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Ofodile J, Alves MR, Liang Y, Franklin EB, Lunderberg DM, Ivey CE, Singer BC, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Characterizing PM 2.5 Emissions and Temporal Evolution of Organic Composition from Incense Burning in a California Residence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5047-5057. [PMID: 38437595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The chemical composition of incense-generated organic aerosol in residential indoor air has received limited attention in Western literature. In this study, we conducted incense burning experiments in a single-family California residence during vacancy. We report the chemical composition of organic fine particulate matter (PM2.5), associated emission factors (EFs), and gas-particle phase partitioning for indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Speciated organic PM2.5 measurements were made using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-HR-ToF-MS) and semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (SV-TAG). Organic PM2.5 EFs ranged from 7 to 31 mg g-1 for burned incense and were largely comprised of polar and oxygenated species, with high abundance of biomass-burning tracers such as levoglucosan. Differences in PM2.5 EFs and chemical profiles were observed in relation to the type of incense burned. Nine indoor SVOCs considered to originate from sources other than incense combustion were enhanced during incense events. Time-resolved concentrations of these SVOCs correlated well with PM2.5 mass (R2 > 0.75), suggesting that low-volatility SVOCs such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate partitioned to incense-generated PM2.5. Both direct emissions and enhanced partitioning of low-volatility indoor SVOCs to incense-generated PM2.5 can influence inhalation exposures during and after indoor incense use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ofodile
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yutong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David M Lunderberg
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cesunica E Ivey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett C Singer
- Indoor Environment Group, Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Division, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Audignon-Durand S, Ramalho O, Mandin C, Roudil A, Le Bihan O, Delva F, Lacourt A. Indoor exposure to ultrafine particles related to domestic activities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166947. [PMID: 37690752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (< 100 nm) are of increasing concern because of their toxicological potential. Emission processes suggest their presence in all environments, including at home, where particularly at-risk populations may be exposed. However, knowledge of their impact on health is still limited, due to difficulties in properly assessing exposure in epidemiological studies. In this context, the objective of this study was to provide a complete summary of indoor exposure to ultrafine particles in highly industrialised countries by examining the domestic activities that influence such exposure. We conducted a systematic review, according to PRISMA guidelines using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus up to and including 2021. We carried out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the selected studies with a standardised template. Exposure circumstances, measurement methods, and results were analysed. Finally, a meta-analysis of the measured concentrations was performed to study exposure levels during domestic activities. The review included 69 studies resulting in the analysis of 346 exposure situations. Nine main groups of activities were identified: cooking, which was the most studied, smoking, the use of air-fresheners, cleaning, heating, personal care, printing, do-it-yourself activities, and others. Over 50 different processes were involved in these activities. Based on available particle number concentrations, the highest average of mean concentrations was associated with grilling (14,400 × 103 cm-3), and the lowest with wood stove (18 × 103 cm-3). The highest average of peak concentrations was that for the use of hair dryers (695 × 103 cm-3), and the lowest for the use of air cleaners (11 × 103 cm-3). A hierarchy of domestic activities and related processes leading to ultrafine particle exposure is provided, along with average exposure concentrations at home. However, more extensive measurement campaigns are needed under real-life conditions to improve assessments of indoor exposure to ultrafine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyne Audignon-Durand
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, UMR1219, EPICENE Team, Bordeaux 33000, France; Bordeaux University Hospital, Environmental and Occupational Health Department, Bordeaux 33000, France.
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building, Marne-La-Vallée 77447, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building, Marne-La-Vallée 77447, France
| | - Audrey Roudil
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Environmental and Occupational Health Department, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Olivier Le Bihan
- Air Breizh, Association for Ambient Air Quality, Rennes 35 200, France
| | - Fleur Delva
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, UMR1219, EPICENE Team, Bordeaux 33000, France; Bordeaux University Hospital, Environmental and Occupational Health Department, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Aude Lacourt
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, UMR1219, EPICENE Team, Bordeaux 33000, France
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Zhang X, Xu J, Zhai L, Zhao W. Characterization of Aerosol Properties from the Burning Emissions of Typical Residential Fuels on the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14296-14305. [PMID: 36198091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Tibet Autonomous Region in China is a unique place with high altitude and special Tibetan culture. The residents have different living habits and domestic fuels from those in other parts of China, however, knowledge on the emission characteristics of local residential fuels remain poorly understood until now. In this study, nine popular residential fuels in the Tibet are burned in situ to study the aerosol chemical compositions, mass spectral signatures, and emission characteristics from their burning emissions. Overall, emissions of particulate and gaseous pollutants depend strongly on the burning conditions, in addition to the fuel constituents themselves. Burning the biofuels of yak dung, WeiSang mixture fuels, and two powdery Tibetan incenses with relatively low combustion efficiencies can emit large amounts of CO and aerosols, especially organic aerosols (>90%) with large diameters. In contrast, burning of wood, coal, ghee lamp, stick-like Tibetan incense, and diesel can release abundant CO2 but fewer aerosols from their flaming combustion. A comprehensive database consisting of the high-resolution mass spectra of organics and emission factors of multiple chemical components are established. Distinctly different mass spectral signatures are found among the different fuels, in particularly those unique Tibetan biofuels. All these findings have significant implications for the identification of aerosol sources, compilation of pollutant emission inventories, and assessment of potential environment effects in this remote region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Jung CC, Syu ZH, Su HJ, Lian PY, Chen NT. Stable C and N isotopes of PM 2.5 and size-segregated particles emitted from incense stick and cigarette burning. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113346. [PMID: 35461851 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work measured the δ13C and δ15N signatures in PM2.5 and size-segregated particles emitted from incense stick and cigarette burning in different brands or nicotine contents for pollution source identification indoors. Three popular brands of incense stick and cigarette were selected for experiments. A personal environmental monitoring sampler and a Sioutas cascade impactor were used to collect PM2.5 and size-segregated particles, respectively, for isotopic signatures analyses. Our data showed that both δ13C and δ15N values were heavier from incense stick burning (δ13C: 27.3 ± 0.5; δ15N: 8.63 ± 1.35) than cigarette (δ13C: 28.5 ± 0.2; δ15N: 4.15 ± 0.69). The scatter plots of δ13C and TC/PM2.5 and of δ15N and TN/PM2.5 can be applied to distinguish particle pollution sources and assess the influence of cigarette burning to PM2.5 according to different nicotine contents. The δ13C values in size-segregated particles were similar to incense stick or cigarette burning; the δ13C values in PM2.5 were significantly higher than those in size-segregated particles. However, the nitrogen amount was too low in most of the size-segregated particles to analyze δ15N from incense stick and cigarette burning. These results suggest that the δ13C signatures on PM2.5 cannot represent the isotopic characteristics of size-segregated particles and δ15N has limitation for pollution source identification of different particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Zih-Hong Syu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
| | - Huey-Jen Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yu Lian
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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Field Experiments to Identify and Eliminate Recirculation Zones to Improve Indoor Ventilation: Comparison with CFD. TRANSACTIONS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING 2022; 7:911-926. [PMID: 35836614 PMCID: PMC9098795 DOI: 10.1007/s41403-022-00335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ventilation of shared indoor spaces is crucial for mitigating air-borne infection spread among its occupants. Replacing the air in a room with fresh air is key to minimize the concentration of potentially infectious aerosol generated in the room. Recirculating air flow present at corners and around obstacles can trap air and infectious aerosol. This can significantly delay their evacuation by the ventilation system. Knowing the location and extent of such recirculation zones is, therefore, important. In this work, we present flow visualization experiments to identify recirculation zones in an enclosed space. It is based on the deflection of the smoke streak generated by an incense stick. We use particle image velocimetry (PIV) post-processing to quantify the deflection of the smoke streak and use it as an indicator of the direction of local air flow. Positive deflection, defined as the deflection towards the exit location, is associated with primary flow present in well-ventilated regions of the room. On the other hand, negative deflection indicates reversed flow in recirculation zones, where the smoke streak is defined away from the exit location. The technique is applied to a public shared washroom, where the toilet seat is found to be in a well-ventilated region, while the washbasin is in a large recirculation zone. We compare the experimental point measurements with flow field solution obtained using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). We also explore geometry modifications as a strategy to eliminate the recirculation zone over the washbasin.
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Yadav VK, Malik P, Tirth V, Khan SH, Yadav KK, Islam S, Choudhary N, Inwati GK, Arabi A, Kim DH, Jeon BH. Health and Environmental Risks of Incense Smoke: Mechanistic Insights and Cumulative Evidence. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2665-2693. [PMID: 35509323 PMCID: PMC9058426 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s347489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Incense burning is practiced alongside many sacred rituals across different regions of the world. Invariable constituents of incense brands are 21% (by weight) herbal and wood powder, 33% bamboo stick, 35% fragrance material, and 11% adhesive powder. Major incense-combustion outputs include particulate matter (PM), volatile organic content, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The relative toxicity of these products is an implicit function of particle size and incomplete combustion, which in turn vary for a specific incense brand. Lately, the attention given to the Air Quality Index by international regulatory bodies has created concern about mounting PM toxicity. The uncharacteristically small physical dimensions of these entities complicates their detection, and with no effect of gravity PM fractions rapidly contribute to oxidative stress, enhancing random biochemical reactions upon being inhaled. Incense burning generates four times the PM extent (45 mg•g−1) of cigarettes (~10 mg•g−1). Several poisonous gases, such as CO, CO2, NO2, and SO2, and the unavoidable challenge of disposing of the burnt incense ash further add to the toxicity. Taken together, these issues demonstrate that incense burning warrants prompt attention. The aim of this article is to highlight the toxicity of incense-combustion materials on the environment and human health. This discussion could be significant in framing future policy regarding ecofriendly incense manufacture and reduced usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, PP Savani University, Surat, Gujarat, 394125, India
| | - Parth Malik
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Vineet Tirth
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61411, Asir, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Asir, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal, 462044, India
| | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61411, Asir, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisha Choudhary
- Department of Environment Science, School of Sciences, PP Savani University, Kosamba, Surat, Gujarat, 394125, India
| | - Gajendra Kumar Inwati
- Department of Chemistry, DP Chaturvedi College, Rani Durgavati University, Seoni, Madhya Pradesh, 480661, India
| | - Amir Arabi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61411, Asir, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Do-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
- Correspondence: Byong-Hun Jeon, Email
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Huo Y, Guo H, Lyu X, Yao D. Emission characteristics, sources, and airborne fate of speciated organics in particulate matters in a Hong Kong residence. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13017. [PMID: 35347786 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies warn of the adverse health effects of indoor particulate matters (PM). However, little is known about the molecular compositions and emission characteristics of PM-bound organics (OM) indoors, a critical group of species with highest concentration and complexity in indoor PM. In a Hong Kong residence where prescribed activities were performed with normal frequency and intensity, we found that the activities significantly elevated not only the total concentration but also the fraction of OM in indoor PM. However, the concentration of the total PM-bound OM outdoors (10.3 ± 0.7 μg/m3 ) surpassed that for the indoor counterpart during the undisturbed period (8.2 ± 0.1 μg/m3 ), that is, period when there was no activity with high emission of PM but the residual effects of previous activities might remain. Emissions of indoor activities involving combustion or high-temperature processes significantly elevated the indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios for a majority of organic species. In addition, gas-to-particle partitioning, secondary formation, carrying-over (residues of pollutants in the air), and re-emission also modulated the I/O ratios of some compounds. Chemically comprehensive emission profiles of speciated organics were obtained for 5 indoor activities in the residence. While the indoor contribution to PM-bound OM was estimated to be not higher than 13.1% during the undisturbed period, carrying-over and/or re-emission seemed to exist for certain compounds emitted from cigarette smoking and incense burning. This study enhances knowledge on emissions and airborne fate of speciated organics in indoor PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxi Huo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dawen Yao
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Patel S, Rim D, Sankhyan S, Novoselac A, Vance ME. Aerosol dynamics modeling of sub-500 nm particles during the HOMEChem study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1706-1717. [PMID: 34643206 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00259g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We spend most of our time in built environments. The cumulative exposure to particulate matter (PM) occurring in these built environments can potentially be comparable to or even exceed that occurring outdoors. Therefore, it is critical to understand the sources, dynamics, and fate of PM in built environments. This work focuses on aerosol dynamics modeling (including coagulation, deposition, and exfiltration) of sub-500 nm particles measured inside a test house during the HOMEChem campaign while performing prescribed cooking activities. Deposition characteristics of the test house, emission rates and factors, and the fate of particles are presented. Number emission rates calculated for two different heat sources (stove and hot plate) and the various meals cooked on them were highest for sub-10 nm particles. Coagulation and deposition contributed comparably to the particle number concentration decay. Most of the PM (90% number-based and 70% mass-based) deposited within the house while the remaining fraction left the test house volume via exfiltration. Simulation results show that while increased air exchange rate reduces indoor PM mass concentration, it can lead to increased number concentration. An increase from 0.5 to 5 ACH (comparable to the equivalent air change rate from running a well-dimensioned portable air cleaner) would result in a 70% reduction in PM mass-based exposure while a further increase from 5 to 20 ACH would only result in an additional 21% reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Donghyun Rim
- Architectural Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Engineering Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sumit Sankhyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Atila Novoselac
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1752, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Lee CW, Vo TTT, Wee Y, Chiang YC, Chi MC, Chen ML, Hsu LF, Fang ML, Lee KH, Guo SE, Cheng HC, Lee IT. The Adverse Impact of Incense Smoke on Human Health: From Mechanisms to Implications. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5451-5472. [PMID: 34712057 PMCID: PMC8548258 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s332771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Incense burning is a very popular activity in daily life among many parts all over the world. A growing body of both epidemiological and experimental evidences has reported the negative effects of incense use on human well-being, posing a potential threat at public significance. This work is a comprehensive review that covers the latest findings regarding the adverse impact of incense smoke on our health, providing a panoramic visualization ranging from mechanisms to implications. The toxicities of incense smoke come directly from its harmful constituents and deposition capacity in the body. Besides, reactive oxygen species-driven oxidative stress and associated inflammation seem to be plausible underlying mechanisms, eliciting various unfavorable responses. Although our current knowledge remains many gaps, this issue still has some important implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Thi Thuy Tien Vo
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yinshen Wee
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Ching Chi
- Chronic Disease and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Min-Li Chen
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Fen Hsu
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Fang
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Super Micro Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Han Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Er Guo
- Graduate Institute of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chung Cheng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang YL, Tsou MCM, Pan KH, Özkaynak H, Dang W, Hsi HC, Chien LC. Estimation of Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates from the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Soil and Dust Model for Children in Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11805-11813. [PMID: 34388337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on estimating the probabilistic soil and dust ingestion rates for children under 3 years old by the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Soil and Dust (SHEDS-S/D) model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The health risk of children's exposure to heavy metals through soil and dust ingestion and dermal absorption was then assessed in three exposure scenarios. In the exposure scenario of direct contact with soil, the average soil and dust ingestion rates for children aged 24 to 36 months were 90.7 and 29.8 mg day-1 in the sand and clay groups, respectively. Hand-to-mouth soil ingestion was identified as the main contributor to soil and dust ingestion rates, followed by hand-to-mouth dust ingestion and object-to-mouth dust ingestion. The soil-to-skin adherence factor was the most influential factor increasing the soil and dust ingestion rate based on a sensitivity analysis in the SHEDS-S/D model. Furthermore, the modeled soil and dust ingestion rates based on the SHEDS-S/D model were coincident with results calculated by the tracer element method. Our estimates highlight the soil ingestion rate as the key parameter increasing the risk for children, while a higher frequency of hand washing could potentially reduce the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Lin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Da'an Dist., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chien Mark Tsou
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Building, No.128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Pan
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Da'an Dist., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Halûk Özkaynak
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (D205-05), RTP, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Winston Dang
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Cheng Hsi
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Da'an Dist., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chu Chien
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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11
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Mostafa MYA, Khalaf HNB, Zhukovsky M. Attachment rate characteristics of different wide used aerosol sources in indoor air. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:867-879. [PMID: 34150278 PMCID: PMC8172742 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, six different aerosol sources, used in everyday life, were investigated to analyze parameters such as concentration, size distributions, and dynamics: regular and electronic cigarettes, incense, candles, mosquito coils, and cooking. During the experiments, the aerosol particle count ranged from 200 to 2·105 cm-3. The number, mass, and specific surface area of the aerosol size distributions were measured by a Model 2702 M diffusion aerosol spectrometer (DAS) with a range of 5 nm to 10 μm. The attachment rate of radon decay products to aerosol particles is calculated depending on their size distribution/ The use of household sources of aerosols (heat treatment of food, smoking, candles, etc.) result in an increase in the concentration of aerosol particles by more than an order of magnitude, mainly due to the generation of ultrafine aerosols with number median diameter 64-92 nm and GSD 1.45-1.84. The mass distribution is dominated by particles with a distribution maximum in the range of 2-5 μm. The attachment of radon decay products to aerosols is associated with ultrafine particles with diameter < 200 nm. The median diameter of the rate of attachment to aerosols is 130 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Yuness Abdelfatah Mostafa
- Physics department, faculty of science, Minia university, 61519 El Minia, Egypt
- Experimental Physics Department, Ural federal university, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Hyam Nazmy Bader Khalaf
- Physics department, faculty of science, Minia university, 61519 El Minia, Egypt
- Experimental Physics Department, Ural federal university, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Michael Zhukovsky
- Experimental Physics Department, Ural federal university, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Industrial Ecology UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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12
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Bu-Olayan AH, Thomas BV. Exposition of respiratory ailments from trace metals concentrations in incenses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10210. [PMID: 34021185 PMCID: PMC8140077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Selected trace metals of importance in different incense before and after the smoldering process were assessed based on the recent respiratory ailments. Marketed perfumed and non-perfumed incense from different countries was separately analyzed using an Inductive coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). A particulate analyzer measured the dispersed particulates (PM2.5) in the indoor environment. The analysis revealed higher mean metals concentrations in the smoldered perfumed incense (1.98 µg g-1) than in the non-smoldered and non-perfumed incense (0.59 µg g-1). Pilot-scale experiments included the smoke dispersed in different sized-rooms, and the distance between the inhaler and the smoldering incense. Simultaneously, a questionnaire distributed to 300 residents from six sampling areas revealed the exposure of incense to human health. This study indicated significant attributes on (a) the room size and incense volume, (b) the permissible inmate's number in a room, (c) the distance between the inmate vicinity and the point of smoldering incense, (d) selectivity of incense, besides the outdoor environmental influence. Furthermore, this study revealed the various categories of respiratory ailments in residents in relation to the frequency of burning incense, prolonged smoke exposure, and the impact of burners although, earlier beneficial effects of incenses were evidenced. This study recommends preventive measures to human respiratory ailments from smoldering incense.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Bu-Olayan
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, Khaldiya Campus, BLDG 48, RM 7, PB 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - B V Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, Khaldiya Campus, BLDG 48, RM 7, PB 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait.
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13
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Hernández-Díaz D, Martos-Ferreira D, Hernández-Abad V, Villar-Ribera R, Tarrés Q, Rojas-Sola JI. Indoor PM2.5 removal efficiency of two different non-thermal plasma systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111515. [PMID: 33113396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of non-thermal plasma (NTP) generators in air processing systems and their duct networks to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) has grown considerably in recent years. This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of NTP generators for IAQ improvement in biological, chemical and particulate pollutant terms. Also, it assesses and compares the ability of a multipin corona discharge (MPCD) and a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) generator to reduce the concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in recycled, unfiltered air in a refrigeration chamber. The MPCD generator was found to have a higher PM2.5 removal efficiency; also, it was faster in removing pollutants, used less energy, and produced much less ozone. The fact that the MPCD generator performed better was seemingly the result of its increased ion production mainly. NTP generators, however, cannot match air filtration media purifiers in this respect as the latter are much more effective in removing particles. Besides, NTP-based air purifying technology continues to be subject to a major drawback, namely: the formation of ozone as a by-product. In any case, the ozone generation was uncorrelated to ion emission when using different technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hernández-Díaz
- Serra Húnter Programme, Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, TR5 Campus Terrassa, 08222, Terrassa, Spain.
| | - D Martos-Ferreira
- Department of Electronics, The Salesian University School of Sarrià, Passeig Sant Joan Bosco 74, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - V Hernández-Abad
- Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, TR5 Campus Terrassa, 08222, Terrassa, Spain.
| | - R Villar-Ribera
- Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Campus Manresa, 08242, Manresa, Spain.
| | - Q Tarrés
- LEPAMAP Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - J I Rojas-Sola
- Department of Engineering Graphics, Design and Projects, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
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14
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Omelekhina Y, Eriksson A, Canonaco F, Prevot ASH, Nilsson P, Isaxon C, Pagels J, Wierzbicka A. Cooking and electronic cigarettes leading to large differences between indoor and outdoor particle composition and concentration measured by aerosol mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1382-1396. [PMID: 32412028 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We spend about two thirds of our time in private homes where airborne particles of indoor and outdoor origins are present. The negative health effects of exposure to outdoor particles are known. The characteristics of indoor airborne particles, though, are not well understood. This study assesses the differences in chemical composition of PM1 (<1 μm) inside and outside of an occupied Swedish residence in real time with a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and an Aethalometer. The chemical composition and concentration of particles indoors showed large differences compared to outdoors. The average indoor concentration was 15 μg m-3 and was higher than the outdoor 7 μg m-3. Organics dominated indoor particle composition (86% of the total mass) and originated from indoor sources (cooking, e-cigarette vaping). The average indoor to outdoor ratios were 5.5 for organic matter, 1.0 for black carbon, 0.6 for sulphate, 0.1 for nitrate, 0.2 for ammonium and 0.2 for chloride. The occupancy time accounted for 97% of the total measured period. Four factors were identified in the source apportionment of organic particle fraction by applying positive matrix factorization (PMF): two cooking factors, one e-cigarette factor and one outdoor contribution (OOA) organic factor penetrated from outside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Omelekhina
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Axel Eriksson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden. and Nuclear Physics Department, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Nilsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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15
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Patel S, Sankhyan S, Boedicker EK, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Goldstein AH, Katz EF, Nazaroff WW, Tian Y, Vanhanen J, Vance ME. Indoor Particulate Matter during HOMEChem: Concentrations, Size Distributions, and Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7107-7116. [PMID: 32391692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is important to improve our understanding of exposure to particulate matter (PM) in residences because of associated health risks. The HOMEChem campaign was conducted to investigate indoor chemistry in a manufactured test house during prescribed everyday activities, such as cooking, cleaning, and opening doors and windows. This paper focuses on measured size distributions of PM (0.001-20 μm), along with estimated exposures and respiratory-tract deposition. Number concentrations were highest for sub-10 nm particles during cooking using a propane-fueled stovetop. During some cooking activities, calculated PM2.5 mass concentrations (assuming a density of 1 g cm-3) exceeded 250 μg m-3, and exposure during the postcooking decay phase exceeded that of the cooking period itself. The modeled PM respiratory deposition for an adult residing in the test house kitchen for 12 h varied from 7 μg on a day with no indoor activities to 68 μg during a simulated day (including breakfast, lunch, and dinner preparation interspersed by cleaning activities) and rose to 149 μg during a simulated Thanksgiving day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sumit Sankhyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Erin K Boedicker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joonas Vanhanen
- Airmodus Oy, Erik Palménin aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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16
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Fazli T, Zeng Y, Stephens B. Fine and ultrafine particle removal efficiency of new residential HVAC filters. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:656-669. [PMID: 31077624 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Particle air filters used in central residential forced-air systems are most commonly evaluated for their size-resolved removal efficiency for particles 0.3-10 µm using laboratory tests. Little information exists on the removal efficiency of commercially available residential filters for particles smaller than 0.3 µm or for integral measures of mass-based aerosol concentrations (eg, PM2.5 ) or total number concentrations (eg, ultrafine particles, or UFPs) that are commonly used in regulatory monitoring and building measurements. Here, we measure the size-resolved removal efficiency of 50 new commercially available residential HVAC filters installed in a recirculating central air-handling unit in an unoccupied apartment unit using alternating upstream/downstream measurements with incense and NaCl as particle sources. Size-resolved removal efficiencies are then used to estimate integral measures of PM2.5 and total UFP removal efficiency for the filters assuming they are challenged by 201 residential indoor particle size distributions (PSDs) gathered from the literature. Total UFP and PM2.5 removal efficiencies generally increased with manufacturer-reported filter ratings and with filter thickness, albeit with numerous exceptions. PM2.5 removal efficiencies were more influenced by the assumption for indoor PSD than total UFP removal efficiencies. Filters with the same ratings but from different manufacturers often had different removal efficiencies for PM2.5 and total UFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torkan Fazli
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yicheng Zeng
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brent Stephens
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
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17
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Geng TT, Jafar TH, Yuan JM, Koh WP. Long-term incense use and the risk of end-stage renal disease among Chinese in Singapore: the Singapore Chinese health study. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:9. [PMID: 30626362 PMCID: PMC6325774 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-1186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies have shown that exposure to incense burning may have deleterious effects on kidney function and architecture. However, the association between chronic exposure to incense smoke and risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has not been reported in epidemiologic studies. METHODS We investigated this association in the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective population-based cohort of 63,257 Chinese men and women of 45-74 years of age in Singapore during recruitment from 1993 to 1998. Information on the practice of incense burning at home, diet, lifestyle and medical history was collected at baseline interviews. ESRD cases were identified through linkage with the nationwide Singapore Renal Registry through 2015. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of ESRD associated with domestic incense burning. RESULTS Among cohort participants, 76.9% were current incense users. After an average 17.5 years of follow-up, there were 1217 incident ESRD cases. Compared to never users, the multivariable-adjusted HR for ESRD risk was 1.05 (95% CI, 0.80 to 1.38) for former users and 1.26 (95% CI, 1.02 to1.57) for current users of incense. In analysis by daily or non-daily use and duration, the increased ESRD risk was observed in daily users who had used incense for > 20 years; HR was 1.25 (95% CI, 1.07 to 1.46). Conversely, the risk was not increased in those who did not use incense daily or who had used daily but for ≤20 years. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that long-term daily exposure to domestic incense burning could be associated with a higher risk of ESRD in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Geng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tazeen Hasan Jafar
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road Level 4, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road Level 4, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
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Zanoletti A, Bilo F, Depero LE, Zappa D, Bontempi E. The first sustainable material designed for air particulate matter capture: An introduction to Azure Chemistry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 218:355-362. [PMID: 29704831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a new porous material (SUNSPACE) designed for air particulate matter (PM) capture. It was developed in answer to the European Commission request of an innovative, affordable, and sustainable solution, based on design-driven material, to reduce the concentration of air particulate matter in urban areas. SUNSPACE material was developed from by-products and low-cost materials, such as silica fume and sodium alginate. Its capability to catch ultrafine PM was evaluated by different ad-hoc tests, considering diesel exhaust fumes and incense smoke PM. Despite the fact that procedures and materials can be designed for remediation, the high impact on the environment, for example in terms of natural resources consumption and emissions, are not usually considered. Instead, we believe that the technologies must be always evaluated in terms of material embodied energy (EE) and carbon footprint (CF). We define our approach to solve environment problems by a sustainable methodology "Azure Chemistry". For the SUNSPACE synthesis, the multi-criteria decision analysis was performed to select the best sustainable solution. The emissions and the energies involved in the synthesis of SUNSPACE material were evaluated with the Azure Chemistry approach, showing that this could be the best available technology to face the problem of capturing the PM in urban area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zanoletti
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123, Italy
| | - F Bilo
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123, Italy
| | - L E Depero
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123, Italy
| | - D Zappa
- Sensor Laboratory, Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Brescia, Via Valotti 7, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123, Italy.
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Manigrasso M, Vitali M, Protano C, Avino P. Temporal evolution of ultrafine particles and of alveolar deposited surface area from main indoor combustion and non-combustion sources in a model room. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:1015-1026. [PMID: 28468124 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol number size distributions, PM mass concentrations, alveolar deposited surface areas (ADSAs) and VOC concentrations were measured in a model room when aerosol was emitted by sources frequently encountered in indoor environments. Both combustion and non-combustion sources were considered. The most intense aerosol emission occurred when combustion sources were active (as high as 4.1×107particlescm-3 for two meat grilling sessions; the first with exhaust ventilation, the second without). An intense spike generation of nucleation particles occurred when appliances equipped with brush electric motors were operating (as high as 106particlescm-3 on switching on an electric drill). Average UFP increments over the background value were highest for electric appliances (5-12%) and lowest for combustion sources (as low as -24% for tobacco cigarette smoke). In contrast, average increments in ADSA were highest for combustion sources (as high as 3.2×103μm2cm-3 for meat grilling without exhaust ventilation) and lowest for electric appliances (20-90μm2cm-3). The health relevance of such particles is associated to their ability to penetrate cellular structures and elicit inflammatory effects mediated through oxidative stress in a way dependent on their surface area. The highest VOC concentrations were measured (PID probe) for cigarette smoke (8ppm) and spray air freshener (10ppm). The highest PM mass concentration (PM1) was measured for citronella candle burning (as high as 7.6mgm-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Manigrasso
- Department of Technological Innovations, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Research Area, via IV Novembre 144, I-00187 Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Technological Innovations, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Research Area, via IV Novembre 144, I-00187 Rome, Italy
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20
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Vu TV, Ondracek J, Zdímal V, Schwarz J, Delgado-Saborit JM, Harrison RM. Physical properties and lung deposition of particles emitted from five major indoor sources. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2017; 10:1-14. [PMID: 28111595 PMCID: PMC5216066 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-016-0424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of indoor particles were measured with an Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) system (14.6-850 nm), an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS, 0.54-18 μm) and an Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (H-TDMA) in an apartment located in an urban background site in Prague (Czech Republic) from 15 August to 8 September, 2014. The total particle maximum number concentration was 9.38 × 104, 1.46 × 105, 2.89 × 104, 2.25 × 105 and 1.57 × 106 particles cm-3 for particles released from vacuum cleaning, soap/W5 cleaning spray, smoking, incense burning and cooking (frying) activities, respectively. Particles emitted from cleaning activities showed unimodal number size distributions, with the majority of particles (>98.2 %) in the ultrafine size range (Dp <100 nm) and modes at a diameter of 19.8 nm for vacuum cleaning and 30.6 nm for soap/W5 cleaning. Smoking and incense burning predominantly generated particles in the accumulation mode with a count median diameter around 90-150 nm while cooking emissions showed a bimodal structure with a main mode at 47.8 nm. Particles from vacuum cleaning, incense burning, smoking and cooking emissions were found to be "nearly hydrophobic" with an average growth factor (Gf) around 1.01-1.10, while particles emitted from desk cleaning using organic compounds were found to be "less-hygroscopic" (Gf ∼1.12-1.16). Based on an adjusted MPPD model with a consideration of the hygroscopic properties of particles, the total lung deposition fractions of these particles by number when they penetrate into the human lung were 0.73 ± 0.02, 0.62 ± 0.03, 0.37 ± 0.03, 0.32 ± 0.03 and 0.49 ± 0.02 for vacuum cleaning, desk cleaning, smoking, incense burning and cooking, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan V. Vu
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Jakub Ondracek
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR (ICPF), Prague, 165 02 Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Zdímal
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR (ICPF), Prague, 165 02 Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR (ICPF), Prague, 165 02 Czech Republic
| | - Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Environmental Sciences/Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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21
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Trassierra CV, Stabile L, Cardellini F, Morawska L, Buonanno G. Effect of indoor-generated airborne particles on radon progeny dynamics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 314:155-163. [PMID: 27131455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the interaction between radon progeny and particles, an experimental campaign was carried out in a radon chamber at the Italian National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology, quantifying the amount of attached and unattached radon daughters present in air, as well as the equilibrium factor in the presence of particles generated through indoor sources. A fixed radon concentration was maintained, while particles were generated using incense sticks, mosquito coils and gas combustion. Aerosols were characterized in terms of particle concentrations and size distributions. Simultaneously, radon concentration and attached/unattached potential alpha energy concentration in the air were continuously monitored by two different devices, based on alpha spectroscopy techniques. The presence of particles was found to affect the attached fraction of radon decay products, in such a way that the particles acted as a sink for radionuclides. In terms of sources which emit large particles (e.g. incense, mosquito coils), which greatly increase particle surface area concentrations, the Equilibrium Factor was found to double with respect to the background level before particle generation sessions. On the contrary, the radon decay product dynamics were not influenced by gas combustion processes, mainly due to the small surface area of the particles emitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vargas Trassierra
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - L Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy.
| | - F Cardellini
- National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology (INMRI-ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - L Morawska
- National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology (INMRI-ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - G Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Katsoyiannis A, Anda EE, Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Leva P, Goetsch A, Sandanger TM, Huber S. Indoor air characterization of various microenvironments in the Arctic. The case of Tromsø, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 134:1-7. [PMID: 25042029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present pilot study monitored for the first time volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aerosols in domestic and occupational microenvironments in the Arctic Region. Differences between the two categories of samples are noted with domestic environments exhibiting higher concentrations of VOCs (total VOCs ranging between 106 and 584 μg m(-3)), while total particulate matter was highest in workplace non-office environments (ranging between 132 and 284 μg m(-3)). The terpenes were the most abundant class of VOCs, while a variety of other compounds exhibited 100% frequency of occurrence (i.e. naphthalene, D5-volatile methyl siloxane). Compared to results from other studies/regions, the concentrations of VOCs are considered as relatively low. Based on the results and the knowledge of the typical characteristics of the Arctic lifestyle, some important sources are identified. As this is the first study that deals with indoor air quality in the coldest region globally, it is expected that it will trigger the interest of Authorities to proceed to more detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) at FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Erik Eik Anda
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Leva
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), Chemical Assessment and Testing Unit, Via E. Fermi 1, I-21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Arntraut Goetsch
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) at FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torkjel M Sandanger
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) at FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sandra Huber
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) at FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
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Dacunto PJ, Cheng KC, Acevedo-Bolton V, Jiang RT, Klepeis NE, Repace JL, Ott WR, Hildemann LM. Real-time particle monitor calibration factors and PM2.5 emission factors for multiple indoor sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1511-1519. [PMID: 23784066 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00209h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoor sources can greatly contribute to personal exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). To accurately assess PM2.5 mass emission factors and concentrations, real-time particle monitors must be calibrated for individual sources. Sixty-six experiments were conducted with a common, real-time laser photometer (TSI SidePak™ Model AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor) and a filter-based PM2.5 gravimetric sampler to quantify the monitor calibration factors (CFs), and to estimate emission factors for common indoor sources including cigarettes, incense, cooking, candles, and fireplaces. Calibration factors for these indoor sources were all significantly less than the factory-set CF of 1.0, ranging from 0.32 (cigarette smoke) to 0.70 (hamburger). Stick incense had a CF of 0.35, while fireplace emissions ranged from 0.44-0.47. Cooking source CFs ranged from 0.41 (fried bacon) to 0.65-0.70 (fried pork chops, salmon, and hamburger). The CFs of combined sources (e.g., cooking and cigarette emissions mixed) were linear combinations of the CFs of the component sources. The highest PM2.5 emission factors per time period were from burned foods and fireplaces (15-16 mg min(-1)), and the lowest from cooking foods such as pizza and ground beef (0.1-0.2 mg min(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Dacunto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Rm M-4, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
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Manoukian A, Quivet E, Temime-Roussel B, Nicolas M, Maupetit F, Wortham H. Emission characteristics of air pollutants from incense and candle burning in indoor atmospheres. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4659-4670. [PMID: 23288671 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particles emitted by incense sticks and candles combustion in an experimental room have been monitored on-line and continuously with a high time resolution using a state-of-the-art high sensitivity-proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (HS-PTR-MS) and a condensation particle counter (CPC), respectively. The VOC concentration-time profiles, i.e., an increase up to a maximum concentration immediately after the burning period followed by a decrease which returns to the initial concentration levels, were strongly influenced by the ventilation and surface interactions. The obtained kinetic data set allows establishing a qualitative correlation between the elimination rate constants of VOCs and their physicochemical properties such as vapor pressure and molecular weight. The emission of particles increased dramatically during the combustion, up to 9.1(±0.2) × 10(4) and 22.0(±0.2) × 10(4) part cm(-3) for incenses and candles, respectively. The performed kinetic measurements highlight the temporal evolution of the exposure level and reveal the importance of ventilation and deposition to remove the particles in a few hours in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manoukian
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE, FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille Cedex 03, France
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Abstract
The increased risk of morbidity and mortality among adults and children with pre-existing cardiovascular or respiratory illness from emission-derived particulate matter (PM) is well documented. However, the detrimental effects of PM inhalation on the exercising, healthy population is still in question. This review will focus on the acute and chronic responses to PM inhalation during exercise and how PM exposure influences exercise performance. The smaller ultrafine PM (<0.01 μm aerodynamic diameter) appears to have the most severe health consequences compared with the larger coarse PM (2.5 < PM <10 μm aerodynamic diameter). While the response to PM inhalation may affect those with a pre-existing condition, the healthy population is not immune to the effects of PM inhalation, especially during exercise. This population, including the competitive athlete, is susceptible to pulmonary inflammation, decreased lung function (both acute and chronic in nature), the increased risk of asthma, vascular endothelial dysfunction, mild elevations in pulmonary artery pressure and diminished exercise performance. PM exposure is usually associated with vehicular traffic, but other sources of PM, including small engines from lawn and garden equipment, cigarette smoke, wood smoke and cooking, may also impair health and performance. The physiological effects of PM are dependent on the source of PM, various environmental factors, physical attributes and nature of exercise. There are a number of measures an athlete can take to reduce exposure to PM, as well as the deleterious effects that result from the inevitable exposure to PM. Considering the acute and chronic physiological responses to PM inhalation, individuals living and exercising in urban areas in close proximity to major roadways should consider ambient air pollution levels (in particular, PM and ozone) prior to engaging in vigorous exercise, and those exposed to PM through other sources may need to make lifestyle alterations to avoid the deleterious effects of PM inhalation. Although it is clear that PM exposure is detrimental to healthy individuals engaging in exercise, further research is necessary to better understand the role of PM on athlete health and performance, as well as measures that can attenuate the harmful effects of PM.
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Hosgood HD, Vermeulen R, Wei H, Reiss B, Coble J, Wei F, Jun X, Wu G, Rothman N, Lan Q. Combustion-derived nanoparticle exposure and household solid fuel use in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2012; 22:571-81. [PMID: 22639822 PMCID: PMC4231791 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.684147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNPs) have not been readably measurable until recently. We conducted a pilot study to determine CDNP levels during solid fuel burning. The aggregate surface area of CDNP (μm(2)/cm(3)) was monitored continuously in 15 Chinese homes using varying fuel types (i.e. bituminous coal, anthracite coal, wood) and stove types (i.e. portable stoves, stoves with chimneys, firepits). Information on fuel burning activities was collected and PM(2.5) levels were measured. Substantial exposure differences were observed during solid fuel burning (mean: 228.1 μm(2)/cm(3)) compared to times without combustion (mean: 14.0 μm(2)/cm(3)). The observed levels during burning were reduced by about four-fold in homes with a chimney (mean: 92.1 μm(2)/cm(3); n = 9), and effects were present for all fuel types. Each home's CDNP measurement was only moderately correlated with the respective PM(2.5) measurements (r (2) = 0.43; p = 0.11). Our results indicate that household coal and wood burning contributes to indoor nanoparticle levels, which are not fully reflected in PM(2.5) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dean Hosgood
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Pratt KA, Prather KA. Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols--recent developments and applications. Part II: On-line mass spectrometry techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:17-48. [PMID: 21449003 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many of the significant advances in our understanding of atmospheric particles can be attributed to the application of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry provides high sensitivity with fast response time to probe chemically complex particles. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in the field of mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols. In Part II of this two-part review, we concentrate on real-time mass spectrometry techniques, which provide high time resolution for insight into brief events and diurnal changes while eliminating the potential artifacts acquired during long-term filter sampling. In particular, real-time mass spectrometry has been shown recently to provide the ability to probe the chemical composition of ambient individual particles <30 nm in diameter to further our understanding of how particles are formed through nucleation in the atmosphere. Further, transportable real-time mass spectrometry techniques are now used frequently on ground-, ship-, and aircraft-based studies around the globe to further our understanding of the spatial distribution of atmospheric aerosols. In addition, coupling aerosol mass spectrometry techniques with other measurements in series has allowed the in situ determination of chemically resolved particle effective density, refractive index, volatility, and cloud activation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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28
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Yang TT, Lin ST, Lin TS, Hong WL. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions in the particulate phase from burning incenses with various atomic hydrogen/carbon ratios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 414:335-342. [PMID: 22134031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the particulate phase generated from burning various incense was investigated by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Among the used incenses, the atomic H/C ratio ranged from 0.51 to 1.69, yielding the emission factor ranges for total particulate mass and PAHs of 4.19-82.16 mg/g and 1.20-9.50 μg/g, respectively. The atomic H/C ratio of the incense was the key factor affecting particulate mass and the PAHs emission factors. Both the maximum emission factor and the slowest burning rate appear at the H/C ratio of 1.57. The concentrations of the four-ring PAHs predominated and the major species among the 16 PAHs were fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and chrysene for most incense types. The benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene accounted for 87.08-93.47% of the total toxic equivalency emission factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ting Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University, No 306, Yuanpei St, Hsin Chu, 300, Taiwan.
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