1
|
Kulbaba MW, Yoko Z, Hamilton JA. Chasing the fitness optimum: temporal variation in the genetic and environmental expression of life-history traits for a perennial plant. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1191-1204. [PMID: 37493041 PMCID: PMC10902883 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ability of plants to track shifting fitness optima is crucial within the context of global change, where increasing environmental extremes may have dramatic consequences for life history, fitness, and ultimately population persistence. However, tracking changing conditions relies on the relationship between genetic and environmental variance, where selection may favour plasticity, the evolution of genetic differences, or both depending on the spatial and temporal scale of environmental heterogeneity. METHODS Over three years, we compared the genetic and environmental components of phenological and life-history variation in a common environment for the spring perennial Geum triflorum. Populations were sourced from alvar habitats that exhibit extreme but predictable annual flood-desiccation cycles and prairie habitats that exhibit similar but less predictable variation in water availability. KEY RESULTS Heritability was generally higher for early life-history (emergence probability) relative to later life-history traits (total seed mass), indicating that traits associated with establishment are under stronger genetic control relative to later life-history fitness expressions, where plasticity may play a larger role. This pattern was particularly notable in seeds sourced from environmentally extreme but predictable alvar habitats relative to less predictable prairie environments. Fitness landscapes based on seed source origin, largely characterized by varying water availability and flower production, described selection as the degree of maladaptation of seed source environment relative to the prairie common garden environment. Plants from alvar populations were consistently closer to the fitness optimum across all years. Annually, the breadth of the fitness optimum expanded primarily along a moisture gradient, with inclusion of more populations onto the expanding optimum. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of temporally and spatially varying selection in life-history evolution, indicating plasticity may become a primary mechanism needed to track fitness for later life-history events within perennial systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mason W Kulbaba
- Our Lady of the Lake University, Department of Mathematics and Science, San Antonio, TX 78207, USA
- St Mary’s University, Biology Area, 14500 Bannister Road SE, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2X 1Z4
| | - Zebadiah Yoko
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Jill A Hamilton
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bertuol-Garcia D, Ladouceur E, Brudvig LA, Laughlin DC, Munson SM, Curran MF, Davies KW, Svejcar LN, Shackelford N. Testing the hierarchy of predictability in grassland restoration across a gradient of environmental severity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2922. [PMID: 37776043 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Ecological restoration is critical for recovering degraded ecosystems but is challenged by variable success and low predictability. Understanding which outcomes are more predictable and less variable following restoration can improve restoration effectiveness. Recent theory asserts that the predictability of outcomes would follow an order from most to least predictable from coarse to fine community properties (physical structure > taxonomic diversity > functional composition > taxonomic composition) and that predictability would increase with more severe environmental conditions constraining species establishment. We tested this "hierarchy of predictability" hypothesis by synthesizing outcomes along an aridity gradient with 11 grassland restoration projects across the United States. We used 1829 vegetation monitoring plots from 227 restoration treatments, spread across 52 sites. We fit generalized linear mixed-effects models to predict six indicators of restoration outcomes as a function of restoration characteristics (i.e., seed mixes, disturbance, management actions, time since restoration) and used variance explained by models and model residuals as proxies for restoration predictability. We did not find consistent support for our hypotheses. Physical structure was among the most predictable outcomes when the response variable was relative abundance of grasses, but unpredictable for total canopy cover. Similarly, one dimension of taxonomic composition related to species identities was unpredictable, but another dimension of taxonomic composition indicating whether exotic or native species dominated the community was highly predictable. Taxonomic diversity (i.e., species richness) and functional composition (i.e., mean trait values) were intermittently predictable. Predictability also did not increase consistently with aridity. The dimension of taxonomic composition related to the identity of species in restored communities was more predictable (i.e., smaller residuals) in more arid sites, but functional composition was less predictable (i.e., larger residuals), and other outcomes showed no significant trend. Restoration outcomes were most predictable when they related to variation in dominant species, while those responding to rare species were harder to predict, indicating a potential role of scale in restoration predictability. Overall, our results highlight additional factors that might influence restoration predictability and add support to the importance of continuous monitoring and active management beyond one-time seed addition for successful grassland restoration in the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bertuol-Garcia
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emma Ladouceur
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Leipzig-Halle-Jena, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars A Brudvig
- Department of Plant Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Seth M Munson
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Kirk W Davies
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Burns, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Nancy Shackelford
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lindstrom J, Ahlering M, Hamilton J. Seed sourcing for climate-resilient grasslands: The role of seed source diversity during early restoration establishment. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10756. [PMID: 38020697 PMCID: PMC10663101 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoration advocates for the use of local seed in restoration, but theory suggests that diverse seed sources may enhance genetic diversity and longer term evolutionary potential within restored communities. However, few empirical studies have evaluated whether species and genetic diversity within species impacts plant community composition following restoration. The goal of this research is to compare the effects of single and multi-sourced seed mix treatments on plant community diversity following restoration. Species establishment, abundance, and diversity were compared following two restoration seed mix treatments created to include 14 species commonly used in grassland restoration. We compared the application of seed mixes designed using a single population per species with those containing five populations per species across sites in Minnesota and South Dakota, United States. Early plant establishment and richness mostly reflected non-seeded species across both sites, although seeded species established at a slightly higher rate in year two following restoration. At the South Dakota site, community composition largely reflected changes associated with establishment across the growing season as opposed to seed mix treatment. This contrasted with the Minnesota site, where community composition appeared to be strongly influenced by seed mix treatment. While there is some evidence seed mix treatment may be influencing the emergent community across sites, spatial heterogeneity across the Minnesota restoration site likely influenced diversity in early emergence over that of seed mix treatment. Indeed, varying land-use history across both sites likely contributed to differences in species composition observed at this early stage of the restoration. This suggests that seed mix treatment may have limited impact on early post-restoration emergence diversity relative to the importance of land-use history. However, future monitoring will be needed to evaluate whether the impact of seed mix treatment on community composition changes over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lindstrom
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
| | | | - Jill Hamilton
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNorth DakotaUSA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and ManagementPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vandever MW, Elgersma K, Carter SK, Wen A, Welty JL, Arkle RS, Assal TJ, Pilliod DS, Mushet DM, Iovanna R. Persistence and quality of vegetation cover in expired Conservation Reserve Program fields. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Vandever
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Kenneth Elgersma
- Department of Biology University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls Iowa USA
| | - Sarah K. Carter
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Ai Wen
- Department of Biology University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls Iowa USA
| | - Justin L. Welty
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Robert S. Arkle
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Timothy J. Assal
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - David S. Pilliod
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - David M. Mushet
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Jamestown North Dakota USA
| | - Rich Iovanna
- Economic and Policy Analysis Division, Farm Production and Conservation Business Center U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington District of Columbia USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
De Vitis M, Havens K, Barak RS, Egerton-Warburton L, Ernst AR, Evans M, Fant JB, Foxx AJ, Hadley K, Jabcon J, O’Shaughnessey J, Ramakrishna S, Sollenberger D, Taddeo S, Urbina-Casanova R, Woolridge C, Xu L, Zeldin J, Kramer AT. Why are some plant species missing from restorations? A diagnostic tool for temperate grassland ecosystems. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.1028295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.N. Decade on Ecosystem Restoration aims to accelerate actions to prevent, halt, and reverse the degradation of ecosystems, and re-establish ecosystem functioning and species diversity. The practice of ecological restoration has made great progress in recent decades, as has recognition of the importance of species diversity to maintaining the long-term stability and functioning of restored ecosystems. Restorations may also focus on specific species to fulfill needed functions, such as supporting dependent wildlife or mitigating extinction risk. Yet even in the most carefully planned and managed restoration, target species may fail to germinate, establish, or persist. To support the successful reintroduction of ecologically and culturally important plant species with an emphasis on temperate grasslands, we developed a tool to diagnose common causes of missing species, focusing on four major categories of filters, or factors: genetic, biotic, abiotic, and planning & land management. Through a review of the scientific literature, we propose a series of diagnostic tests to identify potential causes of failure to restore target species, and treatments that could improve future outcomes. This practical diagnostic tool is meant to strengthen collaboration between restoration practitioners and researchers on diagnosing and treating causes of missing species in order to effectively restore them.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hernández DL, Antia A, McKone MJ. The ecosystem impacts of dominant species exclusion in a prairie restoration. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2592. [PMID: 35362635 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dominant species often have disproportionately high abundance in restored communities compared to native remnants, which potentially could reduce the conservation value of restorations. Research is needed to determine how the abundance of dominant species in restoration plantings affects community assembly, species diversity, and ecosystem function. Most studies of dominant species in grasslands were modeled after experiments on keystone species, using the short-term experimental removal of dominants to test their functional role in ecosystems. However, the removal of established dominants constitutes a major disturbance that may influence the interpretation of their long-term functional impact. To address this, we experimentally assembled high-diversity tallgrass prairie communities that included or excluded the predicted dominant species (Andropogon gerardii and Sorghastrum nutans) from the seed mix at the time of planting, but without further manipulation of community composition. From 2013 to 2019, we measured several ecosystem functions and community dynamics in the presence or absence of dominants. Communities that included the dominant species had lower species richness, greater aboveground biomass, and reduced light availability at the soil surface. Dominant species presence also increased soil nutrient availability and rates of litter decomposition, although dominant grass litter decomposed more slowly than litter from other common species in both treatments. In the absence of the dominant grasses, communities were instead dominated by a common unplanted forb, Solidago altissima, and there was partial compensation in ecosystem functioning in these forb-dominated communities. The effects of dominant species exclusion may only be apparent in long-term studies of experimentally assembled communities that avoid the legacy effects associated with removal experiments. Furthermore, our results suggest that prairie restorations that limit or exclude the dominant grasses in seed mixes may achieve higher species diversity, increasing the conservation value of these systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Antia
- Biology Department, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark J McKone
- Biology Department, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Using crushed waste bricks for urban greening with contrasting grassland mixtures: no negative effects of brick-augmented substrates varying in soil type, moisture and acid pre-treatment. Urban Ecosyst 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEcological restoration aims at supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services, and urban greening is a great opportunity to achieve this goal. This is facilitated by species-rich seed mixtures based on local provenances, which are designed for certain nutrient and moisture regimes based on functional plant traits. Such grassland mixtures might be cultivated on crushed waste bricks, which would be a new component of water-holding urban substrates. Thus, we studied the effects of brick quantity and quality, acid pre-treatment of bricks, soil type and moisture on biomass of designed seed mixtures. Three greenhouse experiments were conducted, with substrates consisting of different brick ratios (5% vs. 30%), brick types (clean production waste vs. demolition material), and brick treatments (acid vs. control) tested on three trait-based mixtures and a non-regional commercial standard mixture. The trait-based mixtures included information on specific leaf area, seed mass and grass-to-legume ratio. There were no negative effects of demolition bricks, soil texture and moisture on grassland biomass. Acid-treated clean porous bricks improved biomass production of the standard and intermediate mixtures, while the effect was minimal with demolition bricks. Designed seed mixtures had a biomass similar to the standard mixture under dry conditions but did not benefit from high moisture like the standard mixture. In conclusion, waste bricks are a useful additive for urban restoration substrates to save raw material, and specifically designed regional mixtures can replace commercial grassland types on these substrates.
Collapse
|
8
|
Evans AE, Zimova M, Giery ST, Golden HE, Pastore AL, Nadeau CP, Urban MC. An eco‐evolutionary perspective on the humpty‐dumpty effect and community restoration. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette E. Evans
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Dept of Environmental Conservation, Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
| | | | - Sean T. Giery
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Dept of Biology, The Pennsylvania State Univ. Univ. Park PA USA
| | - Heidi E. Golden
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Golden Ecology LLC Simsbury CT USA
| | - Amanda L. Pastore
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | - Christopher P. Nadeau
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Smith Conservation Research Fellow, Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern Univ. Nahant MA USA
| | - Mark C. Urban
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Center of Biological Risks, Univ. of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Simanonok SC, Otto CR, Iovanna R. Forbs included in conservation seed mixes exhibit variable blooming detection rates and cost‐effectiveness: implications for pollinator habitat design. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy C. Simanonok
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center 8711 37th Street SE Jamestown North Dakota 58401 USA
| | - Clint R.V. Otto
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center 8711 37th Street SE Jamestown North Dakota 58401 USA
| | - Rich Iovanna
- U.S. Department of Agriculture‐Farm Service Agency Washington District of Columbia USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Goebl AM, Doak DF, Kane NC. Empirical test of increasing genetic variation via inter‐population crossing for native plant restoration in variable environments. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- April M. Goebl
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder CO USA 80302
| | - Daniel F. Doak
- Environmental Studies Program University of Colorado Boulder CO USA 80303
| | - Nolan C. Kane
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder CO USA 80302
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wilson BS, Jensen WE, Houseman GR, Jameson ML, Reichenborn MM, Watson DF, Morphew AR, Kjaer EL. Cattle grazing in CRP grasslands during the nesting season: effects on avian abundance and diversity. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S. Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences Emporia State University 1 Kellogg Circle Emporia KS 66801 USA
| | - William E. Jensen
- Department of Biological Sciences Emporia State University 1 Kellogg Circle Emporia KS 66801 USA
| | - Gregory R. Houseman
- Department of Biological Sciences Wichita State University 1845 Fairmount Street Wichita KS 67260 USA
| | - Mary Liz Jameson
- Department of Biological Sciences Wichita State University 1845 Fairmount Street Wichita KS 67260 USA
| | - Molly M. Reichenborn
- Department of Biological Sciences Wichita State University 1845 Fairmount Street Wichita KS 67260 USA
| | - D. Fraser Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences Wichita State University 1845 Fairmount Street Wichita KS 67260 USA
| | - Alex R. Morphew
- Department of Biological Sciences Wichita State University 1845 Fairmount Street Wichita KS 67260 USA
| | - Esben L. Kjaer
- Department of Biological Sciences Wichita State University 1845 Fairmount Street Wichita KS 67260 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Harper CA, Gefellers JW, Buehler DA, Moorman CE, Zobel JM. Plant Community Response and Implications for Wildlife Following Control of a Nonnative Perennial Grass. WILDLIFE SOC B 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A. Harper
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - J. Wade Gefellers
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - David A. Buehler
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Christopher E. Moorman
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - John M. Zobel
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barak RS, Ma Z, Brudvig LA, Havens K. Factors influencing seed mix design for prairie restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Barak
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe IL 60022 U.S.A
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University 633 Clark Street, Evanston IL 60208 U.S.A
| | - Zhao Ma
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University 195 Marsteller Street, West Lafayette IN 47907 U.S.A
| | - Lars A. Brudvig
- Department of Plant Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
| | - Kayri Havens
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe IL 60022 U.S.A
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University 633 Clark Street, Evanston IL 60208 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaul AD, Wilsey BJ. Exotic species drive patterns of plant species diversity in 93 restored tallgrass prairies. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e2252. [PMID: 33145856 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A primary goal of restoration ecology is to understand the factors that generate variability in species diversity and composition among restorations. Plant communities may assemble deterministically toward a common community type, or they may assemble stochastically, ending differently because of weather conditions during establishment, soil legacy effects, or exotic species propagule pressure. To test these alternative hypotheses, we sampled plant communities and soil at 93 randomly selected restored prairies distributed throughout Iowa, USA. Five remnant sites were sampled as a reference. We tested our hypotheses using multiple regressions and investigated the strength of direct and indirect effects on species diversity and richness using structural equation models. The prairie restorations were highly variable in their age, size, diversity, soil characteristics, and how they were managed post-seeding. The strongest predictor of plant species richness and diversity was the degree of invasion, as measured by the abundance of exotic species. Restorations planted with species-rich seed mixes had reduced exotic species abundance, which led indirectly to higher species richness of restorations. Sites with higher organic matter and a more linear shape had a direct positive effect on exotic abundance, which in turn decreased diversity. We found little support for deterministic assembly, and diversity did not increase with the age of planting. Our results indicate that restored prairie communities tend to assemble into states of high or low diversity, driven by invasion from exotic plant species. Management of exotic species is essential for maximizing species diversity in temperate grassland restorations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Kaul
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, 2200 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Brian J Wilsey
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, 2200 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Grman E, Zirbel CR, Bauer JT, Groves AM, Bassett T, Brudvig LA. Super‐abundant
C
4
grasses are a mixed blessing in restored prairies. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Grman
- Department of Biology Eastern Michigan University 441 Mark Jefferson Science Complex Ypsilanti MI 48197 U.S.A
| | - Chad R. Zirbel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Jonathan T. Bauer
- Department of Biology Miami University 212 Pearson Hall Oxford OH 45056 U.S.A
- Institute for the Environment and Sustainability Miami University 118 Shideler Hall Oxford OH 45056 U.S.A
| | - Anna M. Groves
- Discover Magazine Kalmbach Media 21027 Crossroads Circle Waukesha WI 53186 U.S.A
| | - Tyler Bassett
- Michigan Natural Features Inventory Michigan State University Extension PO Box 13036 Lansing MI 48901 U.S.A
| | - Lars A. Brudvig
- Department of Plant Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Michigan State University 368 Plant Biology Labs, 612 Wilson Road East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
GeFellers JW, Buehler DA, Moorman CE, Zobel JM, Harper CA. Seeding is not always necessary to restore native early successional plant communities. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Wade GeFellers
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 U.S.A
| | - David A. Buehler
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 U.S.A
| | - Christopher E. Moorman
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 U.S.A
| | - John M. Zobel
- University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Craig A. Harper
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville TN 37996 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Reichenborn MM, Houseman GR, Foster BL. Plant community recovery following Sericea lespedeza (
Lespedeza cuneata
) removal: testing for a soil legacy effect. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly M. Reichenborn
- Department of Biological Sciences Wichita State University Box 26, 1845 Fairmount Street Wichita KS 67260 U.S.A
| | - Gregory R. Houseman
- Department of Biological Sciences Wichita State University Box 26, 1845 Fairmount Street Wichita KS 67260 U.S.A
| | - Bryan L. Foster
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Kansas Biological Survey University of Kansas Higuchi Hall, 2101 Constant Avenue Lawrence KS 66047 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Barlow KM, Mortensen DA, Drohan PJ. Soil pH influences patterns of plant community composition after restoration with native‐based seed mixes. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Barlow
- Department of Plant Science The Pennsylvania State University State College PA 16802 U.S.A
| | - David A. Mortensen
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems University of New Hampshire State College NH 03824 U.S.A
| | - Patrick J. Drohan
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management The Pennsylvania State University State College PA 16802 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wilsey B. Restoration in the face of changing climate: importance of persistence, priority effects, and species diversity. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wilsey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University 251 Bessey Hall, Ames IA 50011 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Newbold C, Knapp BO, Pile LS. Are we close enough? Comparing prairie reconstruction chronosequences to remnants following two site preparation methods in Missouri, U.S.A. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Newbold
- Missouri Department of Conservation 3500 E. Gans Road, Columbia MO 65201 U.S.A
| | - Benjamin O. Knapp
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Missouri—Columbia 203‐S ABNR Building, Columbia MO 65211 U.S.A
| | - Lauren S. Pile
- USDA Forest Service—Northern Research Station 202 ABNR Building, Columbia MO 65211 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Abstract
Priority effects can be used to promote target species during restoration. Early planting can provide an advantage over later-arriving species, increasing abundance of these early-arrivers in restored communities. However, we have limited knowledge of the indirect impacts of priority effects in restoration. In particular, we do not understand how priority effects impact non-target species. Of particular conservation concern is how these priority effects influence establishment by non-native species. We use a field-based mesocosm experiment to explore the impacts of priority effects on both target and non-target species in California grasslands. Specifically, we seeded native grasses and forbs, manipulating order of arrival by planting them at the same time, planting forbs one year before grasses, planting grasses one year before forbs, or planting each functional group alone. While our study plots were tilled and weeded for the first year, the regional species pool was heavily invaded. We found that, while early-arrival of native grasses did not promote establishment of non-native species, giving priority to native forbs ultimately left our restoration mesocosms vulnerable to invasion by non-native species. This suggests that, in some cases, establishment of non-native species may be an unintended consequence of using priority treatments as a restoration tool.
Collapse
|
23
|
Lukens L, Kasten K, Stenoien C, Cariveau A, Caldwell W, Oberhauser K. Monarch Habitat in Conservation Grasslands. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
24
|
Bucharova A, Krahulec F. Native seed addition as an effective tool for post-invasion restoration. Basic Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
25
|
McKenna TP, McDonnell J, Yurkonis KA, Brophy C. Helianthus maximiliani and species fine-scale spatial pattern affect diversity interactions in reconstructed tallgrass prairies. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12171-12181. [PMID: 31832151 PMCID: PMC6854329 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function analyses aim to explain how individual species and their interactions affect ecosystem function. With this study, we asked in what ways do species interact, are these interactions affected by species planting pattern, and are initial (planted) proportions or previous year (realized) proportions a better reference point for characterizing grassland diversity effects?We addressed these questions with experimental communities compiled from a pool of 16 tallgrass prairie species. We planted all species in monocultures and mixtures that varied in their species richness, evenness, and spatial pattern. We recorded species-specific biomass production over three growing seasons and fitted Diversity-Interactions (DI) models to annual plot biomass yields.In the establishment season, all species interacted equally to form the diversity effect. In years 2 and 3, each species contributed a unique additive coefficient to its interaction with every other species to form the diversity effect. These interactions were affected by Helianthus maximiliani and the species planting pattern. Models based on species planted proportions better-fit annual plot yield than models based on species previous contributions to plot biomass.Outcomes suggest that efforts to plant tallgrass prairies to maximize diversity effects should focus on the specific species present and in what arrangement they are planted. Furthermore, for particularly diverse grasslands, the effort of collecting annual species biomass data may not be necessary when quantifying diversity effects with DI models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack McDonnell
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsMaynooth UniversityMaynoothIreland
| | | | - Caroline Brophy
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsMaynooth UniversityMaynoothIreland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lubin TK, Schultz P, Bever JD, Alexander HM. Are two strategies better than one? Manipulation of seed density and soil community in an experimental prairie restoration. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terra K. Lubin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
| | - Peggy Schultz
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
- Environmental Studies ProgramUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
| | - James D. Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
- Kansas Biological SurveyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
| | - Helen M. Alexander
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Meissen JC, Glidden AJ, Sherrard ME, Elgersma KJ, Jackson LL. Seed mix design and first year management influence multifunctionality and cost‐effectiveness in prairie reconstruction. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Meissen
- Tallgrass Prairie Center, 2412 West 27th Street Cedar Falls IA 50614‐0294 U.S.A
| | - Alec J. Glidden
- Department of Biology University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls IA 50614‐0421 U.S.A
| | - Mark E. Sherrard
- Department of Biology University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls IA 50614‐0421 U.S.A
| | - Kenneth J. Elgersma
- Department of Biology University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls IA 50614‐0421 U.S.A
| | - Laura L. Jackson
- Tallgrass Prairie Center, 2412 West 27th Street Cedar Falls IA 50614‐0294 U.S.A
- Department of Biology University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls IA 50614‐0421 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lyon NJ, Debinski DM, Rangwala I. Evaluating the Utility of Species Distribution Models in Informing Climate Change-Resilient Grassland Restoration Strategy. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
29
|
Rowe L, Gibson D, Landis D, Gibbs J, Isaacs R. A Comparison of Drought-Tolerant Prairie Plants to Support Managed and Wild Bees in Conservation Programs. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1128-1142. [PMID: 30052842 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In response to growing concerns surrounding pollinator health, there have been increased efforts to incorporate wildflower habitat into land management programs, particularly in agricultural systems dependent on bee-mediated pollination. While recommended plant lists abound, there is limited research on which plant species support the greatest bee abundance and diversity. In many farm settings, drought-tolerant plant species adapted to well-drained sandy soils are needed, since wildflower plantings are typically not irrigated. We used a common garden experimental design to evaluate 51 drought-tolerant native perennial plant species, and 2 non-native plant species in three regions of Michigan for their ability to support honey bees (Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) and wild bees. 1,996 honey bees and 2,496 wild bees were recorded visiting study plants. The wild bee community visiting plant species was dominated by Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (25%), Halictus spp. (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) (23%), and Lasioglossum spp. (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) (16%). The number of honey bees and wild bees visiting study plants varied considerably, suggesting that bee groups have distinct preferences for plant species. Of the plant species assessed, Asclepias syriaca L. (Gentianales: Apocynaceae) (early season), Monarda fistulosa L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) (middle season), and Solidago speciosa Nutt. (Asterales: Asteraceae) (late season) were the three most attractive plant species to the entire bee community. Many other plants consistently attracted a high abundance of wild bees, honey bees, or both. Our results inform plant selection to support managed and wild bees as part of pollinator conservation programs in the Great Lakes region of the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan Rowe
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Daniel Gibson
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Douglas Landis
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Jason Gibbs
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
- Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Rufus Isaacs
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Flint SA, Jordan NR, Shaw RG. Plant community response to switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) population source in establishing prairies. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1818-1829. [PMID: 29956868 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecological restoration and revegetation efforts entail the translocation of native plant populations. Risks associated with these efforts include failure of translocated populations to establish or, conversely, such strong establishment that they excessively dominate the recipient community. The role that selective breeding plays in mediating these risks is unclear but of increasing importance as efforts to restore and establish multifunctional grasslands also increase. In a three-year, spatially replicated study, we seeded experimental prairie communities with either domesticated (cultivar) or undomesticated strains of Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), a North American C4 species under development as a biomass crop. We evaluated the composition, performance, and diversity of the recipient plant communities and compared the performance of cultivar and undomesticated switchgrass in those communities. We found little evidence that switchgrass population source affected community response. Switchgrass cultivars modestly exceeded undomesticated strains with respect to stand establishment, third-year stand density, and aboveground biomass; effect size and significance differed among sites. Our results suggest that including cultivars in ecological restorations and multifunctional grasslands may enhance success of switchgrass establishment with little risk of impairing the composition or diversity of plant communities for up to three years, as reflected in the measures used here. However, the incorporation of undomesticated switchgrass into multifunctional grasslands may enhance landscape-scale genetic variation and mitigate risks associated with gene flow between translocated and local wild switchgrass populations; more research on these dynamics is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby A Flint
- Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, 135 B Skok Hall, 2003 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Nicholas R Jordan
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Ruth G Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Walder M, Armstrong JE, Borowicz VA. Limiting similarity, biotic resistance, nutrient supply, or enemies? What accounts for the invasion success of an exotic legume? Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
32
|
Jaksetic N, Foster BL, Bever JD, Schwarting J, Alexander HM. Sowing density effects and patterns of colonization in a prairie restoration. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Jaksetic
- Biodiversity, Wildlife, and Ecosystem Health; The University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh U.K. EH16 45B
| | - Bryan L. Foster
- Kansas Biological Survey; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
| | - James D. Bever
- Kansas Biological Survey; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
| | - Julie Schwarting
- Science Department, Free State High School; 4700 Overland Drive, Lawrence KS 66049 U.S.A
| | - Helen M. Alexander
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Meissen JC, Galatowitsch SM, Cornett MW. Meeting seed demand for landscape-scale restoration sustainably: the influence of seed harvest intensity and site management. ECOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2017.1386482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Meissen
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul,MN, USA
- Tallgrass Prairie Center, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, USA
| | - Susan M. Galatowitsch
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul,MN, USA
| | - Meredith W. Cornett
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul,MN, USA
- The Nature Conservancy in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, Duluth, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Denning KR, Foster BL. Flower visitor communities are similar on remnant and reconstructed tallgrass prairies despite forb community differences. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy R. Denning
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
- Kansas Biological Survey University of Kansas 2101 Constant Avenue, Lawrence KS 66047 U.S.A
| | - Bryan L. Foster
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence KS 66045 U.S.A
- Kansas Biological Survey University of Kansas 2101 Constant Avenue, Lawrence KS 66047 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Otto CRV, O'Dell S, Bryant RB, Euliss NH, Bush RM, Smart MD. Using Publicly Available Data to Quantify Plant-Pollinator Interactions and Evaluate Conservation Seeding Mixes in the Northern Great Plains. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:565-578. [PMID: 28472369 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Concern over declining pollinators has led to multiple conservation initiatives for improving forage for bees in agroecosystems. Using data available through the Pollinator Library (npwrc.usgs.gov/pollinator/), we summarize plant-pollinator interaction data collected from 2012-2015 on lands managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and private lands enrolled in U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation programs in eastern North Dakota (ND). Furthermore, we demonstrate how plant-pollinator interaction data from the Pollinator Library and seed cost information can be used to evaluate hypothetical seeding mixes for pollinator habitat enhancements. We summarize records of 314 wild bee and 849 honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) interactions detected on 63 different plant species. The wild bee observations consisted of 46 species, 15 genera, and 5 families. Over 54% of all wild bee observations were represented by three genera-Bombus, Lassioglossum, and Melissodes. The most commonly visited forbs by wild bees were Monarda fistulosa, Sonchus arvensis, and Zizia aurea. The most commonly visited forbs by A. mellifera were Cirsium arvense, Melilotus officinalis, and Medicago sativa. Among all interactions, 13% of A. mellifera and 77% of wild bee observations were made on plants native to ND. Our seed mix evaluation shows that mixes may often need to be tailored to meet the unique needs of wild bees and managed honey bees in agricultural landscapes. Our evaluation also demonstrates the importance of incorporating both biologic and economic information when attempting to design cost-effective seeding mixes for supporting pollinators in a critically important part of the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R V Otto
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND 58401 (; ; ; ; )
| | - S O'Dell
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND 58401 (; ; ; ; )
| | - R B Bryant
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND 58401 ( ; ; ; ; )
- College of Natural Resources and Sciences, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst St, Arcata, CA 95521
| | - N H Euliss
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND 58401 (; ; ; ; )
| | - R M Bush
- Pheasants Forever, Inc. 1166, Wahl Street, Dickinson, ND 58601
| | - M D Smart
- U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND 58401 (; ; ; ; )
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zirbel CR, Bassett T, Grman E, Brudvig LA. Plant functional traits and environmental conditions shape community assembly and ecosystem functioning during restoration. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad R. Zirbel
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Tyler Bassett
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station Hickory Corners MI USA
| | - Emily Grman
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- Department of Biology Eastern Michigan University Ypsilanti MI USA
| | - Lars A. Brudvig
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Barr S, Jonas JL, Paschke MW. Optimizing seed mixture diversity and seeding rates for grassland restoration. Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Barr
- Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests and Pawnee National Grassland; U.S. Forest Service; Pawnee Ranger District Greeley CO 80631 U.S.A
| | - Jayne L. Jonas
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship; Colorado State University; 1472 Campus Delivery Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A
| | - Mark W. Paschke
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship; Colorado State University; 1472 Campus Delivery Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jamison SL, Robertson M, Engelbrecht I, Hawkes P. An assessment of rehabilitation success in an African grassland using ants as bioindicators. KOEDOE: AFRICAN PROTECTED AREA CONSERVATION AND SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v58i1.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Many studies that evaluate rehabilitation make use of invertebrate bioindicators. Invertebrates, especially ants, make useful indicators as they are sensitive to environmental change. We compared ant assemblages in rehabilitated and control sites in the Rietvlei Nature Reserve, a protected area important for grassland conservation in South Africa. Pitfall traps were used to sample ant assemblages at six control sites and six rehabilitated sites. In addition, environmental and vegetation surveys were conducted at each site. We found that the ant assemblages differed significantly between the control and rehabilitated sites, although there was considerable overlap; the control sites supported a greater species density and higher abundance of ants than the rehabilitated sites. In total, 36 ant species were collected (control sites: 34 species; rehabilitated sites: 26 species). The environmental survey revealed that percentages of bare ground and coarse sand, as well as soil pH, differed significantly between the control and rehabilitated sites. The control and rehabilitated sites also supported significantly different plant assemblages. Three indicator ant species were identified for the control sites: Crematogaster rectinota, Crematogaster amita and Monomorium fastidium. No indicator species were identified for the rehabilitated sites. These results suggest that recovery from the previous agricultural use of the area is still incomplete and highlights the lack of research examining the success of rehabilitation in the grassland biome.Conservation implications: The present study illustrates the need for further research on rehabilitation techniques utilised in the grassland biome. This is of value as the remainder of South African grasslands are considered critically endangered.
Collapse
|
39
|
Auestad I, Rydgren K, Austad I. Near-natural methods promote restoration of species-rich grassland vegetation-revisiting a road verge trial after 9 years. Restor Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Auestad
- Faculty of Engineering and Science; Sogn og Fjordane University College; PO Box 133 N-6851 Sogndal Norway
| | - Knut Rydgren
- Faculty of Engineering and Science; Sogn og Fjordane University College; PO Box 133 N-6851 Sogndal Norway
| | - Ingvild Austad
- Faculty of Engineering and Science; Sogn og Fjordane University College; PO Box 133 N-6851 Sogndal Norway
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Grman E, Bassett T, Zirbel CR, Brudvig LA. Dispersal and establishment filters influence the assembly of restored prairie plant communities. Restor Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Grman
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; 612 Wilson Road East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
- Department of Biology; Eastern Michigan University; 441 Mark Jefferson Ypsilanti MI 48197 U.S.A
| | - Tyler Bassett
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; 612 Wilson Road East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
- Kellogg Biological Station; 3700 E Gull Lake Drive Hickory Corners MI 49060 U.S.A
| | - Chad R. Zirbel
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; 612 Wilson Road East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
| | - Lars A. Brudvig
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; 612 Wilson Road East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dickson TL, Gross KL. Can the Results of Biodiversity-Ecosystem Productivity Studies Be Translated to Bioenergy Production? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135253. [PMID: 26359662 PMCID: PMC4567130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity experiments show that increases in plant diversity can lead to greater biomass production, and some researchers suggest that high diversity plantings should be used for bioenergy production. However, many methods used in past biodiversity experiments are impractical for bioenergy plantings. For example, biodiversity experiments often use intensive management such as hand weeding to maintain low diversity plantings and exclude unplanted species, but this would not be done for bioenergy plantings. Also, biodiversity experiments generally use high seeding densities that would be too expensive for bioenergy plantings. Here we report the effects of biodiversity on biomass production from two studies of more realistic bioenergy crop plantings in southern Michigan, USA. One study involved comparing production between switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) monocultures and species-rich prairie plantings on private farm fields that were managed similarly to bioenergy plantings. The other study was an experiment where switchgrass was planted in monoculture and in combination with increasingly species-rich native prairie mixtures. Overall, we found that bioenergy plantings with higher species richness did not produce more biomass than switchgrass monocultures. The lack of a positive relationship between planted species richness and production in our studies may be due to several factors. Non-planted species (weeds) were not removed from our studies and these non-planted species may have competed with planted species and also prevented realized species richness from equaling planted species richness. Also, we found that low seeding density of individual species limited the biomass production of these individual species. Production in future bioenergy plantings with high species richness may be increased by using a high density of inexpensive seed from switchgrass and other highly productive species, and future efforts to translate the results of biodiversity experiments to bioenergy plantings should consider the role of seeding density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L. Dickson
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Gross
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Avirmed O, Lauenroth WK, Burke IC, Mobley ML. Sagebrush steppe recovery on 30–90-year-old abandoned oil and gas wells. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00175.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
43
|
McPhee J, Borden L, Bowles J, Henry HAL. Tallgrass prairie restoration: implications of increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition when site preparation minimizes adventive grasses. Restor Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McPhee
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Laura Borden
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Jane Bowles
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Hugh A. L. Henry
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wilkerson ML, Ward KL, Williams NM, Ullmann KS, Young TP. Diminishing Returns from Higher Density Restoration Seedings Suggest Trade-offs in Pollinator Seed Mixes. Restor Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marit L. Wilkerson
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Kimiora L. Ward
- Department of Entomology and Nematology; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Neal M. Williams
- Department of Entomology and Nematology; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Katharina S. Ullmann
- Department of Entomology and Nematology; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Truman P. Young
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Holcomb E, Keyser P, Harper C. Responses of Planted Native Warm-Season Grasses and Associated Vegetation to Seasonality of Fire in the Southeastern US. SOUTHEAST NAT 2014. [DOI: 10.1656/058.013.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
46
|
Klopf RP, Baer SG, Gibson DJ. Convergent and contingent community responses to grass source and dominance during prairie restoration across a longitudinal gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 53:252-265. [PMID: 24292364 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-013-0209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Restoring prairie on formerly cultivated land begins by selecting propagule seed sources and the diversity of species to reintroduce. This study examined the effects of dominant grass propagule source (cultivar vs. non-cultivar) and sown propagule diversity (grass:forb sowing ratio) on plant community structure. Two field experiments were established in Kansas and Illinois consisting of identical split plot designs. Dominant grass source was assigned as the whole-plot factor, and sown dominance of grasses (five levels of seeded grass dominance) as the subplot factor. Species density, cover, and diversity were quantified for 5 years. The effect of dominant grass source on the cover of focal grasses, sown species, and volunteer species was contingent upon location, with variation between dominant grass sources observed exclusively in Kansas. Species density and diversity showed regionally convergent patterns in response to dominant grass source. Contrary to our hypotheses, total species density and diversity were not lower in the presence of grass cultivars, the grass source we had predicted would be more competitive. Sown grass dominance effects on the cover of the focal grass species were contingent upon location resulting from establishment corresponding better to the assigned treatments in Illinois. All other cover groups showed regionally convergent patterns, with lower cover of volunteers and higher cover of sown forbs, diversity, and species density in the lowest sown grass dominance treatment in both sites. Thus, decisions regarding the diversity of propagules to reintroduce had more consequence for plant community structure than cultivar or non-cultivar source of dominant grasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Klopf
- Department of Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901-6509, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Grman E, Bassett T, Brudvig LA. EDITOR'S CHOICE: Confronting contingency in restoration: management and site history determine outcomes of assembling prairies, but site characteristics and landscape context have little effect. J Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Grman
- Plant Biology Laboratories Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Tyler Bassett
- Plant Biology Laboratories Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station Hickory Corners MI USA
| | - Lars A. Brudvig
- Plant Biology Laboratories Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Effects of Soil Disturbance on Success of a Rare Savanna Forb, Liatris scariosa var. nieuwlandii in Habitats Dominated by Early and Late Successional Grasses. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2012. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-168.2.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
49
|
Viable seed banks under grazing and exclosure conditions in montane mesic grasslands of Argentina. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
50
|
Carter DL, Blair JM. High richness and dense seeding enhance grassland restoration establishment but have little effect on drought response. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 22:1308-1319. [PMID: 22827137 DOI: 10.1890/11-1970.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Restorations commonly utilize seed addition to formerly arable lands where the development of native plant communities is severely dispersal limited. However, variation in seed addition practices may profoundly affect restoration outcomes. Theory and observations predict that species-rich seed mixtures and seeding at high densities should enhance native plant community establishment, minimize exotic species cover, and may promote resistance and resilience to, and recovery from, environmental perturbations. We studied the post-seeding establishment of native plant communities in large grassland restoration plots, which were sown at two densities crossed with two levels of species richness on formerly arable land in Nebraska, USA, and their responses to drought. To evaluate drought resistance, recovery, and resilience of restored plant communities, we erected rainfall manipulation structures and tracked the response of seeded species cover and total plant biomass during experimental drought relative to controls and in the post-drought growing season. High seed richness and high-density seeding treatments resulted in greater richness and cover of native, seeded species per 0.5 m2 compared to low-richness and low-density treatments. Cover differences in response to seed mixture richness were driven by native forbs. Richness and cover of exotic species were lowest in high-richness and high-density treatments. We found little evidence of differential drought resistance, recovery, and resilience among seeding treatments. Increases in exotic species across years were restricted to drought subplots, and were not affected by seeding treatments. Grassland restoration was generally enhanced and exotic cover reduced both by the use of high-richness seed mixtures and high-density seeding. Given the lack of restoration treatment effects on the resistance, recovery, or resilience of seeded species exposed to drought, and the increases in exotic species following drought, other forms of active management may be needed to produce restored plant communities that are robust to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Carter
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|