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Valli E, Dalotto-Moreno T, Sterle HA, Méndez-Huergo SP, Paulazo MA, García SI, Pirola CJ, Klecha AJ, Rabinovich GA, Cremaschi GA. Hypothyroidism-associated immunosuppression involves induction of galectin-1-producing regulatory T cells. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22865. [PMID: 36934391 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200884r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism exerts deleterious effects on immunity, but the precise role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in immunoregulatory and tolerogenic programs is barely understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying hypothyroid-related immunosuppression by examining the regulatory role of components of the HPT axis. We first analyzed lymphocyte activity in mice overexpressing the TRH gene (Tg-Trh). T cells from Tg-Trh showed increased proliferation than wild-type (WT) euthyroid mice in response to polyclonal activation. The release of Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines was also increased in Tg-Trh and TSH levels correlated with T-cell proliferation. To gain further mechanistic insights into hypothyroidism-related immunosuppression, we evaluated T-cell subpopulations in lymphoid tissues of hypothyroid and control mice. No differences were observed in CD3/CD19 or CD4/CD8 ratios between these strains. However, the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was significantly increased in hypothyroid mice, and not in Tg-Trh mice. Accordingly, in vitro Tregs differentiation was more pronounced in naïve T cells isolated from hypothyroid mice. Since Tregs overexpress galectin-1 (Gal-1) and mice lacking this lectin (Lgals1-/- ) show reduced Treg function, we investigated the involvement of this immunoregulatory lectin in the control of Tregs in settings of hypothyroidism. Increased T lymphocyte reactivity and reduced frequency of Tregs were found in hypothyroid Lgals1-/- mice when compared to hypothyroid WT animals. This effect was rescued by the addition of recombinant Gal-1. Finally, increased expression of Gal-1 was found in Tregs purified from hypothyroid WT mice compared with their euthyroid counterpart. Thus, a substantial increase in the frequency and activity of Gal-1-expressing Tregs underlies immunosuppression associated with hypothyroid conditions, with critical implications in immunopathology, metabolic disorders, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Valli
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación y Oncología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás Dalotto-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Helena A Sterle
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación y Oncología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago P Méndez-Huergo
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Paulazo
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación y Oncología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia I García
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Cardiología Molecular., Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos J Pirola
- Biología de Sistemas de Enfermedades Complejas, Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud (CAECIHS), Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia J Klecha
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación y Oncología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela A Cremaschi
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación y Oncología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wang H, Hu B, Zou Y, Bo L, Wang J, Li J, Luo Y. Dexmedetomidine premedication attenuates concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:755-64. [PMID: 25242406 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Baoji Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, China
| | - Lulong Bo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, China
| | - Jinbao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China
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Hwang IK, Kim IY, Kim YN, Yi SS, Lee YH, Ju EJ, Lee IS, Park IS, Won MH, Yoon YS, Seong JK. Effects of methimazole on the onset of type 2 diabetes in leptin receptor-deficient rats. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:275-80. [PMID: 19346693 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of methimazole, an anti-thyroid drug, on the onset of type 2 diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. For this, 0.03% methimazole was administered to 7-week-old, pre-diabetic ZDF rats in drinking water for 5 weeks and the animals were sacrificed at 12 weeks of age. Methimazole treatment to ZDF rats significantly reduced blood glucose levels, food intake, body weight, and serum T3 levels. Hepatocytes in ZDF-methi rats were more densely stained with eosin than those in ZDF rats because of low fat accumulation in ZDF-methi hepatocytes. The pancreatic islet in ZDF-methi rats was normal compared to that in ZDF rats. Glucagon, not insulin, immunoreactivity in ZDF-methi rats was significantly higher than that in ZDF-methi rats. These suggest that methimazole treatment may delay the onset of type 2 diabetes in leptin receptor-deficient rats and also suggests that thyroid hormones may be necessary for the onset of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Tütüncü T, Demirci C, Gözalan U, Yüksek YN, Bilgihan A, Kama NA. Methimazole protects lungs during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: an effect not induced by hypothyroidism. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:704-9. [PMID: 17444859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury may lead to remote organ failure with mortal respiratory dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to analyze the possible protective effects of methimazole on lungs after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Forty male Wistar albino rats were randomized into five groups: a control group, in which bilateral pulmonary lobectomy was done; a hepatic ischemia-reperfusion group, in which bilateral pulmonary lobectomy was done after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion; a thyroidectomy-ischemia-reperfusion group (total thyroidectomy followed by, 7 days later, bilateral pulmonary lobectomy after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion); a methimazole-ischemia-reperfusion group (following methimazole administration for 7 days, bilateral pulmonary lobectomy was done after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion); and a methimazole +L-thyroxine-ischemia-reperfusion group (following methimazole and L-thyroxine administration for 7 days, bilateral pulmonary lobectomy was performed after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion). Pulmonary tissue specimens were evaluated histopathologically and for myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde levels. RESULTS All of the ischemia-reperfusion intervention groups had higher pulmonary injury scoring indices than the control group (P < 0.001). Pulmonary injury index of the ischemia-reperfusion group was higher than that of both the methimazole-supplemented hypothyroid and euthyroid groups (P = 0028; P = 0,038, respectively) and was similar to that of the thyroidectomized group. Pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde levels in the ischemia-reperfusion group were similar with that in the thyroidectomized rats but were significantly higher than that in the control, and both the methimazole-supplemented hypothyroid and euthyroid groups. CONCLUSION Methimazole exerts a protective role on lungs during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, which can be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects rather than hypothyroidism alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanju Tütüncü
- Fourth Department of Surgery, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Sihhiye, Turkey
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Chu CJ. Is hypothyroidism a treatment option in conditions of liver injury and hepatic encephalopathy? J Chin Med Assoc 2006; 69:561-2. [PMID: 17182348 DOI: 10.1016/s1726-4901(09)70329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Chang CC, Chen YC, Huang HC, Lee FY, Chang FY, Lin HC, Chan CY, Wang SS, Lee SD. Methimazole alleviates hepatic encephalopathy in bile-duct ligated cirrhotic rats. J Chin Med Assoc 2006; 69:563-8. [PMID: 17182349 DOI: 10.1016/s1726-4901(09)70330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute or chronic liver damage may lead to hepatic encephalopathy. Previous studies have indicated the hemodynamic and hormonal mimicry between portal hypertension and hyperthyroidism. Furthermore, medically or surgically induced hypothyroidism has been found to be beneficial in ameliorating hyperdynamic circulation in the portal hypertensive state and in alleviating acute or chronic liver injury in rats. However, the effect of chronic thyroid hormone inhibition on chronic hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis remains unknown. METHODS Liver cirrhosis was induced by bile-duct ligation (BDL) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Three weeks after BDL, rats were randomized to receive either tap water (control) or 0.04% methimazole in drinking water for 3 weeks. At the end of 6 weeks after BDL, severity of encephalopathy was assessed by the Opto-Varimex animal activity meter and hemodynamic parameters were measured. Blood samples were collected for determination of thyroid stimulating hormone, ammonia and liver biochemistry. RESULTS The heart rate of the methimazole-treated group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p = 0.015), whereas there were no differences in the mean arterial pressure and portal pressure. The total amount of movements were significantly increased in the methimazole group (p = 0.029). Plasma levels of ammonia, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly lower (p = 0.01) and thyroid stimulating hormone significantly higher (p = 0.035) in the methimazole group. CONCLUSION Chronic methimazole treatment alleviates hepatic encephalopathy and liver damage in rats with BDL-induced hepatic cirrhosis.
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Zhou R, Tang W, Ren YX, He PL, Yang YF, Li YC, Zuo JP. Preventive effects of (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide on concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 537:181-9. [PMID: 16603150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
(5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8) exhibits strong immunosuppressive activities in vitro and in vivo. Here, we investigated the effects of LLDT-8 on concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Liver damage was evaluated by serum alanine transaminase (ALT) level and liver histology. The effects of LLDT-8 were determined by measurement of serum cytokines, lymphocyte proliferation assay, flow cytometry analysis of splenic T cell percentage and apoptosis, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for gene transcriptions. In LLDT-8-treated mice, serum ALT level and histological damage were markedly attenuated. The beneficial effect of LLDT-8 was closely associated with (i) reduction of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-2, interleukin-12, and interleukin-6 levels; (ii) elimination of activated T cells by increasing proapoptotic genes signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) expression in spleens; (iii) blockade of mRNA expressions for chemokines (monokine induced by IFN-gamma, Mig; IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10, IP-10; IFN-inducible T cell-alpha chemoattractant, I-TAC), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and chemokine receptors (C-C chemokine receptor 1, CCR1; C-C chemokine receptor 5, CCR5; C-X-C chemokine receptor 3, CXCR3) in livers. These results suggested the therapeutic potential of LLDT-8 in IFN-gamma/STAT1/IRF-1 signaling- and inflammatory cytokines-mediated immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhou
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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Fantuzzi G, Banda NK, Guthridge C, Vondracek A, Kim SH, Siegmund B, Azam T, Sennello JA, Dinarello CA, Arend WP. Generation and characterization of mice transgenic for human IL-18-binding protein isoform a. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:889-96. [PMID: 12960225 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0503230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) is a natural inhibitor of the pleiotropic cytokine IL-18. To study the role of IL-18BP in modulating inflammatory responses in vivo, mice transgenic for human IL-18BP isoform a (IL-18BP-Tg) were generated. The transgene was expressed at high levels in each organ examined. High levels of bioactive human IL-18BPa were detectable in the circulation of IL-18BP-Tg mice, which were viable, fertile, and had no tissue or organ abnormality. The high levels of IL-18BP in the transgenic mice were able to completely neutralize the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducing activity of exogenously administered IL-18. Following administration of endotoxin, with or without prior sensitization with heat-inactivated Propionibacterium acnes, IL-18BP-Tg mice produced significantly lower serum levels of IFN-gamma and macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 compared with nontransgenic littermates. Significantly reduced production of IFN-gamma in response to endotoxin was also observed in cultures of IL-18BP-Tg splenocytes. Finally, IL-18BP-Tg mice were completely protected in a model of hepatotoxicity induced by administration of concanavalin A. These results indicate that high endogenous levels of IL-18BP in trangenic mice effectively neutralize IL-18 and are protective in response to different inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giamila Fantuzzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Galun E, Axelrod JH. The role of cytokines in liver failure and regeneration: potential new molecular therapies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1592:345-58. [PMID: 12421677 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a unique organ, and first in line, the hepatocytes encounter the potential to proliferate during cell mass loss. This phenomenon is tightly controlled and resembles in some way the embryonal co-inhabitant cell lineage of the liver, the embryonic hematopoietic system. Interestingly, both the liver and hematopoietic cell proliferation and growth are controlled by various growth factors and cytokines. IL-6 and its signaling cascade inside the cells through STAT3 are both significantly important for liver regeneration as well as for hematopoietic cell proliferation. The process of liver regeneration is very complex and is dependent on the etiology and extent of liver damage and the genetic background. In this review we will initially describe the clinical relevant condition, portraying a number of available animal models with an emphasis on the relevance of each one to the human condition of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). The discussion will then be focused on the role of cytokines in liver failure and regeneration, and suggest potential new therapeutic modalities for FHF. The recent findings on the role of IL-6 in liver regeneration and the activity of the designer IL-6/sIL-6R fusion protein, hyper-IL-6, in particular, suggest that this molecule could significantly enhance liver regeneration in humans, and as such could be a useful treatment for FHF in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithan Galun
- The Goldyne Savad Institute for Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Zhang XL, Quan QZ, Sun ZQ, Wang YJ, Jiang XL, Wang D, Li WB. Protective effects of cyclosporine A on T-cell dependent ConA-induced liver injury in Kunming mice. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:569-71. [PMID: 11819832 PMCID: PMC4688676 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i4.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- X L Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital of Jinan Command Area, Jinan 250031, Shandong Province, China.
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Faggioni R, Jones-Carson J, Reed DA, Dinarello CA, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C, Fantuzzi G. Leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice are protected from T cell-mediated hepatotoxicity: role of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-18. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2367-72. [PMID: 10681432 PMCID: PMC15807 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.040561297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/1999] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of leptin was investigated in two models of T cell-mediated hepatitis: the administration of Con A or of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PEA). In both models, leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice were protected from liver damage and showed lower induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and IL-18 compared with their lean littermates. Neutralization of TNF-alpha reduced induction of IL-18 by either Con A (70% reduction) or PEA (40% reduction). Pretreatment of lean mice with either soluble TNF receptors or with an anti-IL-18 antiserum significantly reduced Con A- and PEA-induced liver damage. The simultaneous neutralization of TNF-alpha and IL-18 fully protected the mice against liver toxicity. However, neutralization of either IL-18 or TNF-alpha did not inhibit Con A-induced production of IFN-gamma. Thymus atrophy and alterations in the number of circulating lymphocytes and monocytes were observed in ob/ob mice. Exogenous leptin replacement restored the responsiveness of ob/ob mice to Con A and normalized their lymphocyte and monocyte populations. These results demonstrate that leptin deficiency leads to reduced production of TNF-alpha and IL-18 associated with reduced T cell-mediated hepatotoxicity. In addition, both TNF-alpha and IL-18 appear to be essential mediators of T cell-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Faggioni
- Metabolism Section, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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