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Linden MA, McKinlay A, Hawley C, Aaro-Jonsson C, Kristiansen I, Meyer-Heim A, Ewing-Cobbs L, Wicks B, Beauchamp MH, Prasad R. Further recommendations of the International Paediatric Brain Injury Society (IPBIS) for the post-acute rehabilitation of children with acquired brain injury. Brain Inj 2024; 38:151-159. [PMID: 38329039 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2309252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric acquired brain injury is a life-long condition which impacts on all facets of the individual's lived experience. The existing evidence base continues to expand and new fields of enquiry are established as clinicians and researchers uncover the extent of these impacts. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To add to recommendations described in the International Paediatric Brain Injury Society's 2016 paper on post-acute care for children with acquired brain injury and highlight new areas of enquiry. REVIEW OF INFORMATION Recommendations were made based on the opinions of a group of experienced international clinicians and researchers who are current or past members of the board of directors of the International Paediatric Brain Injury Society. The importance of each recommendation was agreed upon by means of group consensus. OUTCOMES This update gives new consideration to areas of study including injuries which occur in pre-school children, young people in the military, medical referral, young offenders and the use of technology in rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Linden
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Carol Hawley
- Warwick Medical School - Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, UK
| | | | - Ingela Kristiansen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Meyer-Heim
- Rehabilitation Centre, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linda Ewing-Cobbs
- Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth Houston, McGovern Medical School, USA
| | | | - Miriam H Beauchamp
- Department of Psychology, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
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2
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Maresca G, Lo Buono V, Anselmo A, Cardile D, Formica C, Latella D, Quartarone A, Corallo F. Traumatic Brain Injury and Related Antisocial Behavioral Outcomes: A Systematic Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1377. [PMID: 37629667 PMCID: PMC10456231 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Higher level of aggression and antisocial behavior have been found in the period following head trauma. These changes are attributable to specific brain alterations that generally involved frontal lobe, insula and limbic system. A descriptive review was conducted on the specificity of aggressive behavior in relation to traumatic brain injury by evaluating numerous variables, focusing on age at the time of trauma and neuroimaging studies. Materials and Methods: We searched on PubMed and the Web of Science databases to screen references of included studies and review articles for additional citations. From an initial 738 publications, only 27 met the search criteria of describing the relationship between aggression, brain alterations and traumatic brain injury. Results: These findings showed that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is related to changes in behavior, personality and mood. Conclusions: The development of aggressive and criminal behavior is associated with multiple factors, including the etiology of injury, environmental, psychosocial and personality factors and age at the time of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Maresca
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy (V.L.B.); (C.F.); (D.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Viviana Lo Buono
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy (V.L.B.); (C.F.); (D.L.); (F.C.)
| | | | - Davide Cardile
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy (V.L.B.); (C.F.); (D.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Caterina Formica
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy (V.L.B.); (C.F.); (D.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Desiree Latella
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy (V.L.B.); (C.F.); (D.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy (V.L.B.); (C.F.); (D.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Corallo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy (V.L.B.); (C.F.); (D.L.); (F.C.)
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von Steinbuechel N, Krenz U, Bockhop F, Koerte IK, Timmermann D, Cunitz K, Zeldovich M, Andelic N, Rojczyk P, Bonfert MV, Berweck S, Kieslich M, Brockmann K, Roediger M, Lendt M, Buchheim A, Muehlan H, Holloway I, Olabarrieta-Landa L. A Multidimensional Approach to Assessing Factors Impacting Health-Related Quality of Life after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3895. [PMID: 37373590 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12123895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), relationships between pre-injury and injury-related characteristics and post-TBI outcomes (functional recovery, post-concussion depression, anxiety) and their impact on disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are under-investigated. Here, a multidimensional conceptual model was tested using a structural equation model (SEM). The final SEM evaluates the associations between these four latent variables. We retrospectively investigated 152 children (8-12 years) and 148 adolescents (13-17 years) after TBI at the recruiting clinics or online. The final SEM displayed a fair goodness-of-fit (SRMR = 0.09, RMSEA = 0.08 with 90% CI [0.068, 0.085], GFI = 0.87, CFI = 0.83), explaining 39% of the variance across the four latent variables and 45% of the variance in HRQoL in particular. The relationships between pre-injury and post-injury outcomes and between post-injury outcomes and TBI-specific HRQoL were moderately strong. Especially, pre-injury characteristics (children's age, sensory, cognitive, or physical impairments, neurological and chronic diseases, and parental education) may aggravate post-injury outcomes, which in turn may influence TBI-specific HRQoL negatively. Thus, the SEM comprises potential risk factors for developing negative post-injury outcomes, impacting TBI-specific HRQoL. Our findings may assist healthcare providers and parents in the management, therapy, rehabilitation, and care of pediatric individuals after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole von Steinbuechel
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 37A, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ugne Krenz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 37A, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Bockhop
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 37A, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga K Koerte
- cBRAIN/Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 5, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmermann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 37A, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Cunitz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 37A, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marina Zeldovich
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 37A, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nada Andelic
- Research Centre for Habilitation and Rehabilitation Models and Services (CHARM), Department of Health and Society, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Philine Rojczyk
- cBRAIN/Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 5, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Veronika Bonfert
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, LMU Center for Development and Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU University Hospital, Haydnstr. 5, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Berweck
- Specialist Center for Paediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schoen Klinik, Krankenhausstraße 20, 83569 Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Kieslich
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hospital of Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Knut Brockmann
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Center for Children with Developmental Disabilities and Severe Chronic Disorders, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maike Roediger
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Lendt
- Neuropediatrics, St. Mauritius Therapeutic Clinic, Strümper Straße 111, 40670 Meerbusch, Germany
| | - Anna Buchheim
- Institut für Psychologie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52 f, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Holger Muehlan
- Department of Health and Prevention, University of Greifswald, Robert-Blum-Str. 13, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ivana Holloway
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 37A, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laiene Olabarrieta-Landa
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Clasby B, Hughes N, Clasby E, Catroppa C. School-based interventions for children and adolescents following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. NeuroRehabilitation 2023:NRE220218. [PMID: 37212076 DOI: 10.3233/nre-220218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in impairments in learning, cognition, and behaviour; all of which can adversely influence educational outcomes. Schools can play a crucial role in rehabilitation, therefore it is important that evidence-based supports are available in these settings. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of school-based supports and interventions available following childhood TBI. METHODS A comprehensive search strategy involved eight research databases, grey literature, and backward reference searching. RESULTS The search identified 19 studies, reporting on sixteen distinct interventions, which used a variety of person-centred and systemic approaches, and typically contained multiple components, including: psychoeducation, behavioural scripts, and attention training. While offering some indication for future directions in intervention, the evidence base for individual interventions was typically limited, and does not take account of cost or issues in sustainability. CONCLUSION While there appears to be great potential to support students who may otherwise not gain access to services, there is insufficient evidence to guide widespread policy or practice change without further research. Greater collaboration between researchers, clinical practitioners, and educators is necessary to ensure that all interventions developed are robustly evaluated and disseminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betony Clasby
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathan Hughes
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Cathy Catroppa
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Rajaei F, Cheng S, Williamson CA, Wittrup E, Najarian K. AI-Based Decision Support System for Traumatic Brain Injury: A Survey. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13091640. [PMID: 37175031 PMCID: PMC10177859 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Rapid and precise clinical assessment and decision-making are essential to improve the outcome and the resulting complications. Due to the size and complexity of the data analyzed in TBI cases, computer-aided data processing, analysis, and decision support systems could play an important role. However, developing such systems is challenging due to the heterogeneity of symptoms, varying data quality caused by different spatio-temporal resolutions, and the inherent noise associated with image and signal acquisition. The purpose of this article is to review current advances in developing artificial intelligence-based decision support systems for the diagnosis, severity assessment, and long-term prognosis of TBI complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Rajaei
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shuyang Cheng
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Craig A Williamson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily Wittrup
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kayvan Najarian
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Data-Driven Drug Development and Treatment Assessment (DATA), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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6
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Byom LJ, Whalen M, Turkstra LS. Working Memory for Emotions in Adolescents and Young Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury. BRAIN IMPAIR 2022; 22:296-310. [PMID: 36703704 PMCID: PMC9873224 DOI: 10.1017/brimp.2021.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This preliminary study investigated the interaction between working memory and social cognition in adolescents and young adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). It was hypothesized that participants with or without TBI would better recognize social information when working memory or social cognitive load was low, and that adolescents and young adults with TBI would be more affected by increased cognitive demand than their uninjured peers. Eight adolescents and young adults with complicated mild-severe TBI (aged 14-22 years) and eight age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) adolescents completed computer-based n-back tasks requiring recognition of either face identity or facial affect, with 0-back, 1-, and 2-back conditions. The TBI group had lower scores overall than the TD group, and scores for both groups were lower for affect recognition than identity recognition. Scores for both groups were lower in conditions with a higher working memory load. There was a significant group-by-working memory interaction, with larger group differences in high-working memory conditions. Study results and their potential implications for social outcomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey J Byom
- Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Meaghan Whalen
- Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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7
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Corallo F, Anselmo A, Palmeri R, Di Cara M, Formica C, De Salvo S, Todaro A, Rifici C, Marino S, Bramanti P, Lo Buono V. The psychometric measures to assess aggressive dimension following traumatic brain injury: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24648. [PMID: 33787573 PMCID: PMC8021345 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND higher level of aggression and antisocial behavior are frequent following head trauma, due to specific brain alterations. Many tests are used to assess this aspect. A descriptive review was conducted on the main tests used to detect the appearance of aggressive dimensions following traumatic brain injury. REVIEW SUMMARY we searched on PubMed and Web of Science databases and screening references of included studies and review articles for additional citations. From initial 723 publications, only 7 met our search criteria. Findings showed that various psychometric tools are used to assess aggressiveness and its subdomains, following head trauma. CONCLUSIONS further investigation are necessary to clarify whether these tools ensure a reliable diagnosis in order to make an early intervention and reduce violent behavior and its development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Caterina Formica
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo,” Messina
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties - University of Palermo
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8
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Law C, Amore TL, Williams WH, Tonks J. Training emotional recognition in a child with acquired brain injury: A single case study. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2019; 10:384-392. [PMID: 31835913 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2019.1699094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Emotional processing is affected by childhood brain injury. Ineffective emotional processing and poor understanding of social cues affect the development of social relationships leading to social isolation and a poorer quality of life in the long-term. Facial expression recognition is a non-verbal social cue that is used to interpret the thoughts and feelings of others. Children with brain injury have shown deficits identifying even basic emotions from facial expression, yet few intervention studies have explored how to develop facial expression recognition in children with brain injury. Enhancing the ability to recognize and interpret facial expressions for these children would have implications for their emotional processing and social-emotional behavior. In this paper we report on a short single case study intervention to increase facial expression recognition using the Facial Affect Recognition training (FAR) for a 10-year-old-child with brain injury. Following intervention, there was not only an increase in facial expression recognition but also changes in social-emotional behavior indicating some generalization to other contexts. The results suggest that rehabilitation of emotional processing difficulties may indeed be possible, and further intervention studies aimed at developing these skills in children with brain injury are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Law
- Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Simply Speech Ltd., Glastonbury, UK
| | | | | | - James Tonks
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, Exeter, UK.,Haven Clinical Psychology Ltd., Bude, UK
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Early Elementary School Outcome in Children With a History of Traumatic Brain Injury Before Age 6 Years. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2019; 34:111-121. [DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Haarbauer-Krupa J, Ciccia A, Dodd J, Ettel D, Kurowski B, Lumba-Brown A, Suskauer S. Service Delivery in the Healthcare and Educational Systems for Children Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Gaps in Care. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2018; 32:367-377. [PMID: 28060211 PMCID: PMC6027591 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a review of evidence and consensus-based description of healthcare and educational service delivery and related recommendations for children with traumatic brain injury. METHODS Literature review and group discussion of best practices in management of children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) was performed to facilitate consensus-based recommendations from the American Congress on Rehabilitation Medicine's Pediatric and Adolescent Task Force on Brain Injury. This group represented pediatric researchers in public health, medicine, psychology, rehabilitation, and education. RESULTS Care for children with TBI in healthcare and educational systems is not well coordinated or integrated, resulting in increased risk for poor outcomes. Potential solutions include identifying at-risk children following TBI, evaluating their need for rehabilitation and transitional services, and improving utilization of educational services that support children across the lifespan. CONCLUSION Children with TBI are at risk for long-term consequences requiring management as well as monitoring following the injury. Current systems of care have challenges and inconsistencies leading to gaps in service delivery. Further efforts to improve knowledge of the long-term TBI effects in children, child and family needs, and identify best practices in pathways of care are essential for optimal care of children following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Haarbauer-Krupa
- Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Haarbauer-Krupa); Department of Psychological Sciences, Program in Communication Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio (Dr Ciccia); Department of Psychology, St Louis Children's Hospital, and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Dodd); Education Support Services, Eugene School District #4J, Oregon (Dr Ettel); Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics and Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio (Dr Kurowski); Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Children's Hospital, Missouri (Dr Lumba-Brown); and Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Suskauer)
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Linden MA, Glang AE, McKinlay A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of educational interventions for children and adolescents with acquired brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation 2018; 42:311-323. [DOI: 10.3233/nre-172357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Linden
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ann E. Glang
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- Center on Brain Injury Research and Training, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Audrey McKinlay
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand
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12
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Tonks J, Williams WH, Slater A, Frampton I. Is damage to the pre-frontal cortex dormant until adolescence, or difficult to detect? Looking for keys that unlock executive functions in children in the wrong place. Med Hypotheses 2017; 108:24-30. [PMID: 29055394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A range of functions can be negatively affected by pre-frontal cortex (PFC) injury, but observed behavioural and social changes are commonly linked to post-injury changes in executive function. Executive functioning is a complex neuropsychological construct which is further complicated by neuro-developmental processes when applied to children. There is a substantial and continuing evidence base that supports the view that early childhood pre-frontal cortex (PFC) injury results in hidden, dormant, or sleeping effects. In contrast, recent and rapidly accruing contemporary studies provide preliminary evidence that challenge the view that PFC associated impairments are completely 'hidden'. Studies that examine the various functions of the PFC and differentiate these to provide preliminary evidence to indicate earlier EF development than that which develops upon reaching adolescence, are reviewed here, together with research that identifies early predictors of later EF impairments. It remains that studies of PFC function and/or structural brain-changes are substantially complicated by issues related to definition regarding functions of the PFC, measurement of EF and other PFC-related functions that may be better understood as meta-processes. These issues are discussed in the concluding sections of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Tonks
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| | | | - Alan Slater
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ian Frampton
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK; School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Abstract
Neuroscientific evidence indicates that human social functioning is supported by a distributed network of frontal and temporal brain regions that undergoes significant development during childhood and adolescence. Clinical studies of individuals with early brain insults (EBI) to frontotemporal regions suggest that such lesions may interfere with the maturation of sociocognitive skills and lead to increased sociobehavioural problems. However, little attention has focussed on the direct assessment of sociocognitive skills, such as moral reasoning, following focal EBI. In the present study, the performance of 15 patients with focal EBI (8–16 years) was compared to that of 15 demographically matched controls on basic neuropsychological measures (IQ and executive functions), sociocognitive tasks (moral reasoning, moral decision-making and empathy) and parent reports of sociobehavioural problems and social adaptive skills. Patients with focal EBI had significantly lower levels of moral reasoning maturity, moral decision-making, and empathy than their matched controls, but did not differ on more general measures of cognition. Their parents also reported increased sociobehavioural problems. These findings suggest that focal EBI to frontotemporal regions can result in reduced sociocognitive capacities, more specifically moral reasoning, and increased vulnerability to sociobehavioural problems.
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14
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Prevalence and predictors of externalizing behavior in young adult survivors of pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2016; 30:75-85. [PMID: 25734838 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate rates of clinically significant externalizing behavior (EB) in young adult survivors of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and evaluate the contribution of pre- and postinjury risk and resilience factors to EB outcomes 16 years after injury. SETTING Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-five young adults (mean age = 23.85 years; injury age: 1.0-12 years) admitted to an emergency department following TBI between 1993 and 1997. DESIGN Longitudinal prospective study with data collected at the acute, 10-year, and 16-year postinjury time points. MAIN MEASURES Severity of TBI, adaptive functioning, family functioning, full-scale IQ, executive functioning, social communication, and symptoms of EB. RESULTS One of every 4 young people with a history of pediatric TBI demonstrated clinical or subthreshold levels of EB in young adulthood. More frequent EB was associated with poorer preinjury adaptive functioning, lower full-scale IQ, and more frequent pragmatic communication difficulty. CONCLUSION Pediatric TBI is associated with an elevated risk for externalizing disorders in the transition to adulthood. Results underscore the need for screening and assessment of TBI among young offenders and suggest that early and long-term targeted interventions may be required to address risk factors for EB in children and young people with TBI.
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15
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Williams WH, McAuliffe KA, Cohen MH, Parsonage M, Ramsbotham J. Traumatic brain injury and juvenile offending: complex causal links offer multiple targets to reduce crime. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2015; 30:69-74. [PMID: 25734837 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Huw Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom School of Law, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Institute of Neurology University, College, London, United Kingdom Centre for Mental Health, London, United Kingdom House of Lords, Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Vasa RA, Suskauer SJ, Thorn JM, Kalb L, Grados MA, Slomine BS, Salorio CF, Gerring JP. Prevalence and predictors of affective lability after paediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2015; 29:921-8. [PMID: 25950263 PMCID: PMC4807114 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1005670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paediatric severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with significant post-injury affective and behavioural problems. Few studies have examined the prevalence and characteristics of affective lability after paediatric TBI. METHODS Ninety-seven children with severe TBI were evaluated 1 year post-injury for the presence of affective lability using the Children's Affective Lability Scale (CALS). Demographic, clinical and brain lesion characteristics were also assessed. RESULTS Affective lability significantly increased after injury. Eighty-six children had a pre-injury CALS score of 1 SD or less from the group pre-injury mean (M = 8.11, SD = 9.31), of which 35 and 15 children had a 1 SD and 2 SD increase in their CALS score from pre- to post-injury, respectively. A variety of affective shifts manifested post-injury including anxiety, silliness, dysphoria and irritability. The most severe symptoms were irritability and unpredictable temper outbursts. Risk factors for affective lability included elevated pre-injury affective lability and psychosocial adversity as well as greater damage to the orbitofrontal cortex. Post-injury affective lability was most frequently associated with a post-injury diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CONCLUSIONS Affective lability is common after paediatric TBI and frequently manifests as irritability and unpredictable outbursts. Early intervention is needed to improve psychiatric outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma A. Vasa
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stacy J. Suskauer
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Julia M. Thorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Luther Kalb
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marco A. Grados
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Beth S. Slomine
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Cynthia F. Salorio
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joan P. Gerring
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- State University of New York School of Medicine at Syracuse
- New York State Office of Children and Family Services
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17
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Breau LM, Clark B, Scott O, Wilkes C, Reynolds S, Ricci F, Sonnenberg L, Zwaigenbaum L, Rashid M, Goez HR. Social communication features in children following moderate to severe acquired brain injury: a cross-sectional pilot study. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:588-94. [PMID: 24659736 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814528282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We compared the social communication deficits of children with moderate to severe acquired brain injury or autism spectrum disorder, while accounting for the role of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Parents of 20 children aged 6 to 10 years (10 acquired brain injury; 10 autism spectrum disorder) completed the Social Communication Questionnaire, and Conners 3 Parent Short. A multivariate analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between groups in Social Communication Questionnaire restricted repetitive behavior scores, but not reciprocal social interaction or social communication. Multiple linear regressions indicated diagnosis did not predict reciprocal social interaction or social communication scores and that Conners 3 Parent Short Form hyperactivity scores were the strongest predictor of Social Communication Questionnaire reciprocal social interaction scores after accounting for age and Intelligence Quotient. The lack of difference in social communication deficits between groups may help in understanding the pathophysiology underlying the behavioral consequences of acquired brain injury. The link between hyperactivity and reciprocal interaction suggests that targeting hyperactivity may improve social outcomes in children following acquired brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Breau
- Pediatric Brain Injury Program, Department of Pediatrics, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brenda Clark
- Pediatric Brain Injury Program, Department of Pediatrics, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ori Scott
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Shawn Reynolds
- Pediatric Autism Clinic, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Florencia Ricci
- Pediatric Brain Injury Program, Department of Pediatrics, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lyn Sonnenberg
- Pediatric Brain Injury Program, Department of Pediatrics, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Pediatric Autism Clinic, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marghalara Rashid
- Pediatric Brain Injury Program, Department of Pediatrics, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Helly R Goez
- Pediatric Brain Injury Program, Department of Pediatrics, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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18
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19
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Kirk S, Fallon D, Fraser C, Robinson G, Vassallo G. Supporting parents following childhood traumatic brain injury: a qualitative study to examine information and emotional support needs across key care transitions. Child Care Health Dev 2015; 41:303-13. [PMID: 25039833 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and acquired disability in childhood. Research has demonstrated that TBI can lead to long-term physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioural difficulties for children and parental stress. Less is known about how parents experience a childhood brain injury and their information and support needs. This study aimed to examine parents' experiences and support needs following a childhood TBI from the time of the accident to their child's discharge home. METHODS Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 parents/carers of children who had experienced a severe TBI. Participants were recruited from one children's tertiary centre in the UK. Data were analysed using the Framework approach. RESULTS Parents had unmet information and emotional support needs across the care trajectory from the time of the accident to their child's return home. Information needs related to the impact of the TBI on their child; current and future treatment/rehabilitation plans; helping their child and managing their behaviour; accessing services/support. They lacked information and support for care transitions. In different settings parents faced particular barriers to having their information needs met. Parents' felt they needed emotional support in coming to terms with witnessing the accident and the loss of their former child. Lack of community support related not only to service availability but to a general lack of understanding of the impact of TBI on children, particularly when this was invisible. Overall parents felt unsupported in coping with children's behavioural and psychological difficulties. DISCUSSION Taking a holistic approach to examining parents' experiences and support needs has enabled their changing needs to be highlighted across key care transitions within hospital and community settings and the service implications identified. Improvements in care co-ordination across care transitions are needed to ensure continuity of care and integration of support.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kirk
- School of Nursing Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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20
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Predicting Adult Offending Behavior for Individuals Who Experienced a Traumatic Brain Injury During Childhood. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2014; 29:507-13. [DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Morris R, Bramham J, Smith E, Tchanturia K. Empathy and social functioning in anorexia nervosa before and after recovery. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2014; 19:47-57. [PMID: 23697879 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2013.794723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with anorexia nervosa (AN) are known to have difficulties with social and emotional functioning, as indicated by their symptom presentation and also performance on tests of emotion perception. This study explores the level of empathy in AN, in terms of resonant experience of emotion in other people using a self-report measure. METHODS Twenty-eight women with acute AN were compared to 25 women who have recovered from AN, and a further 54 healthy control (HC) participants. They were assessed using a questionnaire to measure reported levels of empathy, emotional recognition, social conformity, and antisocial behaviour. RESULTS The acute AN group reported lower levels of empathy than the recovered AN group and HC, but they also reported less antisocial behaviour. No differences were found in emotional recognition or social conformity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that emotional empathy is reduced during acute AN. Lower levels of antisocial behaviour may reflect a contrasting desire of people with AN to minimise presentation of antisocial behaviour in the acute state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Morris
- a Department of Psychology , Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK
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22
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Tonks J, Yates PJ, Williams HW, Frampton I, Slater A. Measurement Issues: Neuropsychological assessment with children and adolescents; unlocking the mysticism, methods and measures with the help of Tom Swift. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2014; 19:151-158. [PMID: 32878380 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE In this article, we provide a brief overview of the principles that guide paediatric neuropsychological assessment, the methods used and some examples of the measures available. FINDINGS We explore intellectual, adaptive and social functioning from a neuropsychological perspective and describe suitable measures for use in paediatric neuropsychological assessment in each domain. CONCLUSIONS We provide an example of assessment and interpretation using a fictional character (Tom Swift) to demonstrate that neuropsychological assessment is important in understanding the everyday questions that arise in children's services around risk, needs, level of understanding and capacity to engage with services.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Tonks
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Perry Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Phil J Yates
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Perry Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Huw W Williams
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Perry Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Ian Frampton
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Perry Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Alan Slater
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Perry Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
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23
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Social competence in children with brain disorders: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychol Rev 2014; 24:219-35. [PMID: 24648014 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Social competence, i.e. appropriate or effective social functioning, is an important determinant of quality of life. Social competence consists of social skills, social performance and social adjustment. The current paper reviews social skills, in particular emotion recognition performance and its relationship with social adjustment in children with brain disorders. In this review, normal development and the neuro-anatomical correlates of emotion recognition in both healthy children and adults and in various groups of children with brain disorders, will be discussed. A systematic literature search conducted on PubMed, yielded nine papers. Emotion recognition tasks were categorized on the basis of task design and emotional categories to ensure optimal comparison across studies before an explorative meta-analysis was conducted. This meta-analytic review suggests that children with brain disorders show impaired emotion recognition, with the recognition of sad and fearful expressions being most impaired. Performance did not seem to be related to derivative measures of social adjustment. Despite the limited number of studies on a variety of brain disorders and control groups, outcomes were quite consistent across analyses and corresponded largely with the existing literature on development of emotion recognition in typically developing children. More longitudinal prospective studies on emotion recognition are needed to gain insight into recovery and subsequent development of children with distinct brain disorders. This will aid development, selection and implementation of interventions for improvement of social competence and quality of life in children with a brain disorder.
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24
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Ray B, Sapp D, Kincaid A. Traumatic brain injury among Indiana state prisoners. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:1248-53. [PMID: 24588316 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research on traumatic brain injury among inmates has focused on comparing the rate of traumatic brain injury among offenders to the general population, but also how best to screen for traumatic brain injury among this population. This study administered the short version of the Ohio State University Traumatic Brain Injury Identification Method to all male inmates admitted into Indiana state prisons were screened for a month (N = 831). Results indicate that 35.7% of the inmates reported experiencing a traumatic brain injury during their lifetime and that these inmates were more likely to have a psychiatric disorder and a prior period of incarceration than those without. Logistic regression analysis finds that a traumatic brain injury predicts the likelihood of prior incarceration net of age, race, education, and psychiatric disorder. This study suggests that brief instruments can be successfully implemented into prison screenings to help divert inmates into needed treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Ray
- Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Business/SPEA Building, 801 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
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25
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Wales L, Hawley C, Sidebotham P. How an Occupational Therapist Should Conceptualise Self-Awareness following Traumatic Brain Injury in Childhood — A Literature Review. Br J Occup Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.4276/030802213x13729279115013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The development of self-awareness across childhood is a complex and protracted phenomenon. Little is known about the consequences of an interruption to development as a result of a traumatic brain injury in childhood. The aim of this paper was to review the available literature on self-awareness in children following a traumatic brain injury and relate the findings to occupational therapy practice with this group of children and young people. Method: A comprehensive search of the current literature relating to self-awareness following a traumatic brain injury. Findings: A small amount of theoretical and qualitative literature was sourced and critically appraised using appropriate tools. Although only nine relevant papers were identified, those that were evaluated were found to be of a high quality. The findings were supplemented with additional material from developmental psychology and adult brain injury literature. Conclusion: Occupational therapists are encouraged to conceptualise self-awareness in childhood traumatic brain injury within a developmental context. A fuller understanding of self-awareness in childhood and the consequences of an interruption to its development will help to establish age-appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Wales
- Research and Clinical Specialist, The Children's Trust, Tadworth, Surrey
| | - Carol Hawley
- Visiting Academic, University of Warwick — Warwick Medical School, Coventry
| | - Peter Sidebotham
- Associate Clinical Professor, University of Warwick — Warwick Medical School, Coventry
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26
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Reynolds CA, Schafer S, Pirooz R, Marinica A, Chbib A, Bedford C, Fronczak M, Rafols JA, Kuhn D, Kreipke CW. Differential effects of endothelin receptor A and B antagonism on behavioral outcome following traumatic brain injury. Neurol Res 2013; 33:197-200. [DOI: 10.1179/016164111x12881719352499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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27
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Beauchamp MH, Anderson V. Cognitive and psychopathological sequelae of pediatric traumatic brain injury. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 112:913-20. [PMID: 23622301 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52910-7.00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent cause of acquired disability in childhood and can have a serious impact on development across the lifespan. The consequences of early TBI vary according to injury severity, with severe injuries usually resulting in more serious physical, cognitive and behavioral sequelae. Both clinical and research reports document residual deficits in a range of skills, including intellectual function, attention, memory, learning, and executive function. In addition, recent investigations suggest that early brain injury also affects psychological and social development and that problems in these domains may increase in the long term postinjury. Together, these deficits affect children's ability to function effectively at school, in the home, and in their social environment, resulting in impaired acquisition of knowledge, psychological and social problems, and overall reduced quality of life. Ultimately, recovery from childhood TBI depends on a range of complex biological, developmental, and psychosocial factors making prognosis difficult to predict. This chapter will detail the cognitive (intellectual, attentional, mnesic, executive, educational, and vocational) and psychopathological (behavioral, adaptive, psychological, social) sequelae of childhood TBI with a particular focus on postinjury recovery patterns in the acute, short-, and long-term phases, as well as into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Beauchamp
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Canada; Research Center, Ste-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
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28
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Self-reported traumatic brain injury and postconcussion symptoms in incarcerated youth. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2012; 27:E21-7. [PMID: 22573045 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0b013e31825360da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence rate of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in incarcerated youth and whether frequency and severity of TBI are associated with postconcussion symptoms (PCS), violent offending behaviors, age of first conviction, and substance abuse. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-one incarcerated male juvenile offenders with an average age of 16 years. MAIN MEASURES Self-rated measures of head injury, TBI, PCS (Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire), history of alcohol and drug use, and criminal history. RESULTS More than 70% reported at least 1 head injury at some point in their lives, and 41% reported experiencing a head injury with loss of consciousness. Postconcussion symptoms reliably increased with the frequency and severity of TBI. The relation between frequency and symptoms was mostly accounted for by severity of TBI. Alcohol use reliably increased with the severity of TBI and was associated with PCS. Alcohol use did not account for the dose-response relation between TBI and PCS. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate a need to account for TBI in offender populations in managing care needs, which may contribute to reduction in offending behaviors.
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29
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Farrer TJ, Frost RB, Hedges DW. Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in juvenile offenders: a meta-analysis. Child Neuropsychol 2012; 19:225-34. [PMID: 22372420 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2011.647901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies of traumatic brain injury (TBI) among adult populations demonstrate that such injuries can lead to aggressive behaviors. Related findings suggest that incarcerated individuals have high rates of brain injuries. Such studies suggest that traumatic brain injury may be related to the etiology and recidivism of criminal behavior. Relatively few studies have examined the prevalence of TBI using a delinquent juvenile sample. In order to assess the relationship between TBI and juvenile offender status, the current study used meta-analytic techniques to examine the odds of having a TBI among juvenile offenders. Across 9 studies, we found that approximately 30% of juvenile offenders have sustained a previous brain injury. Across 5 studies that used a control group, a calculated summary odds ratio of 3.37 suggests that juvenile offenders are significantly more likely to have a TBI compared to controls. Results suggest that the rate of TBIs within the juvenile offender population is significant and that there may be a relationship between TBIs and juvenile criminal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Farrer
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
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30
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Williams WH. Advances in Measuring Outcome for Children and Adolescents With Brain Injury. BRAIN IMPAIR 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/brim.11.2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Emotion labeling and socio-emotional outcomes 18 months after early childhood traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2011; 17:1132-42. [PMID: 21923972 PMCID: PMC3767379 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617711001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of literature has documented evidence for emotion labeling (EL) deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, long-term effects of TBI on EL abilities, particularly among young children, are unclear. We investigated EL abilities and socio-emotional outcomes in 32 children with moderate-severe TBI, 23 with complicated-mild TBI, and 82 children with orthopedic injuries (OI), shortly after injury and at 18 months post-injury. All children were between 3:0 and 6:11 years of age at the time of injury. Repeated measures analyses indicated that all groups showed improved EL performance between acute and 18-month assessments, but that the moderate-severe TBI group improved at a slower rate than the OI group, so that the two groups showed significantly different performance at 18 months. Emotion labeling ability did not significantly contribute to the prediction of socio-emotional outcomes after controlling for pre-injury functioning. These results provide preliminary evidence of emerging EL deficits after early childhood TBI that are related to injury severity but that do not predict social and behavioral outcomes.
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32
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Tonks J, Yates P, Frampton I, Williams WH, Harris D, Slater A. Resilience and the mediating effects of executive dysfunction after childhood brain injury: A comparison between children aged 9–15 years with brain injury and non-injured controls. Brain Inj 2011; 25:870-81. [PMID: 21631188 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2011.581641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Tonks
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK.
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33
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Byard K, Fine H, Reed J. Taking a developmental and systemic perspective on neuropsychological rehabilitation with children with brain injury and their families. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 16:165-84. [PMID: 21571761 DOI: 10.1177/1359104511403582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews current approaches and models in the neuropsychological rehabilitation of children following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and cites a large evidence base for a developmental and family systems perspective to neuropsychological rehabilitation of children post-TBI. The paper describes the application and efficacy of a systemic and developmental perspective to rehabilitation of children with TBI, with a clinical case example of this approach. The paper describes the development of a community-based child neuropsychology rehabilitation service integrating applied developmental neuropsychology and systems ideas as a way of working effectively with children with TBI and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Byard
- Recolo UK Limited, Child Neuropsychology and Rehabilitation, 10 Harley Street, London W1G 9PF, UK.
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34
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Rockhill CM, Fann JR, Fan MY, Hollingworth W, Katon WJ. Healthcare costs associated with mild traumatic brain injury and psychological distress in children and adolescents. Brain Inj 2010; 24:1051-60. [PMID: 20597633 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2010.494586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Comparison of healthcare costs for youth with mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) to costs in a matched cohort of children without TBI in the 3 years following injury. RESEARCH DESIGN This study used a prospective cohort design with 3-year follow-up. Costs were examined using the well-established two-step model and controlling for potential confounding variables. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Four-hundred and ninety subjects from a large health maintenance organization, 14 years old or younger, who sustained a mild TBI in 1993, were identified using computerized records. For each youth with mild TBI, three control subjects were selected (n = 1470), matched on age, sex and enrolment at the time of injury. EXPERIMENTAL INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS TBI exposure was associated with an increase in the proportion of subjects who had non-zero medical costs in all categories examined and a 75% increase in mean total costs. Presence of psychological distress was also associated with increased proportion of subjects with costs in all categories examined and was associated with an approximate doubling of mean total costs. CONCLUSIONS Mild TBI and psychological distress were each associated with significant increases in healthcare costs in an HMO setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Rockhill
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA.
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35
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Huw Williams W, Cordan G, Mewse AJ, Tonks J, Burgess CNW. Self-reported traumatic brain injury in male young offenders: A risk factor for re-offending, poor mental health and violence? Neuropsychol Rehabil 2010; 20:801-12. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2010.519613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Catroppa C, Anderson V. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of pediatric traumatic brain injury. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.09.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric traumatic brain injury is a major cause for concern when considering both the number of children sustaining injuries and the large number of children incurring life-long difficulties that impact on quality of life. Research is continuing to investigate outcomes and predictors of recovery in both cognitive and behavioral domains. Findings have contributed to better identification of children at high risk for neurobehavioral difficulties. The challenge is to now develop intervention programs to prevent or lessen the impact of such difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Catroppa
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychology Studies and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia and Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia and University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vicki Anderson
- Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychology Studies and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia and Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia and University of Melbourne, Australia
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