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Diéguez E, Nieto-Ruiz A, Martín-Pérez C, Sepúlveda-Valbuena N, Herrmann F, Jiménez J, De-Castellar R, Catena A, García-Santos JA, Bermúdez MG, Campoy C. Association study between hypothalamic functional connectivity, early nutrition, and glucose levels in healthy children aged 6 years: The COGNIS study follow-up. Front Nutr 2022; 9:935740. [PMID: 36313089 PMCID: PMC9597646 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.935740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding (BF) is the gold standard in infant nutrition; knowing how it influences brain connectivity would help understand the mechanisms involved, which would help close the nutritional gap between infant formulas and breast milk. We analyzed potential long-term differences depending on the diet with an experimental infant formula (EF), compared to a standard infant formula (SF) or breastfeeding (BF) during the first 18 months of life on children's hypothalamic functional connectivity (FC) assessed at 6 years old. A total of 62 children participating in the COGNIS randomized clinical trial (Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02094547) were included in this study. They were randomized to receive an SF (n = 22) or a bioactive nutrient-enriched EF (n = 20). BF children were also included as a control study group (BF: n = 20). Brain function was evaluated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and mean glucose levels were collected through a 24-h continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device at 6 years old. Furthermore, nutrient intake was also analyzed during the first 18 months of life and at 6 years old through 3-day dietary intake records. Groups fed with EF and BF showed lower FC between the medial hypothalamus (MH) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in comparison with SF-fed children. Moreover, the BF children group showed lower FC between the MH and the left putamen extending to the middle insula, and higher FC between the MH and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) compared to the EF-fed children group. These areas are key regions within the salience network, which is involved in processing salience stimuli, eating motivation, and hedonic-driven desire to consume food. Indeed, current higher connectivity found on the MH-IFG network in the BF group was associated with lower simple sugars acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs) at 6 months of age. Regarding linoleic acid intake at 12 months old, a negative association with this network (MH-IFG) only in the BF group was found. In addition, BF children showed lower mean glucose levels compared to SF-fed children at 6 years old. Our results may point out a possible relationship between diet during the first 18 months of life and inclined proclivity for hedonic eating later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Diéguez
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Nieto-Ruiz
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-Pérez
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Segovia, Spain
| | - Natalia Sepúlveda-Valbuena
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Florian Herrmann
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez
- Ordesa Laboratories, S.L., Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Catena
- Department of Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Antonio García-Santos
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes G. Bermúdez
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain,EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,National Network of Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III (Granada's Node), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Cristina Campoy
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De Cosmi V, Mazzocchi A, Agostoni C, Visioli F. Fructooligosaccharides: From Breast Milk Components to Potential Supplements. A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:318-327. [PMID: 34555852 PMCID: PMC8803487 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is the optimal food choice for infant growth and development. Among breast milk components, fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) are being actively studied because of their role in microbiota development. In particular, 2'-fucosyllactose is being proposed as a potential supplement/nutraceutical or component of infant formula. In this systematic review, we critically summarize the available information on FOSs and we discuss their future use in infant nutrition. We searched the main electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus), with a final check in May 2021. Search terms were inserted individually and using the Boolean tools AND and OR. Relevant articles were identified using the following words: ("fructooligosaccharides" OR "FOS") AND ("human milk" OR "breast milk" OR "donor milk" OR "bank milk"). The search retrieved 1814 articles. After removal of duplicates, we screened 1591 articles based on title, abstract, and exclusive use of the English language. We included articles describing the concentration of FOSs in human milk and assessed the relevant ones. We excluded reviews, studies on animals, and studies exclusively carried out on adults. Also, we excluded studies that have not reported evidence either on FOSs or on galactooligosaccharides from human milk. The resulting publications were reviewed, and 10 studies were included in the systematic review. We conclude that human milk FOSs are, indeed, crucial to infant gut development and their addition to infant formula is safe, well-tolerated, and might provide immune benefits to newborns. However, we would like to underscore the scantiness of human data and the need to avoid the immediate translation of infant research to the commercialization of supplements marketed to adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Cosmi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, Campus of International Excellence (CEI) Autonomous University of Madrid + Spanish National Research Council (UAM + CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Guo J, Han X, Huang W, You Y, Zhan J. Gut dysbiosis during early life: causes, health outcomes, and amelioration via dietary intervention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7199-7221. [PMID: 33909528 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1912706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The colonization and maturation of gut microbiota (GM) is a delicate and precise process, which continues to influence not only infancy and childhood but also adulthood health by affecting immunity. However, many perinatal factors, including gestational age, delivery mode, antibiotic administration, feeding mode, and environmental and maternal factors, can disturb this well-designed process, increasing the morbidity of various gut dysbiosis-related diseases, such as type-1-diabetes, allergies, necrotizing enterocolitis, and obesity. In this review, we discussed the early-life colonization and maturation of the GM, factors influencing this process, and diseases related to the disruption of this process. Moreover, we focused on discussing dietary interventions, including probiotics, oligosaccharides, nutritional supplementation, and exclusive enteral nutrition, in ameliorating early-life dysbiosis and diseases related to it. Furthermore, possible mechanisms, and shortcomings, as well as potential solutions to the drawbacks of dietary interventions, were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielong Guo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Han
- Peking University School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin You
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jicheng Zhan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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4
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Nogacka AM, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Arboleya S, Ruas-Madiedo P, Martínez-Faedo C, Suarez A, He F, Harata G, Endo A, Salazar N, Gueimonde M. In vitro Selection of Probiotics for Microbiota Modulation in Normal-Weight and Severely Obese Individuals: Focus on Gas Production and Interaction With Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:630572. [PMID: 33633711 PMCID: PMC7899977 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.630572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays important roles in the maintenance of health. Strategies aiming at its modulation, such as probiotics, have received a deal of attention. Several strains have been studied in different in vitro models; however, the correlation of results obtained with the in vivo data has been limited. This questions the usefulness of such in vitro selection models, traditionally relying on over-simplified tests, not considering the influence of the accompanying microbiota or focusing on microbiota composition without considering functional traits. Here we assess the potential of six Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Lacticaseibacillus strains in an in vitro model to determine their impact on the microbiota not just in terms of composition but also of functionality. Moreover, we compared the responses obtained in two different population groups: normal-weight and severely obese subjects. Fecal cultures were conducted to evaluate the impact of the strains on specific intestinal microbial groups, on the production of short-chain fatty acids, and on two functional responses: the production of gas and the interaction with human intestinal epithelial cells. The response to the different probiotics differed between both human groups. The addition of the probiotic strains did not induce major changes on the microbiota composition, with significant increases detected almost exclusively for the species added. Higher levels of gas production were observed in cultures from normal-weight subjects than in the obese population, with some strains being able to significantly reduce gas production in the latter group. Moreover, in obese subjects all the Bifidobacterium strains tested and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG were able to modify the response of the intestinal cells, restoring values similar to those obtained with the microbiotas of normal-weight subjects. Our results underline the need for the screening and selection of probiotics in a target-population specific manner by using appropriate in vitro models before enrolling in clinical intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Maria Nogacka
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilán
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microorganisms, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ceferino Martínez-Faedo
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain.,Endocrinology, Nutrition, Diabetes and Obesity Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Adolfo Suarez
- Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Digestive Service, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fang He
- Technical Research Laboratory, Takanashi Milk Products Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gaku Harata
- Technical Research Laboratory, Takanashi Milk Products Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akihito Endo
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Japan
| | - Nuria Salazar
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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5
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Abstract
The use of fecal inoculums for in vitro fermentation models requires a viable gut microbiota, capable of fermenting the unabsorbed nutrients. Fresh samples from human donors are used; however, the availability of fresh fecal inoculum and its inherent variability is often a problem. This study aimed to optimize a method of preserving pooled human fecal samples for in vitro fermentation studies. Different conditions and times of storage at −20 °C were tested. In vitro fermentation experiments were carried out for both fresh and frozen inoculums, and the metabolic profile compared. In comparison with the fresh, the inoculum frozen in a PBS and 30% glycerol solution, had a significantly lower (p < 0.05) bacterial count (<1 log CFU/mL). However, no significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the metabolic profiles after 48 h. Hence, a PBS and 30% glycerol solution can be used to maintain the gut microbiota viability during storage at −20 °C for at least 3 months, without interfering with the normal course of colonic fermentation.
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In Love with Shaping You-Influential Factors on the Breast Milk Content of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Decisive Roles for Neonatal Development. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113568. [PMID: 33233832 PMCID: PMC7699834 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally versatile sugar molecules constituting the third major group of soluble components in human breast milk. Based on the disaccharide lactose, the mammary glands of future and lactating mothers produce a few hundreds of different HMOs implicating that their overall anabolism utilizes rather high amounts of energy. At first sight, it therefore seems contradictory that these sugars are indigestible for infants raising the question of why such an energy-intensive molecular class evolved. However, in-depth analysis of their molecular modes of action reveals that Mother Nature created HMOs for neonatal development, protection and promotion of health. This is not solely facilitated by HMOs in their indigestible form but also by catabolites that are generated by microbial metabolism in the neonatal gut additionally qualifying HMOs as natural prebiotics. This narrative review elucidates factors influencing the HMO composition as well as physiological roles of HMOs on their way through the infant body and within the gut, where a major portion of HMOs faces microbial catabolism. Concurrently, this work summarizes in vitro, preclinical and observational as well as interventional clinical studies that analyzed potential health effects that have been demonstrated by or were related to either human milk-derived or synthetic HMOs or HMO fractions.
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Oligosaccharides in goats' milk-based infant formula and their prebiotic and anti-infection properties. Br J Nutr 2020; 122:441-449. [PMID: 31196229 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451900134x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human milk contains an abundant supply and diverse array of oligosaccharides that are known to impart significant health benefits to the nursing infant including establishment and maintenance of a healthy gut microflora, immune development and protection against gastrointestinal infections. When breastfeeding is not possible or insufficient, infant formulas are commonly used as an alternative. However, limited information is available about the presence of naturally occurring oligosaccharides in these infant formulas and their likely health benefits. The present study examined the presence of naturally occurring oligosaccharides in commercial goats' milk-based stage 1 and stage 2 infant formulas and their prebiotic and anti-infection properties. LC/MS was used to detect and quantify oligosaccharides and their prebiotic potential was assessed by their ability, at concentrations present in reconstituted ready-to-use infant formula, to promote the growth of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB12, B. longum BB536, Lactobacillus acidophilus 4461 and L. casei 2607 in vitro. For anti-infection properties, the ability of goat milk oligosaccharides to prevent the adhesion of Escherichia coli NCTC 10418 and a Salmonella typhimurium isolate to Caco-2 cells was investigated. The results showed the presence of fourteen quantifiable oligosaccharides in stage 1 and stage 2 goats' milk-based infant formula. This was similar to the number of oligosaccharides detected in the fresh goats' milk. Of these, five were structurally similar to those found in human milk. These oligosaccharides were shown to significantly enhance the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and reduce the adhesion of E. coli NCTC 10418 and S. typhimurium to Caco-2 cells. Together, these results suggest that oligosaccharides naturally present in goats' milk-based infant formula exhibit strong prebiotic and anti-pathogen adhesion properties and may confer gut health benefits to infants.
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Tanabe K, Nakamura S, Moriyama-Hashiguchi M, Kitajima M, Ejima H, Imori C, Oku T. Dietary Fructooligosaccharide and Glucomannan Alter Gut Microbiota and Improve Bone Metabolism in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:867-874. [PMID: 30632742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota improved using prebiotics may delay the onset of senescence-related health problems. We hypothesized that prolonged intake of prebiotics delays senile osteoporosis. Forty-five male senescence-accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6) aged four weeks were raised on 5% fructooligosaccharide (FOS), 5% glucomannan (GM), or a control diet for 31 weeks. Gut microbiota were identified using culture-dependent analytical methods. Mineral content in femoral bone was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Bone metabolism and inflammatory markers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The numbers of Lactobacillus and Bacteroides in cecal contents were significantly higher in the FOS than in the control group ( p < 0.05); the number of Clostridium was significantly higher in the GM than in the control group ( p < 0.05). Calcium content was significantly higher in the femoral bones of the FOS group (30.5 ± 0.8 mg) than in the control group (27.5 ± 1.5 mg) ( p < 0.05). There was no difference between the GM (29.1 ± 2.0 mg) and control groups. During senescence, urinary deoxypyridinoline and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels significantly decreased in the FOS (1.2 ± 0.2 nmol/3 d and 80 ± 6.1 ng/100 mL) and GM groups (1.2 ± 0.2 nmol/3 d and 80 ± 6.1 ng/100 mL) compared with the control group (1.8 ± 0.5 nmol/3 d and 93 ± 7.4 ng/100 mL) ( p < 0.05). Thus, dietary FOS and GM modified gut microbiota and reduced bone resorption by reducing systemic inflammation in SAMP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tanabe
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women's University , 3-40 Shioji-cho , Mizuho-ku, Nagoya , Aichi 467-8610 , Japan
| | - Sadako Nakamura
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health , Jumonji University , 2-1-28 Sugasawa , Niiza , Saitama 352-8510 , Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Tsuneyuki Oku
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health , Jumonji University , 2-1-28 Sugasawa , Niiza , Saitama 352-8510 , Japan
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Obelitz-Ryom K, Rendboe AK, Nguyen DN, Rudloff S, Brandt AB, Nielsen DS, Heckmann AB, Chichlowski M, Sangild PT, Thymann T, Bering SB. Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides with Sialyllactose for Preterm Piglets. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101489. [PMID: 30322051 PMCID: PMC6213258 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides support gut development and bacterial colonization in term infants, but it is unknown if they benefit preterm infants. Using preterm pigs, we investigated effects of bovine milk supplements enriched with oligosaccharides to improve gut development and colonization. Caesarean-delivered preterm pigs (n = 57) were reared for 19 days. The pigs were fed bovine milk supplemented with an oligosaccharide-enriched whey containing sialyllactose, or a heterogeneous oligosaccharide ingredient. To evaluate the influence of artificial rearing, near-term, vaginally born pigs raised by their sow (n = 12) were compared with artificially reared, caesarean-delivered near-term pigs (n = 14). In preterm pigs, the clinical outcome, gut function, gut microbiota, and systemic immunity were similar among dietary treatments. Natural rearing increased growth rates, gut functions, colon short chain fatty acid concentrations and bacterial diversity, relative to artificial rearing. In conclusion, supplements with bovine milk oligosaccharides were well tolerated, but did not improve gut maturation or clinical outcomes in artificially reared preterm piglets. Immaturity at birth, coupled with artificial rearing, may render the neonate unresponsive to the gut-protective effects of milk oligosaccharides. Whether bovine milk oligosaccharides may affect other endpoints (e.g., brain functions) in conditions of immaturity remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Obelitz-Ryom
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Amalie Katrine Rendboe
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Silvia Rudloff
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Anne Bladt Brandt
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Dennis Sandris Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Stine Brandt Bering
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE SCHNEIDERIAN MEMBRANE OF PATIENTS WITH STOMATOGENICAL MAXILLARY SINUSITIS ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS THE DATA OF THE LECTIN HISTOCHEMISTRY. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2018-3-65-17-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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THE STUDY OF HISTOTOPOGRAPHY OF GLYCOCONJUGATES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL THERAPY OF STOMATOLOGICAL MAXILLARY SINUSITIS. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2018-2-64-126-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Cereal products derived from wheat, sorghum, rice and oats alter the infant gut microbiota in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14312. [PMID: 29085002 PMCID: PMC5662621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of different nutrient and energy sources during weaning leads to significant changes in the infant gut microbiota. We used an in vitro infant digestive and gut microbiota model system to investigate the effect of four commercially available cereal products based on either wheat, sorghum, rice or oats, on the gut microbiota of six infants. Our results indicated cereal additions induced numerous changes in the gut microbiota composition. The relative abundance of bacterial families associated with fibre degradation, Bacteroidaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Veillonellaceae increased, whilst the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae decreased with cereal additions. Corresponding changes in the production of SCFAs showed higher concentrations of acetate following all cereal additions, whilst, propionate and butyrate varied between specific cereal additions. These cereal-specific variations in the concentrations of SCFAs showed a moderate correlation with the relative abundance of potential SCFA-producing bacterial families. Overall, our results demonstrated clear shifts in the abundance of bacterial groups associated with weaning and an increase in the production of SCFAs following cereal additions.
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van Esch BC, Kostadinova AI, Garssen J, Willemsen LE, Knippels LM. A dietary intervention with non-digestible oligosaccharides and partial hydrolysed whey protein prevents the onset of food allergic symptoms in mice. PHARMANUTRITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Ward RE, Benninghoff AD, Healy BJ, Li M, Vagu B, Hintze KJ. Consumption of the total Western diet differentially affects the response to green tea in rodent models of chronic disease compared to the AIN93G diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 27921383 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE In pre-clinical studies investigating bioactive components, the efficacy of the bioactive is likely influenced by the basal diet provided to rodents. In this study, we hypothesized that a model bioactive, green tea extract (GTE), would have different effects on colon carcinogenesis, body composition, and lipid metabolism in mice fed a basal diet formulated to promote animal health and growth (AIN93G) as compared to a Western diet that emulates typical American intakes of micro- and macronutrients, the total Western diet (TWD). METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were fed either AIN93G or TWD, with or without GTE added to drinking water for 18 weeks. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in azoxymethane-initiated mice was nearly three times greater in mice fed TWD compared to AIN93G. Consumption of GTE suppressed ACF development only in mice fed the TWD. Similarly, supplementation with GTE suppressed weight gain and fasted glucose only in mice fed TWD, while GTE suppressed fat mass in mice fed either diet. Irrespective of diet, GTE supplementation increased cecum weight and decreased cecal SCFA concentration. CONCLUSION Collectively, these observations indicate that the TWD influences the bioactivity of GTE in rodent models of obesity, metabolism, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,USTAR Applied Nutrition Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Abby D Benninghoff
- USTAR Applied Nutrition Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Brett J Healy
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Bharath Vagu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Korry J Hintze
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,USTAR Applied Nutrition Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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15
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Valdés L, Salazar N, González S, Arboleya S, Ríos-Covián D, Genovés S, Ramón D, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Ruas-Madiedo P, Gueimonde M. Selection of potential probiotic bifidobacteria and prebiotics for elderly by using in vitro faecal batch cultures. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Bian G, Ma S, Zhu Z, Su Y, Zoetendal EG, Mackie R, Liu J, Mu C, Huang R, Smidt H, Zhu W. Age, introduction of solid feed and weaning are more important determinants of gut bacterial succession in piglets than breed and nursing mother as revealed by a reciprocal cross-fostering model. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:1566-77. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaorui Bian
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Shouqing Ma
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yong Su
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Erwin G. Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Roderick Mackie
- Department of Animal Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; IL USA
| | - Junhua Liu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Chunlong Mu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing P. R. China
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Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is central to innate immunity. Aberrant expression of TLRs is found in neonatal inflammatory diseases. Several bioactive components of human milk modulate TLR expression and signaling pathways, including soluble toll-like receptors (sTLRs), soluble cluster of differentiation (sCD) 14, glycoproteins, small peptides, and oligosaccharides. Some milk components, such as sialyl (α2,3) lactose and lacto-N-fucopentaose III, are reported to increase TLR signaling; under some circumstances this might contribute toward immunologic balance. Human milk on the whole is strongly anti-inflammatory, and contains abundant components that depress TLR signaling pathways: sTLR2 and sCD14 inhibit TLR2 signaling; sCD14, lactadherin, lactoferrin, and 2'-fucosyllactose attenuate TLR4 signaling; 3'-galactosyllactose inhibits TLR3 signaling, and β-defensin 2 inhibits TLR7 signaling. Feeding human milk to neonates decreases their risk of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Thus, the TLR regulatory components found in human milk hold promise as benign oral prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for the many gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders mediated by abnormal TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- YingYing He
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
| | - Nathan T Lawlor
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
| | - David S Newburg
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
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18
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Hogenkamp A, Knippels LMJ, Garssen J, van Esch BCAM. Supplementation of Mice with Specific Nondigestible Oligosaccharides during Pregnancy or Lactation Leads to Diminished Sensitization and Allergy in the Female Offspring. J Nutr 2015; 145:996-1002. [PMID: 25833889 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.210401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maternal environment and early life exposure affect immune development in offspring. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether development of food allergy in offspring is affected by supplementing pregnant or lactating sensitized or nonsensitized mice with a mixture of nondigestible oligosaccharides. METHODS Dams were sensitized intragastrically with ovalbumin before mating, with use of cholera toxin (CT) as an adjuvant. Nonsensitized dams received CT only. Dams were fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with short-chain galacto oligosaccharides (scGOSs), long-chain fructo oligosaccharides (lcFOSs), and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (pAOSs) in a ratio of 9:1:2 at a dose of 2% during pregnancy or lactation, resulting in 7 experimental groups. After weaning, offspring were fed a control diet and ovalbumin-CT sensitized. Acute allergic skin responses (ASRs), shock symptoms, body temperature, and specific plasma immunoglobulins were measured upon intradermal ovalbumin challenge. Th2/Th1- and regulatory T cells were analyzed with use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometric analysis in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and blood. RESULTS Supplementing sensitized pregnant or lactating dams with scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS resulted in lower ASRs in the offspring [offspring of sensitized female mice fed experimental diet during pregnancy (S-Preg): 48 ± 2.1 μm; offspring of sensitized female mice fed experimental diet during lactation (S-Lact): 60 ± 6.2 μm] compared with the sensitized control group (119 ± 13.9 μm). In the S-Lact group, this coincided with an absence of shock symptoms compared with the offspring of sensitized female mice fed control food during pregnancy and lactation (S-Con) and S-Preg groups, and lower ovalbumin-IgG1 [S-Con: 3.8 ± 0.1 arbitrary units (AUs); S-Preg: 3.3 ± 0.1 AUs; S-Lact: 2.4 ± 0.1 AUs] and higher ovalbumin-IgG2a concentrations (S-Con: 1.1 ± 0.1 AUs; S-Preg: 0.8 ± 0.1 AUs; S-Lact: 2.0 ± 0.1 AUs). Supplementing nonsensitized pregnant or lactating dams with scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS resulted in lower plasma ovalbumin-IgE [offspring of nonsensitized female mice fed experimental diet during pregnancy (NS-Preg): 1.6 ± 0.4 AUs; offspring of nonsensitized female mice fed experimental diet during lactation (NS-Lact): 0.3 ± 0.1 AUs vs. offspring of nonsensitized female mice fed control food during pregnancy and lactation (NS-Con): 3.1 ± 0.6 AUs] and ovalbumin-IgG1 (NS-Lact: 2.3 ± 0.3 AUs vs. NS-Con: 3.4 ± 0.3 AUs) concentrations in offspring. Ovalbumin-IgG2a plasma concentrations were higher in offspring of scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS-supplemented dams (NS-Preg: 1.1 ± 0.1 AUs; NS-Lact: 1.1 ± 0.1 AUs) than in those of unsupplemented, nonsensitized controls (0.4 ± 0.0 AUs). CONCLUSIONS These data show impaired sensitization in offspring of scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS-supplemented mice. A number of the analyzed variables are differentially affected by whether supplementation occurs during pregnancy or lactation, and the outcome of dietary supplementation is affected by whether the mother has been sensitized to ovalbumin and CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hogenkamp
- Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Leon M J Knippels
- Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Betty C A M van Esch
- Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Lu X, Zeng S, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Tian Y, Miao S, Zheng B. Effects of water-soluble oligosaccharides extracted from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seeds on growth ability of Bifidobacterium adolescentis. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Gur TL, Worly BL, Bailey MT. Stress and the commensal microbiota: importance in parturition and infant neurodevelopment. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:5. [PMID: 25698977 PMCID: PMC4313583 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The body is colonized by an enormous array of microbes that are collectively called the microbiota. During quiescent periods, microbial communities within the gut are relatively resistant to change. However, several factors that disrupt homeostasis can also significantly change gut microbial community structure. One factor that has been shown to change the composition of the gut microbiota is exposure to psychological stressors. Studies demonstrate that the commensal microbiota are involved in stressor-induced immunomodulation, but other biological effects are not yet known. This review discusses emerging evidence that the microbiota can impact the brain and behavior and indicates that stressor-induced alterations in the composition of gut microbial communities contribute to stressor-induced behavioral changes. This review will also discuss the evidence that such effects are most evident early in life, where both stress and the microbiota have been linked to birth outcomes, such as prematurity, and neurodevelopment. When considered together, a paradigm emerges in which stressor-induced alterations in commensal microbial populations significantly impact parturition and infant neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar L Gur
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH , USA ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH , USA ; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Brett L Worly
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH , USA ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA ; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH , USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH , USA
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21
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Min B, Kyung Koo O, Park SH, Jarvis N, Ricke SC, Crandall PG, Lee SO. Fermentation Patterns of Various Pectin Sources by Human Fecal Microbiota. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2015.612115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Bruno-Barcena JM, Azcarate-Peril MA. Galacto-oligosaccharides and Colorectal Cancer: Feeding our Intestinal Probiome. J Funct Foods 2015; 12:92-108. [PMID: 25584074 PMCID: PMC4288025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are ingredients selectively fermented by the intestinal microbiota that promote changes in the microbial community structure and/or their metabolism, conferring health benefits to the host. Studies show that β (1-4) galacto-oligosaccharides [β (1-4) GOS], lactulose and fructo-oligosaccharides increase intestinal concentration of lactate and short chain fatty acids, and stool frequency and weight, and they decrease fecal concentration of secondary bile acids, fecal pH, and nitroreductase and β-glucuronidase activities suggesting a clear role in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. This review summarizes research on prebiotics bioassimilation, specifically β (1-4) GOS, and their potential role in CRC. We also evaluate research that show that the impact of prebiotics on host physiology can be direct or through modulation of the gut intestinal microbiome, specifically the probiome (autochtonous beneficial bacteria), we present studies on a potential role in CRC progression to finally describe the current state of β (1-4) GOS generation for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Bruno-Barcena
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
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23
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Hallam MC, Barile D, Meyrand M, German JB, Reimer RA. Maternal high-protein or high-prebiotic-fiber diets affect maternal milk composition and gut microbiota in rat dams and their offspring. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2344-51. [PMID: 25056822 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal gut microbiota and milk composition could modify offspring microbiota and therefore disease susceptibility. The effect of maternal high-protein (HP) or prebiotic diets on maternal milk composition and gut microbiota in rat dams and offspring was examined. METHODS Wistar rat dams were fed a control, HP (40% wt/wt), or high-prebiotic-fiber (21.6% wt/wt) (HF) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. Pups were challenged with a high-fat/sucrose diet from 14.5 to 22.5 weeks of age. Dam milk was analyzed for fat, protein, and oligosaccharides (OS). Fecal microbiota was analyzed in dams at parturition and 2 weeks post-partum and in offspring at 5 and 22 weeks along with cecal digesta at termination. RESULTS Maternal milk differed only in OS content, each diet group being distinguishable. HF1 and HP1 offspring had decreased plasma lipopolysaccharide compared with C1. Offspring sex, maternal diet, and time (5 weeks vs. 22 weeks of age) affected the microbial groups examined. Bifidobacteria was higher in HF dams and offspring. CONCLUSIONS Increasing protein or fiber content in maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation modifies milk OS content and gut microbiota of dams which may influence establishment of gut microbiota in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Hallam
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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24
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Puertollano E, Kolida S, Yaqoob P. Biological significance of short-chain fatty acid metabolism by the intestinal microbiome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2014; 17:139-44. [PMID: 24389673 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Evidence suggests that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) derived from microbial metabolism in the gut play a central role in host homeostasis. The present review describes the current understanding and physiological implications of SCFAs derived from microbial metabolism of nondigestible carbohydrates. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies indicate a role for SCFAs, in particular propionate and butyrate, in metabolic and inflammatory disorders such as obesity, diabetes and inflammatory bowel diseases, through the activation of specific G-protein-coupled receptors and modification of transcription factors. Established prebiotics, such as fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides, which support the growth of Bifidobacteria, mainly mediate acetate production. Thus, recent identification of prebiotics which are able to stimulate the production of propionate and butyrate by benign saccharolytic populations in the colon is of interest. SUMMARY Manipulation of saccharolytic fermentation by prebiotic substrates is beginning to provide information on structure-function relationships relating to the production of SCFAs, which have multiple roles in host homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Puertollano
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK
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25
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Bendiks M, Kopp MV. The relationship between advances in understanding the microbiome and the maturing hygiene hypothesis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 13:487-94. [PMID: 23934550 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-013-0382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Expanding knowledge about an interaction of the bacterial colonization with pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and the human immune system leads to speculation on potential effects on health and disease. Recent advances in sequencing technologies and new bioinformatic possibilities now allow investigating the microbes that colonize the human gut, skin and airways in more detail. In light of the hygiene hypothesis, the impact of the microbial composition of individuals with allergic sensitization and/or atopic diseases, i.e., allergic asthma or atopic eczema, were investigated in several clinical trials. Altered diversity of gut microbiota during infancy as well as colonization with specific pathogenic and apathogenic bacteria has been linked with an elevated risk for allergy. There are ongoing attempts to establish intervention strategies aimed at modifying initial colonization patterns in early life. While results from animal models, in-vitro data and epidemiological studies encourage the concept of a relationship between the microbiome and the development of allergic diseases, the transfer of these findings to intervention strategies still seems to be a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Bendiks
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology, University of Luebeck, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
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26
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Tang X, Tian Q, Cheng X, Li N, Mao XY. Bifidobacterial growth-promoting effect of yak milk κ-casein hydrolysates produced with different proteases. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy of Beijing and Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083; China
| | - Qian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy of Beijing and Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083; China
| | - Xue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy of Beijing and Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083; China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy of Beijing and Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083; China
| | - Xue-Ying Mao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy of Beijing and Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University; Beijing 100083; China
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Rodriguez-Colinas B, Kolida S, Baran M, Ballesteros AO, Rastall RA, Plou FJ. Analysis of fermentation selectivity of purified galacto-oligosaccharides by in vitro human faecal fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5743-52. [PMID: 23624658 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro fermentation of several purified galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), specifically the trisaccharides 4'-galactosyl-lactose and 6'-galactosyl-lactose and a mixture of the disaccharides 6-galactobiose and allolactose, was carried out. The bifidogenic effect of GOS at 1% (w/v) was studied in a pH-controlled batch culture fermentation system inoculated with healthy adult human faeces. Results were compared with those obtained with a commercial GOS mixture (Bimuno-GOS). Changes in bacterial populations measured through fluorescence in situ hybridization and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were determined. Bifidobacteria increased after 10-h fermentation for all the GOS substrates, but the changes were only statistically significant (P<0.05) for the mixture of disaccharides and Bimuno-GOS. Acetic acid, whose formation is consistent with bifidobacteria metabolism, was the major SCFA synthesized. The acetate concentration at 10 h was similar with all the substrates (45-50 mM) and significantly higher than the observed for formic, propionic and butyric acids. All the purified GOS could be considered bifidogenic under the assayed conditions, displaying a selectivity index in the range 2.1-3.0, which was slightly lower than the determined for the commercial mixture Bimuno-GOS.
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Vester Boler BM, Rossoni Serao MC, Faber TA, Bauer LL, Chow J, Murphy MR, Fahey GC. In vitro fermentation characteristics of select nondigestible oligosaccharides by infant fecal inocula. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2109-2119. [PMID: 23379900 DOI: 10.1021/jf305056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to determine the fermentation potential of human milk oligosaccharides by mixed cultures of fecal microbiota from breast-fed (BF; n = 4) and formula-fed (FF; n = 4) infants. Infant fecal inocula were incubated with galactooligosaccharide (GOS), gum arabic (GA), HP inulin (HP), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), 6'-sialyllactose (6'SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnt). GOS, 2'FL, and LNnT had a lower pH than other substrates after 3 h (P < 0.05). Total short chain fatty acids were greater in FF compared to BF infants at 6 h (P = 0.03) and 12 h (P = 0.01). GOS, 2'FL, and LNnT led to more lactate than 6'SL, HP, and GA (P < 0.05). Bifidobacteria populations were greater (P = 0.02) in FF at 6 and 12 h. Overall, GOS, 2'FL, and LNnT were rapidly fermented by infant fecal inocula, 6'SL and HP had intermediate fermentability, while GA had little fermentation. Inocula from FF infants fermented substrates more rapidly than inocula from BF infants, which should be accounted for when evaluating substrate fermentability. These data will aid in future infant formulas to promote optimal gut health in FF infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Vester Boler
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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29
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In vitro comparative evaluation of the impact of lacto-N-biose I, a major building block of human milk oligosaccharides, on the fecal microbiota of infants. Anaerobe 2013; 19:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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30
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Hyde MJ, Modi N. The long-term effects of birth by caesarean section: the case for a randomised controlled trial. Early Hum Dev 2012; 88:943-9. [PMID: 23036493 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Birth by caesarean section is rising rapidly around the world and is associated with a range of adverse short and long-term outcomes in offspring. The latter include features of the metabolic syndrome, type-1 diabetes, and asthma. Though there are several plausible candidate biological mechanisms, evidence of a causal relationship between mode of delivery and long-term outcomes remains lacking. Here we review the evidence to date, and examine ways in which future studies might advance understanding. We conclude that a randomised controlled trial of mode of delivery for the healthy term, cephalic pregnancy, is neither unethical nor unfeasible and should be seriously considered as the optimum means of addressing a question of great relevance to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew James Hyde
- Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital campus, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, United Kingdom.
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31
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Yu ZT, Chen C, Kling DE, Liu B, McCoy JM, Merighi M, Heidtman M, Newburg DS. The principal fucosylated oligosaccharides of human milk exhibit prebiotic properties on cultured infant microbiota. Glycobiology 2012; 23:169-77. [PMID: 23028202 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast-fed infant microbiota is typically rich in bifidobacteria. Herein, major human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) are assessed for their ability to promote the growth of bifidobacteria and to acidify their environment, key features of prebiotics. During in vitro anaerobic fermentation of infant microbiota, supplementation by HMOS significantly decreased the pH even greater than supplementation by fructooligosaccharide (FOS), a prebiotic positive control. HMOS elevated lactate concentrations, increased the proportion of Bifidobacterium spp. in culture, and through their fermentation into organic acids, decreased the proportion of Escherichia and Clostridium perfringens. Three principal components of HMOS, 2'-fucosyllactose, lactodifucotetraose and 3-fucosyllactose, were consumed in these cultures. These three principal oligosaccharides of human milk were then individually tested as supplements for in vitro growth of four individual representative strains of infant gut microbes. Bifidobacterium longum JCM7007 and B. longum ATCC15697 efficiently consumed oligosaccharides and produced abundant lactate and short-chain fatty acids, resulting in significant pH reduction. The specificity of fermentation differed by microbe species and strain and by oligosaccharide structure. Escherichia coli K12 and C. perfringens did not utilize appreciable fucosylated oligosaccharides, and a typical mixture of organic acid fermentation products inhibited their growth. In summary, 2'-fucosyllactose, lactodifucotetraose, and 3-fucosyllactose, when cultured with B. longum JCM7007 and B. longum ATCC15697, exhibit key characteristics of a prebiotic in vitro. If these bifidobacteria are representative of pioneering or keystone species for human microbiota, fucosylated HMOS could strongly promote colonization and maintenance of a mutualist symbiotic microbiome. Thus, these simple glycans could mediate beneficial effects of human milk on infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Teng Yu
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Donovan SM, Wang M, Li M, Friedberg I, Schwartz SL, Chapkin RS. Host-microbe interactions in the neonatal intestine: role of human milk oligosaccharides. Adv Nutr 2012; 3:450S-5S. [PMID: 22585924 PMCID: PMC3649482 DOI: 10.3945/an.112.001859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The infant intestinal microbiota is shaped by genetics and environment, including the route of delivery and early dietary intake. Data from germ-free rodents and piglets support a critical role for the microbiota in regulating gastrointestinal and immune development. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) both directly and indirectly influence intestinal development by regulating cell proliferation, acting as prebiotics for beneficial bacteria and modulating immune development. We have shown that the gut microbiota, the microbial metatranscriptome, and metabolome differ between porcine milk-fed and formula-fed (FF) piglets. Our goal is to define how early nutrition, specifically HMO, shapes host-microbe interactions in breast-fed (BF) and FF human infants. We an established noninvasive method that uses stool samples containing intact sloughed epithelial cells to quantify intestinal gene expression profiles in human infants. We hypothesized that a systems biology approach, combining i) HMO composition of the mother's milk with the infant's gut gene expression and fecal bacterial composition, ii) gene expression, and iii short-chain fatty acid profiles would identify important mechanistic pathways affecting intestinal development of BF and FF infants in the first few months of life. HMO composition was analyzed by HLPC Chip/time-of-flight MS and 3 HMO clusters were identified using principle component analysis. Initial findings indicated that both host epithelial cell mRNA expression and the microbial phylogenetic profiles provided strong feature sets that distinctly classified the BF and FF infants. Ongoing analyses are designed to integrate the host transcriptome, bacterial phylogenetic profiles, and functional metagenomic data using multivariate statistical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; Departments of,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; Departments of
| | - Min Li
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; Departments of
| | - Iddo Friedberg
- Microbiology and,Computer Science and Software Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH
| | - Scott L. Schwartz
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Center for Environmental and Rural Health and,Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Center for Environmental and Rural Health and
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Li M, Bauer LL, Chen X, Wang M, Kuhlenschmidt TB, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Fahey GC, Donovan SM. Microbial composition and in vitro fermentation patterns of human milk oligosaccharides and prebiotics differ between formula-fed and sow-reared piglets. J Nutr 2012; 142:681-9. [PMID: 22399522 PMCID: PMC3301989 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.154427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), a 2:1 mixture of polydextrose (PDX) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) by pooled ascending colonic microbiota from 9- and 17-d-old formula-fed (FF) and sow-reared (SR) piglets were assessed. pH change and gas, SCFA, and lactate production were determined after 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h of incubation. In most donor groups, the pH change was greater for scFOS fermentation and lower for PDX/GOS than for other substrates. LNnT fermentation produced larger amounts of gas, total SCFA, acetate, and butyrate than did the other substrates, whereas HMO and scFOS produced higher amounts of propionate and lactate, respectively. In general, pH change, total SCFA, acetate, and propionate production were greater in pooled inoculum from FF and 9-d-old piglets, whereas SR-derived inoculum produced higher amounts of butyrate and lactate after 4 h fermentation. Gut microbiota were assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA V3 gene denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis and real-time qPCR. Microbial structures differed among the 4 groups before fermentation, with higher counts of Bifidobacterium in SR piglets and higher counts of Clostridium cluster IV, XIVa, and Bacteroides vulgatus in FF piglets. Lactobacillus counts were higher in 9-d-old piglets than in 17-d-old piglets, regardless of diet. Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and clostridial species increased after 8 and 12 h fermentation on most substrates. In summary, piglet diet and age affect gut microbiota, leading to different fermentation patterns. HMO have potential prebiotic effects due to their effects on SCFA production and microbial modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
| | | | - Xin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition
| | - Mei Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and
| | | | - Mark S. Kuhlenschmidt
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and,Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences,Division of Nutritional Sciences, and
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition,Division of Nutritional Sciences, and
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To identify and discuss recent studies relating prenatal and early-life environmental exposures to the development of asthma and allergic disease. RECENT FINDINGS New studies show that prenatal and early-life stress can alter infant immune profiles, increasing risk for asthma and allergy. Mounting evidence implicates indoor and outdoor air pollution in the origins of allergic disease, while Vitamin D intake and a Mediterranean diet may be protective. The role of early-life fever and infection remain controversial, with recent studies yielding conflicting results and new evidence indicating that previous studies may have been confounded. New studies are increasingly focused on environmental 'imprinting' of the infant gut microbiota, which is a critical determinant of immune system development. Early exposures impacting the intestinal microbiota include mode of delivery, infant diet, and use of antibiotics - factors that are also associated with childhood asthma and allergic disease. SUMMARY This overview highlights environmental exposures during the in-utero and ex-utero time periods that are potential stimuli for the early programming of asthma and allergy. Special consideration is given for the potential role of intestinal microbiota. Future studies in this field promise to inform health policy and intervention strategies for the prevention of asthma and allergic disease.
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Perinatal programming of asthma: the role of gut microbiota. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:932072. [PMID: 22110540 PMCID: PMC3216351 DOI: 10.1155/2012/932072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal programming, a dominant theory for the origins of cardiovascular disease, proposes that environmental stimuli influence developmental pathways during critical periods of prenatal and postnatal development, inducing permanent changes in metabolism. In this paper, we present evidence for the perinatal programming of asthma via the intestinal microbiome. While epigenetic mechanisms continue to provide new explanations for the programming hypothesis of asthma development, it is increasingly apparent that the intestinal microbiota plays an independent and potentially interactive role. Commensal gut bacteria are essential to immune system development, and exposures disrupting the infant gut microbiota have been linked to asthma. This paper summarizes the recent findings that implicate caesarean delivery, breastfeeding, perinatal stress, probiotics, and antibiotics as modifiers of infant gut microbiota in the development of asthma.
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Food-derived oligosaccharides exhibit pharmaceutical properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S117-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Sedighi R, Tajkarimi M, Ibrahim SA. Comparison between <i>E. coli</i> O157:H7 and <i>Bifidobacterium</i> spp. Activity in Almond Pudding Infant Supplemental Food. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.29124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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