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Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Agarwal P. Unveiling enigmatic essence of Sphingolipids: A promising avenue for glaucoma treatment. Vision Res 2024; 221:108434. [PMID: 38805893 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Treatment of glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness, remains challenging. The apoptotic loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma is the pathological hallmark. Current treatments often remain suboptimal as they aim to halt RGC loss secondary to reduction of intraocular pressure. The pathophysiological targets for exploring direct neuroprotective approaches, therefore are highly relevant. Sphingolipids have emerged as significant target molecules as they are not only the structural components of various cell constituents, but they also serve as signaling molecules that regulate molecular pathways involved in cell survival and death. Investigations have shown that a critical balance among various sphingolipid species, particularly the ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate play a role in deciding the fate of the cell. In this review we briefly discuss the metabolic interconversion of sphingolipid species to get an insight into "sphingolipid rheostat", the dynamic balance among metabolites. Further we highlight the role of sphingolipids in the key pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to glaucomatous loss of RGCs. Lastly, we summarize the potential drug candidates that have been investigated for their neuroprotective effects in glaucoma via their effects on sphingolipid axis.
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Liu C, Yu H, Xia H, Wang Z, Li B, Xue H, Jin S, Xiao L, Wu Y, Guo Q. Butyrate attenuates sympathetic activation in rats with chronic heart failure by inhibiting microglial inflammation in the paraventricular nucleus. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024. [PMID: 38863438 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic activation is a hallmark of heart failure and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Butyrate is generated by gut microbiota and influences numerous physiological and pathological processes in the host. The present study aims to investigate whether the intestinal metabolite butyrate reduces sympathetic activation in rats with heart failure (HF) and the underlying mechanisms involved. Sprague-Dawley rats (220‒250 g) are anaesthetized with isoflurane, and the left anterior descending artery is ligated to model HF. Then, the rats are treated with or without butyrate sodium (NaB, a donor of butyrate, 10 g/L in water) for 8 weeks. Blood pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) are recorded to assess sympathetic outflow. Cardiac function is improved (mean ejection fraction, 22.6%±4.8% vs 38.3%±5.3%; P<0.05), and sympathetic activation is decreased (RSNA, 36.3%±7.9% vs 23.9%±7.6%; P<0.05) in HF rats treated with NaB compared with untreated HF rats. The plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of norepinephrine are decreased in HF rats treated with NaB. The infusion of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus of HF model rats increases sympathetic nervous activity by upregulating the NMDA receptor. Microglia polarized to the M2 phenotype and inflammation are markedly attenuated in the PVN of HF model rats after NaB administration. In addition, HF model rats treated with NaB exhibit enhanced intestinal barrier function and increased levels of GPR109A, zona occludens-1 and occludin, but decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and zonulin. In conclusion, butyrate attenuates sympathetic activation and improves cardiac function in rats with HF. The improvements in intestinal barrier function, reductions in microglia-mediated inflammation and decreases in NMDA receptor 1 expression in the PVN are all due to the protective effects of NaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Hongyi Xia
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Reproduction, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Bolin Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Hongmei Xue
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Sheng Jin
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yuming Wu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Aging, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Experimental Center for Teaching, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Aging, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
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Gao R, Ali T, Liu Z, Li A, He K, Yang C, Feng J, Li S. NMDAR (2C) deletion in astrocytes relieved LPS-induced neuroinflammation and depression. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111964. [PMID: 38603856 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The link between neuroinflammation and depression is a subject of growing interest in neuroscience and psychiatry; meanwhile, the precise mechanisms are still being unrevealed. However, glial cell activation, together with cytokine level elevation, suggests a connection between neuroinflammation and the development or exacerbation of depression. Glial cells (astrocytes) communicate with neurons via their extracellular neurotransmitter receptors, including glutamate receptors NMDARs. However, these receptor roles are controversial and enigmatic in neurological disorders, including depression. Therefore, we hypothesized whether NMDAR subnit NR2C deletion in the astrocytes exhibited anti-depressive effects concurrent with neuroinflammation prevention. To assess, we prepared astrocytic-NR2C knockout mice (G-2C: GFAPCre+Grin2Cflox/flox), followed by LPS administration, behavior tests, and biochemical analysis. Stimulatingly, astrocytic-NR2C knockout mice (G-2C) did not display depressive-like behaviors, neuroinflammation, and synaptic deficits upon LPS treatment. PI3K was impaired upon LPS administration in control mice (Grin2Cflox/flox); however, they were intact in the hippocampus of LPS-treated G-2C mice. Further, PI3K activation (via PTEN inhibition by BPV) restored neuroinflammation and depressive-like behavior, accompanied by altered synaptic protein and spine numbers in G-2C mice in the presence of LPS. In addition, NF-κB and JNK inhibitor (BAY, SP600125) treatments reversed the effects of BPV. Moreover, these results were further validated with an NR2C antagonist DQP-1105. Collectively, these observations support the astrocytic-NR2C contribution to LPS-induced neuroinflammation, depression, and synaptic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China, 518055.
| | - Tahir Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China, 518055; Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 China.
| | - Zizhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China, 518055.
| | - Axiang Li
- Institute of Forensic Injury, Institute of Forensic Bio-Evidence, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kaiwu He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China, 518055.
| | - Canyu Yang
- Institute of Forensic Injury, Institute of Forensic Bio-Evidence, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinxing Feng
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China, 518055; Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 China; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Kalinichenko L, Kornhuber J, Sinning S, Haase J, Müller CP. Serotonin Signaling through Lipid Membranes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1298-1320. [PMID: 38499042 PMCID: PMC10995955 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a vital modulatory neurotransmitter responsible for regulating most behaviors in the brain. An inefficient 5-HT synaptic function is often linked to various mental disorders. Primarily, membrane proteins controlling the expression and activity of 5-HT synthesis, storage, release, receptor activation, and inactivation are critical to 5-HT signaling in synaptic and extra-synaptic sites. Moreover, these signals represent information transmission across membranes. Although the lipid membrane environment is often viewed as fairly stable, emerging research suggests significant functional lipid-protein interactions with many synaptic 5-HT proteins. These protein-lipid interactions extend to almost all the primary lipid classes that form the plasma membrane. Collectively, these lipid classes and lipid-protein interactions affect 5-HT synaptic efficacy at the synapse. The highly dynamic lipid composition of synaptic membranes suggests that these lipids and their interactions with proteins may contribute to the plasticity of the 5-HT synapse. Therefore, this broader protein-lipid model of the 5-HT synapse necessitates a reconsideration of 5-HT's role in various associated mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov
S. Kalinichenko
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University
Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University
Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Sinning
- Department
of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jana Haase
- School
of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian P. Müller
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University
Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute
of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical
Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69047, Mannheim, Germany
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Ye XG, She FZ, Yu DN, Wu LQ, Tang Y, Wu BZ, Dong SW, Dai JM, Zhou X, Liu ZG. Increased expression of NLRP3 associated with elevated levels of HMGB1 in children with febrile seizures: a case-control study. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:44. [PMID: 38218765 PMCID: PMC10787487 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is an endogenous danger signal that mediates activation of the innate immune response including NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and proinflammatory cytokine release. Although HMGB1 and NLRP3 have been implicated in the pathophysiology of seizures, the correlation between HMGB1 and NLRP3 expression has not been determined in children with febrile seizures (FS). To explore the relationship between extra-cellular HMGB1 and NLRP3 in children with FS, we analyzed serum HMGB1, NLRP3, caspase-1, and proinflammatory cytokines in patients with FS. METHODS Thirty children with FS and thirty age-matched febrile controls were included in this study. Blood was obtained from the children with FS within 1 h of the time of the seizure; subsequently, the serum contents of HMGB1, NLRP3, caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Mann‒Whitney U test was used to compare serum cytokine levels between FS patients and controls. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated to detect significant correlations between cytokine levels. RESULTS Serum levels of HMGB1, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly higher in FS patients than in febrile controls (p < 0.05). Serum levels of HMGB1 were significantly correlated with levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 (both, p < 0.05). Serum levels of caspase-1 were significantly correlated with levels of IL-1β (p < 0.05). Serum levels of IL-1β were significantly correlated with levels of IL-6 and TNF-α (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 is up-regulated in the peripheral serum of FS patients, which may be responsible, at least in part, for the increased expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1. Increased expression of caspase-1 was significantly associated with elevated serum levels of IL-1β. Given that activated Caspase-1 directly regulates the expression of mature IL-1β and positively correlates with activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, our data suggest that increased levels of peripheral HMGB1 possibly mediate IL-1β secretion through the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in children with FS. Thus, both HMGB1 and NLRP3 might be potential targets for preventing or limiting FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Guang Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng-Zhi She
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Ni Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Qian Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ben-Ze Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Wei Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie-Min Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Tallon C, Bell BJ, Malvankar MM, Deme P, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Eren E, Thomas AG, Hollinger KR, Pal A, Mustapic M, Huang M, Coleman K, Joe TR, Rais R, Haughey NJ, Kapogiannis D, Slusher BS. Inhibiting tau-induced elevated nSMase2 activity and ceramides is therapeutic in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:56. [PMID: 38049923 PMCID: PMC10694940 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) propagation between neurons along synaptically connected networks, in part via extracellular vesicles (EVs). EV biogenesis is triggered by ceramide enrichment at the plasma membrane from neutral sphingomyelinase2 (nSMase2)-mediated cleavage of sphingomyelin. We report, for the first time, that human tau expression elevates brain ceramides and nSMase2 activity. METHODS To determine the therapeutic benefit of inhibiting this elevation, we evaluated PDDC, the first potent, selective, orally bioavailable, and brain-penetrable nSMase2 inhibitor in the transgenic PS19 AD mouse model. Additionally, we directly evaluated the effect of PDDC on tau propagation in a mouse model where an adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding P301L/S320F double mutant human tau was stereotaxically-injected unilaterally into the hippocampus. The contralateral transfer of the double mutant human tau to the dentate gyrus was monitored. We examined ceramide levels, histopathological changes, and pTau content within EVs isolated from the mouse plasma. RESULTS Similar to human AD, the PS19 mice exhibited increased brain ceramide levels and nSMase2 activity; both were completely normalized by PDDC treatment. The PS19 mice also exhibited elevated tau immunostaining, thinning of hippocampal neuronal cell layers, increased mossy fiber synaptophysin immunostaining, and glial activation, all of which were pathologic features of human AD. PDDC treatment reduced these changes. The plasma of PDDC-treated PS19 mice had reduced levels of neuronal- and microglial-derived EVs, the former carrying lower pTau levels, compared to untreated mice. In the tau propagation model, PDDC normalized the tau-induced increase in brain ceramides and significantly reduced the amount of tau propagation to the contralateral side. CONCLUSIONS PDDC is a first-in-class therapeutic candidate that normalizes elevated brain ceramides and nSMase2 activity, leading to the slowing of tau spread in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bell
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Medhinee M Malvankar
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Pragney Deme
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Erden Eren
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kristen R Hollinger
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Meixiang Huang
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kaleem Coleman
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Tawnjerae R Joe
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Rangos 278, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Pathology 517, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Ste 8C228, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Rangos 278, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Dickens AM, Johnson TP, Lamichhane S, Kumar A, Pardo CA, Gutierrez EG, Haughey N, Cervenka MC. Changes in lipids and inflammation in adults with super-refractory status epilepticus on a ketogenic diet. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1173039. [PMID: 37936721 PMCID: PMC10627179 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1173039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study aims to test the hypothesis that increased ketone body production resulting from a ketogenic diet (KD) will correlate with reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipid subspecies and improved clinical outcomes in adults treated with an adjunctive ketogenic diet for super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE). Methods: Adults (18 years or older) were treated with a 4:1 (fat: carbohydrate and protein) ratio of enteral KD as adjunctive therapy to pharmacologic seizure suppression in SRSE. Blood and urine samples and clinical measurements were collected at baseline (n = 10), after 1 week (n = 8), and after 2 weeks of KD (n = 5). In addition, urine acetoacetate, serum β-hydroxybutyrate, lipidomics, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL13), and clinical measurements were obtained at these three time points. Univariate and multivariate data analyses were performed to determine the correlation between ketone body production and circulating lipids, inflammatory biomarkers, and clinical outcomes. Results: Changes in lipids included an increase in ceramides, mono-hexosylceramide, sphingomyelin, phosphocholine, and phosphoserines, and there was a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory mediators, IL-6 and CXCL13, seen at 1 and 2 weeks of KD. Higher blood β-hydroxybutyrate levels at baseline correlated with better clinical outcomes; however, ketone body production did not correlate with other variables during treatment. Higher chemokine CCL3 levels following treatment correlated with a longer stay in the intensive care unit and a higher modified Rankin Scale score (worse neurologic disability) at discharge and 6-month follow up. Discussion: Adults receiving an adjunctive enteral ketogenic diet for super-refractory status epilepticus exhibit alterations in select pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipid species that may predict their response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Dickens
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tory P. Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Santosh Lamichhane
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Anupama Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carlos A. Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erie G. Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Norman Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mackenzie C. Cervenka
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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8
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Farhadi M, Gorji A, Mirsalehi M, Poletaev AB, Asadpour A, Mahboudi F, Jafarian M, Farrahizadeh M, Akbarnejad Z, Mahmoudian S. Electrophysiological and molecular changes following neuroprotective placental protein administration on tinnitus-induced rats. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2023; 8:1410-1420. [PMID: 37899856 PMCID: PMC10601594 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Despite 6%-20% of the adult population suffering from tinnitus, there is no standard treatment for it. Placenta extract has been used for various therapeutic purposes, including hearing loss. Here, we evaluate the effect of a novel neuroprotective protein composition (NPPC) extract on electrophysiological and molecular changes in the medial geniculate body (MGB) of tinnitus-induced rats. Methods To evaluate the protein analysis by western blot, the rats were divided into three groups: (1) saline group (intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg saline twice a day for 28 consecutive days, (2) chronic Na-Sal group received sodium salicylate as in the first group, and (3) chronic treatment group (received salicylate 200 mg/kg twice daily for 2 weeks, followed by 0.4 mg NPPC daily from day 14 to day 28). Single-unit recordings were performed on a separate group that was treated as in group 4. Gap-prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (GPIAS) and pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) was performed to confirm tinnitus in all groups at the baseline, 14th and 28th days. Results Western blot analysis showed that the expression of γ-Aminobutyric acid Aα1 subunit (GABA Aα1), N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (NR2B or NMDAR2B), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors subunit GluR1 (GluR1), and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors subunit GluR2 (GluR2) decreased after Na-Sal injection, while NPPC upregulated their expression. MGB units in rats with tinnitus showed decreased spontaneous firing rate, burst per minute, and a spike in a burst. After NPPC administration, neural activity patterns showed a significant positive effect of NPPC on tinnitus. Conclusion NPPC can play an effective role in the treatment of tinnitus in salicylate-induced rats, and MGB is one of the brain areas involved in these processes. Level of Evidence NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research CenterThe Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of NeurosurgeryWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universitat MünsterMünsterGermany
- Neuroscience Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research CenterKhatam Alanbia HospitalTehranIran
| | - Marjan Mirsalehi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research CenterThe Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Alexander Borisovich Poletaev
- Clinical and Research Center of Children Psycho‐NeurologyMoscowRussian Federation
- Medical Research Centre “Immunculus”MoscowRussian Federation
| | - Abdoreza Asadpour
- Intelligent Systems Research CenterUlster University, Magee CampusDerry~LondonderryNorthern IrelandUK
| | | | - Maryam Jafarian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research CentreNeuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Maryam Farrahizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Zeinab Akbarnejad
- ENT and Head and Neck Research CenterThe Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Saeid Mahmoudian
- ENT and Head and Neck Research CenterThe Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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9
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Tallon C, Bell BJ, Malvankar MM, Deme P, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Eren E, Thomas AG, Hollinger KR, Pal A, Mustapic M, Huang M, Coleman K, Joe TR, Rais R, Haughey NJ, Kapogiannis D, Slusher BS. Inhibiting tau-induced elevated nSMase2 activity and ceramides is therapeutic in murine Alzheimer's disease. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3131295. [PMID: 37502930 PMCID: PMC10371082 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3131295/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with prion-like tau propagation between neurons along synaptically connected networks, in part via extracellular vesicles (EV). EV biogenesis is triggered by ceramide enrichment at the plasma membrane from neutral sphingomyelinase2(nSMase2)-mediated cleavage of sphingomyelin. We report, for the first time, that tau expression triggers an elevation in brain ceramides and nSMase2 activity. Methods To determine the therapeutic benefit of inhibiting this elevation, we evaluated the efficacy of PDDC, the first potent, selective, orally bioavailable, and brain-penetrable nSMase2 inhibitor, in the PS19 tau transgenic AD murine model. Changes in brain ceramide and sphingomyelin levels, Tau content, histopathology, and nSMase2 target engagement were monitored, as well as changes in the number of brain-derived EVs in plasma and their Tau content. Additionally, we evaluated the ability of PDDC to impede tau propagation in a murine model where an adeno-associated virus(AAV) encoding for P301L/S320F double mutant human tau was stereotaxically-injected unilaterally into the hippocampus and the contralateral transfer to the dentate gyrus was monitored. Results Similar to human AD, PS19 mice exhibited increased brain ceramides and nSMase2 activity; both were completely normalized by PDDC treatment. PS19 mice exhibited elevated tau immunostaining, thinning of hippocampal neuronal cell layers, increased mossy fiber synaptophysin immunostaining, and glial activation, all pathologic features of human AD. PDDC treatment significantly attenuated these aberrant changes. Mouse plasma isolated from PDDC-treated PS19 mice exhibited reduced levels of neuron- and microglia-derived EVs, the former carrying lower phosphorylated Tau(pTau) levels, compared to untreated mice. In the AAV tau propagation model, PDDC normalized the tau-induced increase in brain ceramides and significantly decreased tau spreading to the contralateral side. Conclusions PDDC is a first-in-class therapeutic candidate that normalizes elevated brain ceramides and nSMase2 activity leading to the slowing of tau spread in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Erden Eren
- National Institute on Aging Laboratory of Clinical Investigation
| | | | | | | | - Maja Mustapic
- National Institute on Aging Laboratory of Clinical Investigation
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10
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Nash C, Powell K, Lynch DG, Hartings JA, Li C. Nonpharmacological modulation of cortical spreading depolarization. Life Sci 2023:121833. [PMID: 37302793 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is a wave of pathologic neuronal dysfunction that spreads through cerebral gray matter, causing neurologic disturbance in migraine and promoting lesion development in acute brain injury. Pharmacologic interventions have been found to be effective in migraine with aura, but their efficacy in acutely injured brains may be limited. This necessitates the assessment of possible adjunctive treatments, such as nonpharmacologic methods. This review aims to summarize currently available nonpharmacological techniques for modulating CSDs, present their mechanisms of action, and provide insight and future directions for CSD treatment. MAIN METHODS A systematic literature review was performed, generating 22 articles across 3 decades. Relevant data is broken down according to method of treatment. KEY FINDINGS Both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions can mitigate the pathological impact of CSDs via shared molecular mechanisms, including modulating K+/Ca2+/Na+/Cl- ion channels and NMDA, GABAA, serotonin, and CGRP ligand-based receptors and decreasing microglial activation. Preclinical evidence suggests that nonpharmacologic interventions, including neuromodulation, physical exercise, therapeutic hypothermia, and lifestyle changes can also target unique mechanisms, such as increasing adrenergic tone and myelination and modulating membrane fluidity, which may lend broader modulatory effects. Collectively, these mechanisms increase the electrical initiation threshold, increase CSD latency, slow CSD velocity, and decrease CSD amplitude and duration. SIGNIFICANCE Given the harmful consequences of CSDs, limitations of current pharmacological interventions to inhibit CSDs in acutely injured brains, and translational potentials of nonpharmacologic interventions to modulate CSDs, further assessment of nonpharmacologic modalities and their mechanisms to mitigate CSD-related neurologic dysfunction is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nash
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keren Powell
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Daniel G Lynch
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Jed A Hartings
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chunyan Li
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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11
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Gaudioso Á, Jiang X, Casas J, Schuchman EH, Ledesma MD. Sphingomyelin 16:0 is a therapeutic target for neuronal death in acid sphingomyelinase deficiency. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:248. [PMID: 37024473 PMCID: PMC10079961 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the SMPD1 gene encoding for the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). While intravenous infusion of recombinant ASM is an effective treatment for the peripheral disease, the neurological complications of ASMD remain unaddressed. It has been shown that aberrantly high level of total brain sphingomyelin (SM) is a key pathological event leading to neurodegeneration. Using mice lacking ASM (ASMko), which mimic the disease, we here demonstrate that among the SM species, SM16:0 shows the highest accumulation and toxicity in ASMko neurons. By targeting lysosomes, SM16:0 causes permeabilization and exocytosis of these organelles and induces oxidative stress and cell death. We also show that genetic silencing of Ceramide Synthase 5, which is involved in SM16:0 synthesis and overexpressed in the ASMko brain, prevents disease phenotypes in ASMko cultured neurons and mice. The levels of SM16:0 in plasma also show a strong correlation with those in brain that is higher than in liver, even at early stages of the disease. These results identify SM16:0 both as a novel therapeutic target and potential biomarker of brain pathology in ASMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Gaudioso
- Centro Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Vaughen JP, Theisen E, Clandinin TR. From seconds to days: Neural plasticity viewed through a lipid lens. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102702. [PMID: 36965206 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Many adult neurons are dynamically remodeled across timescales ranging from the rapid addition and removal of specific synaptic connections, to largescale structural plasticity events that reconfigure circuits over hours, days, and months. Membrane lipids, including brain-enriched sphingolipids, play crucial roles in these processes. In this review, we summarize progress at the intersection of neuronal activity, lipids, and structural remodeling. We highlight how brain activity modulates lipid metabolism to enable adaptive structural plasticity, and showcase glia as key players in membrane remodeling. These studies reveal that lipids act as critical signaling molecules that instruct the dynamic architecture of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Vaughen
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States. https://twitter.com/gliaful
| | - Emma Theisen
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States. https://twitter.com/emmaktheisen
| | - Thomas R Clandinin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
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13
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Neuroinflammation microenvironment sharpens seizure circuit. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 178:106027. [PMID: 36736598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A large set of inflammatory molecules and their receptors are induced in epileptogenic foci of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsies of structural etiologies or with refractory status epilepticus. Studies in animal models mimicking these clinical conditions have shown that the activation of specific inflammatory signallings in forebrain neurons or glial cells may modify seizure thresholds, thus contributing to both ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. The search for mechanisms underlying these effects has highlighted that inflammatory mediators have CNS-specific neuromodulatory functions, in addition to their canonical activation of immune responses for pathogen recognition and clearance. This review reports the neuromodulatory effects of inflammatory mediators and how they contribute to alter the inhibitory/excitatory balance in neural networks that underlie seizures. In particular, we describe key findings related to the ictogenic role of prototypical inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF) and danger signals (HMGB1), their modulatory effects of neuronal excitability, and the mechanisms underlying these effects. It will be discussed how harnessing these neuromodulatory properties of immune mediators may lead to novel therapies to control drug-resistant seizures.
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14
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Tohumeken S, Deme P, Yoo SW, Gupta S, Rais R, Slusher BS, Haughey NJ. Neuronal deletion of nSMase2 reduces the production of Aβ and directly protects neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:105987. [PMID: 36603748 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed to regulate the deposition of Aβ. Multiple publications have shown that APP, amyloid processing enzymes and Aβ peptides are associated with EVs. However, very little Aβ is associated with EVs compared with the total amount Aβ present in human plasma, CSF, or supernatants from cultured neurons. The involvement of EVs has largely been inferred by pharmacological inhibition or whole body deletion of the sphingomyelin hydrolase neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2) that is a key regulator for the biogenesis of at-least one population of EVs. Here we used a Cre-Lox system to selectively delete nSMase2 from pyramidal neurons in APP/PS1 mice (APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1) and found a ∼ 70% reduction in Aβ deposition at 6 months of age and ∼ 35% reduction at 12 months of age in both cortex and hippocampus. Brain ceramides were increased in APP/PS1 compared with Wt mice, but were similar to Wt in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice suggesting that elevated brain ceramides in this model involves neuronally expressed nSMase2. Reduced levels of PSD95 and deficits of long-term potentiation in APP/PS1 mice were normalized in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice. In contrast, elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNFα in APP/PS1 mice were not normalized in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice compared with APP/PS1 mice. Mechanistic studies showed that the size of liquid ordered membrane microdomains was increased in APP/PS1 mice, as were the amounts of APP and BACE1 localized to these microdomains. Pharmacological inhibition of nSMase2 activity with PDDC reduced the size of the liquid ordered membrane microdomains, reduced the localization of APP with BACE1 and reduced the production of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. Although inhibition of nSMase2 reduced the release and increased the size of EVs, very little Aβ was associated with EVs in all conditions tested. We also found that nSMase2 directly protected neurons from the toxic effects of oligomerized Aβ and preserved neural network connectivity despite considerable Aβ deposition. These data demonstrate that nSMase2 plays a role in the production of Aβ by stabilizing the interaction of APP with BACE1 in liquid ordered membrane microdomains, and directly protects neurons from the toxic effects of Aβ. The effects of inhibiting nSMase2 on EV biogenesis may be independent from effects on Aβ production and neuronal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehmus Tohumeken
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Pragney Deme
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Seung Wan Yoo
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Sujasha Gupta
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Rana Rais
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Oncology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Neuroscience, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Norman J Haughey
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, United States of America.
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15
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Schwarz K, Schmitz F. Synapse Dysfunctions in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021639. [PMID: 36675155 PMCID: PMC9862173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting nearly three million humans worldwide. In MS, cells of an auto-reactive immune system invade the brain and cause neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation triggers a complex, multi-faceted harmful process not only in the white matter but also in the grey matter of the brain. In the grey matter, neuroinflammation causes synapse dysfunctions. Synapse dysfunctions in MS occur early and independent from white matter demyelination and are likely correlates of cognitive and mental symptoms in MS. Disturbed synapse/glia interactions and elevated neuroinflammatory signals play a central role. Glutamatergic excitotoxic synapse damage emerges as a major mechanism. We review synapse/glia communication under normal conditions and summarize how this communication becomes malfunctional during neuroinflammation in MS. We discuss mechanisms of how disturbed glia/synapse communication can lead to synapse dysfunctions, signaling dysbalance, and neurodegeneration in MS.
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16
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Kalinichenko LS, Mühle C, Jia T, Anderheiden F, Datz M, Eberle AL, Eulenburg V, Granzow J, Hofer M, Hohenschild J, Huber SE, Kämpf S, Kogias G, Lacatusu L, Lugmair C, Taku SM, Meixner D, Sembritzki NK, Praetner M, Rhein C, Sauer C, Scholz J, Ulrich F, Valenta F, Weigand E, Werner M, Tay N, Mc Veigh CJ, Haase J, Wang AL, Abdel-Hafiz L, Huston JP, Smaga I, Frankowska M, Filip M, Lourdusamy A, Kirchner P, Ekici AB, Marx LM, Suresh NP, Frischknecht R, Fejtova A, Saied EM, Arenz C, Bozec A, Wank I, Kreitz S, Hess A, Bäuerle T, Ledesma MD, Mitroi DN, Miranda AM, Oliveira TG, Lenz B, Schumann G, Kornhuber J, Müller CP. Adult alcohol drinking and emotional tone are mediated by neutral sphingomyelinase during development in males. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:844-864. [PMID: 35296883 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use, abuse, and addiction, and resulting health hazards are highly sex-dependent with unknown mechanisms. Previously, strong links between the SMPD3 gene and its coded protein neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (NSM) and alcohol abuse, emotional behavior, and bone defects were discovered and multiple mechanisms were identified for females. Here we report strong sex-dimorphisms for central, but not for peripheral mechanisms of NSM action in mouse models. Reduced NSM activity resulted in enhanced alcohol consumption in males, but delayed conditioned rewarding effects. It enhanced the acute dopamine response to alcohol, but decreased monoaminergic systems adaptations to chronic alcohol. Reduced NSM activity increased depression- and anxiety-like behavior, but was not involved in alcohol use for the self-management of the emotional state. Constitutively reduced NSM activity impaired structural development in the brain and enhanced lipidomic sensitivity to chronic alcohol. While the central effects were mostly opposite to NSM function in females, similar roles in bone-mediated osteocalcin release and its effects on alcohol drinking and emotional behavior were observed. These findings support the view that the NSM and multiple downstream mechanism may be a source of the sex-differences in alcohol use and emotional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov S Kalinichenko
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,PONS Centre and SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AB, UK
| | - Felix Anderheiden
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Maria Datz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Anna-Lisa Eberle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Volker Eulenburg
- Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jonas Granzow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Martin Hofer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Julia Hohenschild
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Sabine E Huber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kämpf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Georgios Kogias
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Laura Lacatusu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Charlotte Lugmair
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Stephen Mbu Taku
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Doris Meixner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Nina-Kristin Sembritzki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Marc Praetner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Cosima Rhein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Christina Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Jessica Scholz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Franziska Ulrich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Florian Valenta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Esther Weigand
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Markus Werner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Nicole Tay
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Conor J Mc Veigh
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jana Haase
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - An-Li Wang
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Laila Abdel-Hafiz
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Irena Smaga
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, Kraków 31-343, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Frankowska
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, Kraków 31-343, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, Kraków 31-343, Poland
| | - Anbarasu Lourdusamy
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Philipp Kirchner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Lena M Marx
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Neeraja Puliparambil Suresh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Renato Frischknecht
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Anna Fejtova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Essa M Saied
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt University, Berlin 12489, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Christoph Arenz
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt University, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Isabel Wank
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Kreitz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hess
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Preclinical Imaging Platform Erlangen, Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | | | - Daniel N Mitroi
- Centro Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - André M Miranda
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Tiago Gil Oliveira
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Bernd Lenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany.,Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany.,The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapie, CCM, PONS Centre, Charite Mental Health, Charite Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany.,Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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17
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Astrocytes in Chronic Pain: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. Neurosci Bull 2022; 39:425-439. [PMID: 36376699 PMCID: PMC10043112 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractChronic pain is challenging to treat due to the limited therapeutic options and adverse side-effects of therapies. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system and play important roles in different pathological conditions, including chronic pain. Astrocytes regulate nociceptive synaptic transmission and network function via neuron–glia and glia–glia interactions to exaggerate pain signals under chronic pain conditions. It is also becoming clear that astrocytes play active roles in brain regions important for the emotional and memory-related aspects of chronic pain. Therefore, this review presents our current understanding of the roles of astrocytes in chronic pain, how they regulate nociceptive responses, and their cellular and molecular mechanisms of action.
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18
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Vallés AS, Barrantes FJ. The synaptic lipidome in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:184033. [PMID: 35964712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adequate homeostasis of lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism is essential for cells to perform highly specific tasks in our organism, and the brain, with its uniquely high energetic requirements, posesses singular characteristics. Some of these are related to its extraordinary dotation of synapses, the specialized subcelluar structures where signal transmission between neurons occurs in the central nervous system. The post-synaptic compartment of excitatory synapses, the dendritic spine, harbors key molecules involved in neurotransmission tightly packed within a minute volume of a few femtoliters. The spine is further compartmentalized into nanodomains that facilitate the execution of temporo-spatially separate functions in the synapse. Lipids play important roles in this structural and functional compartmentalization and in mechanisms that impact on synaptic transmission. This review analyzes the structural and dynamic processes involving lipids at the synapse, highlighting the importance of their homeostatic balance for the physiology of this complex and highly specialized structure, and underscoring the pathologies associated with disbalances of lipid metabolism, particularly in the perinatal and late adulthood periods of life. Although small variations of the lipid profile in the brain take place throughout the adult lifespan, the pathophysiological consequences are clinically manifested mostly during late adulthood. Disturbances in lipid homeostasis in the perinatal period leads to alterations during nervous system development, while in late adulthood they favor the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (UNS-CONICET), 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), UCA-CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina.
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19
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Manca E. Autoantibodies in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NPSLE): Can They Be Used as Biomarkers for the Differential Diagnosis of This Disease? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 63:194-209. [PMID: 34115263 PMCID: PMC9464150 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a complex immunological disease where both environmental factors and genetic predisposition lead to the dysregulation of important immune mechanisms. Eventually, the combination of these factors leads to the production of self-reactive antibodies that can target any organ or tissue of the human body. Autoantibodies can form immune complexes responsible for both the organ damage and the most severe complications. Involvement of the central nervous system defines a subcategory of the disease, generally known with the denomination of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Neuropsychiatric symptoms can range from relatively mild manifestations, such as headache, to more severe complications, such as psychosis. The evaluation of the presence of the autoantibodies in the serum of these patients is the most helpful diagnostic tool for the assessment of the disease. The scientific progresses achieved in the last decades helped researchers and physicians to discover some of autoepitopes targeted by the autoantibodies, although the majority of them have not been identified yet. Additionally, the central nervous system is full of epitopes that cannot be found elsewhere in the human body, for this reason, autoantibodies that selectively target these epitopes might be used for the differential diagnosis between patients with and without the neuropsychiatric symptoms. In this review, the most relevant data is reported with regard to mechanisms implicated in the production of autoantibodies and the most important autoantibodies found among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without the neuropsychiatric manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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20
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Sillapachaiyaporn C, Mongkolpobsin K, Chuchawankul S, Tencomnao T, Baek SJ. Neuroprotective effects of ergosterol against TNF-α-induced HT-22 hippocampal cell injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113596. [PMID: 36030584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a brain pathology that involves the expression of high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). An excessive TNF-α expression could result in neuronal cell death and subsequently lead to neurodegeneration. Auricularia polytricha (AP; an edible mushroom) has been reported as a rich source of ergosterol with several medicinal benefits. The current study reports on the neuroprotective effects of AP extracts and ergosterol against the TNF-α-induced HT-22 hippocampal cell injury. The hexane extract of AP (APH) demonstrated a neuroprotective effect against the TNF-α-induced HT-22 cell toxicity, taking place through the activation of the antioxidant pathway. Ergosterol, a major component of APH, could attenuate the toxicity of TNF-α on HT-22 cells, by increasing the expression of a major antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase-1) and by facilitating the scavenging of reactive oxygen species through antioxidant signaling. Moreover, an antibody array was performed to screen the possible molecular targets of ergosterol in HT-22 cells exposed to TNF-α. Based on the antibody array, the phospho-Akt was activated in the presence of ergosterol, and this finding was also supported by Western blotting analysis. Furthermore, ergosterol inhibited the transcriptional expressions of the glutamate ionotropic receptor N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type subunit 2B gene (Grin2b) through an early growth response-1 (EGR-1) overexpression in TNF-α-treated HT-22 cells. Our findings suggest that a novel therapeutic effect of AP and ergosterol against neuroinflammation, that it is mediated by an NMDA gene modulation occurring through the overexpression of the EGR-1 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanin Sillapachaiyaporn
- Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, the Republic of Korea
| | - Kuljira Mongkolpobsin
- Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, the Republic of Korea
| | - Siriporn Chuchawankul
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, the Republic of Korea.
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21
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Iqbal J, Suarez MD, Yadav PK, Walsh MT, Li Y, Wu Y, Huang Z, James AW, Escobar V, Mokbe A, Brickman AM, Luchsinger JA, Dai K, Moreno H, Hussain MM. ATP-binding cassette protein ABCA7 deficiency impairs sphingomyelin synthesis, cognitive discrimination, and synaptic plasticity in the entorhinal cortex. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102411. [PMID: 36007616 PMCID: PMC9513280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is an abundant plasma membrane and plasma lipoprotein sphingolipid. We previously reported that ATP-binding cassette family A protein 1 (ABCA1) deficiency in humans and mice decreases plasma SM levels. However, overexpression, induction, downregulation, inhibition, and knockdown of ABCA1 in human hepatoma Huh7 cells did not decrease SM efflux. Using unbiased siRNA screening, here we identified that ABCA7 plays a role in the biosynthesis and efflux of SM without affecting cellular uptake and metabolism. Since loss of function mutations in the ABCA7 gene exhibit strong associations with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) across racial groups, we also studied the effects of ABCA7 deficiency in the mouse brain. Brains of ABCA7-deficient (KO) mice, compared with wild type (WT), had significantly lower levels of several SM species with long chain fatty acids. In addition, we observed that older KO mice exhibited behavioral deficits in cognitive discrimination in the active place avoidance task. Next, we performed synaptic transmission studies in brain slices obtained from older mice. We found anomalies in synaptic plasticity at the intracortical layer II/III lateral entorhinal cortex synapse but not in the hippocampal synapses in KO mice. These synaptic abnormalities in KO brain slices were rescued with extracellular SM supplementation, but not by supplementation with phosphatidylcholine. Taken together, these studies identify a role of ABCA7 in brain SM metabolism and the importance of SM in synaptic plasticity and cognition, as well as provide a possible explanation for the association between ABCA7 and LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manuel D Suarez
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, and Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Pradeep K Yadav
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY
| | - Meghan T Walsh
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Yimeng Li
- Institute of Mental Health, the Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325007, China
| | - Yiyang Wu
- Institute of Mental Health, the Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325007, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Institute of Mental Health, the Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325007, China
| | | | - Victor Escobar
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, and Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Ashwag Mokbe
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, and Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's disease and the Aging Brain and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - José A Luchsinger
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kezhi Dai
- Institute of Mental Health, the Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325007, China; School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Herman Moreno
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, and Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, NY.
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY.
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22
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Leal AF, Suarez DA, Echeverri-Peña OY, Albarracín SL, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Espejo-Mojica ÁJ. Sphingolipids and their role in health and disease in the central nervous system. Adv Biol Regul 2022; 85:100900. [PMID: 35870382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are lipids derived from sphingosine, and their metabolism involves a broad and complex network of reactions. Although SLs are widely distributed in the body, it is well known that they are present in high concentrations within the central nervous system (CNS). Under physiological conditions, their abundance and distribution in the CNS depend on brain development and cell type. Consequently, SLs metabolism impairment may have a significant impact on the normal CNS function, and has been associated with several disorders, including sphingolipidoses, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's. This review summarizes the main SLs characteristics and current knowledge about synthesis, catabolism, regulatory pathways, and their role in physiological and pathological scenarios in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Leal
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Diego A Suarez
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Olga Yaneth Echeverri-Peña
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Sonia Luz Albarracín
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Carlos Javier Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia.
| | - Ángela Johana Espejo-Mojica
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia.
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23
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Neuroinflammation in Tinnitus. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-022-00411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
The current review aims to explore recent studies that have illustrated a link between neuroinflammation and tinnitus and the consequential effect on neuronal functioning. We explore parallels amongst pain and tinnitus pathologies and a novel treatment option.
Recent Findings
Genetic and pharmacological blockage of pro-inflammatory cytokines mitigates the physiological and behavioral tinnitus phenotype in acute rodent models. In addition, recent pain studies target a signaling pathway to prevent the transition from acute to chronic neuropathic pain, which could translate to tinnitus.
Summary
Neuroinflammation likely mediates hyperexcitability of the auditory pathway, driving the development of acute tinnitus. In chronic tinnitus, we believe translational regulation plays a role in maintaining persistent tinnitus signaling. We therefore propose this pathway as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Rifaximin Improves Spatial Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats with Liver Damage-Associated Neuroinflammation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061263. [PMID: 35740285 PMCID: PMC9219896 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may show mild cognitive impairment. Neuroinflammation in the hippocampus mediates cognitive impairment in rat models of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). Treatment with rifaximin reverses cognitive impairment in a large proportion of cirrhotic patients with MHE. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aims of this work were to assess if rats with mild liver damage, as a model of NAFLD, show neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and impaired cognitive function, if treatment with rifaximin reverses it, and to study the underlying mechanisms. Mild liver damage was induced with carbon-tetrachloride. Infiltration of immune cells, glial activation, and cytokine expression, as well as glutamate receptors expression in the hippocampus and cognitive function were assessed. We assessed the effects of daily treatment with rifaximin on the alterations showed by these rats. Rats with mild liver damage showed hippocampal neuroinflammation, reduced membrane expression of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits, and impaired spatial memory. Increased C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2), infiltration of monocytes, microglia activation, and increased tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were reversed by rifaximin, that normalized NMDA receptor expression and improved spatial memory. Thus, rifaximin reduces neuroinflammation and improves cognitive function in rats with mild liver damage, being a promising therapy for patients with NAFLD showing mild cognitive impairment.
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25
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Xu K, Huang SS, Yue DY, Li G, Zhu SQ, Liu XY. PRRT2 Mutation and Serum Cytokines in Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia. Curr Med Sci 2022; 42:280-285. [PMID: 35438471 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a rare movement disorder PRRT2 gene mutations have been reported to cause PKD. However, the pathophysiological mechanism of PKD remains unclear, and it is unknown whether an inflammatory response is involved in the occurrence of this disease. We aimed to investigate the symptomatology, genotype, and serum cytokines of patients with PKD. METHODS We recruited 21 patients with PKD, including 7 with familial PKD and 14 with sporadic PKD. Their clinical features were investigated, and blood samples were collected, and PRRT2 mutations and cytokine levels were detected. RESULTS The mean age at PKD onset was 12.3±2.2 years old. Dystonia was the most common manifestation of dyskinesia, and the limbs were the most commonly affected parts. All attacks were induced by identifiable kinesigenic triggers, and the attack durations were brief (<1 min). Four different mutations from 9 probands were identified in 7 familial cases (71.4%) and 14 sporadic cases (28.6%). Two of these mutations (c.649dupC, c.620_621delAA) had already been reported, while other 2 (c.1018_1019delAA, c.1012+1G>A) were previously undocumented. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level in the PKD group was significantly higher than that in the age- and sex-matched control group (P=0.025). There were no significant differences in the interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, or IL-10 levels between the two groups. CONCLUSION In this study, we summarized the clinical and genetic characteristics of PKD. We found that the serum TNF-α levels were elevated in patients clinically diagnosed with PKD, suggesting that an inflammatory response is involved in the pathogenesis of PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shan-Shan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dao-Yuan Yue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sui-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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26
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Campos-Bedolla P, Feria-Romero I, Orozco-Suárez S. Factors not considered in the study of drug-resistant epilepsy: Drug-resistant epilepsy: assessment of neuroinflammation. Epilepsia Open 2022; 7 Suppl 1:S68-S80. [PMID: 35247028 PMCID: PMC9340302 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than one‐third of people with epilepsy develop drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE). Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of DRE. Accumulating evidence suggests the contribution of neuroinflammation, modifications in the integrity of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), and altered immune responses in the pathophysiology of DRE. The inflammatory response is mainly due to the increase of cytokines and related molecules; these molecules have neuromodulatory effects that contribute to hyperexcitability in neural networks that cause seizure generation. Some patients with DRE display the presence of autoantibodies in the serum and mainly cerebrospinal fluid. These patients are refractory to the different treatments with standard antiseizure medications (ASMs), and they could be responding well to immunomodulatory therapies. This observation emphasizes that the etiopathogenesis of DRE is involved with immunology responses and associated long‐term events and chronic inflammation processes. Furthermore, multiple studies have shown that functional polymorphisms as risk factors are involved in inflammation processes. Several relevant polymorphisms could be considered risk factors involved in inflammation‐related DRE such as receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and interleukin 1β (IL‐1β). All these evidences sustained the hypothesis that the chronic inflammation process is associated with the DRE. However, the effect of the chronic inflammation process should be investigated in further clinical studies to promote the development of novel therapeutics useful in treatment of DRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Campos-Bedolla
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Iris Feria-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
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27
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Sphingolipid control of cognitive functions in health and disease. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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Mennink LM, Aalbers MW, van Dijk P, van Dijk JMC. The Role of Inflammation in Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11041000. [PMID: 35207270 PMCID: PMC8878384 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11041000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective tinnitus is the perception of sound without the presence of an external source. Increasing evidence suggests that tinnitus is associated with inflammation. In this systematic review, the role of inflammation in subjective tinnitus was studied. Nine animal and twenty human studies reporting inflammatory markers in both humans and animals with tinnitus were included. It was established that TNF-α and IL-1β are increased in tinnitus, and that microglia and astrocytes are activated as well. Moreover, platelet activation may also play a role in tinnitus. In addition, we elaborate on mechanisms of inflammation in tinnitus, and discuss potential treatment options targeting inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian M. Mennink
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.W.A.); (J.M.C.v.D.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Marlien W. Aalbers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.W.A.); (J.M.C.v.D.)
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van Dijk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Marc C. van Dijk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.W.A.); (J.M.C.v.D.)
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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den Hoedt S, Crivelli SM, Leijten FPJ, Losen M, Stevens JAA, Mané-Damas M, de Vries HE, Walter J, Mirzaian M, Sijbrands EJG, Aerts JMFG, Verhoeven AJM, Martinez-Martinez P, Mulder MT. Effects of Sex, Age, and Apolipoprotein E Genotype on Brain Ceramides and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Alzheimer's Disease and Control Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:765252. [PMID: 34776936 PMCID: PMC8579780 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.765252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE)4 is a strong risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and aberrant sphingolipid levels have been implicated in AD. We tested the hypothesis that the APOE4 genotype affects brain sphingolipid levels in AD. Seven ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) were quantified by LC-MSMS in hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum, and plasma of <3 months and >5 months old human APOE3 and APOE4-targeted replacement mice with or without the familial AD (FAD) background of both sexes (145 animals). APOE4 mice had higher Cer(d18:1/24:0) levels in the cortex (1.7-fold, p = 0.002) than APOE3 mice. Mice with AD background showed higher levels of Cer(d18:1/24:1) in the cortex than mice without (1.4-fold, p = 0.003). S1P levels were higher in all three brain regions of older mice than of young mice (1.7-1.8-fold, all p ≤ 0.001). In female mice, S1P levels in hippocampus (r = −0.54 [−0.70, −0.35], p < 0.001) and in cortex correlated with those in plasma (r = −0.53 [−0.71, −0.32], p < 0.001). Ceramide levels were lower in the hippocampus (3.7–10.7-fold, all p < 0.001), but higher in the cortex (2.3–12.8-fold, p < 0.001) of female than male mice. In cerebellum and plasma, sex effects on individual ceramides depended on acyl chain length (9.5-fold lower to 11.5-fold higher, p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, sex is a stronger determinant of brain ceramide levels in mice than APOE genotype, AD background, or age. Whether these differences impact AD neuropathology in men and women remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra den Hoedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Simone M Crivelli
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Frank P J Leijten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Losen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jo A A Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marina Mané-Damas
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mina Mirzaian
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric J G Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Adrie J M Verhoeven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Monique T Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Fairless R, Bading H, Diem R. Pathophysiological Ionotropic Glutamate Signalling in Neuroinflammatory Disease as a Therapeutic Target. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:741280. [PMID: 34744612 PMCID: PMC8567076 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.741280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate signalling is an essential aspect of neuronal communication involving many different glutamate receptors, and underlies the processes of memory, learning and synaptic plasticity. Despite neuroinflammatory diseases covering a range of maladies with very different biological causes and pathophysiologies, a central role for dysfunctional glutamate signalling is becoming apparent. This is not just restricted to the well-described role of glutamate in mediating neurodegeneration, but also includes a myriad of other influences that glutamate can exert on the vasculature, as well as immune cell and glial regulation, reflecting the ability of neurons to communicate with these compartments in order to couple their activity with neuronal requirements. Here, we discuss the role of pathophysiological glutamate signalling in neuroinflammatory disease, using both multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease as examples, and how current steps are being made to harness our growing understanding of these processes in the development of neuroprotective strategies. This review focuses in particular on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisooxazol-4-yl) propionate (AMPA) type ionotropic glutamate receptors, although metabotropic, G-protein-coupled glutamate receptors may also contribute to neuroinflammatory processes. Given the indispensable roles of glutamate-gated ion channels in synaptic communication, means of pharmacologically distinguishing between physiological and pathophysiological actions of glutamate will be discussed that allow deleterious signalling to be inhibited whilst minimising the disturbance of essential neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fairless
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hilmar Bading
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Diem
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Pittman QJ. Vasopressin and central control of the cardiovascular system: A 40-year retrospective. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13011. [PMID: 34235812 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the 40 years since vasopressin (AVP) was reported to have a central action with respect to raising blood pressure, the finding has been repeatedly replicated using a variety of complimentary approaches. The role of AVP as a central neurotransmitter involved in control of the cardiovascular system is now textbook material. However, it is evident that brain AVP plays, at best, a minor role in regulation of normal blood pressure. However, it appears to be an important player in a several cardiovascular-associated pathologies, ranging from hypertension to neural changes associated with heart failure. There are many interventions that have been shown to affect neural function, many of which are associated with alterations in behaviour. Possible alterations in neuronal AVP actions relevant to cardiovascular control in the setting of chronic inflammatory disease, early-life stress and inflammation are suggested areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin J Pittman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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32
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Rayatpour A, Farhangi S, Verdaguer E, Olloquequi J, Ureña J, Auladell C, Javan M. The Cross Talk between Underlying Mechanisms of Multiple Sclerosis and Epilepsy May Provide New Insights for More Efficient Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101031. [PMID: 34681255 PMCID: PMC8541630 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant differences in pathological background of neurodegenerative diseases, epileptic seizures are a comorbidity in many disorders such as Huntington disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Regarding the last one, specifically, it has been shown that the risk of developing epilepsy is three to six times higher in patients with MS compared to the general population. In this context, understanding the pathological processes underlying this connection will allow for the targeting of the common and shared pathological pathways involved in both conditions, which may provide a new avenue in the management of neurological disorders. This review provides an outlook of what is known so far about the bidirectional association between epilepsy and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Rayatpour
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran; (A.R.); (S.F.)
- Institute for Brain and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Sahar Farhangi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran; (A.R.); (S.F.)
- Institute for Brain and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Biology Faculty, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (J.U.)
- Centre for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Jesus Ureña
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Biology Faculty, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (J.U.)
- Centre for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Biology Faculty, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (J.U.)
- Centre for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (M.J.)
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran; (A.R.); (S.F.)
- Institute for Brain and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
- Cell Science Research Center, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (M.J.)
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Lee H, Choi SQ. Sphingomyelinase-Mediated Multitimescale Clustering of Ganglioside GM1 in Heterogeneous Lipid Membranes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101766. [PMID: 34473415 PMCID: PMC8529493 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Several signaling processes in the plasma membrane are intensified by ceramides that are formed by sphingomyelinase-mediated hydrolysis of sphingomyelin. These ceramides trigger clustering of signaling-related biomolecules, but how they concentrate such biomolecules remains unclear. Here, the spatiotemporal localization of ganglioside GM1, a glycolipid receptor involved in signaling, during sphingomyelinase-mediated hydrolysis is described. Real-time visualization of the dynamic remodeling of the heterogeneous lipid membrane that occurs due to sphingomyelinase action is used to examine GM1 clustering, and unexpectedly, it is found that it is more complex than previously thought. Specifically, lipid membranes generate two distinct types of condensed GM1: 1) rapidly formed but short-lived GM1 clusters that are formed in ceramide-rich domains nucleated from the liquid-disordered phase; and 2) late-onset yet long-lasting, high-density GM1 clusters that are formed in the liquid-ordered phase. These findings suggest that multiple pathways exist in a plasma membrane to synergistically facilitate the rapid amplification and persistence of signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun‐Ro Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Q. Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the NanoCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
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Papazian I, Tsoukala E, Boutou A, Karamita M, Kambas K, Iliopoulou L, Fischer R, Kontermann RE, Denis MC, Kollias G, Lassmann H, Probert L. Fundamentally different roles of neuronal TNF receptors in CNS pathology: TNFR1 and IKKβ promote microglial responses and tissue injury in demyelination while TNFR2 protects against excitotoxicity in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:222. [PMID: 34565380 PMCID: PMC8466720 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During inflammatory demyelination, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) mediates detrimental proinflammatory effects of soluble TNF (solTNF), whereas TNFR2 mediates beneficial effects of transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) through oligodendroglia, microglia, and possibly other cell types. This model supports the use of selective inhibitors of solTNF/TNFR1 as anti-inflammatory drugs for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. A potential obstacle is the neuroprotective effect of solTNF pretreatment described in cultured neurons, but the relevance in vivo is unknown. Methods To address this question, we generated mice with neuron-specific depletion of TNFR1, TNFR2, or inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit β (IKKβ), a main downstream mediator of TNFR signaling, and applied experimental models of inflammatory demyelination and acute and preconditioning glutamate excitotoxicity. We also investigated the molecular and cellular requirements of solTNF neuroprotection by generating astrocyte-neuron co-cultures with different combinations of wild-type (WT) and TNF and TNFR knockout cells and measuring N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity in vitro. Results Neither neuronal TNFR1 nor TNFR2 protected mice during inflammatory demyelination. In fact, both neuronal TNFR1 and neuronal IKKβ promoted microglial responses and tissue injury, and TNFR1 was further required for oligodendrocyte loss and axonal damage in cuprizone-induced demyelination. In contrast, neuronal TNFR2 increased preconditioning protection in a kainic acid (KA) excitotoxicity model in mice and limited hippocampal neuron death. The protective effects of neuronal TNFR2 observed in vivo were further investigated in vitro. As previously described, pretreatment of astrocyte-neuron co-cultures with solTNF (and therefore TNFR1) protected them against NMDA excitotoxicity. However, protection was dependent on astrocyte, not neuronal TNFR1, on astrocyte tmTNF-neuronal TNFR2 interactions, and was reproduced by a TNFR2 agonist. Conclusions These results demonstrate that neuronal TNF receptors perform fundamentally different roles in CNS pathology in vivo, with neuronal TNFR1 and IKKβ promoting microglial inflammation and neurotoxicity in demyelination, and neuronal TNFR2 mediating neuroprotection in excitotoxicity. They also reveal that previously described neuroprotective effects of solTNF against glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro are indirect and mediated via astrocyte tmTNF-neuron TNFR2 interactions. These results consolidate the concept that selective inhibition of solTNF/TNFR1 with maintenance of TNFR2 function would have combined anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties required for safe treatment of CNS diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02200-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Papazian
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Tsoukala
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Athena Boutou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Karamita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Lida Iliopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Roman Fischer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria C Denis
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre (BSRC) "Alexander Fleming", Vari, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kollias
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre (BSRC) "Alexander Fleming", Vari, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lesley Probert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece.
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Signorelli P, Conte C, Albi E. The Multiple Roles of Sphingomyelin in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091311. [PMID: 34572524 PMCID: PMC8469734 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances over the past decade have improved our understanding of the role of sphingolipid in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease. Much attention has been paid to ceramide derived molecules, especially glucocerebroside, and little on sphingomyelin, a critical molecule for brain physiopathology. Sphingomyelin has been proposed to be involved in PD due to its presence in the myelin sheath and for its role in nerve impulse transmission, in presynaptic plasticity, and in neurotransmitter receptor localization. The analysis of sphingomyelin-metabolizing enzymes, the development of specific inhibitors, and advanced mass spectrometry have all provided insight into the signaling mechanisms of sphingomyelin and its implications in Parkinson's disease. This review describes in vitro and in vivo studies with often conflicting results. We focus on the synthesis and degradation enzymes of sphingomyelin, highlighting the genetic risks and the molecular alterations associated with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Signorelli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy;
| | - Carmela Conte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Novelty of Sphingolipids in the Central Nervous System Physiology and Disease: Focusing on the Sphingolipid Hypothesis of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147353. [PMID: 34298977 PMCID: PMC8303517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, lipids were confined to the field of structural biology and energetics as they were considered only structural constituents of cellular membranes and efficient sources of energy production. However, with advances in our understanding in lipidomics and improvements in the technological approaches, astounding discoveries have been made in exploring the role of lipids as signaling molecules, termed bioactive lipids. Among these bioactive lipids, sphingolipids have emerged as distinctive mediators of various cellular processes, ranging from cell growth and proliferation to cellular apoptosis, executing immune responses to regulating inflammation. Recent studies have made it clear that sphingolipids, their metabolic intermediates (ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and N-acetyl sphingosine), and enzyme systems (cyclooxygenases, sphingosine kinases, and sphingomyelinase) harbor diverse yet interconnected signaling pathways in the central nervous system (CNS), orchestrate CNS physiological processes, and participate in a plethora of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Considering the unequivocal importance of sphingolipids in CNS, we review the recent discoveries detailing the major enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolism (particularly sphingosine kinase 1), novel metabolic intermediates (N-acetyl sphingosine), and their complex interactions in CNS physiology, disruption of their functionality in neurodegenerative disorders, and therapeutic strategies targeting sphingolipids for improved drug approaches.
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Lizarraga-Valderrama LR, Sheridan GK. Extracellular vesicles and intercellular communication in the central nervous system. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1391-1410. [PMID: 33728650 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) release extracellular vesicles (EVs) to the interstitial fluid of the brain and spinal cord parenchyma. EVs contain proteins, nucleic acids and lipids that can be taken up by, and modulate the behaviour of, neighbouring recipient cells. The functions of EVs have been extensively studied in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. However, mechanisms involved in EV-mediated neuron-glial communication under physiological conditions or healthy ageing remain unclear. A better understanding of the myriad roles of EVs in CNS homeostasis is essential for the development of novel therapeutics to alleviate and reverse neurological disturbances of ageing. Proteomic studies are beginning to reveal cell type-specific EV cargo signatures that may one day allow us to target specific neuronal or glial cell populations in the treatment of debilitating neurological disorders. This review aims to synthesise the current literature regarding EV-mediated cell-cell communication in the brain, predominantly under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham K Sheridan
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, UK
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38
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Gipson CD, Rawls S, Scofield MD, Siemsen BM, Bondy EO, Maher EE. Interactions of neuroimmune signaling and glutamate plasticity in addiction. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:56. [PMID: 33612110 PMCID: PMC7897396 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of drugs of abuse affects neuroimmune signaling; however, there are still many open questions regarding the interactions between neuroimmune mechanisms and substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, chronic use of drugs of abuse can induce glutamatergic changes in the brain, but the relationship between the glutamate system and neuroimmune signaling in addiction is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to bring into focus the role of neuroimmune signaling and its interactions with the glutamate system following chronic drug use, and how this may guide pharmacotherapeutic treatment strategies for SUDs. In this review, we first describe neuroimmune mechanisms that may be linked to aberrant glutamate signaling in addiction. We focus specifically on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, a potentially important neuroimmune mechanism that may be a key player in driving drug-seeking behavior. We highlight the importance of astroglial-microglial crosstalk, and how this interacts with known glutamatergic dysregulations in addiction. Then, we describe the importance of studying non-neuronal cells with unprecedented precision because understanding structure-function relationships in these cells is critical in understanding their role in addiction neurobiology. Here we propose a working model of neuroimmune-glutamate interactions that underlie drug use motivation, which we argue may aid strategies for small molecule drug development to treat substance use disorders. Together, the synthesis of this review shows that interactions between glutamate and neuroimmune signaling may play an important and understudied role in addiction processes and may be critical in developing more efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Scott Rawls
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael D Scofield
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Benjamin M Siemsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Emma O Bondy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Erin E Maher
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
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Irollo E, Luchetta J, Ho C, Nash B, Meucci O. Mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4283-4303. [PMID: 33585975 PMCID: PMC8164580 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is characterized by cognitive and behavioral deficits in people living with HIV. HAND is still common in patients that take antiretroviral therapies, although they tend to present with less severe symptoms. The continued prevalence of HAND in treated patients is a major therapeutic challenge, as even minor cognitive impairment decreases patient’s quality of life. Therefore, modern HAND research aims to broaden our understanding of the mechanisms that drive cognitive impairment in people with HIV and identify promising molecular pathways and targets that could be exploited therapeutically. Recent studies suggest that HAND in treated patients is at least partially induced by subtle synaptodendritic damage and disruption of neuronal networks in brain areas that mediate learning, memory, and executive functions. Although the causes of subtle neuronal dysfunction are varied, reversing synaptodendritic damage in animal models restores cognitive function and thus highlights a promising therapeutic approach. In this review, we examine evidence of synaptodendritic damage and disrupted neuronal connectivity in HAND from clinical neuroimaging and neuropathology studies and discuss studies in HAND models that define structural and functional impairment of neurotransmission. Then, we report molecular pathways, mechanisms, and comorbidities involved in this neuronal dysfunction, discuss new approaches to reverse neuronal damage, and highlight current gaps in knowledge. Continued research on the manifestation and mechanisms of synaptic injury and network dysfunction in HAND patients and experimental models will be critical if we are to develop safe and effective therapies that reverse subtle neuropathology and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Irollo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Jared Luchetta
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Chunta Ho
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Bradley Nash
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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Emerging Role of Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2780-2791. [PMID: 33501625 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common and serious complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), giving rise to increased morbidity and mortality. It's difficult to identify patients at high risk of epilepsy and the application of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) following SAH is a controversial topic. Therefore, it's pressingly needed to gain a better understanding of the risk factors, underlying mechanisms and the optimization of therapeutic strategies for epilepsy after SAH. Neuroinflammation, characterized by microglial activation and the release of inflammatory cytokines, has drawn growing attention due to its influence on patients with epilepsy after SAH. In this review, we discuss the risk factors for epilepsy after SAH and emphasize the critical role of microglia. Then we discuss how various molecules arising from pathophysiological changes after SAH activate specific receptors such as TLR4, NLRP3, RAGE, P2X7R and initiate the downstream inflammatory pathways. Additionally, we focus on the significant responses implicated in epilepsy including neuronal excitotoxicity, the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the change of immune responses. As the application of AEDs for seizure prophylaxis after SAH remains controversial, the regulation of neuroinflammation targeting the key pathological molecules could be a promising therapeutic method. While neuroinflammation appears to contribute to epilepsy after SAH, more comprehensive experiments on their relationships are needed.
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Neutral sphingomyelinase mediates the co-morbidity trias of alcohol abuse, major depression and bone defects. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7403-7416. [PMID: 34584229 PMCID: PMC8872992 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mental disorders are highly comorbid and occur together with physical diseases, which are often considered to arise from separate pathogenic pathways. We observed in alcohol-dependent patients increased serum activity of neutral sphingomyelinase. A genetic association analysis in 456,693 volunteers found associations of haplotypes of SMPD3 coding for NSM-2 (NSM) with alcohol consumption, but also with affective state, and bone mineralisation. Functional analysis in mice showed that NSM controls alcohol consumption, affective behaviour, and their interaction by regulating hippocampal volume, cortical connectivity, and monoaminergic responses. Furthermore, NSM controlled bone-brain communication by enhancing osteocalcin signalling, which can independently supress alcohol consumption and reduce depressive behaviour. Altogether, we identified a single gene source for multiple pathways originating in the brain and bone, which interlink disorders of a mental-physical co-morbidity trias of alcohol abuse-depression/anxiety-bone disorder. Targeting NSM and osteocalcin signalling may, thus, provide a new systems approach in the treatment of a mental-physical co-morbidity trias.
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42
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Alvarez Cooper I, Beecher K, Chehrehasa F, Belmer A, Bartlett SE. Tumour Necrosis Factor in Neuroplasticity, Neurogenesis and Alcohol Use Disorder. Brain Plast 2020; 6:47-66. [PMID: 33680846 PMCID: PMC7903009 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a pervasive and detrimental condition that involves changes in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Alcohol activates the neuroimmune system and alters the inflammatory status of the brain. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a well characterised neuroimmune signal but its involvement in alcohol use disorder is unknown. In this review, we discuss the variable findings of TNF's effect on neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Acute ethanol exposure reduces TNF release while chronic alcohol intake generally increases TNF levels. Evidence suggests TNF potentiates excitatory transmission, promotes anxiety during alcohol withdrawal and is involved in drug use in rodents. An association between craving for alcohol and TNF is apparent during withdrawal in humans. While anti-inflammatory therapies show efficacy in reversing neurogenic deficit after alcohol exposure, there is no evidence for TNF's essential involvement in alcohol's effect on neurogenesis. Overall, defining TNF's role in alcohol use disorder is complicated by poor understanding of its variable effects on synaptic transmission and neurogenesis. While TNF may be of relevance during withdrawal, the neuroimmune system likely acts through a larger group of inflammatory cytokines to alter neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Understanding the individual relevance of TNF in alcohol use disorder awaits a more comprehensive understanding of TNF's effects within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatius Alvarez Cooper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Beecher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Juvale IIA, Che Has AT. Possible interplay between the theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1998-2026. [PMID: 33306252 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the oldest known neurological disorders and is characterized by recurrent seizure activity. It has a high incidence rate, affecting a broad demographic in both developed and developing countries. Comorbid conditions are frequent in patients with epilepsy and have detrimental effects on their quality of life. Current management options for epilepsy include the use of anti-epileptic drugs, surgery, or a ketogenic diet. However, more than 30% of patients diagnosed with epilepsy exhibit drug resistance to anti-epileptic drugs. Further, surgery and ketogenic diets do little to alleviate the symptoms of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the underlying mechanisms of pharmacoresistant epilepsy to design newer and more effective anti-epileptic drugs. Several theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy have been suggested over the years, the most common being the gene variant hypothesis, network hypothesis, multidrug transporter hypothesis, and target hypothesis. In our review, we discuss the main theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy and highlight a possible interconnection between their mechanisms that could lead to the development of novel therapies for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Imtiyaz Ahmed Juvale
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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New Insights into Immune-Mediated Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239302. [PMID: 33291304 PMCID: PMC7730912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been increasingly recognized as a major contributor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The double-edged nature of the immune system poses a problem in harnessing immunomodulatory therapies to prevent and slow the progression of this debilitating disease. To tackle this conundrum, understanding the mechanisms underlying immune-mediated neuronal death will aid in the identification of neuroprotective strategies to preserve dopaminergic neurons. Specific innate and adaptive immune mediators may directly or indirectly induce dopaminergic neuronal death. Genetic factors, the gut-brain axis and the recent identification of PD-specific T cells may provide novel mechanistic insights on PD pathogenesis. Future studies to address the gaps in the identification of autoantibodies, variability in immunophenotyping studies and the contribution of gut dysbiosis to PD may eventually provide new therapeutic targets for PD.
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The nSMase2/Smpd3 gene modulates the severity of muscular dystrophy and the emotional stress response in mdx mice. BMC Med 2020; 18:343. [PMID: 33208172 PMCID: PMC7677854 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive, degenerative muscular disorder and cognitive dysfunction caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. It is characterized by excess inflammatory responses in the muscle and repeated degeneration and regeneration cycles. Neutral sphingomyelinase 2/sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (nSMase2/Smpd3) hydrolyzes sphingomyelin in lipid rafts. This protein thus modulates inflammatory responses, cell survival or apoptosis pathways, and the secretion of extracellular vesicles in a Ca2+-dependent manner. However, its roles in dystrophic pathology have not yet been clarified. METHODS To investigate the effects of the loss of nSMase2/Smpd3 on dystrophic muscles and its role in the abnormal behavior observed in DMD patients, we generated mdx mice lacking the nSMase2/Smpd3 gene (mdx:Smpd3 double knockout [DKO] mice). RESULTS Young mdx:Smpd3 DKO mice exhibited reduced muscular degeneration and decreased inflammation responses, but later on they showed exacerbated muscular necrosis. In addition, the abnormal stress response displayed by mdx mice was improved in the mdx:Smpd3 DKO mice, with the recovery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) expression in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS nSMase2/Smpd3-modulated lipid raft integrity is a potential therapeutic target for DMD.
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Aging-Related Phenotypic Conversion of Medullary Microglia Enhances Intraoral Incisional Pain Sensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217871. [PMID: 33114176 PMCID: PMC7660637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated microglia involved in the development of orofacial pain hypersensitivity have two major polarization states. The aim of this study was to assess the involvement of the aging-related phenotypic conversion of medullary microglia in the enhancement of intraoral pain sensitivity using senescence-accelerated mice (SAM)-prone/8 (SAMP8) and SAM-resistant/1 (SAMR1) mice. Mechanical head-withdrawal threshold (MHWT) was measured for 21 days post palatal mucosal incision. The number of CD11c-immunoreactive (IR) cells [affective microglia (M1)] and CD163-IR cells [protective microglia (M2)], and tumor-necrosis-factor-α (TNF-α)-IR M1 and interleukin (IL)-10-IR M2 were analyzed via immunohistochemistry on days 3 and 11 following incision. The decrease in MHWT observed following incision was enhanced in SAMP8 mice. M1 levels and the number of TNF-α-IR M1 were increased on day 3 in SAMP8 mice compared with those in SAMR1 mice. On day 11, M1 and M2 activation was observed in both groups, whereas IL-10-IR M2 levels were attenuated in SAMP8 mice, and the number of TNF-α-IR M1 cells increased, compared to those in SAMR1 mice. These results suggest that the mechanical allodynia observed following intraoral injury is potentiated and sustained in SAMP8 mice due to enhancement of TNF-α signaling, M1 activation, and an attenuation of M2 activation accompanying IL-10 release.
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Supraspinal Mechanisms of Intestinal Hypersensitivity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:389-417. [PMID: 33030712 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gut inflammation or injury causes intestinal hypersensitivity (IHS) and hyperalgesia, which can persist after the initiating pathology resolves, are often referred to somatic regions and exacerbated by psychological stress, anxiety or depression, suggesting the involvement of both the spinal cord and the brain. The supraspinal mechanisms of IHS remain to be fully elucidated, however, over the last decades the series of intestinal pathology-associated neuroplastic changes in the brain has been revealed, being potentially responsible for the phenomenon. This paper reviews current clinical and experimental data, including the authors' own findings, on these functional, structural, and neurochemical/molecular changes within cortical, subcortical and brainstem regions processing and modulating sensory signals from the gut. As concluded in the review, IHS can develop and maintain due to the bowel inflammation/injury-induced persistent hyperexcitability of viscerosensory brainstem and thalamic nuclei and sensitization of hypothalamic, amygdala, hippocampal, anterior insular, and anterior cingulate cortical areas implicated in the neuroendocrine, emotional and cognitive modulation of visceral sensation and pain. An additional contribution may come from the pathology-triggered dysfunction of the brainstem structures inhibiting nociception. The mechanism underlying IHS-associated regional hyperexcitability is enhanced NMDA-, AMPA- and group I metabotropic receptor-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission in association with altered neuropeptide Y, corticotropin-releasing factor, and cannabinoid 1 receptor signaling. These alterations are at least partially mediated by brain microglia and local production of cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor α. Studying the IHS-related brain neuroplasticity in greater depth may enable the development of new therapeutic approaches against chronic abdominal pain in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Raffaele S, Lombardi M, Verderio C, Fumagalli M. TNF Production and Release from Microglia via Extracellular Vesicles: Impact on Brain Functions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102145. [PMID: 32977412 PMCID: PMC7598215 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine powerfully influencing diverse processes of the central nervous system (CNS) under both physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we analyze current literature describing the molecular processes involved in TNF synthesis and release from microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS and the main source of this cytokine both in brain development and neurodegenerative diseases. A special attention has been given to the unconventional vesicular pathway of TNF, based on the emerging role of microglia-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the propagation of inflammatory signals and in mediating cell-to-cell communication. Moreover, we describe the contribution of microglial TNF in regulating important CNS functions, including the neuroinflammatory response following brain injury, the neuronal circuit formation and synaptic plasticity, and the processes of myelin damage and repair. Specifically, the available data on the functions mediated by microglial EVs carrying TNF have been scrutinized to gain insights on possible novel therapeutic strategies targeting TNF to foster CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marta Lombardi
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (C.V.)
| | - Claudia Verderio
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (C.V.)
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250318307
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49
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Tracey TJ, Kirk SE, Steyn FJ, Ngo ST. The role of lipids in the central nervous system and their pathological implications in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:69-81. [PMID: 32962914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS). They contribute to the structural integrity and physical characteristics of cell and organelle membranes, act as bioactive signalling molecules, and are utilised as fuel sources for mitochondrial metabolism. The intricate homeostatic mechanisms underpinning lipid handling and metabolism across two major CNS cell types; neurons and astrocytes, are integral for cellular health and maintenance. Here, we explore the various roles of lipids in these two cell types. Given that changes in lipid metabolism have been identified in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, we also discuss changes in lipid handling and utilisation in the context of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in order to identify key cellular processes affected by the disease, and inform future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - S E Kirk
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - F J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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50
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Bilousova T, Simmons BJ, Knapp RR, Elias CJ, Campagna J, Melnik M, Chandra S, Focht S, Zhu C, Vadivel K, Jagodzinska B, Cohn W, Spilman P, Gylys KH, Garg NK, John V. Dual Neutral Sphingomyelinase-2/Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1671-1684. [PMID: 32352753 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a novel class of compounds that function as dual inhibitors of the enzymes neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Inhibition of these enzymes provides a unique strategy to suppress the propagation of tau pathology in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We describe the key SAR elements that affect relative nSMase2 and/or AChE inhibitor effects and potency, in addition to the identification of two analogs that suppress the release of tau-bearing exosomes in vitro and in vivo. Identification of these novel dual nSMase2/AChE inhibitors represents a new therapeutic approach to AD and has the potential to lead to the development of truly disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bilousova
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bryan J. Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Rachel R. Knapp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chris J. Elias
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jesus Campagna
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mikhail Melnik
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sujyoti Chandra
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Samantha Focht
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chunni Zhu
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kanagasabai Vadivel
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Barbara Jagodzinska
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Patricia Spilman
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Karen H. Gylys
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Varghese John
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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