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AFLP-Based Genetic Structure of Lithuanian Populations of Small Balsam (Impatiens parviflora DC.) in Relation to Habitat Characteristics. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13081228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is an increasing focus on understanding the interactions between genetic features of the invader and environmental factors that ensure the success of invasion. The objective of our study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of Lithuanian populations of highly invasive small balsam (Impatiens parviflora) by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and to relate molecular data to biotope features defined by employing neighboring species of herbaceous plants. Low polymorphism of I. parviflora populations was observed at AFLP loci. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance did not reveal differentiation of populations depending on biotope, geography, or road types. Bayesian analyses of AFLP data demonstrated many genetic clusters. Our results suggest multiple introductions of I. parviflora into Lithuania. The polymorphism of AFLP loci of populations significantly correlated with the total coverage by herbaceous plants in the sites. Defined by principal component analysis, the variability of study sites was most related to the coverage of herbaceous plants and least related to the molecular features of I. parviflora populations. The sites with I. parviflora were classified into agricultural scrubland, riparian forest, and urban forest biotopes. Of them, urban forest was distinguished by the highest coverage of I. parviflora and the lowest Ellenberg indicatory values for light, soil acidity, and richness in nutrients.
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Toczydlowski RH, Waller DM. Plastic and quantitative genetic divergence mirror environmental gradients among wild, fragmented populations of Impatiens capensis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:99-114. [PMID: 34643270 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Habitat fragmentation generates molecular genetic divergence among isolated populations, but few studies have assessed phenotypic divergence and fitness in populations where the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation are known. Phenotypic divergence could reflect plasticity, local adaptation, and/or genetic drift. METHODS We examined patterns and potential drivers of phenotypic divergence among 12 populations of jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) that show strong molecular genetic signals of isolation and drift among fragmented habitats. We measured morphological and reproductive traits in both maternal plants within natural populations and their self-fertilized progeny grown together in a common garden. We also quantified environmental divergence between home sites and the common garden. RESULTS Populations with less molecular genetic variation expressed less maternal phenotypic variation. Progeny in the common garden converged in phenotypes relative to their wild mothers but retained among-population differences in morphology, survival, and reproduction. Among-population phenotypic variance was 3-10× greater in home sites than in the common garden for 6 of 7 morphological traits measured. Patterns of phenotypic divergence paralleled environmental gradients in ways suggestive of adaptation. Progeny resembled their mothers less as the environmental distance between their home site and the common garden increased. CONCLUSIONS Despite strong molecular signatures of isolation and drift, phenotypic differences among these Impatiens populations appear to reflect both adaptive quantitative genetic divergence and plasticity. Quantifying the extent of local adaptation and plasticity and how these covary with molecular and phenotypic variation help us predict when populations may lose their adaptive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Toczydlowski
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Donald M Waller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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3
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Marques E, Krieg CP, Dacosta-Calheiros E, Bueno E, Sessa E, Penmetsa RV, von Wettberg E. The Impact of Domestication on Aboveground and Belowground Trait Responses to Nitrogen Fertilization in Wild and Cultivated Genotypes of Chickpea ( Cicer sp.). Front Genet 2020; 11:576338. [PMID: 33343625 PMCID: PMC7738563 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.576338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of crop responses to low fertility conditions, few studies have examined the extent to which domestication may have limited crop responses to low-fertility environments in aboveground and belowground traits. Moreover, studies that have addressed this topic have used a limited number of wild accessions, therefore overlooking the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of wild relatives. To examine how domestication has affected the response of aboveground and belowground agronomic traits, we measured root and leaf functional traits in an extensive set of wild and domesticated chickpea accessions grown in low and high nitrogen soil environments. Unlike previous studies, the wild accessions used in this study broadly capture the genetic and phenotypic diversity of domesticated chickpea’s (Cicer arietinum) closest compatible wild relative (C. reticulatum). Our results suggest that the domestication of chickpea led to greater capacities for plasticity in morphological and biomass related traits but may have lowered the capacity to modify physiological traits related to gas exchange. Wild chickpea displayed greater phenotypic plasticity for physiological traits including stomatal conductance, canopy level photosynthesis, leaf level photosynthesis, and leaf C/N ratio. In contrast to domesticated chickpea, wild chickpea displayed phenotypes consistent with water loss prevention, by exhibiting lower specific leaf area, stomatal conductance and maintaining efficient water-use. In addition to these general patterns, our results indicate that the domestication dampened the variation in response type to higher nitrogen environments for belowground and aboveground traits, which suggests reduced genetic diversity in current crop germplasm collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Marques
- Department of Plant and Soil Science and Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Christopher P Krieg
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - Erika Bueno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Emily Sessa
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - R Varma Penmetsa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eric von Wettberg
- Department of Plant and Soil Science and Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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Lorts CM, Lasky JR. Competition × drought interactions change phenotypic plasticity and the direction of selection on Arabidopsis traits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1060-1072. [PMID: 32267968 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Populations often exhibit genetic diversity in traits involved in responses to abiotic stressors, but what maintains this diversity is unclear. Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits high within-population variation in drought response. One hypothesis is that competition, varying at small scales, promotes diversity in resource use strategies. However, little is known about natural variation in competition effects on Arabidopsis physiology. We imposed drought and competition treatments on diverse genotypes. We measured resource economics traits, physiology, and fitness to characterize plasticity and selection in response to treatments. Plastic responses to competition differed depending on moisture availability. We observed genotype-drought-competition interactions for relative fitness: competition had little effect on relative fitness under well-watered conditions, whereas competition caused rank changes in fitness under drought. Early flowering was always selected. Higher δ13 C was selected only in the harshest treatment (drought and competition). Competitive context significantly changed the direction of selection on aboveground biomass and inflorescence height in well-watered environments. Our results highlight how local biotic conditions modify abiotic selection, in some cases promoting diversity in abiotic stress response. The ability of populations to adapt to environmental change may thus depend on small-scale biotic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Lorts
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jesse R Lasky
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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5
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Josephs EB. Determining the evolutionary forces shaping G × E. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:31-36. [PMID: 29574919 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 31 I. Introduction 31 II. The maintenance of genetic variation for plasticity 32 III. Why is there environmental variation for genetic effects? 33 IV. Conclusions 35 Acknowledgements 35 References 35 SUMMARY: Phenotypic plasticity is common in nature, yet we lack a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary forces that shape genetic variation for plasticity. This endeavor is especially important because variation for plasticity will result in genotype-by-environment interactions (G × E), a crucial component of variation in quantitative traits. Here, I review our understanding of the evolutionary forces shaping G × E, focusing specifically on: what evolutionary forces maintain variation for plasticity; and what forces maintain different genetic architectures across environments. My specific goal is to show that genomic data can be leveraged to explain the maintenance of G × E by contrasting patterns of genetic variation for plasticity with neutral expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Josephs
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Karsten M, Addison P, Jansen van Vuuren B, Terblanche JS. Investigating population differentiation in a major African agricultural pest: evidence from geometric morphometrics and connectivity suggests high invasion potential. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3019-32. [PMID: 27085997 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The distribution, spatial pattern and population dynamics of a species can be influenced by differences in the environment across its range. Spatial variation in climatic conditions can cause local populations to undergo disruptive selection and ultimately result in local adaptation. However, local adaptation can be constrained by gene flow and may favour resident individuals over migrants-both are factors critical to the assessment of invasion potential. The Natal fruit fly (Ceratitis rosa) is a major agricultural pest in Africa with a history of island invasions, although its range is largely restricted to south east Africa. Across Africa, C. rosa is genetically structured into two clusters (R1 and R2), with these clusters occurring sympatrically in the north of South Africa. The spatial distribution of these genotypic clusters remains unexamined despite their importance for understanding the pest's invasion potential. Here, C. rosa, sampled from 22 South African locations, were genotyped at 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci and assessed morphologically using geometric morphometric wing shape analyses to investigate patterns of population structure and determine connectedness of pest-occupied sites. Our results show little to no intraspecific (population) differentiation, high population connectivity, high effective population sizes and only one morphological type (R2) within South Africa. The absence of the R1 morphotype at sites where it was previously found may be a consequence of differences in thermal niches of the two morphotypes. Overall, our results suggest high invasion potential of this species, that area-wide pest management should be undertaken on a country-wide scale, and that border control is critical to preventing further invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karsten
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - P Addison
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - B Jansen van Vuuren
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Zoology Laboratory, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - J S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Visser EJW, Zhang Q, De Gruyter F, Martens S, Huber H. Shade affects responses to drought and flooding - acclimation to multiple stresses in bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara L.). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18 Suppl 1:112-119. [PMID: 25581141 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants exposed to environmental stress often respond by a change in their phenotypic traits. These changes in trait expression may alleviate the negative effect of such stress factors. However, if multiple stresses are present, responses are likely to be less predictable and hence do not necessarily correlate to plant performance. This study tested if this expectation was true, by subjecting Solanum dulcamara plants to various simultaneous stress factors. Plants were grown in well-watered conditions, drought or flooding, and exposed to either full light or shade for 4 weeks. Shoot and root biomass, stem morphological parameters, such as height, number of nodes and length of stem internodes, and leaf traits like length, specific leaf area, chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance were determined. Both variation in light and in water availability typically caused slower growth, and resulted in distinct phenotypic changes in stem, leaf and root traits. However, effects of stresses on the expression of traits were not always additive. Instead, some combined stress responses (e.g. leaf size) appeared to be limited by physical or physiological constraints, whereas other responses were opposite to each other (e.g. root:shoot ratio), resulting in an intermediate phenotype in the combined stress treatment. These data suggest that in natural conditions, where combined stress factors are likely to be present, the optimal phenotype may not necessarily be expressed. Responses of plants to multiple stress factors may therefore not be associated with immediate advantages in terms of increased performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J W Visser
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - F De Gruyter
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - S Martens
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - H Huber
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Stock AJ, Campitelli BE, Stinchcombe JR. Quantitative genetic variance and multivariate clines in the Ivyleaf morning glory, Ipomoea hederacea. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130259. [PMID: 25002704 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinal variation is commonly interpreted as evidence of adaptive differentiation, although clines can also be produced by stochastic forces. Understanding whether clines are adaptive therefore requires comparing clinal variation to background patterns of genetic differentiation at presumably neutral markers. Although this approach has frequently been applied to single traits at a time, we have comparatively fewer examples of how multiple correlated traits vary clinally. Here, we characterize multivariate clines in the Ivyleaf morning glory, examining how suites of traits vary with latitude, with the goal of testing for divergence in trait means that would indicate past evolutionary responses. We couple this with analysis of genetic variance in clinally varying traits in 20 populations to test whether past evolutionary responses have depleted genetic variance, or whether genetic variance declines approaching the range margin. We find evidence of clinal differentiation in five quantitative traits, with little evidence of isolation by distance at neutral loci that would suggest non-adaptive or stochastic mechanisms. Within and across populations, the traits that contribute most to population differentiation and clinal trends in the multivariate phenotype are genetically variable as well, suggesting that a lack of genetic variance will not cause absolute evolutionary constraints. Our data are broadly consistent theoretical predictions of polygenic clines in response to shallow environmental gradients. Ecologically, our results are consistent with past findings of natural selection on flowering phenology, presumably due to season-length variation across the range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Stock
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Brandon E Campitelli
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2 Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
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Beans CM, Roach DA. An invasive plant alters phenotypic selection on the vegetative growth of a native congener. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:217-224. [PMID: 25667074 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The ecological consequences of plant competition have frequently been tested, but the evolutionary outcomes of these interactions have gone largely unexplored. The study of species invasions can make an important contribution to this field of research by allowing us to watch ecological and evolutionary processes unfold as a novel species is integrated into a plant community. We explored the ecological and evolutionary impact of an invasive jewelweed, Impatiens glandulifera, on a closely related native congener, I. capensis and asked: (1) Does the presence of the invasive jewelweed alter the fitness of native jewelweed populations? (2) Does the invasive jewelweed affect the vegetative growth of the native congener? and (3) Does the invasive jewelweed alter phenotypic selection on the vegetative traits of the native congener? METHODS We used a greenhouse competition experiment, an invasive species removal field experiment, and a survey of natural populations. KEY RESULTS We show that when the invasive jewelweed is present, phenotypic selection favors native jewelweed individuals investing less in rapid upward growth and more in branching and fruiting potential through the production of nodes. CONCLUSIONS This research demonstrates that invasive plants have the potential to greatly alter natural selection on native competitors. Studies investigating altered selection in invaded communities can reveal the potential evolutionary impact of invasive competitors, while deepening our understanding of the more general role of competition in driving plant evolution and permitting species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Beans
- Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4328 USA
| | - Deborah A Roach
- Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4328 USA
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Huber H, de Brouwer J, von Wettberg EJ, During HJ, Anten NPR. More cells, bigger cells or simply reorganization? Alternative mechanisms leading to changed internode architecture under contrasting stress regimes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:193-204. [PMID: 24033342 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Shading and mechanical stress (MS) modulate plant architecture by inducing different developmental pathways. Shading results in increased stem elongation, often reducing whole-plant mechanical stability, while MS inhibits elongation, with a concomitant increase in stability. Here, we examined how these organ-level responses are related to patterns and processes at the cellular level by exposing Impatiens capensis to shading and MS. Shading led to the production of narrower cells along the vertical axis. By contrast, MS led to the production of fewer, smaller and broader cells. These responses to treatments were largely in line with genetic differences found among plants from open and closed canopy sites. Shading- and MS-induced plastic responses in cellular characteristics were negatively correlated: genotypes that were more responsive to shading were less responsive to MS and vice versa. This negative correlation, however, did not scale to mechanical and architectural traits. Our data show how environmental conditions elicit distinctly different associations between characteristics at the cellular level, plant morphology and biomechanics. The evolution of optimal response to different environmental cues may be limited by negative correlations of stress-induced responses at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Huber
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan de Brouwer
- Freshwater Ecology, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Alterra Wageningen UR, PO Box 47, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric J von Wettberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Kushlan Institute for Tropical Science, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, FL, 33156, USA
| | - Heinjo J During
- Section of Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508, TB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels P R Anten
- Section of Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508, TB Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700, AK Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Xu L, Huber H, During HJ, Dong M, Anten NPR. Intraspecific variation of a desert shrub species in phenotypic plasticity in response to sand burial. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:991-1000. [PMID: 23672194 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Shoot elongation is one of the main plastic responses of plants to burial, a ubiquitous stress factor in dry ecosystems. Yet, intraspecific variation in this response to burial and the extent to which this variation is functionally coordinated with variation in other trait responses are largely unknown. We subjected seedlings of the shrub Caragana intermedia from 18 maternal parents (i.e. different half-sib families) to repeated partial burial to investigate how burial affects shoot growth, stem mechanical traits and associated plasticity. Burial increased both stem elongation and diameter growth of plants, but decreased biomass production. Half-sib families had different rates of shoot elongation, and differed in their response to burial with respect to biomechanical stem properties. Across half-sib families, the magnitude of these responses in mechanical traits was positively correlated with the magnitude of the stem elongation response. These results indicate that plasticity in different stem traits in response to sand burial and intraspecific variation therein are functionally coordinated with respect to mechanical stability. The results emphasize the importance of considering functionally coordinated traits when analyzing phenotypic plasticity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.84, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Heidrun Huber
- Experimental Plant Ecology, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Heinjo J During
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.84, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Niels P R Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, NL-6700 AK, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Hsieh YC, Chung JD, Wang CN, Chang CT, Chen CY, Hwang SY. Historical connectivity, contemporary isolation and local adaptation in a widespread but discontinuously distributed species endemic to Taiwan, Rhododendron oldhamii (Ericaceae). Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 111:147-56. [PMID: 23591517 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the evolutionary processes that constrain or facilitate adaptive divergence is a central goal in evolutionary biology, especially in non-model organisms. We tested whether changes in dynamics of gene flow (historical vs contemporary) caused population isolation and examined local adaptation in response to environmental selective forces in fragmented Rhododendron oldhamii populations. Variation in 26 expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat loci from 18 populations in Taiwan was investigated by examining patterns of genetic diversity, inbreeding, geographic structure, recent bottlenecks, and historical and contemporary gene flow. Selection associated with environmental variables was also examined. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed four regional population groups of north, central, south and southeast with significant genetic differentiation. Historical bottlenecks beginning 9168-13,092 years ago and ending 1584-3504 years ago were revealed by estimates using approximate Bayesian computation for all four regional samples analyzed. Recent migration within and across geographic regions was limited. However, major dispersal sources were found within geographic regions. Altitudinal clines of allelic frequencies of environmentally associated positively selected outliers were found, indicating adaptive divergence. Our results point to a transition from historical population connectivity toward contemporary population isolation and divergence on a regional scale. Spatial and temporal dispersal differences may have resulted in regional population divergence and local adaptation associated with environmental variables, which may have played roles as selective forces at a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Hsieh
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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von Wettberg EJB, Stinchcombe JR, Schmitt J. Early developmental responses to seedling environment modulate later plasticity to light spectral quality. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34121. [PMID: 22479538 PMCID: PMC3316606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlations between developmentally plastic traits may constrain the joint evolution of traits. In plants, both seedling de-etiolation and shade avoidance elongation responses to crowding and foliage shade are mediated by partially overlapping developmental pathways, suggesting the possibility of pleiotropic constraints. To test for such constraints, we exposed inbred lines of Impatiens capensis to factorial combinations of leaf litter (which affects de-etiolation) and simulated foliage shade (which affects phytochrome-mediated shade avoidance). Increased elongation of hypocotyls caused by leaf litter phenotypically enhanced subsequent elongation of the first internode in response to low red∶far red (R∶FR). Trait expression was correlated across litter and shade conditions, suggesting that phenotypic effects of early plasticity on later plasticity may affect variation in elongation traits available to selection in different light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J B von Wettberg
- Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America.
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Barišić Klisarić N, Avramov S, Miljković D, Živković U, Tarasjev A. Ontogeny of flower parts on naturally growing Iris pumila clones: Implications for population differentiation and phenotypic plasticity studies. RUSS J GENET+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795412010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Under some circumstances, selection and drift can be disentangled with comparisons of the Q(ST) of a quantitative trait and the F(ST) of putatively neutral loci. Most previous comparisons of F(ST) and Q(ST) are carried out at a single spatial scale. We derive a hierarchical Q(ST) appropriate for study across varying levels of spatial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Whitlock
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Huber H, von Wettberg EJ, Aguilera A, Schmitt J. Testing mechanisms and context dependence of costs of plastic shade avoidance responses in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:1602-1612. [PMID: 21940813 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Many plant species elongate their shoots in response to neighbor proximity and neighbor height. Although these plastic responses may be beneficial in terms of enhancing light interception, they also may have costs in terms of increased risk of mechanical failure (i.e., lodging or breaking) because of thinner stems. This trade-off between light acquisition and stability may shape the evolution of plastic elongation responses to foliage shade. METHODS In a field experiment manipulating elongation phenotypes and densities, we tested two hypotheses. We predicted that the risks of mechanical failure depend on plastic elongation and/or on characteristics of the immediate neighborhood, such as density and neighbor height. Further, we predicted that plants that fail mechanically would have reduced fitness. KEY RESULTS Mechanical failure was earlier and more frequent at high density and showed a complex interaction with neighborhood characteristics such as relative height of the neighbors and the expression of early plasticity. Plants that broke earlier had shorter lifespan and lower reproductive output. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that depending on the height and density of the group, plastic elongation responses can remain advantageous despite costs of increased risk of mechanical failure of the taller stems, as mechanical failure was not associated with strong costs in terms of reduced lifespan or seed production. The overall benefits of elongation outweigh the costs resulting in selection for elongation at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Huber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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Dubois PG, Brutnell TP. Topology of a maize field: distinguishing the influence of end-of-day far-red light and shade avoidance syndrome on plant height. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:467-70. [PMID: 21364314 PMCID: PMC3142371 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.4.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Correlations were established between plant height and Cartesian position in a field of diverse maize (Zea mays) germplasm. The influence of the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), a series of responses to lower photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and red to far-red light ratio (R:FR) at high planting density, was detected by a steep increase of plant height from the edge to interior rows of the field. In addition, a gradual increase in height was observed across the field from east to west. We attribute this result to a R:FR gradient caused by sunlight laterally penetrating the stand at dusk. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the increased height of west-positioned plants may be analogous to responses induced by end-of-day FR (EOD-FR) treatments used by photobiologists to induce SAS in controlled environments. While preliminary, these results nevertheless suggest that a plant's position in a field will influence the impact of daily fluctuations in PAR and R:FR in modulating plant height and, potentially, other agronomically relevant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice G Dubois
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Stinchcombe JR, Izem R, Heschel MS, McGoey BV, Schmitt J. Across-environment genetic correlations and the frequency of selective environments shape the evolutionary dynamics of growth rate in Impatiens capensis. Evolution 2010; 64:2887-903. [PMID: 20662920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs can exist within and across environments, and constrain evolutionary trajectories. To examine the effects of competition and resource availability on trade-offs, we grew individuals of recombinant inbred lines of Impatiens capensis in a factorial combination of five densities with two light environments (full light and neutral shade) and used a Bayesian logistic growth analysis to estimate intrinsic growth rates. To estimate across-environment constraints, we developed a variance decomposition approach to principal components analysis, which accounted for sample size, model-fitting, and within-RIL variation prior to eigenanalysis. We detected negative across-environment genetic covariances in intrinsic growth rates, although only under full-light. To evaluate the potential importance of these covariances, we surveyed natural populations of I. capensis to measure the frequency of different density environments across space and time. We combined our empirical estimates of across-environment genetic variance-covariance matrices and frequency of selective environments with hypothetical (yet realistic) selection gradients to project evolutionary responses in multiple density environments. Selection in common environments can lead to correlated responses to selection in rare environments that oppose and counteract direct selection in those rare environments. Our results highlight the importance of considering both the frequency of selective environments and the across-environment genetic covariances in traits simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Richter-Boix A, Teplitsky C, Rogell B, Laurila A. Local selection modifies phenotypic divergence amongRana temporariapopulations in the presence of gene flow. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:716-31. [PMID: 20089126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Richter-Boix
- Population Biology and Conservation Biology/Department of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Chen X, Huber H, de Kroon H, Peeters AJM, Poorter H, Voesenek LACJ, Visser EJW. Intraspecific variation in the magnitude and pattern of flooding-induced shoot elongation in Rumex palustris. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:1057-67. [PMID: 19687030 PMCID: PMC2766193 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intraspecific variation in flooding tolerance is the basic pre-condition for adaptive flooding tolerance to evolve, and flooding-induced shoot elongation is an important trait that enables plants to survive shallow, prolonged flooding. Here an investigation was conducted to determine to what extent variation in flooding-induced leaf elongation exists among and within populations of the wetland species Rumex palustris, and whether the magnitude of elongation can be linked to habitat characteristics. METHODS Offspring of eight genotypes collected in each of 12 populations from different sites (ranging from river mudflats with dynamic flooding regimes to areas with stagnant water) were submerged, and petioles, laminas and roots were harvested separately to measure traits related to elongation and plant growth. KEY RESULTS We found strong elongation of petioles upon submergence, and both among- and within-population variation in this trait, not only in final length, but also in the timing of the elongation response. However, the variation in elongation responses could not be linked to habitat type. CONCLUSIONS Spatio-temporal variation in the duration and depth of flooding in combination with a presumably weak selection against flooding-induced elongation may have contributed to the maintenance of large genetic variation in flooding-related traits among and within populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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McGoey BV, Stinchcombe JR. Interspecific competition alters natural selection on shade avoidance phenotypes in Impatiens capensis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:880-891. [PMID: 19573136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome is a known adaptive response for Impatiens capensis growing in dense intraspecific competition. However, I. capensis also grow with dominant interspecific competitors in marshes. Here, we compare the I. capensis shade-avoidance phenotypes produced in the absence and presence of heterospecific competitors, as well as selection on those traits. Two treatments were established in a marsh; in one treatment all heterospecifics were removed, while in the other, all competitors remained. We compared morphological traits, light parameters, seed output and, using phenotypic selection analysis, examined directional and nonlinear selection operating in the different competitive treatments. Average phenotypes, light parameters and seed production all varied depending on competitive treatment. Phenotypic selection analyses revealed different directional, disruptive, stabilizing and correlational selection. The disparities seen in both phenotypes and selection between the treatments related to the important differences in elongation timing depending on the presence of heterospecifics, although environmental covariances between traits and fitness could also contribute. Phenotypes produced by I. capensis depend on their competitive environment, and differing selection on shade-avoidance traits between competitive environments could indirectly select for increased plasticity given gene flow between populations in different competitive contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brechann V McGoey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3B2, Canada
| | - John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3B2, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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Anten NPR, von Wettberg EJ, Pawlowski M, Huber H. Interactive Effects of Spectral Shading and Mechanical Stress on the Expression and Costs of Shade Avoidance. Am Nat 2009; 173:241-55. [PMID: 19140769 DOI: 10.1086/595761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels P R Anten
- Section of Plant Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 800.84, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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