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Uno Y, Shimizu M, Yamazaki H. A variety of cytochrome P450 enzymes and flavin-containing monooxygenases in dogs and pigs commonly used as preclinical animal models. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116124. [PMID: 38490520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Drug oxygenation is mainly mediated by cytochromes P450 (P450s, CYPs) and flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). Polymorphic variants of P450s and FMOs are known to influence drug metabolism. Species differences exist in terms of drug metabolism and can be important when determining the contributions of individual enzymes. The success of research into drug-metabolizing enzymes and their impacts on drug discovery and development has been remarkable. Dogs and pigs are often used as preclinical animal models. This research update provides information on P450 and FMO enzymes in dogs and pigs and makes comparisons with their human enzymes. Newly identified dog CYP3A98, a testosterone 6β- and estradiol 16α-hydroxylase, is abundantly expressed in small intestine and is likely the major CYP3A enzyme in small intestine, whereas dog CYP3A12 is the major CYP3A enzyme in liver. The roles of recently identified dog CYP2J2 and pig CYP2J33/34/35 were investigated. FMOs have been characterized in humans and several other species including dogs and pigs. P450 and FMO family members have been characterized also in cynomolgus macaques and common marmosets. P450s have industrial applications and have been the focus of attention of many pharmaceutical companies. The techniques used to investigate the roles of P450/FMO enzymes in drug oxidation and clinical treatments have not yet reached maturity and require further development. The findings summarized here provide a foundation for understanding individual pharmacokinetic and toxicological results in dogs and pigs as preclinical models and will help to further support understanding of the molecular mechanisms of human P450/FMO functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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2
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Uno Y, Jikuya S, Noda Y, Oguchi A, Murayama N, Kawaguchi H, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Yamazaki H. Newly identified cytochrome P450 3A genes of tree shrews and pigs are expressed and encode functional enzymes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 267:109579. [PMID: 36822299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Novel cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) cDNA in tree shrews (which are non-rodent primate-like species) and pig CYP3A227 cDNA were identified, along with known pig CYP3A22, CYP3A29, and CYP3A46 cDNAs. All five cDNAs contained open reading frames encoding a polypeptide of 503 amino acids that shared high sequence identity (72-78 %) with human CYP3A4 and were more closely related to human CYP3As than rat CYP3As by phylogenetic analysis. CYP3A5 was the only CYP3A in the tree shrew genome, but pig CYP3A genes formed a CYP3A gene cluster in the genomic region corresponding to that of human CYP3A genes. Tree shrew CYP3A5 mRNA was predominantly expressed in liver and small intestine, among the tissues analyzed, whereas pig CYP3A227 mRNA was most abundantly expressed in jejunum, followed by liver. Metabolic assays established that tree shrew CYP3A5 and pig CYP3A proteins heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli metabolized typical human CYP3A4 substrates nifedipine and midazolam. These results suggest that novel tree shrew CYP3A5 and pig CYP3A227 were functional enzymes able to metabolize human CYP3A4 substrates in liver and small intestine, similar to human CYP3A4, although pig CYP3A227 mRNA was minimally expressed in all tissues analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Shiori Jikuya
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yutaro Noda
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Asuka Oguchi
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Uno Y, Morikuni S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H. 2-Oxidation, 3-methyl hydroxylation, and 6-hydroxylation of skatole, a contributor to the odour of boar-tainted pork meat, mediated by porcine liver microsomal cytochromes P450 1A2, 2A19, 2E1, and 3A22. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:60-65. [PMID: 36976910 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2197037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The 2-oxidation, 3-methyl hydroxylation, and 6-hydroxylation of skatole (a contributor to boar taint) mediated by minipig liver microsomes and recombinant P450 enzymes expressed in bacterial membranes were investigated.At low substrate concentrations of 10 µM, the formation rates of indole-3-carbinol, 6-hydroxyskatole, and the sum of 3-methyloxindole, indole-3-carbinol, and 6-hydroxyskatole in male minipig liver microsomes were significantly lower than those in female minipig liver microsomes.Compensatory 3-methyloxindole and indole-3-carbinol formation in minipig liver microsomes, which lack 6-hydroxyskatole formation in males, was mediated partly by liver microsomal P450 1A2 and P450 1A2/2E1, respectively. These enzymes were suppressed by typical P450 inhibitors in female minipig liver microsomes.Among the 14 pig P450 forms evaluated, P450 2A19 was the dominant form mediating 3-methyloxindole, indole-3-carbinol, and 6-hydroxyskatole formation from skatole at substrate concentrations of 100 µM. Positive cooperativity was observed in 3-methyloxindole formation from skatole mediated by male minipig liver microsomes and by pig P450 3A22 with Hill coefficients of 1.2-1.5.These results suggest high skatole 2-oxidation, 3-methyl hydroxylation, and 6-hydroxylation activities of pig P450 2A19 and compensatory skatole oxidations mediated by pig P450 1A2, 2E1, or 3A22 in male minipig liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Saho Morikuni
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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Gang N, Van Allen K, Villeneuve PJ, MacDonald H, Bruin JE. Sex-specific Associations Between Type 2 Diabetes Incidence and Exposure to Dioxin and Dioxin-like Pollutants: A Meta-analysis. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:685840. [PMID: 35295132 PMCID: PMC8915902 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.685840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), to increase the risk of incident diabetes in adults has been extensively studied. However, there is substantial variability in the reported associations both between and within studies. Emerging data from rodent studies suggest that dioxin disrupts glucose homeostasis in a sex-specific manner. Thus, we performed a review and meta-analysis of relevant epidemiological studies to investigate sex differences in associations between dioxin or DL-PCB exposure and type 2 diabetes incidence. Articles that met our selection criteria (n = 81) were organized into the following subcategories: data stratified by sex (n = 13), unstratified data (n = 45), and data from only 1 sex (n = 13 male, n = 10 female). We also considered whether exposure occurred either abruptly at high concentrations through a contamination event (“disaster exposure”) or chronically at low concentrations (“non-disaster exposure”). There were 8 studies that compared associations between dioxin/DL-PCB exposure and diabetes risk in males versus females within the same population. When all sex-stratified or single-sex studies were considered in the meta-analysis (n = 18), the summary relative risk (RR) for incident diabetes among those exposed relative to reference populations was 1.78 (95% CI = 1.37–2.31) and 1.95 (95% CI = 1.56–2.43) for female and males, respectively. However, when we restricted the meta-analysis to disaster-exposed populations, the RR was higher in females than males (2.86 versus 1.59, respectively). In contrast, in non-disaster exposed populations the RR for females was lower than males (1.40 and 2.02, respectively). Our meta-analysis suggests that there are sex differences in the associations between dioxin/DL-PCBs exposure and incident diabetes, and that the mode of exposure modifies these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Gang
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Van Allen
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paul J. Villeneuve
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Heather MacDonald
- Health and Biosciences Librarian, MacOdrum Library, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer E. Bruin
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jennifer E. Bruin,
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Buyssens L, De Clerck L, Schelstraete W, Dhaenens M, Deforce D, Ayuso M, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Abundance and Activity in the Developing and Adult Göttingen Minipig: Pivotal Data for PBPK Modeling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:665644. [PMID: 33935788 PMCID: PMC8082684 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.665644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Göttingen Minipig is gaining ground as nonrodent species in safety testing of drugs for pediatric indications. Due to developmental changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are built to better predict drug exposure in children and to aid species selection for nonclinical safety studies. These PBPK models require high quality physiological and ADME data such as protein abundance of drug metabolizing enzymes. These data are available for man and rat, but scarce for the Göttingen Minipig. The aim of this study was to assess hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) protein abundance in the developing Göttingen Minipig by using mass spectrometry. In addition, sex-related differences in CYP protein abundance and correlation of CYP enzyme activity with CYP protein abundance were assessed. The following age groups were included: gestational day (GD) 84–86 (n = 8), GD 108 (n = 6), postnatal day (PND) 1 (n = 8), PND 3 (n = 8), PND 7 (n = 8), PND 28 (n = 8) and adult (n = 8). Liver microsomes were extracted and protein abundance was compared to that in adult animals. Next, the CYP protein abundance was correlated to CYP enzyme activity in the same biological samples. In general, CYP protein abundance gradually increased during development. However, we observed a stable protein expression over time for CYP4A24 and CYP20A1 and for CYP51A1, a high protein expression during the fetal stages was followed by a decrease during the first month of life and an increase toward adulthood. Sex-related differences were observed for CYP4V2_2a and CYP20A1 at PND 1 with highest expression in females for both isoforms. In the adult samples, sex-related differences were detected for CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A19, CYP2E1_2, CYP3A22, CYP4V2_2a and CYP4V2_2b with higher values in female compared to male Göttingen Minipigs. The correlation analysis between CYP protein abundance and CYP enzyme activity showed that CYP3A22 protein abundance correlated clearly with the metabolism of midazolam at PND 7. These data are remarkably comparable to human data and provide a valuable step forward in the construction of a neonatal and juvenile Göttingen Minipig PBPK model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laura De Clerck
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Schelstraete
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maarten Dhaenens
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Species Differences in Microsomal Metabolism of Xanthine-Derived A 1 Adenosine Receptor Ligands. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030277. [PMID: 33803861 PMCID: PMC8003343 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracer development for positron emission tomography (PET) requires thorough evaluation of pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and dosimetry of candidate radioligands in preclinical animal studies. Since variations in pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a compound occur in different species, careful selection of a suitable model species is mandatory to obtain valid data. This study focuses on species differences in the in vitro metabolism of three xanthine-derived ligands for the A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR), which, in their 18F-labeled form, can be used to image A1AR via PET. In vitro intrinsic clearance and metabolite profiles of 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine (CPFPX), an established A1AR-ligand, and two novel analogs, 8-cyclobutyl-3-(3-fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine (CBX) and 3-(3-fluoropropyl)-8-(1-methylcyclobutyl)-1-propylxanthine (MCBX), were determined in liver microsomes from humans and preclinical animal species. Molecular mechanisms leading to significant differences between human and animal metabolite profiles were also examined. The results revealed significant species differences regarding qualitative and quantitative aspects of microsomal metabolism. None of the tested animal species fully matched human microsomal metabolism of the three A1AR ligands. In conclusion, preclinical evaluation of xanthine-derived A1AR ligands should employ at least two animal species, preferably rodent and dog, to predict in vivo behavior in humans. Surprisingly, rhesus macaques appear unsuitable due to large differences in metabolic activity towards the test compounds.
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Ayuso M, Buyssens L, Stroe M, Valenzuela A, Allegaert K, Smits A, Annaert P, Mulder A, Carpentier S, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. The Neonatal and Juvenile Pig in Pediatric Drug Discovery and Development. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:44. [PMID: 33396805 PMCID: PMC7823749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy in pediatric patients is challenging in view of the maturation of organ systems and processes that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Especially for the youngest age groups and for pediatric-only indications, neonatal and juvenile animal models can be useful to assess drug safety and to better understand the mechanisms of diseases or conditions. In this respect, the use of neonatal and juvenile pigs in the field of pediatric drug discovery and development is promising, although still limited at this point. This review summarizes the comparative postnatal development of pigs and humans and discusses the advantages of the juvenile pig in view of developmental pharmacology, pediatric diseases, drug discovery and drug safety testing. Furthermore, limitations and unexplored aspects of this large animal model are covered. At this point in time, the potential of the neonatal and juvenile pig as nonclinical safety models for pediatric drug development is underexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Marina Stroe
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (P.A.)
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Smits
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Antonius Mulder
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
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Penaloza CG, Cruz M, Germain G, Jabeen S, Javdan M, Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z. Higher sensitivity of female cells to ethanol: methylation of DNA lowers Cyp2e1, generating more ROS. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:111. [PMID: 32653010 PMCID: PMC7353761 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cells taken from mouse embryos before sex differentiation respond to insults according to their chromosomal sex, a difference traceable to differential methylation. We evaluated the mechanism for this difference in the controlled situation of their response to ethanol. Methods We evaluated the expression of mRNA for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehyrogenases (ALDH), and a cytochrome P450 isoenzyme (Cyp2e1) in male and female mice, comparing the expressions to toxicity under several experimental conditions evaluating redox and other states. Results Females are more sensitive to ethanol. Disulfiram, which inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), increases cell death in males, eliminating the sex dimorphism. The expressions ADH Class 1 to 4 and ALDH Class 1 and 2 do not differ by sex. However, females express approximately 8X more message for Cyp2e1, an enzyme in the non-canonical pathway. Female cells produce approximately 15% more ROS (reactive oxygen species) than male cells, but male cells contain approximately double the concentration of GSH, a ROS scavenger. Scavenging ROS with N-acetyl cysteine reduces cell death and eliminates sex dimorphism. Finally, since many of the differences in gene expression derive from methylation of DNA, we exposed cells to the methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza- 2-deoxycytidine; blocking methylation eliminates both the difference in expression of Cyp2e1 and cell death. Conclusion We conclude that the sex-differential cell death caused by ethanol derives from sex dimorphic methylation of Cyp2e1 gene, resulting in generation of more ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Penaloza
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, NSB E143, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.,Present Address: Chancellor's Office, Leeward Community College, Pearl City, HI, USA
| | - Mayra Cruz
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, NSB E143, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Gabrielle Germain
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, NSB E143, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Sidra Jabeen
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, NSB E143, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Mohammad Javdan
- Queensborough Community College, City College of New York, Bayside, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Lockshin
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, NSB E143, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Zahra Zakeri
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, NSB E143, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.
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Rasmussen MK. Porcine cytochrome P450 3A: current status on expression and regulation. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1899-1914. [PMID: 32172306 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450s (CYPs) constitute a family of enzymes maintaining vital functions in the body and are mostly recognized for their significant role in detoxification. Of the CYP subfamilies, CYP3A, is one of the most active in the clearance of drugs and other xenobiotics. During the last decades, much focus has been on exploring different models for human CYP3A regulation, expression and activity. In that respect, the growing knowledge of the porcine CYP3As is of great interest. Although many aspects of porcine CYP3A regulation and activity are still unknown, the current literature provides a basic understanding of the porcine CYP3As that can be used e.g., when translating results from studies done in the porcine model into human settings. In this review, the current knowledge about porcine CYP3A expression, regulation, activity and metabolic significance are highlighted. Future research needs are also identified.
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Chatzopoulou M, Claridge TDW, Davies KE, Davies SG, Elsey DJ, Emer E, Fletcher AM, Harriman S, Robinson N, Rowley JA, Russell AJ, Tinsley JM, Weaver R, Wilkinson IVL, Willis NJ, Wilson FX, Wynne GM. Isolation, Structural Identification, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Profiling of 1,2-trans-Dihydro-1,2-diol Metabolites of the Utrophin Modulator Ezutromid. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2547-2556. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tim D. W. Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Kay E. Davies
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Elsey
- Summit Therapeutics plc, 136a Eastern Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Emer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ai M. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Shawn Harriman
- Summit Therapeutics plc, One Broadway, 14th Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Neil Robinson
- S.H.B. Enterprises Ltd., 55 Station Road, Beaconsfield HP19 1QL, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica A. Rowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon M. Tinsley
- Summit Therapeutics plc, 136a Eastern Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Weaver
- XenoGesis Ltd., BioCity Nottingham, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel V. L. Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky J. Willis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Francis X. Wilson
- Summit Therapeutics plc, 136a Eastern Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Graham M. Wynne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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11
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Rasmussen MK, Scavenius C, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Enghild J. Sex dictates the constitutive expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms in Göttingen minipigs. Toxicol Lett 2019; 314:181-186. [PMID: 31404594 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) family includes key enzymes for the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. Several animal models have been used to determine the metabolite profile of specific drugs. Among these are porcine microsomes prepared from Göttingen minipigs. However, CYP expression profile in microsomes from this pig breed is unknown. In the present study, we determined the mRNA and protein profiles of a comprehensive selection of CYPs in microsomes prepared from male and female Göttingen minipigs. Using RT-PCR, western blotting and mass spectroscopy, we found that the expression levels of CYP1A, CYP2A and CYP2E1 were significantly higher in females than males. Moreover, some of the transcription factors controlling CYP transcription also showed a sex-dependent expression pattern. Conversely, expression of CYP2B, CYP2D and CYP3A was comparable between sexes. The overall CYP expression distribution showed high similarity with what previously been reported in humans. In conclusion, our results suggest that Göttingen minipigs are a reliable model for studying CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Jan Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
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12
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Characterization of Porcine Hepatic and Intestinal Drug Metabolizing CYP450: Comparison with Human Orthologues from A Quantitative, Activity and Selectivity Perspective. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9233. [PMID: 31239454 PMCID: PMC6592956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the pig has gained attention as a potential model for human drug metabolism. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450), a superfamily of biotransformation enzymes, are pivotal in drug metabolism. Porcine CYP450 has been demonstrated to convert typical substrates of human CYP450. Nevertheless, knowledge and insight into porcine CYP450 quantity and substrate selectivity is scant, especially regarding intestinal CYP450. The current study aimed to map the quantities of hepatic and intestinal CYP450 in the conventional pig by using a proteomic approach. Moreover, the selectivity of the six most common used probe substrates (phenacetin, coumarin, midazolam, tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, and chlorzoxazone) for drug metabolizing enzyme subfamilies (CYP1A, CYP2A, CYP3A, CYP2C, CYP2D and CYP2E respectively), was investigated. Hepatic relative quantities were 4% (CYP1A), 31% (CYP2A), 14% (CYP3A), 10% (CYP2C), 28% (CYP2D) and 13% (CYP2E), whereas for the intestine only duodenal CYP450 could be determined with 88% for CYP3A and 12% for CYP2C. Furthermore, the results indicate that coumarin (CYP2A), midazolam (CYP3A), tolbutamide (CYP2C), and dextromethorphan (CYP2D) are as selective for porcine as for human CYP450. However, phenacetin (CYP1A2) and chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1) are less selective for the specific enzyme, despite similarities in selectivity towards the different enzymes involved compared to humans.
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13
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Millecam J, De Clerck L, Govaert E, Devreese M, Gasthuys E, Schelstraete W, Deforce D, De Bock L, Van Bocxlaer J, Sys S, Croubels S. The Ontogeny of Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Activity and Protein Abundance in Conventional Pigs in Support of Preclinical Pediatric Drug Research. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:470. [PMID: 29867477 PMCID: PMC5960725 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the implementation of several legislations to improve pediatric drug research, more pediatric clinical trials are being performed. In order to optimize these pediatric trials, adequate preclinical data are necessary, which are usually obtained by juvenile animal models. The growing piglet has been increasingly suggested as a potential animal model due to a high degree of anatomical and physiological similarities with humans. However, physiological data in pigs on the ontogeny of major organs involved in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs are largely lacking. The aim of this study was to unravel the ontogeny of porcine hepatic drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP450) activities as well as protein abundances. Liver microsomes from 16 conventional pigs (8 males and 8 females) per age group: 2 days, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 6-7 months were prepared. Activity measurements were performed with substrates of major human CYP450 enzymes: midazolam (CYP3A), tolbutamide (CYP2C), and chlorzoxazone (CYP2E). Next, the hepatic scaling factor, microsomal protein per gram liver (MPPGL), was determined to correct for enzyme losses during the fractionation process. Finally, protein abundance was determined using proteomics and correlated with enzyme activity. No significant sex differences within each age category were observed in enzyme activity or MPPGL. The biotransformation rate of all three substrates increased with age, comparable with human maturation of CYP450 enzymes. The MPPGL decreased from birth till 8 weeks of age followed by an increase till 6-7 months of age. Significant sex differences in protein abundance were observed for CYP1A2, CYP2A19, CYP3A22, CYP4V2, CYP2C36, CYP2E_1, and CYP2E_2. Midazolam and tolbutamide are considered good substrates to evaluate porcine CYP3A/2C enzymes, respectively. However, chlorzoxazone is not advised to evaluate porcine CYP2E enzyme activity. The increase in biotransformation rate with age can be attributed to an increase in absolute amount of CYP450 proteins. Finally, developmental changes were observed regarding the involvement of specific CYP450 enzymes in the biotransformation of the different substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joske Millecam
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Laura De Clerck
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Govaert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elke Gasthuys
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wim Schelstraete
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lies De Bock
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Bocxlaer
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Sys
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biology of Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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14
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En route to precision medicine through the integration of biological sex into pharmacogenomics. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:329-342. [PMID: 28159880 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Frequently, pharmacomechanisms are not fully elucidated. Therefore, drug use is linked to an elevated interindividual diversity of effects, whether therapeutic or adverse, and the role of biological sex has as yet unrecognized and underestimated consequences. A pharmacogenomic approach could contribute towards the development of an adapted therapy for each male and female patient, considering also other fundamental features, such as age and ethnicity. This would represent a crucial step towards precision medicine and could be translated into clinical routine. In the present review, we consider recent results from pharmacogenomics and the role of sex in studies that are relevant to cardiovascular therapy. We focus on genome-wide analyses, because they have obvious advantages compared with targeted single-candidate gene studies. For instance, genome-wide approaches do not necessarily depend on prior knowledge of precise molecular mechanisms of drug action. Such studies can lead to findings that can be classified into three categories: first, effects occurring in the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug, e.g. through metabolic and transporter differences; second, a pharmacodynamic or drug target-related effect; and last diverse adverse effects. We conclude that the interaction of sex with genetic determinants of drug response has barely been tested in large, unbiased, pharmacogenomic studies. We put forward the theory that, to contribute towards the realization of precision medicine, it will be necessary to incorporate sex into pharmacogenomics.
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15
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Wilkinson DJ, Southall RL, Li M, Wright LM, Corfield LJ, Heeley TA, Bratby B, Mannu R, Johnson SL, Shaw V, Friett HL, Blakeburn LA, Kendrick JS, Otteneder MB. Minipig and Human Metabolism of Aldehyde Oxidase Substrates: In Vitro–In Vivo Comparisons. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1163-1174. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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In vitro Phase I- and Phase II-Drug Metabolism in The Liver of Juvenile and Adult Göttingen Minipigs. Pharm Res 2017; 34:750-764. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Burkina V, Rasmussen MK, Pilipenko N, Zamaratskaia G. Comparison of xenobiotic-metabolising human, porcine, rodent, and piscine cytochrome P450. Toxicology 2017; 375:10-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Singh VK, Thrall KD, Hauer-Jensen M. Minipigs as models in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:1131-1134. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1223039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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Characterization of Pharmacokinetics in the Göttingen Minipig with Reference Human Drugs: An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2565-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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20
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Rasmussen MK, Theil PK, Oksbjerg N. Constitutive expression of cytochrome P450 in foetal and adult porcine livers-Effects of body weight. Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:87-92. [PMID: 27320961 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver hosts a great number of enzymatically driven processes, including detoxification. The super-family of enzymes named cytochrome P450 (CYP) is the major participant in that process. The expression of CYPs is affected by several factors including life-stage (foetal vs. adult). In the present study we investigated the impact of birth-weight (high or low birth weight) and life-stage on constitutive expression of porcine hepatic CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A19, CYP2B22, CYP2C33, CYP2D25, CYP2E1 and CYP3A29, as well as the transcription factors controlling their expression; aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, C/EBP and hepatocyte nuclear factors 1 and 4. Both RT-PCR and western blotting showed a marked increase in the expression of the adult pigs compared with prenatal pigs. Moreover, CYP2E1 mRNA expression was 7.5 fold higher in foetuses with low birth weight compared with foetuses with high birth weight. Gender did not affect the mRNA expression within the different life-stages. These results indicate a similarity to what is observed in humans and porcine foetuses may therefore be a model for humans when studying expression of CYPs.
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Kojima M, Degawa M. Sex differences in constitutive mRNA levels of CYP2B22, CYP2C33, CYP2C49, CYP3A22, CYP3A29 and CYP3A46 in the pig liver: Comparison between Meishan and Landrace pigs. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Helke KL, Nelson KN, Sargeant AM, Jacob B, McKeag S, Haruna J, Vemireddi V, Greeley M, Brocksmith D, Navratil N, Stricker-Krongrad A, Hollinger C. Pigs in Toxicology. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:575-90. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316639389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Both a rodent and a nonrodent species are required for evaluation in nonclinical safety studies conducted to support human clinical trials. Historically, dogs and nonhuman primates have been the nonrodent species of choice. Swine, especially the miniature swine or minipigs, are increasingly being used in preclinical safety as an alternate nonrodent species. The pig is an appropriate option for these toxicology studies based on metabolic pathways utilized in xenobiotic biotransformation. Both similarities and differences exist in phase I and phase II biotransformation pathways between humans and pigs. There are numerous breeds of pigs, yet only a few of these breeds are characterized with regard to both xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and background pathology findings. Some specific differences in these enzymes based on breed and sex are known. Although swine have been used extensively in biomedical research, there is also a paucity of information in the current literature detailing the incidence of background lesions and differences between commonly used breeds. Here, the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes are compared between humans and pigs, and minipig background pathology changes are reviewed with emphasis on breed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Binod Jacob
- Charles River Laboratories, Spencerville, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Derek Brocksmith
- Sinclair Research Center and Sinclair Bio Resources, Auxvasse, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Charlotte Hollinger
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
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Zamaratskaia G, Rasmussen MK, Škrlep M, Batorek Lukač N, Škorjanc D, Čandek-Potokar M. Tissue-specific regulation of CYP3A by hydrolysable tannins in male pigs. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:591-596. [PMID: 26526407 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1099081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. Little is known about the activities and regulation of cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) enzymes in porcine colon in response to specific feeding components. 2. We added hydrolyzable tannins to the diet of fattening boars and studied its effect on the expression of hepatic and intestinal CYP3A. 3. In total, 51 Landrace × Large White boars were assigned to the following treatment groups: control (without the addition of hydrolysable tannins), T1 (diet-containing 1% hydrolysable tannin extract), T2 (diet-containing 2% hydrolysable tannin extract) and T3 (diet-containing 3% hydrolysable tannin extract). CYP3A expression and activity were measured in microsomes prepared from liver and colon tissue. 4. CYP3A protein expression and activity were increased in the colon of pigs fed 2% and 3% tannins, while no changes were observed with lower tannin concentrations, or in the liver of any treatment groups. Also, it was demonstrated that colon mucosa possess CYP3A activity similar to that measured in the liver. 5. The present results provide the first evidence that tannin supplementation can modulate CYP3A in porcine colon mucosa in vivo. The physiological significance of this finding for the health status of the individual animal needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Zamaratskaia
- a Department of Food Science , Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Uppsala , Sweden
| | | | - Martin Škrlep
- c Agricultural Institute of Slovenia , Hacquetova ulica 17, Ljubljana , Slovenia , and
| | - Nina Batorek Lukač
- c Agricultural Institute of Slovenia , Hacquetova ulica 17, Ljubljana , Slovenia , and
| | - Dejan Škorjanc
- d Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences , University of Maribor , Pivola 10, Hoče , Slovenia
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Van Peer E, De Bock L, Boussery K, Van Bocxlaer J, Casteleyn C, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. Age-related Differences in CYP3A Abundance and Activity in the Liver of the Göttingen Minipig. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 117:350-7. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Els Van Peer
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Lies De Bock
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis; Department of Bioanalysis; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Koen Boussery
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis; Department of Bioanalysis; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Jan Van Bocxlaer
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis; Department of Bioanalysis; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
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Gender-related differences in the formation of skatole metabolites by specific CYP450 in porcine hepatic S9 fractions. Animal 2015; 9:635-42. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114002808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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26
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Comparison of minipig, dog, monkey and human drug metabolism and disposition. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 74:80-92. [PMID: 25545337 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article gives an overview of the drug metabolism and disposition (ADME) characteristics of the most common non-rodent species used in toxicity testing of drugs (minipigs, dogs, and monkeys) and compares these to human characteristics with regard to enzymes mediating the metabolism of drugs and the transport proteins which contribute to the absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs. METHODS Literature on ADME and regulatory guidelines of relevance in drug development of small molecules has been gathered. RESULTS Non-human primates (monkeys) are the species that is closest to humans in terms of genetic homology. Dogs have an advantage due to the ready availability of comprehensive background data for toxicological safety assessment and dogs are easy to handle. Pigs have been used less than dogs and monkeys as a model in safety assessment of drug candidates. However, when a drug candidate is metabolised by aldehyde oxidase (AOX1), N-acetyltransferases (NAT1 and NAT2) or cytochrome (CYP2C9-like) enzymes which are not expressed in dogs, but are present in pigs, this species may be a better choice than dogs, provided that adequate exposure can be obtained in pigs. Conversely, pigs might not be the right choice if sulfation, involving 3-phospho-adenosyl-5-phosphosulphate sulphotransferase (PAPS) is an important pathway in the human metabolism of a drug candidate. DISCUSSION In general, the species selection should be based on comparison between in vitro studies with human cell-based systems and animal-cell-based systems. Results from pharmacokinetic studies are also important for decision-making by establishing the obtainable exposure level in the species. Access to genetically humanized mouse models and highly sensitive analytical methods (accelerator mass spectrometry) makes it possible to improve the chance of finding all metabolites relevant for humans before clinical trials have been initiated and, if necessary, to include another animal species before long term toxicity studies are initiated. In conclusion, safety testing can be optimized by applying knowledge about species ADME differences and utilising advanced analytical techniques.
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Ruiz ML, Mottino AD, Catania VA, Vore M. Hormonal regulation of hepatic drug biotransformation and transport systems. Compr Physiol 2014; 3:1721-40. [PMID: 24265243 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human body is constantly exposed to many xenobiotics including environmental pollutants, food additives, therapeutic drugs, etc. The liver is considered the primary site for drug metabolism and elimination pathways, consisting in uptake, phase I and II reactions, and efflux processes, usually acting in this same order. Modulation of biotransformation and disposition of drugs of clinical application has important therapeutic and toxicological implications. We here provide a compilation and analysis of relevant, more recent literature reporting hormonal regulation of hepatic drug biotransformation and transport systems. We provide additional information on the effect of hormones that tentatively explain differences between sexes. A brief discussion on discrepancies between experimental models and species, as well as a link between gender-related differences and the hormonal mechanism explaining such differences, is also presented. Finally, we include a comment on the pathophysiological, toxicological, and pharmacological relevance of these regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Ruiz
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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28
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Rasmussen MK, Zamaratskaia G. Regulation of porcine hepatic cytochrome p450 - implication for boar taint. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 11:106-12. [PMID: 25408844 PMCID: PMC4232568 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is the major family of enzymes involved in the metabolism of several xenobiotic and endogenous compounds. Among substrates for CYP450 is the tryptophan metabolite skatole (3-methylindole), one of the major contributors to the off-odour associated with boar-tainted meat. The accumulation of skatole in pigs is highly dependent on the hepatic clearance by CYP450s. In recent years, the porcine CYP450 has attracted attention both in relation to meat quality and as a potential model for human CYP450. The molecular regulation of CYP450 mRNA expression is controlled by several nuclear receptors and transcription factors that are targets for numerous endogenously and exogenously produced agonists and antagonists. Moreover, CYP450 expression and activity are affected by factors such as age, gender and feeding. The regulation of porcine CYP450 has been suggested to have more similarities with human CYP450 than other animal models, including rodents. This article reviews the available data on porcine hepatic CYP450s and its implications for boar taint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krøyer Rasmussen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
- INSERM U1040, University of Montpellier, France
- Corresponding author at: Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 87 15 74 26.
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Sjögren E, Abrahamsson B, Augustijns P, Becker D, Bolger MB, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Flanagan T, Harwood M, Heinen C, Holm R, Juretschke HP, Kubbinga M, Lindahl A, Lukacova V, Münster U, Neuhoff S, Nguyen MA, Peer AV, Reppas C, Hodjegan AR, Tannergren C, Weitschies W, Wilson C, Zane P, Lennernäs H, Langguth P. In vivo methods for drug absorption – Comparative physiologies, model selection, correlations with in vitro methods (IVIVC), and applications for formulation/API/excipient characterization including food effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:99-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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30
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Suenderhauf C, Tuffin G, Lorentsen H, Grimm HP, Flament C, Parrott N. Pharmacokinetics of Paracetamol in Göttingen Minipigs: In Vivo Studies and Modeling to Elucidate Physiological Determinants of Absorption. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2696-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Van Peer E, Verbueken E, Saad M, Casteleyn C, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. Ontogeny of CYP3A and P-Glycoprotein in the Liver and the Small Intestine of the Göttingen Minipig: An Immunohistochemical Evaluation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:387-94. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Els Van Peer
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Evy Verbueken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Moayad Saad
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Antwerp; Wilrijk Belgium
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Shang H, Guo K, Liu Y, Yang J, Wei H. Constitutive expression of CYP3A mRNA in Bama miniature pig tissues. Gene 2013; 524:261-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Choong E, Loryan I, Lindqvist M, Nordling Å, el Bouazzaoui S, van Schaik RH, Johansson I, Jakobsson J, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Sex Difference in Formation of Propofol Metabolites: A Replication Study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:126-31. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Choong
- Section of Pharmacogenetics; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Irena Loryan
- Section of Pharmacogenetics; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Marja Lindqvist
- Section of Pharmacogenetics; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Åsa Nordling
- Section of Pharmacogenetics; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Samira el Bouazzaoui
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Erasmus MC Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Ron H. van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Erasmus MC Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Inger Johansson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Jan Jakobsson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
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Roth WJ, Kissinger CB, McCain RR, Cooper BR, Marchant-Forde JN, Vreeman RC, Hannou S, Knipp GT. Assessment of juvenile pigs to serve as human pediatric surrogates for preclinical formulation pharmacokinetic testing. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:763-74. [PMID: 23595360 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric drug development is hampered by biological, clinical, and formulation challenges associated with age-based populations. A primary cause for this lack of development is the inability to accurately predict ontogenic changes that affect pharmacokinetics (PK) in children using traditional preclinical animal models. In response to this issue, our laboratory has conducted a proof-of-concept study to investigate the potential utility of juvenile pigs to serve as surrogates for children during preclinical PK testing of selected rifampin dosage forms. Pigs were surgically modified with jugular vein catheters that were externalized in the dorsal scapular region and connected to an automated blood sampling system (PigTurn-Culex-L). Commercially available rifampin capsules were administered to both 20 and 40 kg pigs to determine relevant PK parameters. Orally disintegrating tablet formulations of rifampin were also developed and administered to 20 kg pigs. Plasma samples were prepared from whole blood by centrifugation and analyzed for rifampin content by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Porcine PK parameters were determined from the resultant plasma-concentration time profiles and contrasted with published rifampin PK data in human adults and children. Results indicated significant similarities in dose-normalized absorption and elimination parameters between pigs and humans. Moreover, ontogenic changes observed in porcine PK parameters were consistent with ontogenic changes reported for human PK. These results demonstrate the potential utility of the juvenile porcine model for predicting human pediatric PK for rifampin. Furthermore, utilization of juvenile pigs during formulation testing may provide an alternative approach to expedite reformulation efforts during pediatric drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt J Roth
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Puccinelli E, Gervasi PG, Pelosi G, Puntoni M, Longo V. Modulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes in response to continuous or intermittent high-fat diet in pigs. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:686-98. [PMID: 23360109 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.756558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1. To date, no information has been available on the modulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) following the administration of a hyperlipidemic diet in pigs. 2. We investigated the potential modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing CYPs in liver, heart and duodenum of pigs subjected to a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet for 2 months continuously (C-HFD) or on alternate weeks (A-HFD). 3. The administration of the high-fat diet resulted in considerably increased plasma cholesterol levels although the animals were still able to manage the lipid overload efficiently, and no sign of effective tissue inflammation occurred in livers. Plasma lipid profile and liver histology indicated a better adaptive response of the A-HFD pigs compared to the C-HFD group. We showed a post-transcriptional induction of hepatic CYP2E1 activity in C-HFD pigs and a transcriptional induction of hepatic CYP3As - especially in the A-HFD group. No further CYP modulation was observed in either liver or extra-hepatic tissues. 4. In conclusion, the administration of a high-fat diet in pigs resulted in limited effects on the drug metabolism system. The better adaptive response of A-HFD pigs compared to C-HFD pigs is a very interesting observation since the intermittent administration of the diet reflects the mode of human behavior more closely.
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36
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Kojima M, Degawa M. Serum androgen level is determined by autosomal dominant inheritance and regulates sex-related CYP genes in pigs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Helke KL, Swindle MM. Animal models of toxicology testing: the role of pigs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 9:127-39. [PMID: 23216131 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.739607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In regulatory toxicological testing, both a rodent and non-rodent species are required. Historically, dogs and non-human primates (NHP) have been the species of choice of the non-rodent portion of testing. The pig is an appropriate option for these tests based on metabolic pathways utilized in xenobiotic biotransformation. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the Phase I and Phase II biotransformation pathways in humans and pigs and highlights the similarities and differences of these models. This is a growing field and references are sparse. Numerous breeds of pigs are discussed along with specific breed differences in these enzymes that are known. While much available data are presented, it is grossly incomplete and sometimes contradictory based on methods used. EXPERT OPINION There is no ideal species to use in toxicology. The use of dogs and NHP in xenobiotic testing continues to be the norm. Pigs present a viable and perhaps more reliable model of non-rodent testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Medical University South Carolina, Comparative Medicine, 114 Doughty St, Ste 648, MSC777, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of the Minipig: Data Compilation and Model Implementation. Pharm Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ganderup NC, Harvey W, Mortensen JT, Harrouk W. The minipig as nonrodent species in toxicology--where are we now? Int J Toxicol 2012; 31:507-28. [PMID: 23134714 DOI: 10.1177/1091581812462039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 3 decades minipigs have moved from being an obscure alternative to dogs and nonhuman primates to being a standard animal model in regulatory toxicity studies. This article covers the use of minipigs as a model in the context of nonclinical drug safety and provides an overview of the minipig's developmental history and relates minipigs to other animal species commonly used in toxicology; and the minipig's translational power is supported by 43 case studies of marketed drug products covered. Special focus is given to criteria for selecting minipigs in nonclinical programs supporting the development of new medicines; the use of swine in the assessment of food additives, agrochemicals, and pesticides; as well as a regulatory perspective on the use of minipigs in Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-regulated products. This article presents the main points conveyed at a symposium held at the 2010 American College of Toxicology meeting in Baltimore, Maryland.
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Rasmussen MK, Zamaratskaia G, Andersen B, Ekstrand B. Dried chicory root modifies the activity and expression of porcine hepatic CYP3A but not 2C--effect of in vitro and in vivo exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:4175-9. [PMID: 22926443 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic cytochrome P450 expression and activity are dependent on many factors, including dietary ingredients. In the present study, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro effect of chicory root on hepatic CYP3A and 2C in male pigs. Chicory feeding increased the expression of CYP3A29 mRNA but not CYP2C33. Correspondingly, CYP3A activity was increased by chicory feeding, while CYP2C activity was not affected. Additionally, the in vitro effect of chicory extract on the CYP3A activity was investigated. It was shown that CYP3A activity in the microsomes from male pigs was inhibited, but this effect was eliminated by pre-incubation. In both male and female pigs the CYP3A activity was increased in the presence of chicory after pre-incubation. Furthermore, gender-related differences in mRNA expression and activity were observed. CYP3A mRNA expression was greater in female pigs; this was not reflected on activity. For CYP2C, no difference in mRNA expression was observed, while CYP2C activity was greater in female pigs. Surprisingly, the expression of the constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor did not differ with feed or gender. In conclusion, chicory root modifies the expression and activity of CYP3A in vivo and in vitro, while CYP2C is not affected.
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41
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Thörn HA, Sjögren E, Dickinson PA, Lennernäs H. Binding Processes Determine the Stereoselective Intestinal and Hepatic Extraction of Verapamil in Vivo. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:3034-45. [DOI: 10.1021/mp3000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Anna Thörn
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Sjögren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul Alfred Dickinson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
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42
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Rasmussen MK, Brunius C, Zamaratskaia G, Ekstrand B. Feeding dried chicory root to pigs decrease androstenone accumulation in fat by increasing hepatic 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 130:90-5. [PMID: 22353548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the in vivo effect of chicory root on testicular steroid concentrations and androstenone metabolizing enzymes in entire male pigs. Furthermore, the effect on skatole and indole concentrations in plasma and adipose tissue was investigated. The pigs were divided into two groups; one receiving experimental feed containing 10% dried chicory root for 16 days before slaughter, the control group was fed a standard diet. Plasma, adipose and liver tissue samples were collected at slaughter. Plasma was analyzed for the concentration of testosterone, estradiol, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), skatole and indole. Adipose tissue was analyzed for the concentration of androstenone, skatole and indole, while the liver tissue was analyzed for mRNA and protein expressions of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), sulfotransferase 2A1 and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). The results showed that the androstenone concentrations in the adipose tissue of chicory fed pigs were significantly (p<0.05) lower and indole concentrations were higher (p<0.05) compared to control fed pigs. Moreover the chicory root fed pigs had increased mRNA and protein expression of 3β-HSD and decreased HSP70 expression (p<0.05). Testosterone and IGF-1 concentrations in plasma as well as skatole concentrations in adipose tissue were not altered by dietary intake of chicory root. It is concluded that chicory root in the diet reduces the concentration of androstenone in adipose tissue via induction of 3β-HSD, and that these changes were not due to increased cellular stress.
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43
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Comparison of three fluorescent CYP3A substrates in two vertebrate models: pig and Atlantic salmon. Animal 2012; 6:633-40. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111002096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Rasmussen MK, Zamaratskaia G, Ekstrand B. Gender-related differences in cytochrome P450 in porcine liver--implication for activity, expression and inhibition by testicular steroids. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46:616-23. [PMID: 21091800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.1714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In pigs, the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2A and 2E1 activity is important in the regulation of skatole accumulation in adipose tissue. This study investigated gender-related differences in CYP1A2, 2A and 2E1 dependent activity, protein and mRNA expression. This study also investigated the gonadal steroid dependent inhibition of CYP activity in relation to gender and dietary composition. Microsomes were prepared from the liver of female and entire male pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire sire and Duroc boars) reared under similar conditions and slaughtered at an age of 164 days. A group of entire male pigs fed dried chicory root for 16 days prior to slaughter were included in the study. CYP activities were assessed by the use of probe substrates, whilst mRNA and protein expression were analysed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Furthermore inhibition of CYP dependent activity by gonadal steroids was assessed in vitro. Microsomes from female pigs had greater CYP1A2 and 2A activity, as well as mRNA expression compared to entire male pigs. The antibodies used did not detected differences in protein expression. In vitro inhibition by 17β-oestradiol, oestrone, androstenone and 3β-OH androstenol of CYP2E1 activity in microsomes from entire male pigs as well as inhibition of CYP1A activity in chicory fed entire male pigs was observed. Apart from that no effect of steroids was shown. In conclusion, female pigs show greater CYP activity and mRNA expression. Including chicory in the diet for 16 days changed the gonadal steroid dependent inhibition of CYP activity in entire male pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Rasmussen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark.
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45
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Cox SK, Hamner T, Bartges J. Determination of Acetaminophen and Phenacetin in Porcine Microsomal Samples. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120018893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherry K. Cox
- a Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Tennessee , 2407 River Drive, Knoxville , Tennessee , 37901 , USA
| | - Tina Hamner
- a Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Tennessee , 2407 River Drive, Knoxville , Tennessee , 37901 , USA
| | - Joe Bartges
- b Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee , USA
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46
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Zamaratskaia G, Zlabek V, Ropstad E, Tajet H, Andresen Ø. Hepatic ethoxy-, methoxy- and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activities in Landrace and Duroc pigs stimulated with HCG. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 45:e269-74. [PMID: 19930133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation on the activities of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD) and pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD) was studied in intact male pigs of purebred Landrace and Duroc breeds. Pigs were divided into four groups: two control groups of each breed, without hCG stimulation (n = 20 for each breed), and two experimental groups (n = 18 for each breed), with hCG stimulation (Pregnyl(®); N.V. Organon, Oss, The Netherlands, 30 IU/kg live weight). Pigs were slaughtered 3 days after hCG stimulation and enzyme activities were measured in hepatic microsomes using two approaches. First, only one substrate concentration was used for the analysis of each enzyme activity. We found that EROD activity was suppressed by hCG-stimulation in Landrace (p = 0.004), but not Duroc pigs (p > 0.05). Generally, EROD activity was higher in Duroc pigs compared with Landrace (p = 0.017). Methoxyresorufin O-demethylase and PROD activities did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). To further characterize EROD, MROD and PROD, enzyme kinetic studies were performed. V(max) values for EROD and MROD in both breeds were lower after hCG stimulation (p < 0.001 for Landrace and p < 0.05 for Duroc). Additionally, V(max) values for EROD significantly differed between Landrace and Duroc pigs being higher in Duroc pigs (p < 0.05). We concluded that both hCG stimulation and breed differences may be important in the regulation of EROD and MROD activities. This study provides the first data on the effect of hCG stimulation and thus high testicular steroids, on EROD, MROD and PROD activities. Further studies are needed to investigate individual CYP450 enzymes and their regulation in porcine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zamaratskaia
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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47
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Thörn HA, Lundahl A, Schrickx JA, Dickinson PA, Lennernäs H. Drug metabolism of CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 substrates in pigs and humans. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Swindle MM, Makin A, Herron AJ, Clubb FJ, Frazier KS. Swine as models in biomedical research and toxicology testing. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:344-56. [PMID: 21441112 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811402846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 865] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Swine are considered to be one of the major animal species used in translational research, surgical models, and procedural training and are increasingly being used as an alternative to the dog or monkey as the choice of nonrodent species in preclinical toxicologic testing of pharmaceuticals. There are unique advantages to the use of swine in this setting given that they share with humans similar anatomic and physiologic characteristics involving the cardiovascular, urinary, integumentary, and digestive systems. However, the investigator needs to be familiar with important anatomic, histopathologic, and clinicopathologic features of the laboratory pig and minipig in order to put background lesions or xenobiotically induced toxicologic changes in their proper perspective and also needs to consider specific anatomic differences when using the pig as a surgical model. Ethical considerations, as well as the existence of significant amounts of background data, from a regulatory perspective, provide further support for the use of this species in experimental or pharmaceutical research studies. It is likely that pigs and minipigs will become an increasingly important animal model for research and pharmaceutical development applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Swindle
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Comparative Medicine, MSC 777, 114 Doughty St, Charleston, SC 29425-7770, USA.
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49
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CYP3As catalyze nifedipine oxidation in pig liver microsomes: Enzyme kinetics, inhibition and functional expression. CATAL COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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50
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Liu ZY, Dai MH, Tao YF, Chen DM, Yuan ZH. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2A participating in coumarin 7-hydroxylation in pig liver microsomes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:424-9. [PMID: 21244437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Five commonly used human cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors were examined for their effects on coumarin 7-hydroxylase (CYP2A) activity in pig liver microsomes. The K(m) and V(max) values for coumarin 7-hydroxylation in pig liver microsomes were estimated to be 1 μm and 0.26 nmol·mg/min, respectively. The following human CYP inhibitors caused little or no inhibition of CYP2A as defined by a K(i) > 200 μm: quinidine (CYP2D6), troleandomycin (CYP3A4), and sulfaphenazole (CYP2C9). The other two human CYP inhibitors were classified as strong inhibitors of CYP2A: 8-methoxypsoralen (CYP2A6) and α-naphthoflavone (CYP1A1/2). In the absence of a preincubation period, 8-MOP inhibited the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin with a K(i) value of 1.1 μm, which decreased to 0.1 μm when 8-MOP was preincubated with pig liver microsomes for 3 min. α-Naphthoflavone inhibited the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin with a K(i) value of 32 μm, which did not increase ability to inhibitor CYP2A when α-naphthoflavone was preincubated with pig liver microsomes for 3 min. These results of this study suggest that 8-MOP is a potent, mechanism-based inhibitor of pig CYP2A activity in pig liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MAO Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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