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Song Y, Yang X, Li S, Luo Y, Chang JS, Hu Z. Thraustochytrids as a promising source of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols: bioactive compound biosynthesis, and modern biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:618-640. [PMID: 37158096 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2196373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are eukaryotes and obligate marine protists. They are increasingly considered to be a promising feed additive because of their superior and sustainable application in the production of health-benefiting bioactive compounds, such as fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols. Moreover, the increasing demand makes it critical to rationally design the targeted products by engineering industrial strains. In this review, bioactive compounds accumulated in thraustochytrids were comprehensively evaluated according to their chemical structure, properties, and physiological function. Metabolic networks and biosynthetic pathways of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols were methodically summarized. Further, stress-based strategies used in thraustochytrids were reviewed to explore the potential methodologies for enhancing specific product yields. There are internal relationships between the biosynthesis of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols in thraustochytrids since they share some branches of the synthetic routes with some intermediate substrates in common. Although there are classic synthesis pathways presented in the previous research, the metabolic flow of how these compounds are being synthesized in thraustochytrids still remains uncovered. Further, combined with omics technologies to deeply understand the mechanism and effects of different stresses is necessary, which could provide guidance for genetic engineering. While gene-editing technology has allowed targeted gene knock-in and knock-outs in thraustochytrids, efficient gene editing is still required. This critical review will provide comprehensive information to benefit boosting the commercial productivity of specific bioactive substances by thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Song
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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Koopmann IK, Müller BA, Labes A. Screening of a Thraustochytrid Strain Collection for Carotenoid and Squalene Production Characterized by Cluster Analysis, Comparison of 18S rRNA Gene Sequences, Growth Behavior, and Morphology. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:204. [PMID: 37103341 PMCID: PMC10140983 DOI: 10.3390/md21040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids and squalene are important terpenes that are applied in a wide range of products in foods and cosmetics. Thraustochytrids might be used as alternative production organisms to improve production processes, but the taxon is rarely studied. A screening of 62 strains of thraustochytrids sensu lato for their potential to produce carotenoids and squalene was performed. A phylogenetic tree was built based on 18S rRNA gene sequences for taxonomic classification, revealing eight different clades of thraustochytrids. Design of experiments (DoE) and growth models identified high amounts of glucose (up to 60 g/L) and yeast extract (up to 15 g/L) as important factors for most of the strains. Squalene and carotenoid production was studied by UHPLC-PDA-MS measurements. Cluster analysis of the carotenoid composition partially mirrored the phylogenetic results, indicating a possible use for chemotaxonomy. Strains in five clades produced carotenoids. Squalene was found in all analyzed strains. Carotenoid and squalene synthesis was dependent on the strain, medium composition and solidity. Strains related to Thraustochytrium aureum and Thraustochytriidae sp. are promising candidates for carotenoid synthesis. Strains closely related to Schizochytrium aggregatum might be suitable for squalene production. Thraustochytrium striatum might be a good compromise for the production of both molecule groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga K Koopmann
- ZAiT, Center for Analytics in Technology Transfer of Bio and Food Technology Innovations, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Bettina A Müller
- ZAiT, Center for Analytics in Technology Transfer of Bio and Food Technology Innovations, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Antje Labes
- ZAiT, Center for Analytics in Technology Transfer of Bio and Food Technology Innovations, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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Vasquez-Sandoval C, Navarrete J, Herrera-Herrera P, Dantagnan P, Diaz-Navarrete P, Arancibia-Avila P, Oviedo C. Screening and Identification of Coastal Chilean Thraustochytrids for Arachidonic Acid Production: Biotechnological Potential of Ulkenia visurgensis Lng2-Strain. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030559. [PMID: 36985133 PMCID: PMC10056136 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are unicellular heterotrophic marine protists that have been described as producing a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Among them, arachidonic acid (ARA) stands out as a precursor of several mediators of pivotal importance for the immune system. However, the biotechnological potential of thraustochytrids for ARA production has not been developed. The objective of this study is to isolate and identify native strains from different Chilean coastal environments and evaluate in vitro the effect of culture parameters such as C/N ratio (19 and 33) and temperature (15 °C and 23 °C) on biomass production and arachidonic acid content. A total of nine strains were identified and classified into four genera of the Thraustochitridae family. The Lng2 strain with 99% identity belongs to the species Ulkenia visurgenis and was the most prominent one for ARA production. Temperature had an effect on the PUFA profile but not on the ARA content nor on the biomass yield. Additionally, the C/N ratio has been identified as a key parameter. The ARA productivity increased by 92% (from 0.6 to 8.3 ARA mg/g-DW) and its total biomass by 62.7% (from 1.9 to 5.1 g/L) at a high C/N ratio (33) as compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Vasquez-Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Bioprocesos y Biotratamientos, Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - José Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Bioprocesos y Biotratamientos, Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - Paula Herrera-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Bioprocesos y Biotratamientos, Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - Patricio Dantagnan
- Departamento de Ciencia Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria y Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4810302, Chile
| | - Paola Diaz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Ciencia Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria y Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4810302, Chile
| | - Patricia Arancibia-Avila
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología y Microalgas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile
| | - Claudia Oviedo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Puri M, Gupta A, Sahni S. Schizochytrium sp. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00029-X. [PMID: 36801156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Munish Puri
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Adarsha Gupta
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shweta Sahni
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia
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Bai M, Sen B, Wen S, Ye H, He Y, Zhang X, Wang G. Culturable Diversity of Thraustochytrids from Coastal Waters of Qingdao and Their Fatty Acids. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040229. [PMID: 35447902 PMCID: PMC9029807 DOI: 10.3390/md20040229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids have gained significant attention in recent years because of their considerable ecological and biotechnological importance. Yet, the influence of seasons and habitats on their culturable diversity and lipid profile remains poorly described. In this study, a total of 58 thraustochytrid strains were isolated from the coastal waters of Qingdao, China. These strains were phylogenetically close to five thraustochytrid genera, namely Botryochytrium, Oblongichytrium, Schizochytrium, Thraustochytrium, and Sicyoidochytrium. Most of the isolated strains were classified into the genera Thraustochytrium and Oblongichytrium. Further diversity analysis revealed that samples collected from nutrient-rich habitats and during summer/fall yielded significantly higher culturable diversity of thraustochytrids than those from low-nutrient habitats and winter/spring. Moreover, sampling habitats and seasons significantly impacted the fatty acid profiles of the strains. Particularly, the Oblongichytrium sp. OC931 strain produced a significant amount (153.99 mg/L) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), accounting for 9.12% of the total fatty acids, which was significantly higher than that of the previously reported Aurantiochytrium strains. Overall, the results of this study fill the gap in our current understanding of the culturable diversity of thraustochytrids in the coastal waters and the impact of the sampling habitats and seasons on their capacity for lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (B.S.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (B.S.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Shuai Wen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (B.S.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Huike Ye
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (B.S.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (B.S.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (B.S.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (G.W.)
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Antioxidant and Anti-Colorectal Cancer Properties in Methanolic Extract of Mangrove-Derived Schizochytrium sp. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work studied the antioxidant and anti-colorectal cancer properties of a potential strain of thraustochytrids, Schizochytrium sp. (SMKK1), isolated from mangrove leaf litter. The biomass was extracted with methanol and screened for antioxidant activity using six different assays. The extract exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity (87.37 ± 1.22%) and the lowest nitric oxide radical (75.12 ± 2.22%), and the activity increased with the concentration of the extract. The methanolic extract was further tested for in vitro cytotoxicity on the colon cancer cell line (HT29). The extract was also analyzed for polyunsaturated fatty acids using GC-MS. The five predominant HTVS-based compounds, viz., arachidonic acid, linolenic acid (alpha-linolenic acid and gamma-linolenic acid), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, were identified in the extract, and these were tested against the colon cancer protein IGF binding (IGF-1) using the in silico docking method. The results revealed that all the five compounds were capable of destroying the colon oncoprotein responsible for anti-colon carcinogen, based on activation energy and also good hydrogen bond interaction against IGF binding proteins. Of the compounds, docosahexaenoic acid was the most effective, having a docking score of −10.8 Kcal/mol. All the five fatty acids passed the ADMET test and were hence accepted for further clinical trials towards the development of anticancer drugs.
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Liu X, Xie N, Bai M, Li J, Wang G. Composition change and decreased diversity of microbial eukaryotes in the coastal upwelling waters of South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148892. [PMID: 34328930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Upwelling plays an important role in marine ecosystems and potentially reshapes microbial communities by enhanced dispersal and distinct environmental drivers. Relative to that of bacterioplankton, however, the response of eukaryotic microbes to upwelling is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the influence of coastal upwelling in South China Sea on the microbial eukaryotic communities. Unlike several folds of increase in the cell abundance of bacterioplankton in upwelling than non-upwelling stations at corresponding water layers, no significant difference was detected for the total microbial eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene abundance. Moreover, the microbial eukaryotes in the upwelling stations exhibited increasing 18S rRNA gene abundance from the surface to the deep, contrasting the vertical cell abundance pattern of the bacterioplankton; but their vertical abundance patterns were similar in non-upwelling stations. Importantly, the coastal upwelling significantly reduced the community evenness of the microbial eukaryotes and slightly reduced their Shannon diversity. Their community composition also varied obviously especially between the surface waters of upwelling and non-upwelling stations. Among the dominant supergroups, Alveolata was found to be less abundant while Stramenopiles, particularly thraustochytrids and diatoms, to be more abundant in the surface water of upwelling than non-upwelling stations. Temperature was identified as the most important factor of the microbial eukaryotic community composition, suggesting potential effects of the cold upwelling water masses on specific taxa. Overall, our results reveal significant and distinct impacts of coastal upwelling on the abundance, diversity, and community structure of microbial eukaryotes, filling the knowledge gap about the microbial responses to this important marine phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Liu
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ningdong Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mohan Bai
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiaqian Li
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Bagul VP, Annapure US. Isolation of fast-growing thraustochytrids and seasonal variation on the fatty acid composition of thraustochytrids from mangrove regions of Navi Mumbai, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 290:112597. [PMID: 33878627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to isolate fast-growing thraustochytrids and the influence of seasonal variation in fatty acid composition from the mangrove habitat. The thraustochytrids were isolated from fallen yellowish or green mangrove leaves, in four seasons, including winter, summer, rainy, and post rainy season in one year. The thraustochytrids were analyzed for biomass production, total lipid content, and fatty acid profile. The thraustochytrid isolates showed biomass yield and total lipid content in the range of 14.12 ± 0.69 to 22.98 ± 0.53 g/L and 34.98-58.86% per dry cell weight, respectively. The isolates showed two dominant fatty acids, palmitic acid (PA) as saturated fatty acid (SFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in total fatty acid (TFA) content. The significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed for seasonal variations in SFA and DHA content in summer isolates and winter isolates. The maximum DHA content with 47.12% of TFA, recorded in winter (January) isolates and summer (April) isolates with SFA 68.82% of TFA. The results from this study were verified the hypothesis that the presence of high DHA producing thraustochytrids in lower temperature season in the same habitat. These findings have also emphasized the role of the environmental temperature conditions and the importance of thraustochytrid fatty acid composition as a dietary biomarker. Also, it revealed the ecological significance of thraustochytrid in DHA enrichment in the food web of the marine ecosystem. These findings could be useful while isolating thraustochytrids according to seasons for industrial application for omega 3 fatty acids and biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali P Bagul
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Uday S Annapure
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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Isolation and Optimization of Culture Conditions of Thraustochytrium kinnei for Biomass Production, Nanoparticle Synthesis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9060678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with the identification of a predominant thraustochytrid strain, the optimization of culture conditions, the synthesis of nanoparticles, and the evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in biomass extracts and nanoparticles. Thraustochytrium kinnei was identified as a predominant strain from decomposing mangrove leaves, and its culture conditions were optimized for maximum biomass production of 13.53 g·L−1, with total lipids of 41.33% and DHA of 39.16% of total fatty acids. Furthermore, the strain was shown to synthesize gold and silver nanoparticles in the size ranges of 10–85 nm and 5–90 nm, respectively. Silver nanoparticles exhibited higher total antioxidant and DPPH activities than gold nanoparticles and methanol extract of the strain. The silver nanoparticles showed higher antimicrobial activity than gold nanoparticles and petroleum ether extract of the strain. Thus, Thraustochytrium kinnei is proven to be promising for synthesis of silver nanoparticles with high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.
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Lin HC, Li WH, Chen CC, Cheng TH, Lan YH, Huang MD, Chen WM, Chang JS, Chang HY. Diverse Enzymes With Industrial Applications in Four Thraustochytrid Genera. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:573907. [PMID: 33193181 PMCID: PMC7641610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are heterotrophic fungus-like protists that can dissolve organic matters with enzymes. Four strains, AP45, ASP1, ASP2, and ASP4, were isolated from the coastal water of Taiwan, and respectively identified as Aurantiochytrium sp., Schizochytrium sp., Parietichytrium sp., and Botryochytrium sp. based on 18S rRNA sequences. Transcriptome datasets of these four strains at days 3-5 were generated using Next Generation Sequencing technology, and screened for enzymes with potential industrial applications. Functional annotations based on KEGG database suggest that many unigenes of all four strains were related to the pathways of industrial enzymes. Most of all four strains contained homologous genes for 15 out of the 17 targeted enzymes, and had extra- and/or intra-cellular enzymatic activities, including urease, asparaginase, lipase, glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and protease. Complete amino sequences of the first-time identified L-asparaginase and phytase in thraustochytrids were retrieved, and respectively categorized to the Type I and BPPhy families based on phylogenetic relationships, protein structural modeling and active sites. Milligram quantities of highly purified, soluble protein of urease and L-asparaginase were successfully harvested and analyzed for recombinant enzymatic activities. These analytical results highlight the diverse enzymes for wide-range applications in thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chin Lin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Li
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chih Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Hsing Cheng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ming Chen
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yang Chang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Abdel-Wahab MA, El-Samawaty AERMA, Elgorban AM, Bahkali AH. Fatty acid production of thraustochytrids from Saudi Arabian mangroves. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:855-864. [PMID: 33424376 PMCID: PMC7783828 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report of thraustochytrids from Saudi Arabia. A total of 108 isolates of thraustochytrid were cultured from Syhat mangroves, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia. Isolated thraustochytrids belonged to five genera: Aplanochytrium, Aurantiochytrium, Schizochytrium, Thraustochytrium and Ulkenia. Cultured thraustochytrids isolated from decaying leaves of Avicennia marina (77 isolates), sediment (15), seawater (10) and decaying thalli of Sargassum (6). Of the 108 isolates, three strains (SY25, SY38 and SY52) were selected based on their high biomass productivity and high percentages of PUFAs. Phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rDNA placed the three strains within the Aurantiochytrium clade with high statistical support. Species of Aurantiochytrium formed six separate clades, the two strains (SY38 and SY52) formed a separate clade that is a sister clade to the one that contains the type species A. limacinum, while SY25 grouped with Aurantiochytrium sp. TA4, that is also isolated from mangroves in Iran, Arabian Gulf. The strains (SY38 and SY52) shared the phylogenetic placement, their morphology and fatty acid profile. The strain SY25 have different shape of sporangia that divide to give zoospores directly, sporogenous cells are surrounded by thick gelatinous sheath and produce high levels of Linoleic and Oleic essential unsaturated fatty acids. The three studied strain produced high levels of Palmitic acid (ranged between 31.1 and 65.3 % of total fatty acids) that can be further optimized for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abdel-Wahab
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | | | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Agricultural Research Center, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.,Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Bahkali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Popova OV, Belevich TA, Golyshev SA, Kireev II, Aleoshin VV. Labyrinthula diatomea n. sp.-A Labyrinthulid Associated with Marine Diatoms. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:393-402. [PMID: 32003917 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Labyrinthulomycetes are mostly fungus-like heterotrophic protists that absorb nutrients in an osmotrophic or phagotrophic manner. Members of order Labyrinthulida produce unique membrane-bound ectoplasmic networks for movement and feeding. Among the various types of labyrinthulids' food substrates, diatoms play an important role due to their ubiquitous distribution and abundant biomass. We isolated and cultivated new diatom consuming Labyrinthulida strains from shallow coastal marine sediments. We described Labyrinthula diatomea n. sp. that differs from all known labyrinthulids in both molecular and morphological features. We provided strain delimitation within the genus Labyrinthula based on ITS sequences via haplotype network construction and compared it with previous phylogenetic surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Popova
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, build. 40, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana A Belevich
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, build. 40, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, build. 12, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Golyshev
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, build. 40, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor I Kireev
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, build. 40, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, build. 12, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.,V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Oparina street, 4, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V Aleoshin
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, build. 40, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, build. 1, 127051, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Bernaerts TM, Gheysen L, Foubert I, Hendrickx ME, Van Loey AM. The potential of microalgae and their biopolymers as structuring ingredients in food: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Morabito C, Bournaud C, Maës C, Schuler M, Aiese Cigliano R, Dellero Y, Maréchal E, Amato A, Rébeillé F. The lipid metabolism in thraustochytrids. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 76:101007. [PMID: 31499096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are unicellular heterotrophic marine protists of the Stramenopile group, often considered as non-photosynthetic microalgae. They have been isolated from a wide range of habitats including deep sea, but are mostly present in waters rich in sediments and organic materials. They are abundant in mangrove forests where they are major colonizers, feeding on decaying leaves and initiating the mangrove food web. Discovered 80 years ago, they have recently attracted considerable attention due to their biotechnological potential. This interest arises from their fast growth, their specific lipid metabolism and the improvement of the genetic tools and transformation techniques. These organisms are particularly rich in ω3-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an 'essential' fatty acid poorly encountered in land plants and animals but required for human health. To produce their DHA, thraustochytrids use a sophisticated system different from the classical fatty acid synthase system. They are also a potential source of squalene and carotenoids. Here we review our current knowledge about the life cycle, ecophysiology, and metabolism of these organisms, with a particular focus on lipid dynamics. We describe the different pathways involved in lipid and fatty acid syntheses, emphasizing their specificity, and we report on the recent efforts aimed to engineer their lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Morabito
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Caroline Bournaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Cécile Maës
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Martin Schuler
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Riccardo Aiese Cigliano
- Sequentia Biotech Campus UAB, Edifici Eureka Av. de Can Domènech s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Younès Dellero
- Institute of Genetic, Environment and Plant Protection, UMR 1349 IGEPP INRA/Agrocampus Ouest Rennes/Université Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu cedex, France.
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Alberto Amato
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Zhang A, Xie Y, He Y, Wang W, Sen B, Wang G. Bio-based squalene production by Aurantiochytrium sp. through optimization of culture conditions, and elucidation of the putative biosynthetic pathway genes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 287:121415. [PMID: 31078814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Newly-isolated thraustochytrid strains from coastal waters of China were characterized as bioresource of squalene and the culture condition for the top producer was systematically optimized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that eight squalene-producing isolates were closely related to genus Aurantiochytrium and one to genus Labyrinthula. The top producer, Aurantiochytrium sp. TWZ-97, produced squalene up to 188.6 mg/L at 28 °C in a 5-L bioreactor containing optimal medium (glucose: 40 g/L, monosodium glutamate: 3 g/L, yeast extract: 25 g/L, and NaCl: 6 g/L), which was 6-fold higher than that under unoptimized condition. Transcriptome analysis revealed for the first time the presence of seven key genes of mevalonate pathway for squalene biosynthesis in strain TWZ-97. Medium optimization yielded a 2.23-fold higher expression of the squalene synthase gene under optimal condition compared to unoptimized. This study provides a potential thraustochytrid strain TWZ-97 as bioresource of squalene and uncovers novel information about its squalene biosynthesis pathway for future strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Zhang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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16
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Isolation, Characterization and Biotechnological Potentials of Thraustochytrids from Icelandic Waters. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17080449. [PMID: 31370264 PMCID: PMC6723786 DOI: 10.3390/md17080449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The following study reports on the first thraustochytrid isolates identified from Iceland. They were collected from three different locations off the northern coast of the country (Location A, Skagaströnd; Location B, Hveravík; and Location C, Eyjafjörður). Using 18S rDNA sequence analysis, isolates from Locations A and B were identified within the Thraustochytrium kinnei species while other isolates within the Sicyoidochytrium minutum species when compared to other known strains. Cells isolated from Locations A ( 2 . 10 ± 0 . 70 g/L) and B ( 1 . 54 ± 0 . 17 g/L) produced more biomass than the ones isolated from Location C ( 0 . 43 ± 0 . 02 g/L). This study offers the first-time examination of the utility of byproducts from fisheries as a nitrogen source in media formulation for thraustochytrids. Experiments showed that isolates produced more biomass (per unit of substrate) when cultured on nitrogen of marine ( 2 . 55 ± 0 . 74 g/L) as compared to of commercial origin ( 1 . 06 ± 0 . 57 g/L). Glycerol ( 2 . 43 ± 0 . 56 g/L) was a better carbon source than glucose ( 1 . 84 ± 0 . 57 g/L) in growth studies. Fatty acid (FA) profiles showed that the isolates from Location C (S. minutum) had low ratios of monounsaturated ( 4 . 21 ± 2 . 96 % ) and omega-6 ( 0 . 68 ± 0 . 59 % ) FAs. However, the isolates also had high ratios of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 35 . 65 ± 1 . 73 % ) and total omega-3 FAs ( 40 . 39 ± 2 . 39 % ), indicating that they could serve as a source of marine oils for human consumption and in aquaculture feeds. The T. kinnei isolates from Location A could be used in biodiesel production due to their high ratios of monounsaturated ( 18 . 38 ± 6 . 27 % ) long chain ( 57 . 43 ± 8 . 27 % ) FAs.
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17
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Wang Q, Ye H, Xie Y, He Y, Sen B, Wang G. Culturable Diversity and Lipid Production Profile of Labyrinthulomycete Protists Isolated from Coastal Mangrove Habitats of China. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17050268. [PMID: 31064054 PMCID: PMC6562557 DOI: 10.3390/md17050268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Labyrinthulomycete protists have gained significant attention in the recent past for their biotechnological importance. Yet, their lipid profiles are poorly described because only a few large-scale isolation attempts have been made so far. Here, we isolated more than 200 strains from mangrove habitats of China and characterized the molecular phylogeny and lipid accumulation potential of 71 strains. These strains were the closest relatives of six genera namely Aurantiochytrium, Botryochytrium, Parietichytrium, Schizochytrium, Thraustochytrium, and Labyrinthula. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production of the top 15 strains ranged from 0.23 g/L to 1.14 g/L. Two labyrinthulid strains, GXBH-107 and GXBH-215, exhibited unprecedented high DHA production potential with content >10% of biomass. Among all strains, ZJWZ-7, identified as an Aurantiochytrium strain, exhibited the highest DHA production. Further optimization of culture conditions for strain ZJWZ-7 showed improved lipid production (1.66 g/L DHA and 1.68 g/L saturated fatty acids (SFAs)) with glycerol-malic-acid, peptone-yeast-extract, initial pH 7, 28 °C, and rotation rate 150 rpm. Besides, nitrogen source, initial pH, temperature, and rotation rate had significant effects on the cell biomass, DHA, and SFAs production. This study provides the identification and characterization of nearly six dozen thraustochytrids and labyrinthulids with high potential for lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhen Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Ocean College of Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China.
| | - Huike Ye
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Genomics, Biology and Phylogeny Aurantiochytrium acetophilum sp. nov. (Thraustrochytriaceae), Including First Evidence of Sexual Reproduction. Protist 2019; 170:209-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bai M, Sen B, Wang Q, Xie Y, He Y, Wang G. Molecular Detection and Spatiotemporal Characterization of Labyrinthulomycete Protist Diversity in the Coastal Waters Along the Pearl River Delta. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:394-405. [PMID: 30083828 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The heterotrophic labyrinthulomycete protists have long been known to play an important role in the nutrient cycling of coastal seawater. Yet, their spatiotemporal abundance and diversity in polluted coastal waters remain poorly discussed, due in part to the paucity of a rapid detection method. To this end, we developed a qPCR detection method based on a newly designed primer pair targeting their 18S rRNA gene. Using this method, we studied the population dynamics of labyrinthulomycete protists in nutrient-rich (Shenzhen Bay) and low-nutrient (Daya) coastal habitats along the Pearl River Delta. We found a significantly (P < 0.05) higher abundance of Labyrinthulomycetes in the Shenzhen bay (average 3455 gene copies mL-1) than that in Daya Bay (average 378 gene copies mL-1). Their abundance gradient positively correlated (P < 0.05) with the levels of inorganic nitrogen and phosphates. Further characterization of the molecular diversity of these protists in Shenzhen Bay using different primer sets revealed the presence of several genera besides a large number of unclassified OTUs. Regardless of the primer biases, our results show significant (P < 0.05) spatiotemporal changes in the molecular abundance and diversity of these heterotrophic protists. Overall, this study provides a rapid molecular detection tool for Labyrinthulomycetes and expands our current understanding of their dynamics controlled by physicochemical gradients in coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Bai
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qiuzhen Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Nutritional intake of Aplanochytrium (Labyrinthulea, Stramenopiles) from living diatoms revealed by culture experiments suggesting the new prey-predator interactions in the grazing food web of the marine ecosystem. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208941. [PMID: 30625142 PMCID: PMC6326421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Labyrinthuleans (Labyrinthulea, Stramenopiles) are recognized as decomposers in marine ecosystems but their nutrient sources are not fully understood. We conducted two-membered culture experiments with labyrinthuleans and diatoms to discover where labyrinthuleans obtain their nutrients from. The results showed that Aplanochytrium strains obtained nutrients by consuming living diatoms. Aplanochytrium cells did not release digestive enzymes into the medium, but adhered to diatom cells via the tip of their characteristic ectoplasmic net system to obtain nutrients from them. The chloroplast and cell contents of the diatoms shrank and were absorbed, and then the number of Aplanochytrium cells rapidly increased as multiple aplanospores were released. To estimate the effect of labyrinthulean organisms including Aplanochytrium on marine ecosystem, we explored the dataset generated by the Tara Oceans Project from a wide range of oceanic regions. The average proportion of all labyrinthulean sequences to diatom sequences at each station was about 10%, and labyrinthulids, oblongichytrids, and aplanochytrids were the major constituent genera, accounting for more than 80% of labyrinthuleans. Therefore, these groups are suggested to greatly affect the marine ecosystem. There were positive correlations between aplanochytrids and phototrophs, green algae, and diatoms. At many stations, relatively large proportions of aplanochytrid sequences were detected in the size fraction larger than their cell size. This implied that Aplanochytrium cells increased their particle size by adhering to each other and forming aggregates with diatoms that are captured by larger zooplankton in the environment, thereby bypassing the food web pathway via aplanochytrids to higher predators. The intake of nutrients from diatoms by aplanochytrids represents a newly recognized pathway in the grazing food chain in the marine ecosystem.
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Iwata I, Honda D. Nutritional Intake by Ectoplasmic Nets of Schizochytrium aggregatum (Labyrinthulomycetes, Stramenopiles). Protist 2018; 169:727-743. [PMID: 30118923 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrid cells attach to their food via ectoplasmic nets (ENs). Here, we analyzed the cause and effect relationship between the various forms and functions of ENs of Schizochytrium aggregatum. The ENs spread out over a large area forming a fine network to efficiently search for the experimental food source. After recognizing the experimental food source, the ENs that attached to the food source became thicker, and net elements developed. The thick ENs on the surface at the attachment site were enveloped in dense materials (fibrous materials), which were visualized as fibrous layers under a transmission electron microscope. Experiments using fluorescein diacetate and the fluorescent glucose analog 2-NBDG showed that the production rate of hydrolytic enzymes and the absorption rate of glucose by ENs of S. aggregatum increased in the presence of an experimental food source. Our results reveal that ENs change their shape and function according to the presence/absence of a food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Iwata
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, 8-9-1, Okamoto, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan; Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, 8-9-1, Okamoto, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan
| | - Daiske Honda
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, 8-9-1, Okamoto, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, 8-9-1, Okamoto, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan.
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Zhang S, He Y, Sen B, Chen X, Xie Y, Keasling JD, Wang G. Alleviation of reactive oxygen species enhances PUFA accumulation in Schizochytrium sp. through regulating genes involved in lipid metabolism. Metab Eng Commun 2018; 6:39-48. [PMID: 29896446 PMCID: PMC5994804 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The unicellular heterotrophic thraustochytrids are attractive candidates for commercial polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) production. However, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in their aerobic fermentation process often limits their PUFA titer. Yet, the specific mechanisms of ROS involvement in the crosstalk between oxidative stress and intracellular lipid synthesis remain poorly described. Metabolic engineering to improve the PUFA yield in thraustochytrids without compromising growth is an important aspect of economic feasibility. To fill this gap, we overexpressed the antioxidative gene superoxide dismutase (SOD1) by integrating it into the genome of thraustochytrid Schizochytrium sp. PKU#Mn4 using a novel genetic transformation system. This study reports the ROS alleviation, enhanced PUFA production and transcriptome changes resulting from the SOD1 overexpression. SOD1 activity in the recombinant improved by 5.2-71.6% along with 7.8-38.5% decline in ROS during the fermentation process. Interestingly, the total antioxidant capacity in the recombinant remained higher than wild-type and above zero in the entire process. Although lipid profile was similar to that of wild-type, the concentrations of major fatty acids in the recombinant were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher. The PUFA titer increased up to 1232 ± 41 mg/L, which was 32.9% higher (p ≤ 0.001) than the wild type. Transcriptome analysis revealed strong downregulation of genes potentially involved in β-oxidation of fatty acids in peroxisome and upregulation of genes catalyzing lipid biosynthesis. Our results enrich the knowledge on stress-induced PUFA biosynthesis and the putative role of ROS in the regulation of lipid metabolism in oleaginous thraustochytrids. This study provides a new and alternate strategy for cost-effective industrial fermentation of PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Berkeley Center for Synthetic Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3224, USA
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Are Thraustochytrids algae? Fungal Biol 2017; 121:835-840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Fossier Marchan L, Lee Chang KJ, Nichols PD, Mitchell WJ, Polglase JL, Gutierrez T. Taxonomy, ecology and biotechnological applications of thraustochytrids: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 36:26-46. [PMID: 28911809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids were first discovered in 1934, and since the 1960's they have been increasingly studied for their beneficial and deleterious effects. This review aims to provide an enhanced understanding of these protists with a particular emphasis on their taxonomy, ecology and biotechnology applications. Over the years, thraustochytrid taxonomy has improved with the development of modern molecular techniques and new biochemical markers, resulting in the isolation and description of new strains. In the present work, the taxonomic history of thraustochytrids is reviewed, while providing an up-to-date classification of these organisms. It also describes the various biomarkers that may be taken into consideration to support taxonomic characterization of the thraustochytrids, together with a review of traditional and modern techniques for their isolation and molecular identification. The originality of this review lies in linking taxonomy and ecology of the thraustochytrids and their biotechnological applications as producers of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), carotenoids, exopolysaccharides and other compounds of interest. The paper provides a summary of these aspects while also highlighting some of the most important recent studies in this field, which include the diversity of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in thraustochytrids, some novel strategies for biomass production and recovery of compounds of interest. Furthermore, a detailed overview is provided of the direct and current applications of thraustochytrid-derived compounds in the food, fuel, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and aquaculture industries and of some of the commercial products available. This review is intended to be a source of information and references on the thraustochytrids for both experts and those who are new to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Fossier Marchan
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Kim J Lee Chang
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Peter D Nichols
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Wilfrid J Mitchell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Jane L Polglase
- Jane L Polglase Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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Caamaño E, Loperena L, Hinzpeter I, Pradel P, Gordillo F, Corsini G, Tello M, Lavín P, González AR. Isolation and molecular characterization of Thraustochytrium strain isolated from Antarctic Peninsula and its biotechnological potential in the production of fatty acids. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 48:671-679. [PMID: 28651890 PMCID: PMC5628321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are unicellular protists belonging to the Labyrinthulomycetes class, which are characterized by the presence of a high lipid content that could replace conventional fatty acids. They show a wide geographic distribution, however their diversity in the Antarctic Region is rather scarce. The analysis based on the complete sequence of 18S rRNA gene showed that strain 34-2 belongs to the species Thraustochytrium kinnei, with 99% identity. The total lipid profile shows a wide range of saturated fatty acids with abundance of palmitic acid (16:0), showing a range of 16.1-19.7%. On the other hand, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are present in a range of 24-48% and 6.1-9.3%, respectively. All factors analyzed in cells (biomass, carbon consumption and lipid content) changed with variations of culture temperature (10°C and 25°C). The growth in glucose at a temperature of 10°C presented the most favorable conditions to produce omega-3fatty acid. This research provides the identification and characterization of a Thraustochytrids strain, with a total lipid content that presents potential applications in the production of nutritional supplements and as well biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Caamaño
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y Extremófilos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Lyliam Loperena
- Instituto de Ingeniería Química, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ivonne Hinzpeter
- Departamento de Gobierno y Empresa, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Paulina Pradel
- Centro de Interacción Planta-Suelo y Biotecnología de Recursos Naturales, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Felipe Gordillo
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Gino Corsini
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Mario Tello
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paris Lavín
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alex R González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y Extremófilos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.
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26
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Zhao B, Li Y, Mbifile MD, Li C, Yang H, Wang W. Improvement of docosahexaenoic acid fermentation from Schizochytrium sp. AB-610 by staged pH control based on cell morphological changes. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:981-988. [PMID: 32624848 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. AB-610 accumulates relatively higher amount of DHA-rich lipid in the cells, and it was found that DHA yield was closely related to the cell morphology and pH value during fermentation period. DHA production from Schizochytrium sp. AB-610 in fed-batch fermentation was investigated and four growth stages were clarified as lag stage, balanced growth stage, lipid accumulation stage, and lipid turnover stage, based on the morphologic observation and key parameters changes. Then a simple strategy of two-stage pH control was developed, in which pH 7.0 was kept until 12 h after the end of balanced growth stage, and then shifted to 5.0 for the rest period in fermentation. A maximal DHA production of 11.44g/L was achieved. This approach has advantage of easy scaling up for industrial DHA fermentation from Schizochytrium sp. cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Yafei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Martha Daniel Mbifile
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Changling Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering Huaihua University Huaihua China
| | - Hailin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Wu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi China
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27
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Sullivan BK, Robinson KL, Trevathan-Tackett SM, Lilje ES, Gleason FH, Lilje O. The First Isolation and Characterisation of the Protist Labyrinthula sp. in Southeastern Australia. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:504-513. [PMID: 28004878 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As a result of anthropogenic influences and global climate change, emerging infectious marine diseases are thought to be increasingly more common and more severe than in the past. The aim of our investigation was to confirm the presence of Labyrinthula, the aetiological agent of the seagrass wasting disease, in Southeastern Australia and provide the first isolation and characterisation of this protist, in Australia. Colonies and individual cells were positively identified as Labyrinthula using published descriptions, diagrams, and photographs. Their identity was then confirmed using DNA barcoding of a region of the 18S rRNA gene. Species level identification of isolates was not possible as the taxonomy of the Labyrinthula is still poorly resolved. Still, a diversity of Labyrinthula was isolated from small sections of the southeast coast of Australia. The isolates were grouped into three haplotypes that are biogeographically restricted. These haplotypes are closely related to previously identified saprotrophic clades. The study highlights the need for further investigation into the global distribution of Labyrinthula, including phylogenetic pathogenicity and analysis of host-parasite interactions in response to stressors. Given the results of our analyses, it is prudent to continue research into disease and epidemic agents to better prepare researchers for potential future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K Sullivan
- School of Biosciences, Victorian Marine Science Consortium, University of Melbourne, Queenscliff, Vic., 3225, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., 3125, Australia
| | - Katie L Robinson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stacey M Trevathan-Tackett
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., 3125, Australia
| | - Erna S Lilje
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Frank H Gleason
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Osu Lilje
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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28
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R.L. Gilbertson
- Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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29
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Craven K, Peterson P, Windham D, Mitchell T, Martin S. Molecular identification of the turf grass rapid blight pathogen. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.D. Craven
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - P.D. Peterson
- Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, South Carolina 29506
| | | | - T.K. Mitchell
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - S.B. Martin
- Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, South Carolina 29506
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30
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Bothrosome Formation in Schizochytrium aggregatum (Labyrinthulomycetes, Stramenopiles) during Zoospore Settlement. Protist 2016; 168:206-219. [PMID: 28314190 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Labyrinthulomycetes are characterized by the presence of ectoplasmic nets originating from an organelle known as the bothrosome, whose evolutionary origin is unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the developmental process from a zoospore to a vegetative cell in Schizochytrium aggregatum. After disappearance of the flagellum during zoospore settlement, the bothrosome emerged at the anterior-ventral pole of the cells. A new Golgi body also appeared at this stage, and the bothrosome was positioned close to both the new and the old Golgi bodies. This observation suggested that the Golgi body is related to the formation of the bothrosome. Actin appeared as a spot in the same location as the newly appeared bothrosome, as determined by immunofluorescence labeling. An immunoelectron microscopic analysis revealed that actin was present in the ectoplasmic nets and in the cytoplasm around the bothrosome, indicating that the electron-dense materials of the bothrosome are not the polar center of F-actin. This suggests that actin filaments pull the endoplasmic reticulum to the bothrosome and induce the membrane to become evaginated within ectoplasmic nets.
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31
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Zhang T, Lou F, Tao G, Liu R, Chang M, Jin Q, Wang X. Composition and Structure of Single Cell Oil Produced by Schizochytrium limacinum
SR31. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Fei Lou
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Guanjun Tao
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Ming Chang
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- ; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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32
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Pan J, Del Campo J, Keeling PJ. Reference Tree and Environmental Sequence Diversity of Labyrinthulomycetes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 64:88-96. [PMID: 27329779 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Labyrinthulomycetes are heterotrophic stramenopiles that are ubiquitous in a wide range of both marine and freshwater habitats and play important roles in decomposition of organic matter. The diversity and taxonomy of Labyrinthulomycetes has been studied for many years, but we nevertheless lack both a comprehensive reference database and up-to-date phylogeny including all known diversity, which hinders many global insights into their ecological distribution and the relative importance of various subgroups in different environments. Here, we present a curated reference database and a phylogenetic tree of Labyrinthulomycetes small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU or 18S rRNA) data. Based on this created reference database, we analyzed high-throughput environmental sequencing data, revealing many previously unknown environmental clades and exploring the ecological distribution of various subgroups. Particularly, a number of newly identified environmental clades that are widespread in the open ocean. Comparing the manually curated reference database to existing tools for identification of environmental sequences (e.g. PR2 or SILVA databases) suggests that the curated database provides a higher degree of specificity and a lower frequency of misidentification. The phylogenetic framework and database will be a useful tool for future ecological and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Pan
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Javier Del Campo
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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33
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Aasen IM, Ertesvåg H, Heggeset TMB, Liu B, Brautaset T, Vadstein O, Ellingsen TE. Thraustochytrids as production organisms for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), squalene, and carotenoids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4309-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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Singh D, Gupta A, Wilkens SL, Mathur AS, Tuli DK, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Understanding response surface optimisation to the modeling of Astaxanthin extraction from a novel strain Thraustochytrium sp. S7. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Response surface optimization of culture medium for enhanced docosahexaenoic acid production by a Malaysian thraustochytrid. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8611. [PMID: 25721623 PMCID: PMC4342552 DOI: 10.1038/srep08611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) plays a vital role in the enhancement of human health, particularly for cognitive, neurological, and visual functions. Marine microalgae, such as members of the genus Aurantiochytrium, are rich in DHA and represent a promising source of omega-3 fatty acids. In this study, levels of glucose, yeast extract, sodium glutamate and sea salt were optimized for enhanced lipid and DHA production by a Malaysian isolate of thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1, using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized medium contained 60 g/L glucose, 2 g/L yeast extract, 24 g/L sodium glutamate and 6 g/L sea salt. This combination produced 17.8 g/L biomass containing 53.9% lipid (9.6 g/L) which contained 44.07% DHA (4.23 g/L). The optimized medium was used in a scale-up run, where a 5 L bench-top bioreactor was employed to verify the applicability of the medium at larger scale. This produced 24.46 g/L biomass containing 38.43% lipid (9.4 g/L), of which 47.87% was DHA (4.5 g/L). The total amount of DHA produced was 25% higher than that produced in the original medium prior to optimization. This result suggests that Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 could be developed for industrial application as a commercial DHA-producing microorganism.
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36
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An improved protocol for the isolation of total genomic DNA from Labyrinthulomycetes. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:685-90. [PMID: 25355522 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Many protocols have been used for extraction of DNA from Thraustochytrids. These generally involve the use of CTAB, phenol/chloroform and ethanol. They also feature mechanical grinding, sonication, N2 freezing or bead beating. However, the resulting chemical and physical damage to extracted DNA reduces its quality. The methods are also unsuitable for large numbers of samples. Commercially-available DNA extraction kits give better quality and yields but are expensive. Therefore, an optimized DNA extraction protocol was developed which is suitable for Thraustochytrids to both minimise expensive and time-consuming steps prior to DNA extraction and also to improve the yield. The most effective method is a combination of single bead in TissueLyser (Qiagen) and Proteinase K. Results were conclusive: both the quality and the yield of extracted DNA were higher than with any other method giving an average yield of 8.5 µg/100 mg biomass.
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37
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Ecological dynamics and biotechnological implications of thraustochytrids from marine habitats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5789-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Takahashi Y, Yoshida M, Inouye I, Watanabe MM. Diplophrys mutabilis sp. nov., a New Member of Labyrinthulomycetes from Freshwater Habitats. Protist 2014; 165:50-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Liu Y, Singh P, Sun Y, Luan S, Wang G. Culturable diversity and biochemical features of thraustochytrids from coastal waters of Southern China. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3241-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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Gupta A, Wilkens S, Adcock JL, Puri M, Barrow CJ. Pollen baiting facilitates the isolation of marine thraustochytrids with potential in omega-3 and biodiesel production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:1231-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Marine heterotrophic microbes are capable of accumulating large amounts of lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and have potential for biodiesel production. Pollen baiting using Pinus radiata pollen grain along with direct plating techniques were used in this study as techniques for the isolation of oil-producing marine thraustochytrid species from Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia. Thirteen isolates were obtained using either direct plating or using pine pollen, with pine pollen acting as a specific substrate for the surface attachment of thraustochytrids. The isolates obtained from the pollen baiting technique showed a wide range of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accumulation, from 11 to 41 % of total fatty acid content (TFA). Direct plating isolates showed a moderate range of DHA accumulation, from 19 to 25 % of TFA. Seven isolates were identified on the basis of 18S rRNA sequencing technique as Thraustochytrium species, Schizochytrium species, and Ulkenia species. Although both methods appear to result in the isolation of similar strains, pollen baiting proved to be a simpler method for the isolation of these relatively slow-growing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsha Gupta
- grid.1021.2 0000000105267079 Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology Deakin University 3216 Geelong VIC Australia
| | - Serena Wilkens
- grid.419676.b 0000 0000 9252 5808 Marine Biodiversity and Biosecurity, NIWA Kilbirnie Wellington New Zealand
| | - Jacqui L Adcock
- grid.1021.2 0000000105267079 Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology Deakin University 3216 Geelong VIC Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- grid.1021.2 0000000105267079 Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology Deakin University 3216 Geelong VIC Australia
- grid.1021.2 0000000105267079 Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology Deakin University 3220 Geelong VIC Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- grid.1021.2 0000000105267079 Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology Deakin University 3216 Geelong VIC Australia
- grid.1021.2 0000000105267079 Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology Deakin University 3220 Geelong VIC Australia
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41
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Sullivan BK, Sherman TD, Damare VS, Lilje O, Gleason FH. Potential roles of Labyrinthula spp. in global seagrass population declines. FUNGAL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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Shabala L, McMeekin T, Shabala S. Thraustochytrids can be grown in low-salt media without affecting PUFA production. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:437-444. [PMID: 23568670 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-013-9499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine microheterotrophs thraustochytrids are emerging as a potential source for commercial production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that have nutritional and pharmacological values. With prospective demand for PUFAs increasing, biotechnological companies are looking for potential increases in those valuable products. However, high levels of NaCl in the culture media required for optimal thraustochytrid growth and PUFA production poses a significant problem to the biotechnological industry due to corrosion of fermenters calling for a need to reduce the amount of NaCl in the culture media, without imposing penalties on growth and yield of cultured organisms. Earlier, as reported by Shabala et al. (Environ Microbiol 11:1835-1843, 2009), we have shown that thraustochytrids use sodium predominantly for osmotic adjustment purposes and, as such, can be grown in low-salt environment without growth penalties, providing the media osmolality is adjusted. In this study, we verify if that conclusion, made for one specific strain and osmolyte only, is applicable to the larger number of strains and organic osmotica, as well as address the issue of yield quality (e.g., PUFA production in low-saline media). Using mannitol and sucrose for osmotic adjustment of the growth media enabled us to reduce NaCl concentration down to 1 mM; this is 15-100-fold lower than any method proposed so far. At the same time, the yield of essential PUFAs was increased by 15 to 20 %. Taken together, these results suggest that the proposed method can be used in industrial fermenters for commercial PUFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Shabala
- School of Agricultural Science, TIA, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
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43
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Damare VS, Damare S, Ramanujam P, Meena RM, Raghukumar S. Preliminary studies on the association between zooplankton and the stramenopilan fungi, aplanochytrids. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 65:955-963. [PMID: 23314094 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship of the marine heterokont stramenopilan protists, the aplanochytrids, with the zooplankton was studied in coastal waters. The aplanochytrids were fed to the zooplankton specimens and observed for grazing by two different approaches: [1] using fluorescently-labeled prey approach and [2] using internal transcribed spacer-based molecular probe and in situ hybridization approach. The aplanochytrid cells were detected in the guts as well as fecal pellets of the zooplankton, thus serving as prey to them. Aplanochytrids were consistently isolated from zooplankton specimens. The isolates did not produce a wide array of enzymes, implicating that they may not play a major role in degradation of zooplankton exoskeleton. They were found to produce only protease considerably and sometimes lipase too. The amplified rDNA restriction analysis showed similar patterns, suggesting that most of the isolates might be same strains of Aplanochytrium spp. The existence of aplanochytrids with the zooplankton in marine waters points towards their probable association either as predator-prey or as commensalistic rather than saprophytic type of association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varada S Damare
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India.
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44
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Gupta A, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Omega-3 biotechnology: Thraustochytrids as a novel source of omega-3 oils. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1733-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Yadagiri KK, Kerrigan J, Martin SB. Improved methods for axenic culture of Labyrinthula terrestris, causal agent of rapid blight of turfgrasses. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:1230-5. [PMID: 22971235 DOI: 10.1139/w2012-096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genus Labyrinthula is a group of unicellular microorganisms with spindle-shaped cells that move in an ectoplasmic network. Most Labyrinthula species are saprotrophic and found in coastal marine or estuarine habitats; however, exceptions exist, such as Labyrinthula terrestris , a terrestrial plant pathogen that causes rapid blight on cool-season turfgrasses. Labyrinthula spp. can be grown in culture, which facilitates studies on their biology and pathology. However, axenic culture of L. terrestris has always been challenging. We modified the most commonly used Labyrinthula growth medium, serum seawater agar (SSA), and designed 2 media for improved pure culture, modified SSA (MSSA) and grass extract SSA (GESSA). A comparative assessment of these 2 media and basic SSA was made to measure the growth responses of 18 L. terrestris isolates. Results indicate that the average colony area was greatest on GESSA followed by MSSA, while cultures lived longest on MSSA followed by GESSA. We also suggest an improved long-term culture technique to maintain viable L. terrestris isolates for at least 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthi Kiran Yadagiri
- School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences, 114 Long Hall, 230 Parkway Drive, Box 340310, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0310, USA
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Biodiscovery of new Australian thraustochytrids for production of biodiesel and long-chain omega-3 oils. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:2215-31. [PMID: 22252264 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrophic growth of thraustochytrids has potential in co-producing a feedstock for biodiesel and long-chain (LC, ≥C(20)) omega-3 oils. Biodiscovery of thraustochytrids from Tasmania (temperate) and Queensland (tropical), Australia, covered a biogeographic range of habitats including fresh, brackish, and marine waters. A total of 36 thraustochytrid strains were isolated and separated into eight chemotaxonomic groups (A-H) based on fatty acid (FA) and sterol composition which clustered closely with four different genera obtained by 18S rDNA molecular identification. Differences in the relative proportions (%FA) of long-chain C(20), C(22), omega-3, and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and saturated FA, as well as the presence of odd-chain PUFA (OC-PUFA) were the major factors influencing the separation of these groups. OC-PUFA were detected in temperate strains of groups A, B, and C (Schizochytrium and Thraustochytrium). Group D (Ulkenia) had high omega-3 LC-PUFA (53% total fatty acids (TFA)) and EPA up to 11.2% TFA. Strains from groups E and F (Aurantiochytrium) contained DHA levels of 50-61% TFA after 7 days of growth in basal medium at 20 °C. Groups G and H (Aurantiochytrium) strains had high levels of 15:0 (20-30% TFA) and the sum of saturated FA was in the range of 32-51%. β,β-Carotene, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin were identified in selected strains. Phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic groupings demonstrated similar patterns for the majority of strains. Our results demonstrate the potential of these new Australian thraustochytrids for the production of biodiesel in addition to omega-3 LC-PUFA-rich oils.
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Zoospore production and motility of mangrove thraustochytrids from Hong Kong under various salinities. MYCOSCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-011-0127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Nakazawa A, Matsuura H, Kose R, Ito K, Ueda M, Honda D, Inouye I, Kaya K, Watanabe MM. Optimization of Biomass and Fatty Acid Production by Aurantiochytrium sp. Strain 4W-1b. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Misidentification of OLGA-PH-J/92, believed to be the only crustacean cell line. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 47:665-74. [PMID: 21938590 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-011-9447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Continuous cell lines from aquatic invertebrate species are few and the development of crustacean cell lines remains an elusive goal. Although a crayfish cell line derived from neural ganglia of Orconectes limosus was reported in 2000, this cell line OLGA-PH-J/92 failed to be authenticated as such. In this report, we describe our attempts to identify the taxonomic identity of the cell line through immunological and molecular techniques. Immunohistochemical screening for the expression of a suite of invertebrate neuropeptides gave negative results, precluding an invertebrate neural origin. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxydase I, and 18S ribosomal RNA genes that had been widely used to confirm species identity, could not confirm the OLGA-PH-J/92 cells as originating from crayfish. Subsequent attempts to identify the cells provided moderate homology (82%) to Gephyramoeba sp. (AF293897) following PCR amplification of an 18S rDNA fragment after a BLAST search. A literature search provided morphological evidence of the similarity of OLGA-PH-J/92 to the Gephyramoeba distributed by the American Type Culture Collection as ATCC 50654, which also had been misidentified and was renamed Acramoeba dendroida (Smirnov et al., Eur J Protistol 44:35-44, 2008). The morphology of the OLGA-PH-J/92 cells which remains identical to the original report (Neumann et al., In Vivo 14:691-698, 2000) and matched corresponding micrographs that were available from the ATCC before the cell line was dropped from their catalog (ATCC CRL 1494) is very similar to A. dendroida and could thus belong to the Acramoebidae. These results unequivocally indicate that the OLGA-PH-J/92 cell line is not derived from the crayfish O. limosus, and the search for an immortal crustacean cell line continues.
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Hong DD, Anh HTL, Thu NTH. STUDY ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HETEROTROPHIC MARINE MICROALGA-SCHIZOCHYTRIUM MANGROVEI PQ6 ISOLATED FROM PHU QUOC ISLAND, KIEN GIANG PROVINCE, VIETNAM(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:944-954. [PMID: 27020029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. PQ6, a heterotrophic microalga isolated from Phu Quoc (PQ) Island in the Kien Giang province of Vietnam, contains a high amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3). In this study, the culture conditions are developed to maximize biomass and DHA production. Nucleotide sequence analysis of partial 18S rRNA gene from genomic DNA showed that PQ6 has a phylogenetic relationship close to Schizochytrium mangrovei Raghu-Kumar. The highest growth rate and DHA accumulation of this strain were obtained in 6.0% glucose, 1.0% yeast extract, 50% artificial seawater (ASW), and pH 7 at 28°C. In addition, carbon and nitrogen sources could be replaced by glycerol, ammonium acetate, sodium nitrate, or fertilizer N-P-K. Total lipid content reached 38.67% of dry cell weight (DCW), in which DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) contents accounted for 43.58% and 0.75% of the total fatty acid (TFA), respectively. In 5 and 10 L fermenters, the cell density, DCW, total lipid content, and maximum DHA yield were 46.50 × 10(6) cells · mL(-1) , 23.7 g · L(-1) , 38.56% of DCW, and 8.71 g · L(-1) (in 5 L fermenter), respectively, and 49.71 × 10(6) cells · mL(-1) , 25.34 g · L(-1) , 46.23% of DCW, and 11.55 g · L(-1) (in 10 L fermenter), respectively. Biomass of PQ6 strain possessed high contents of Na, I, and Fe (167.185, 278.3, and 43.69 mg · kg(-1) DCW, respectively). These results serve as a foundation for the efficient production of PQ6 biomass that can be used as a food supplement for humans and aquaculture in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Diem Hong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Thi Lan Anh
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thi Hoai Thu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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