful tool in understanding and predicting plant invasions.
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Kim S, Sales L, Carreira D, Galetti M. Frugivore distributions are associated with plant dispersal syndrome diversity in the Caribbean archipelagos. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seokmin Kim
- Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
| | - Lilian Sales
- Department of Biology Faculty of Arts and Science Concordia University Montreal Canada
| | | | - Mauro Galetti
- Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
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Schneider JV, Jungcurt T, Cardoso D, Amorim AM, Paule J, Zizka G. Predominantly Eastward Long-Distance Dispersal in Pantropical Ochnaceae Inferred From Ancestral Range Estimation and Phylogenomics. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.813336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochnaceae is a pantropical family with multiple transoceanic disjunctions at deep and shallow levels. Earlier attempts to unravel the processes that led to such biogeographic patterns suffered from insufficient phylogenetic resolution and unclear delimitation of some of the genera. In the present study, we estimated divergence time and ancestral ranges based on a phylogenomic framework with a well-resolved phylogenetic backbone to tackle issues of the timing and direction of dispersal that may explain the modern global distribution of Ochnaceae. The nuclear data provided the more robust framework for divergence time estimation compared to the plastome-scale data, although differences in the inferred clade ages were mostly small. While Ochnaceae most likely originated in West Gondwana during the Late Cretaceous, all crown-group disjunctions are inferred as dispersal-based, most of them as transoceanic long-distance dispersal (LDD) during the Cenozoic. All LDDs occurred in an eastward direction except for the SE Asian clade of Sauvagesieae, which was founded by trans-Pacific dispersal from South America. The most species-rich clade by far, Ochninae, originated from either a widespread neotropical-African ancestor or a solely neotropical ancestor which then dispersed to Africa. The ancestors of this clade then diversified in Africa, followed by subsequent dispersal to the Malagasy region and tropical Asia on multiple instances in three genera during the Miocene-Pliocene. In particular, Ochna might have used the South Arabian land corridor to reach South Asia. Thus, the pantropical distribution of Ochnaceae is the result of LDD either transoceanic or via land bridges/corridors, whereas vicariance might have played a role only along the stem of the family.
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Maturana CS, Rosenfeld S, Biersma EM, Segovia NI, González‐Wevar CA, Díaz A, Naretto J, Duggan IC, Hogg ID, Poulin E, Convey P, Jackson JA. Historical biogeography of the Gondwanan freshwater genus
Boeckella
(Crustacea): Timing and modes of speciation in the Southern Hemisphere. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S. Maturana
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Ñuñoa Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
| | - Sebastián Rosenfeld
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Ñuñoa Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos Universidad de Magallanes Punta Arenas Chile
| | - Elisabeth M. Biersma
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
- Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nicolás I. Segovia
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- Laboratorio de Diversidad Molecular Departamento de Biología Marina Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Universidad Católica del Norte Coquimbo Chile
| | - Claudio A. González‐Wevar
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML) Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigaciones en Dinámicas de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Angie Díaz
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Marina Departamento de Zoología Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Javier Naretto
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Ñuñoa Chile
- Costa Humboldt Peñalolén Chile
| | - Ian C. Duggan
- School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Ian D. Hogg
- School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
- Polar Knowledge Canada Canadian High Arctic Research Station Cambridge Bay Vic. Canada
| | - Elie Poulin
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile Ñuñoa Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Ñuñoa Chile
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
| | - Jennifer A. Jackson
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge UK
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Florencio M, Patiño J, Nogué S, Traveset A, Borges PAV, Schaefer H, Amorim IR, Arnedo M, Ávila SP, Cardoso P, de Nascimento L, Fernández-Palacios JM, Gabriel SI, Gil A, Gonçalves V, Haroun R, Illera JC, López-Darias M, Martínez A, Martins GM, Neto AI, Nogales M, Oromí P, Rando JC, Raposeiro PM, Rigal F, Romeiras MM, Silva L, Valido A, Vanderpoorten A, Vasconcelos R, Santos AMC. Macaronesia as a Fruitful Arena for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.718169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in Macaronesia has led to substantial advances in ecology, evolution and conservation biology. We review the scientific developments achieved in this region, and outline promising research avenues enhancing conservation. Some of these discoveries indicate that the Macaronesian flora and fauna are composed of rather young lineages, not Tertiary relicts, predominantly of European origin. Macaronesia also seems to be an important source region for back-colonisation of continental fringe regions on both sides of the Atlantic. This group of archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary Islands, and Cabo Verde) has been crucial to learn about the particularities of macroecological patterns and interaction networks on islands, providing evidence for the development of the General Dynamic Model of oceanic island biogeography and subsequent updates. However, in addition to exceptionally high richness of endemic species, Macaronesia is also home to a growing number of threatened species, along with invasive alien plants and animals. Several innovative conservation and management actions are in place to protect its biodiversity from these and other drivers of global change. The Macaronesian Islands are a well-suited field of study for island ecology and evolution research, mostly due to its special geological layout with 40 islands grouped within five archipelagos differing in geological age, climate and isolation. A large amount of data is now available for several groups of organisms on and around many of these islands. However, continued efforts should be made toward compiling new information on their biodiversity, to pursue various fruitful research avenues and develop appropriate conservation management tools.
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Schrader J, Wright IJ, Kreft H, Westoby M. A roadmap to plant functional island biogeography. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2851-2870. [PMID: 34423523 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Island biogeography is the study of the spatio-temporal distribution of species, communities, assemblages or ecosystems on islands and other isolated habitats. Island diversity is structured by five classes of process: dispersal, establishment, biotic interactions, extinction and evolution. Classical approaches in island biogeography focused on species richness as the deterministic outcome of these processes. This has proved fruitful, but species traits can potentially offer new biological insights into the processes by which island life assembles and why some species perform better at colonising and persisting on islands. Functional traits refer to morphological and phenological characteristics of an organism or species that can be linked to its ecological strategy and that scale up from individual plants to properties of communities and ecosystems. A baseline hypothesis is for traits and ecological strategies of island species to show similar patterns as a matched mainland environment. However, strong dispersal, environmental and biotic-interaction filters as well as stochasticity associated with insularity modify this baseline. Clades that do colonise often embark on distinct ecological and evolutionary pathways, some because of distinctive evolutionary forces on islands, and some because of the opportunities offered by freedom from competitors or herbivores or the absence of mutualists. Functional traits are expected to be shaped by these processes. Here, we review and discuss the potential for integrating functional traits into island biogeography. While we focus on plants, the general considerations and concepts may be extended to other groups of organisms. We evaluate how functional traits on islands relate to core principles of species dispersal, establishment, extinction, reproduction, biotic interactions, evolution and conservation. We formulate existing knowledge as 33 working hypotheses. Some of these are grounded on firm empirical evidence, others provide opportunities for future research. We organise our hypotheses under five overarching sections. Section A focuses on plant functional traits enabling species dispersal to islands. Section B discusses how traits help to predict species establishment, successional trajectories and natural extinctions on islands. Section C reviews how traits indicate species biotic interactions and reproduction strategies and which traits promote intra-island dispersal. Section D discusses how evolution on islands leads to predictable changes in trait values and which traits are most susceptible to change. Section E debates how functional ecology can be used to study multiple drivers of global change on islands and to formulate effective conservation measures. Islands have a justified reputation as research models. They illuminate the forces operating within mainland communities by showing what happens when those forces are released or changed. We believe that the lens of functional ecology can shed more light on these forces than research approaches that do not consider functional differences among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schrader
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Holger Kreft
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Moiloa NA, Mesbah M, Nylinder S, Manning J, Forest F, de Boer HJ, Bacon CD, Oxelman B. Biogeographic origins of southern African Silene (Caryophyllaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 162:107199. [PMID: 33984468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Silene (Caryophyllaceae) is distributed predominantly in the northern Hemisphere, where it is most diverse around the Mediterranean Basin. The genus is also well represented in North Africa, extending into tropical, sub-Saharan and southern Africa. Eight native species are recognized in southern Africa, taxonomically placed in two sections: Elisanthe and Silene s.l. Although the taxonomy of the southern African taxa has recently been revised, their phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history remain unclear. This study aims to infer the phylogenetic position and geographic origins of the southern African taxa. We generated DNA sequences of nuclear and plastid loci from several individuals belonging to all eight species of Silene recognized from southern Africa, and combined our DNA sequences with existing data representing species from major clades (i.e. sections) based on the recently revised Silene infrageneric taxonomy. We used a Bayesian coalescent species tree continuous diffusion approach to co-estimate the species tree and the ancestral areas of representative members of the genus. Our results show that the perennial southern African members of section Elisanthe form a strongly-supported clade with the Eurasian annual S. noctiflora and the Central Asian perennial S. turkestanica. The rest of the perennial species form a strongly-supported clade together with the annual S. aethiopica, which is nested in a larger Mediterranean clade comprising mostly annual species classified in section Silene s.l. Estimates of ancestral areas indicate a late Pleistocene dispersal to southern Africa from central and East Africa for the sub-Saharan members of section Silene s.l. The Elisanthe clade is inferred to have colonized southern Africa through long-distance dispersal from Eurasia during the late Pleistocene. Our findings support the hypothesis of a relatively recent colonization into southern Africa resulting from two independent dispersal events during the Pleistocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntwai A Moiloa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22 B, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Melilia Mesbah
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Stephan Nylinder
- Swedish National Data Service, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Manning
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont, Cape Town 7735, South Africa; Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo J de Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Postboks 1172, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine D Bacon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22 B, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Oxelman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22 B, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Ando H, Mori Y, Nishihiro M, Mizukoshi K, Akaike M, Kitamura W, Sato NJ. Highly mobile seed predators contribute to interisland seed dispersal within an oceanic archipelago. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Ando
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Inst. for Environmental Studies, Japan Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yuka Mori
- Tokyo Metropolitan Government Director for Wildlife Protection Hachijo Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Kanon Mizukoshi
- College of Agro‐Biological Resource Sciences, Univ. of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Masaki Akaike
- Division of Intelligent Interaction Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, Univ. of Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Wataru Kitamura
- Dept of Restoration Ecology and Built Environment, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Tokyo City Univ. Yokohama City Kanagawa Japan
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12
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Albaladejo RG, Martín-Hernanz S, Reyes-Betancort JA, Santos-Guerra A, Olangua-Corral M, Aparicio A. Reconstruction of the spatio-temporal diversification and ecological niche evolution of Helianthemum (Cistaceae) in the Canary Islands using genotyping-by-sequencing data. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:597-611. [PMID: 32386290 PMCID: PMC8052925 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several biogeographical models have been proposed to explain the colonization and diversification patterns of Macaronesian lineages. In this study, we calculated the diversification rates and explored what model best explains the current distribution of the 15 species endemic to the Canary Islands belonging to Helianthemum sect. Helianthemum (Cistaceae). METHODS We performed robust phylogenetic reconstructions based on genotyping-by-sequencing data and analysed the timing, biogeographical history and ecological niche conservatism of this endemic Canarian clade. KEY RESULTS Our phylogenetic analyses provided strong support for the monophyly of this clade, and retrieved five lineages not currently restricted to a single island. The pristine colonization event took place in the Pleistocene (~1.82 Ma) via dispersal to Tenerife by a Mediterranean ancestor. CONCLUSIONS The rapid and abundant diversification (0.75-1.85 species per million years) undergone by this Canarian clade seems the result of complex inter-island dispersal events followed by allopatric speciation driven mostly by niche conservatism, i.e. inter-island dispersal towards niches featuring similar environmental conditions. Nevertheless, significant instances of ecological niche shifts have also been observed in some lineages, making an important contribution to the overall diversification history of this clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Albaladejo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sara Martín-Hernanz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - J Alfredo Reyes-Betancort
- Jardín de Aclimatación de la Orotava (Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias - ICIA), Puerto de la Cruz, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Arnoldo Santos-Guerra
- Jardín de Aclimatación de la Orotava (Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias - ICIA), Puerto de la Cruz, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - María Olangua-Corral
- Departamento de Biología Reproductiva y Micro-morfología, Jardín Botánico Canario ‘Viera y Clavijo’—Unidad Asociada CSIC (Cabildo de Gran Canaria), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Abelardo Aparicio
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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13
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Epizoochory in Parrots as an Overlooked Yet Widespread Plant-Animal Mutualism. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040760. [PMID: 33924535 PMCID: PMC8070029 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant–animal interactions are key to sustaining whole communities and ecosystem function. However, their complexity may limit our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the species involved. The ecological effects of epizoochory remain little known compared to other seed dispersal mechanisms given the few vectors identified. In addition, epizoochory is mostly considered non-mutualistic since dispersers do not obtain nutritional rewards. Here, we show a widespread but unknown mutualistic interaction between parrots and plants through epizoochory. Combining our observations with photos from web-sources, we recorded nearly 2000 epizoochory events in 48 countries across five continents, involving 116 parrot species and nearly 100 plant species from 35 families, including both native and non-native species. The viscid pulp of fleshy fruits and anemochorous structures facilitate the adherence of tiny seeds (mean 3.7 × 2.56 mm) on the surface of parrots while feeding, allowing the dispersion of these seeds over long distances (mean = 118.5 m). This parrot–plant mutualism could be important in ecosystem functioning across a wide diversity of environments, also facilitating the spread of exotic plants. Future studies should include parrots for a better understanding of plant dispersal processes and for developing effective conservation actions against habitat loss and biological invasions.
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Martínez-López V, García C, Zapata V, Robledano F, De la Rúa P. Intercontinental long-distance seed dispersal across the Mediterranean Basin explains population genetic structure of a bird-dispersed shrub. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1408-1420. [PMID: 32168411 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance dispersal (LDD) is a pivotal process for plants determining their range of distribution and promoting gene flow among distant populations. Most fleshy-fruited species rely on frugivorous vertebrates to disperse their seeds across the landscape. While LDD events are difficult to record, a few ecological studies have shown that birds move a sizeable number of ingested seeds across geographic barriers, such as sea straits. The foraging movements of migrant frugivores across distant populations, including those separated by geographic barriers, creates a constant flow of propagules that in turn shapes the spatial distributions of the genetic variation in populations. Here, we have analysed the genetic diversity and structure of 74 populations of Pistacia lentiscus, a fleshy-fruited shrub widely distributed in the Mediterranean Basin, to elucidate whether the Mediterranean Sea acts as a geographic barrier or alternatively whether migratory frugivorous birds promote gene flow among populations located on both sides of the sea. Our results show reduced genetic distances among populations, including intercontinental populations, and they show a significant genetic structure across an eastern-western axis. These findings are consistent with known bird migratory routes that connect the European and African continents following a north-southwards direction during the fruiting season of many fleshy-fruited plants. Further, approximate Bayesian analysis failed to explain the observed patterns as a result of historical population migrations at the end of Last Glacial Maximum. Therefore, anthropic and/or climatic changes that would disrupt the migratory routes of frugivorous birds might have genetic consequences for the plant species they feed upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Martínez-López
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina García
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,CIBIO/InBIO-Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Víctor Zapata
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Pilar De la Rúa
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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15
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Aizen MA, Arbetman MP, Chacoff NP, Chalcoff VR, Feinsinger P, Garibaldi LA, Harder LD, Morales CL, Sáez A, Vanbergen AJ. Invasive bees and their impact on agriculture. ADV ECOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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16
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Costea M, El Miari H, Laczkó L, Fekete R, Molnár AV, Lovas-Kiss Á, Green AJ. The effect of gut passage by waterbirds on the seed coat and pericarp of diaspores lacking "external flesh": Evidence for widespread adaptation to endozoochory in angiosperms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226551. [PMID: 31856213 PMCID: PMC6922415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely accepted "endozoochory syndrome" is assigned to angiosperm diaspores with a fleshy, attractive tissue and implies the existence of adaptations for protection against digestion during gut passage. This syndrome has led diaspore fleshiness to be emphasized as the exclusive indicator of endozoochory in much of the ecology and biogeography research. Crucially, however, endozoochory in nature is not limited to frugivory, and diaspores without "external flesh" are commonly dispersed, often over long distances, via birds and mammals by granivory. A key question is: are such diaspores somehow less prepared from an architectural point of view to survive gut passage than fleshy diaspores? To answer this question, we selected 11 European angiosperm taxa that fall outside the classical endozoochory syndrome yet are known to be dispersed via endozoochory. We studied their seed coat/pericarp morphology and anatomy both before and after gut passage through granivorous waterfowl, and determined their seed survival and germinability. We found no fundamental differences in the mechanical architecture of the seed coat and pericarp between these plants dispersed by granivory and others dispersed by frugivory. Neither diaspore traits per se, nor dormancy type, were strong predictors of diaspore survival or degree of damage during gut passage through granivores, or of the influence of gut passage on germinability. Among our 11 taxa, survival of gut passage is enabled by the thick cuticle of the exotesta or epicarp; one or several lignified cell layers; and diverse combinations of other architectural elements. These protection structures are ubiquitous in angiosperms, and likely to have evolved in gymnosperms. Hence, many angiosperm diaspores, dry or fleshy, may be pre-adapted to endozoochory, but with differing degrees of specialization and adaptation to dispersal mechanisms such as frugivory and granivory. Our findings underline the broad ecological importance of "non-classical endozoochory" of diaspores that lack "external flesh".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Costea
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiba El Miari
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Levente Laczkó
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Réka Fekete
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Ádám Lovas-Kiss
- Department of Tisza Research, Wetland Ecology Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research-DRI, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andy J. Green
- Wetland Ecology Department, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
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Green AJ, Elmberg J, Lovas-Kiss Á. Beyond Scatter-Hoarding and Frugivory: European Corvids as Overlooked Vectors for a Broad Range of Plants. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Iwanycki Ahlstrand N, Verstraete B, Hassemer G, Dunbar‐Co S, Hoggard R, Meudt HM, Rønsted N. Ancestral range reconstruction of remote oceanic island species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae) reveals differing scales and modes of dispersal. JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 2019; 46:706-722. [PMID: 31217659 PMCID: PMC6559316 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to resolve the phylogenetic placement of island taxa, reconstruct ancestral origins and resolve competing hypotheses of dispersal patterns and biogeographical histories for oceanic island endemic taxa within subgenus Plantago (Plantaginaceae). LOCATION Juan Fernández Islands, the Auckland Islands, Lord Howe Island, New Amsterdam Island, New Zealand, Tasmania, Falkland Islands, Rapa Iti and the Hawaiian Islands. TAXON Island endemics within Plantago (Plantaginaceae), a globally distributed taxonomic group comprising approximately 250 species. METHODS We use Bayesian phylogenetic and divergence time analyses and historical biogeographical analysis of molecular sequence data to infer the ancestral origins of the oceanic island species in Plantago. RESULTS Taxa within subgenus Plantago form clades based on geographic proximities and challenge previous phylogenetic relationships and classification based on morphology. We infer that biogeographic histories of oceanic island taxa from multiple islands were shaped by dispersal at different scales and possibly by different types of birds. The highly remote Hawaiian Islands and Rapa Iti were colonized from North American taxa in a pattern corresponding to known migration routes of large marine birds, rather than from New Zealand as previously hypothesized. The island endemics of Juan Fernández, the Falkland Islands, Lord Howe, Auckland Islands and New Zealand are found to have sources in the nearest continental areas. The analyses confirm recent speciation within subgenus Plantago - which is particularly heightened in island lineages in Hawaii and Rapa Iti - but show slightly older divergence times than previous molecular dating studies. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Using molecular data to infer ancestral ranges for plants with uncertain taxonomic relationships can greatly improve our understanding of biogeographical histories and help elucidate origins, dispersal modes and routes in widespread lineages with complex distribution patterns such as Plantago. We improve understanding of important floristic exchange areas between continents and islands as a result of long-distance dispersal. We infer that a combination of both stepping stone dispersal and extreme long-distance dispersal can shape insular floras, and that multiple floristic areas can be the sources of closely related island taxa. However, despite the successful dispersal of Plantago, radiation in island archipelagos is generally limited suggesting specific traits may limit diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G. Hassemer
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - R. Hoggard
- Department of Microbiology and Plant BiologyUniversity of OklahomaTulsaOklahomaUSA
| | - H. M. Meudt
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa TongarewaWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - N. Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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19
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Correia M, Heleno R, da Silva LP, Costa JM, Rodríguez-Echeverría S. First evidence for the joint dispersal of mycorrhizal fungi and plant diaspores by birds. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1054-1060. [PMID: 30372538 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seed dispersal allows plants to colonise new sites and escape from pathogens and intraspecific competition, maintaining plant genetic diversity and regulating plant distribution. Conversely, most plant species form mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in a symbiosis established immediately after seed germination. Because AM fungi are obligate symbionts, using the same dispersal vector as their host should be highly advantageous for their survival, but the co-dispersal of seeds and AM fungal spores has never been confirmed. We aim to clarify the potential role of European birds, essential dispersers for many plant species, as co-dispersers of seeds and AM fungal spores. In total, 63 bird droppings with intact seeds were placed in sterilised soil and maintained for 4 months in a protected environment to avoid contamination. Additionally, 173 bird droppings and 729 gauze swabs used to clean birds' feet were inspected for AM fungal spores. Although no spores were detected by direct observation of these samples, seven Rubus ulmifolius seedlings obtained from four independent droppings of Erithacus rubecula and Sylvia melanocephala were colonised by AM fungi. Our results show that birds can effectively co-disperse viable seeds and AM fungal spores, potentially over long distances, providing a pivotal mechanism to understand the cosmopolitan distribution of AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Correia
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3001-456, Portugal
| | - Ruben Heleno
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3001-456, Portugal
| | - Luís Pascoal da Silva
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3001-456, Portugal
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Costa
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3001-456, Portugal
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3001-456, Portugal
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20
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Kalwij JM, Medan D, Kellermann J, Greve M, Chown SL. Vagrant birds as a dispersal vector in transoceanic range expansion of vascular plants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4655. [PMID: 30874602 PMCID: PMC6420631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds are thought to be important vectors underlying the disjunct distribution patterns of some terrestrial biota. Here, we investigate the role of birds in the colonisation by Ochetophila trinervis (Rhamnaceae), a vascular plant from the southern Andes, of sub-Antarctic Marion Island. The location of O. trinervis on the island far from human activities, in combination with a reconstruction of island visitors' travel history, precludes an anthropogenic introduction. Notably, three bird species occurring in the southern Andes inland have been observed as vagrants on Marion Island, with the barn swallow Hirundo rustica as the most common one. This vagrant displays long-distance migratory behaviour, eats seeds when insects are in short supply, and has started breeding in South America since the 1980s. Since naturalised O. trinervis has never been found outside the southern Andes and its diaspores are incapable of surviving in seawater or dispersing by wind, a natural avian dispersal event from the Andes to Marion Island, a distance of >7500 km, remains the only probable explanation. Although one self-incompatible shrub seems doomed to remain solitary, its mere establishment on a Southern Ocean island demonstrates the potential of vagrancy as a driver of extreme long-distance dispersal of terrestrial biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M Kalwij
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Diego Medan
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jürgen Kellermann
- State Herbarium of South Australia, Department for Environment and Water, GPO Box 1047, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- The University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Michelle Greve
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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21
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, G. Fernández de Castro A, Seguí J, Traveset A, Sosa PA. Alpine species in dynamic insular ecosystems through time: conservation genetics and niche shift estimates of the endemic and vulnerable Viola cheiranthifolia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:505-519. [PMID: 30307538 PMCID: PMC6377099 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alpine oceanic ecosystems are considered amongst the most ephemeral and restricted habitats, with a biota highly vulnerable to climate changes and disturbances. As an example of an alpine insular endemic, the past and future population genetic structure and diversity, and the future distribution of Viola cheiranthifolia (Violaceae), endemic to Tenerife (Canary Islands), were estimated. The main goals were to predict distribution changes of this alpine oceanic plant under climate change, and to assist in actions for its conservation. METHODS To perform population genetic analysis, 14 specific microsatellite markers and algorithms which considered the polyploid condition of V. cheiranthifolia were employed. The niche modelling approach incorporated temperature gradients, topography and snow cover maps. Models were projected into climate change scenarios to assess the extent of the altitudinal shifts of environmental suitability. Finally, simulations were performed to predict whether the environmental suitability loss will affect the genetic diversity of populations. KEY RESULTS Viola cheiranthifolia presents short dispersal capacity, moderate levels of genetic diversity and a clear population genetic structure divided into two main groups (Teide and Las Cañadas Wall), showing signs of recolonization dynamics after volcanic eruptions. Future estimates of the distribution of the study populations also showed that, despite being extremely vulnerable to climate change, the species will not lose all its potential area in the next decades. The simulations to estimate genetic diversity loss show that it is correlated to suitability loss, especially in Las Cañadas Wall. CONCLUSIONS The low dispersal capacity of V. cheiranthifolia, coupled with herbivory pressure, mainly from rabbits, will make its adaptation to future climate conditions in this fragile alpine ecosystem difficult. Conservation actions should be focused on herbivore control, population reinforcement and surveillance of niche shifts, especially in Guajara, which represents the oldest isolated population and a genetic reservoir for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (IUNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | - Jaume Seguí
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), c/ Miquel Marquès, Esporles Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), c/ Miquel Marquès, Esporles Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Pedro A Sosa
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (IUNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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22
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Nogales M, González-Castro A, Rumeu B, Traveset A, Vargas P, Jaramillo P, Olesen JM, Heleno RH. Contribution by vertebrates to seed dispersal effectiveness in the Galápagos Islands: a community-wide approach. Ecology 2017; 98:2049-2058. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC); Canary Islands Spain
| | - A. González-Castro
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC); Canary Islands Spain
| | - B. Rumeu
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - A. Traveset
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (UIB-CSIC); Balearic Islands Spain
| | - P. Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - P. Jaramillo
- Charles Darwin Foundation; Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos Ecuador
| | - J. M. Olesen
- Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - R. H. Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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23
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Hämäläinen A, Broadley K, Droghini A, Haines JA, Lamb CT, Boutin S, Gilbert S. The ecological significance of secondary seed dispersal by carnivores. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anni Hämäläinen
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2M9 Canada
| | - Kate Broadley
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2M9 Canada
| | - Amanda Droghini
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2M9 Canada
| | - Jessica A. Haines
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2M9 Canada
| | - Clayton T. Lamb
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2M9 Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2M9 Canada
| | - Sophie Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2M9 Canada
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83843 USA
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24
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Gamba D, Maguiña NR, Calderón-Acevedo CA, Torres K, Muchhala NC. Seed dispersal for the unusual inflated berries of Burmeistera(Campanulaceae). NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2016.1258868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gamba
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - N. Rossana Maguiña
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Karina Torres
- Departamento de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Nathan C. Muchhala
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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25
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Viana DS, Gangoso L, Bouten W, Figuerola J. Overseas seed dispersal by migratory birds. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2015.2406. [PMID: 26740610 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-distance dispersal (LDD) promotes the colonization of isolated and remote habitats, and thus it has been proposed as a mechanism for explaining the distributions of many species. Birds are key LDD vectors for many sessile organisms such as plants, yet LDD beyond local and regional scales has never been directly observed nor quantified. By sampling birds caught while in migratory flight by GPS-tracked wild falcons, we show that migratory birds transport seeds over hundreds of kilometres and mediate dispersal from mainland to oceanic islands. Up to 1.2% of birds that reached a small island of the Canary Archipelago (Alegranza) during their migration from Europe to Sub-Saharan Africa carried seeds in their guts. The billions of birds making seasonal migrations each year may then transport millions of seeds. None of the plant species transported by the birds occurs in Alegranza and most do not occur on nearby Canary Islands, providing a direct example of the importance of environmental filters in hampering successful colonization by immigrant species. The constant propagule pressure generated by these LDD events might, nevertheless, explain the colonization of some islands. Hence, migratory birds can mediate rapid range expansion or shifts of many plant taxa and determine their distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte S Viana
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, C/ Américo Vespucio, s/n, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Laura Gangoso
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, C/ Américo Vespucio, s/n, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Willem Bouten
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, C/ Américo Vespucio, s/n, Sevilla 41092, Spain
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26
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Viana DS, Santamaría L, Figuerola J. Migratory Birds as Global Dispersal Vectors. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:763-775. [PMID: 27507683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Propagule dispersal beyond local scales has been considered rare and unpredictable. However, for many plants, invertebrates, and microbes dispersed by birds, long-distance dispersal (LDD) might be regularly achieved when mediated by migratory movements. Because LDD operates over spatial extents spanning hundreds to thousands of kilometers, it can promote rapid range shifts and determine species distributions. We review evidence supporting this widespread LDD service and propose a conceptual framework for estimating LDD by migratory birds. Although further research and validation efforts are still needed, we show that current knowledge can be used to make more realistic estimations of LDD mediated by regular bird migrations, thus refining current predictions of its ecological and evolutionary consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte S Viana
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Calle Américo Vespucio, Sevilla, s/n, E-41092, Spain.
| | - Luis Santamaría
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Calle Américo Vespucio, Sevilla, s/n, E-41092, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Calle Américo Vespucio, Sevilla, s/n, E-41092, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Sevilla, Spain
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Multi-locus plastid phylogenetic biogeography supports the Asian hypothesis of the temperate woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 96:118-129. [PMID: 26723898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the biogeography of the temperate woody bamboos (Arundinarieae) using a densely-sampled phylogenetic tree of Bambusoideae based on six plastid DNA loci, which corroborates the previously discovered 12 lineages (I-XII) and places Kuruna as sister to the Chimonocalamus clade. Biogeographic analyses revealed that the Arundinarieae diversified from an estimated 12 to 14Mya, and this was followed by rapid radiation within the lineages, particularly lineages IV, V and VI, starting from c. 7-8Mya. It is suggested that the late Miocene intensification of East Asian monsoon may have contributed to this burst of diversification. The possibilities of the extant Sri Lankan and African temperate bamboo lineages representing 'basal elements' could be excluded, indicating that there is no evidence to support the Indian or African route for migration of temperate bamboo ancestors to Asia. Radiations from eastern Asia to Africa, Sri Lanka, and to North America all are likely to have occurred during the Pliocene, to form the disjunct distribution of Arundinarieae we observe today. The two African lineages are inferred as being derived independently from Asian ancestors, either by overland migrations or long-distance dispersals. Beringian migration may explain the eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunction.
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28
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Esteves CF, Costa JM, Vargas P, Freitas H, Heleno RH. On the Limited Potential of Azorean Fleshy Fruits for Oceanic Dispersal. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138882. [PMID: 26465934 PMCID: PMC4605496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How plants arrived to originally sterile oceanic islands has puzzled naturalists for centuries. Dispersal syndromes (i.e., diaspore traits that promote dispersal by long-distance dispersal vectors), are generally considered to play a determinant role in assisting island colonization. However, the association between diaspore traits and the potential vectors by which diaspores are dispersed is not always obvious. Fleshy fruits, in particular, are considered to have evolved to promote the internal dispersal of seeds by frugivores (endozoochory), however some fleshy fruits can also float in saltwater, and thus be potentially transported by oceanic current (thalassochory). We performed saltwater floatation and viability experiments with fruits of the 14 European fleshy-fruited species that naturally colonized the Azores archipelago (North Atlantic Ocean). We show that only Corema album (a berry) and Juniperus oxycedrus (a fleshy cone) floated for as long as 60 days, the estimated minimum time needed to reach the Azores by oceanic currents. Regardless the floatation potential, exposure to saltwater largely reduced the viability of most seeds of the 14 species (46% of viability decline within 15 days and 77% within 60 days of immersion), including those of Corema album (61%) and Juniperus oxycedrus (83%). Floatability and viability trials suggest that while some fleshy-fruited species might have arrived to the Azores by oceanic currents, such would have required extreme meteorological events that could largely reduce the duration of the trip. Thus, the alternative hypothesis that fleshy-fruited species were mostly dependent on animal dispersers (endozoochory) to colonize these remote islands is reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Franco Esteves
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Costa
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (CSIC-RJB), Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Freitas
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ruben Huttel Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Vargas P, Arjona Y, Nogales M, Heleno RH. Long-distance dispersal to oceanic islands: success of plants with multiple diaspore specializations. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv073. [PMID: 26174146 PMCID: PMC4526753 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A great number of scientific papers claim that angiosperm diversification is manifested by an ample differentiation of diaspore traits favouring long-distance seed dispersal. Oceanic islands offer an ideal framework to test whether the acquisition of multiple sets of diaspore traits (syndromes) by a single species results in a wider geographic distribution. To this end, we performed floristic and syndrome analyses and found that diplochorous species (two syndromes) are overrepresented in the recipient flora of the Azores in contrast to that of mainland Europe, but not to mainland Portugal. An additional analysis of inter-island colonization showed a general trend of a higher number of islands colonized by species with a single syndrome (monochorous) and two syndromes than species with no syndrome (unspecialized). Nevertheless, statistical significance for differences in colonization is meagre in some cases, partially due to the low proportion of diplochorous species in Europe (244 of ∼10 000 species), mainland Portugal (89 of 2294 species), and the Azores (9 of 148 species), Canaries (17 of 387 lowland species) and Galápagos (18 of 313 lowland species). Contrary to expectations, this first study shows only a very marginal advantage for long-distance dispersal of species bearing multiple syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vargas
- Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yurena Arjona
- Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), 28014 Madrid, Spain Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ruben H Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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Alsos IG, Ehrich D, Eidesen PB, Solstad H, Westergaard KB, Schönswetter P, Tribsch A, Birkeland S, Elven R, Brochmann C. Long-distance plant dispersal to North Atlantic islands: colonization routes and founder effect. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv036. [PMID: 25876627 PMCID: PMC4432000 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance dispersal (LDD) processes influence the founder effect on islands. We use genetic data for 25 Atlantic species and similarities among regional floras to analyse colonization, and test whether the genetic founder effect on five islands is associated with dispersal distance, island size and species traits. Most species colonized postglacially via multiple dispersal events from several source regions situated 280 to >3000 km away, and often not from the closest ones. A strong founder effect was observed for insect-pollinated mixed maters, and it increased with dispersal distance and decreased with island size in accordance with the theory of island biogeography. Only a minor founder effect was observed for wind-pollinated outcrossing species. Colonization patterns were largely congruent, indicating that despite the importance of stochasticity, LDD is mainly determined by common factors, probably dispersal vectors. Our findings caution against a priori assuming a single, close source region in biogeographic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorothee Ehrich
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Heidi Solstad
- Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Peter Schönswetter
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Tribsch
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Siri Birkeland
- The University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Reidar Elven
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Brochmann
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
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Fleury M, Silla F, Rodrigues RR, do Couto HT, Galetti M. Seedling fate across different habitats: The effects of herbivory and soil fertility. Basic Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Traveset A, Richardson DM. Mutualistic Interactions and Biological Invasions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutualisms structure ecosystems and mediate their functioning. They also enhance invasions of many alien species. Invasions disrupt native mutualisms, often leading to population declines, reduced biodiversity, and altered ecosystem functioning. Focusing on three main types of mutualisms (pollination, seed dispersal, and plant-microbial symbioses) and drawing on examples from different ecosystems and from species- and community-level studies, we review the key mechanisms whereby such positive interactions mediate invasions and are in turn influenced by invasions. High interaction generalization is “the norm” in most systems, allowing alien species to infiltrate recipient communities. We identify traits that influence invasiveness (e.g., selfing capacity in plants, animal behavioral traits) or invasibility (e.g., partner choice in mycorrhizas/rhizobia) through mutualistic interactions. Mutualistic disruptions due to invasions are pervasive, and subsequent cascading effects are also widespread. Ecological networks provide a useful framework for predicting tipping points for community collapse in response to invasions and other synergistic drivers of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies, E07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - David M. Richardson
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Vitales D, García-Fernández A, Pellicer J, Vallès J, Santos-Guerra A, Cowan RS, Fay MF, Hidalgo O, Garnatje T. Key processes for Cheirolophus (Asteraceae) diversification on oceanic islands inferred from AFLP data. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113207. [PMID: 25412495 PMCID: PMC4239036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation of the genus Cheirolophus (Asteraceae) in Macaronesia constitutes a spectacular case of rapid diversification on oceanic islands. Twenty species - nine of them included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - have been described to date inhabiting the Madeiran and Canarian archipelagos. A previous phylogenetic study revealed that the diversification of Cheirolophus in Macaronesia started less than 2 Ma. As a result of such an explosive speciation process, limited phylogenetic resolution was reported, mainly due to the low variability of the employed molecular markers. In the present study, we used highly polymorphic AFLP markers to i) evaluate species' boundaries, ii) infer their evolutionary relationships and iii) investigate the patterns of genetic diversity in relation to the potential processes likely involved in the radiation of Cheirolophus. One hundred and seventy-two individuals representing all Macaronesian Cheirolophus species were analysed using 249 AFLP loci. Our results suggest that geographic isolation played an important role in this radiation process. This was likely driven by the combination of poor gene flow capacity and a good ability for sporadic long-distance colonisations. In addition, we also found some traces of introgression and incipient ecological adaptation, which could have further enhanced the extraordinary diversification of Cheirolophus in Macaronesia. Last, we hypothesize that current threat categories assigned to Macaronesian Cheirolophus species do not reflect their respective evolutionary relevance, so future evaluations of their conservation status should take into account the results presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vitales
- Laboratori de Botànica – Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Fernández
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Pellicer
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Vallès
- Laboratori de Botànica – Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Robyn S. Cowan
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F. Fay
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Laboratori de Botànica – Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Roles of dispersal mode, recipient environment and disturbance in the secondary spread of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile. Biol Invasions 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gildenhuys E, Ellis AG, Carroll SP, Le Roux JJ. Combining natal range distributions and phylogeny to resolve biogeographic uncertainties in balloon vines (Cardiospermum, Sapindaceae). DIVERS DISTRIB 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enelge Gildenhuys
- Centre for Invasion Biology; Department of Botany and Zoology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Allan G. Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Scott P. Carroll
- Department of Entomology; University of California, Davis and Institute for Contemporary Evolution; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Johannes J. Le Roux
- Centre for Invasion Biology; Department of Botany and Zoology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland 7602 South Africa
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Fleury M, Rodrigues RR, do Couto HTZ, Galetti M. Seasonal variation in the fate of seeds under contrasting logging regimes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90060. [PMID: 24614500 PMCID: PMC3948680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed predators and dispersers may drive the speed and structure of forest regeneration in natural ecosystems. Rodents and ants prey upon and disperse seeds, yet empirical studies on the magnitude of these effects are lacking. Here, we examined the role of ants and rodents on seed predation in 4 plant species in a successional gradient on a tropical rainforest island. We found that (1) seeds are mostly consumed rather than dispersed; (2) rates of seed predation vary by habitat, season, and species; (3) seed size, shape, and hardness do not affect the probability of being depredated. Rodents were responsible for 70% of seed predation and were negligible (0.14%) seed dispersers, whereas ants were responsible for only 2% of seed predation and for no dispersal. We detected seasonal and habitat effects on seed loss, with higher seed predation occurring during the wet season and in old-growth forests. In the absence of predators regulating seed-consumer populations, the densities of these resilient animals explode to the detriment of natural regeneration and may reduce diversity and carrying capacity for consumers and eventually lead to ecological meltdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fleury
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Universidade de São Paulo, USP/ESALQ, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Ricardo R. Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Universidade de São Paulo, USP/ESALQ, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hilton T. Z. do Couto
- Laboratório de Métodos Quantitativos, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, USP/ESALQ, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rumeu B, Afonso V, Fernández-Palacios JM, Nogales M. Diversity, distribution and conservation status of island conifers: a global review. DIVERS DISTRIB 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rumeu
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC); C/Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Virginia Afonso
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC); C/Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - José María Fernández-Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Research Group; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias; Universidad de La Laguna; La Laguna 38206 Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC); C/Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
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de Paz JP, Caujapé-Castells J. A review of the allozyme data set for the Canarian endemic flora: causes of the high genetic diversity levels and implications for conservation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:1059-73. [PMID: 23609020 PMCID: PMC3662517 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Allozyme and reproductive data sets for the Canarian flora are updated in order to assess how the present levels and structuring of genetic variation have been influenced by the abiotic island traits and by phylogenetically determined biotic traits of the corresponding taxa; and in order to suggest conservation guidelines. Methods Kruskal-Wallis tests are conducted to assess the relationships of 27 variables with genetic diversity (estimated by A, P, Ho and He) and structuring (GST) of 123 taxa representing 309 populations and 16 families. Multiple linear regression analyses (MLRAs) are carried out to determine the relative influence of the less correlated significant abiotic and biotic factors on the genetic diversity levels. Key Results and Conclusions The interactions between biotic features of the colonizing taxa and the abiotic island features drive plant diversification in the Canarian flora. However, the lower weight of closeness to the mainland than of (respectively) high basic chromosome number, partial or total self-incompatibility and polyploidy in the MLRAs indicates substantial phylogenetic constraint; the importance of a high chromosome number is feasibly due to the generation of a larger number of linkage groups, which increase gametic and genotypic diversity. Genetic structure is also more influenced by biotic factors (long-range seed dispersal, basic chromosome number and partial or total self-incompatibility) than by distance to the mainland. Conservation-wise, genetic structure estimates (FST/GST) only reflect endangerment under intensive population sampling designs, and neutral genetic variation levels do not directly relate to threat status or to small population sizes. Habitat protection is emphasized, but the results suggest the need for urgent implementation of elementary reproductive studies in all cases, and for ex situ conservation measures for the most endangered taxa, even without prior studies. In non-endangered endemics, multidisciplinary research is needed before suggesting case-specific conservation strategies. The molecular information relevant for conservation should be conserved in a standardized format to facilitate further insight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juli Caujapé-Castells
- Jardín Botánico Canario ‘Viera y Clavijo’-Unidad Asociada CSIC, Cabildo de Gran Canaria. Camino al Palmeral 15, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Heleno RH, Olesen JM, Nogales M, Vargas P, Traveset A. Seed dispersal networks in the Galápagos and the consequences of alien plant invasions. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122112. [PMID: 23173203 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alien plants are a growing threat to the Galápagos unique biota. We evaluated the impact of alien plants on eight seed dispersal networks from two islands of the archipelago. Nearly 10 000 intact seeds from 58 species were recovered from the droppings of 18 bird and reptile dispersers. The most dispersed invaders were Lantana camara, Rubus niveus and Psidium guajava, the latter two likely benefiting from an asynchronous fruit production with most native plants, which facilitate their consumption and spread. Lava lizards dispersed the seeds of 27 species, being the most important dispersers, followed by small ground finch, two mockingbirds, the giant tortoise and two insectivorous birds. Most animals dispersed alien seeds, but these formed a relatively small proportion of the interactions. Nevertheless, the integration of aliens was higher in the island that has been invaded for longest, suggesting a time-lag between alien plant introductions and their impacts on seed dispersal networks. Alien plants become more specialized with advancing invasion, favouring more simplified plant and disperser communities. However, only habitat type significantly affected the overall network structure. Alien plants were dispersed via two pathways: dry-fruited plants were preferentially dispersed by finches, while fleshy fruited species were mostly dispersed by other birds and reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben H Heleno
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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