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TIAN T, XU X, SONG J, ZHANG X, ZHANG D, YUAN H, ZHONG F, LI J, HU Y. Learning and Memory Impairments With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Physiol Res 2024; 73:205-216. [PMID: 38710050 PMCID: PMC11081185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
ADHD is a common chronic neurodevelopmental disorder and is characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and are often accompanied by learning and memory impairment. Great evidence has shown that learning and memory impairment of ADHD plays an important role in its executive function deficits, which seriously affects the development of academic, cognitive and daily social skills and will cause a serious burden on families and society. With the increasing attention paid to learning and memory impairment in ADHD, relevant research is gradually increasing. In this article, we will present the current research results of learning and memory impairment in ADHD from the following aspects. Firstly, the animal models of ADHD, which display the core symptoms of ADHD as well as with learning and memory impairment. Secondly, the molecular mechanism of has explored, including some neurotransmitters, receptors, RNAs, etc. Thirdly, the susceptibility gene of ADHD related to the learning and impairment in order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis. Key words: Learning and memory, ADHD, Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian TIAN
- Department of Children’s Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu XU
- Department of Children’s Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia SONG
- Department of Children’s Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqian ZHANG
- Department of Children’s Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan ZHANG
- Department of Children’s Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui YUAN
- Department of Children’s Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengyu ZHONG
- Department of Children’s Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing LI
- Department of Children’s Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youfang HU
- Department of Children’s Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Zaki ZMM, Ali SA, Ghazali MM, Jam FA. Genetic Modifications of Developmental Dyslexia and Its Representation Using In Vivo, In Vitro Model. Glob Med Genet 2024; 11:76-85. [PMID: 38414980 PMCID: PMC10898997 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1781456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Dyslexia is a genetic and heritable disorder that has yet to discover the treatment of it, especially at the molecular and drug intervention levels. This review provides an overview of the current findings on the environmental and genetic factors involved in developmental dyslexia. The latest techniques used in diagnosing the disease and macromolecular factors findings may contribute to a higher degree of development in detangling the proper management and treatment for dyslexic individuals. Furthermore, this review tried to put together all the models used in the current dyslexia research for references in future studies that include animal models as well as in vitro models and how the previous research has provided consistent data across many years and regions. Thus, we suggest furthering the studies using an organoid model based on the existing gene polymorphism, pathways, and neuronal function input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakiyyah M M Zaki
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti A Ali
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mazira M Ghazali
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Faidruz A Jam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia, Melaka, Malaysia
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3
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Elsherif M, Mourad M, Hamouda N, Abdou R, Salem T. Diagnostic performance of a modified visual perception test. Hearing, Balance and Communication 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/21695717.2022.2155777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayada Elsherif
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Department, Audiovestibular Unit, Alexandria University Hospitals, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mona Mourad
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Department, Audiovestibular Unit, Alexandria University Hospitals, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nesrine Hamouda
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Department, Phoniatrics Unit, Alexandria University Hospitals, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rania Abdou
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Department, Phoniatrics Unit, Alexandria University Hospitals, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Taima Salem
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Department, Audiovestibular Unit, Alexandria University Hospitals, Alexandria, Egypt
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4
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Gao Y, Felsky D, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Sariya S, Rentería MA, Ma Y, Klein HU, Cosentino S, De Jager PL, Bennett DA, Brickman AM, Schellenberg GD, Mayeux R, Barral S. Integration of GWAS and brain transcriptomic analyses in a multiethnic sample of 35,245 older adults identifies DCDC2 gene as predictor of episodic memory maintenance. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:1797-1811. [PMID: 34873813 PMCID: PMC9170841 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Identifying genes underlying memory function will help characterize cognitively resilient and high-risk declining subpopulations contributing to precision medicine strategies. We estimated episodic memory trajectories in 35,245 ethnically diverse older adults representing eight independent cohorts. We conducted apolipoprotein E (APOE)-stratified genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses and combined individual cohorts' results via meta-analysis. Three independent transcriptomics datasets were used to further interpret GWAS signals. We identified DCDC2 gene significantly associated with episodic memory (Pmeta = 3.3 x 10-8 ) among non-carriers of APOE ε4 (N = 24,941). Brain transcriptomics revealed an association between episodic memory maintenance and (1) increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DCDC2 expression (P = 3.8 x 10-4 ) and (2) lower burden of pathological Alzheimer's disease (AD) hallmarks (paired helical fragment tau P = .003, and amyloid beta load P = .008). Additional transcriptomics results comparing AD and cognitively healthy brain samples showed a downregulation of DCDC2 levels in superior temporal gyrus (P = .007) and inferior frontal gyrus (P = .013). Our work identified DCDC2 gene as a novel predictor of memory maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhe Gao
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Felsky
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction
and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry & Institute of Medical
Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dolly Reyes-Dumeyer
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA.,G.H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New
York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjeev Sariya
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Arce Rentería
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New
York, NY, USA
| | - Yiyi Ma
- Center for Translational & Computational
Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center,
New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hans-Ulrich Klein
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Translational & Computational
Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center,
New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA.,G.H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New
York, NY, USA
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Translational & Computational
Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center,
New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA,
USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer’s
Disease Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Rush University Medical Center, Department of Neurological
Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA.,G.H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New
York, NY, USA
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA.,G.H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New
York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Barral
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA.,G.H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New
York, NY, USA
| | -
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Gabel LA, Battison A, Truong DT, Lindström ER, Voss K, Yu YC, Roongruengratanakul S, Shyntassov K, Riebesell S, Toumanios N, Nielsen-Pheiffer CM, Paniagua S, Gruen JR. Orthographic Depth May Influence the Degree of Severity of Maze Learning Performance in Children at Risk for Reading Disorder. Dev Neurosci 2022; 44:651-670. [PMID: 36223729 PMCID: PMC9928771 DOI: 10.1159/000527480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading disability (RD), which affects between 5 and 17% of the population worldwide, is the most prevalent form of learning disability, and is associated with underactivation of a universal reading network in children. However, recent research suggests there are differences in learning rates on cognitive predictors of reading performance, as well as differences in activation patterns within the reading neural network, based on orthographic depth (i.e., transparent/shallow vs. deep/opaque orthographies) in children with RD. Recently, we showed that native English-speaking children with RD exhibit impaired performance on a maze learning task that taps into the same neural networks that are activated during reading. In addition, we demonstrated that genetic risk for RD strengthens the relationship between reading impairment and maze learning performance. However, it is unclear whether the results from these studies can be broadly applied to children from other language orthographies. In this study, we examined whether low reading skill was associated with poor maze learning performance in native English-speaking and native German-speaking children, and the influence of genetic risk for RD on cognition and behavior. In addition, we investigated the link between genetic risk and performance on this task in an orthographically diverse sample of children attending an English-speaking international school in Germany. The results from our data suggest that children with low reading skill, or with a genetic risk for reading impairment, exhibit impaired performance on the maze learning task, regardless of orthographic depth. However, these data also suggest that orthographic depth influences the degree of impairment on this task. The maze learning task requires the involvement of various cognitive processes and neural networks that underlie reading, but is not influenced by potential differences in reading experience due to lack of text or oral reporting. As a fully automated tool, it does not require specialized training to administer, and current results suggest it may be a practicable screening tool for early identification of reading impairment across orthographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Gabel
- Department of Psychology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA
- Program in Neuroscience, Lafayette College, Easton, PA
| | | | | | - Esther R. Lindström
- Department of Education and Human Services, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA
| | - Kelsey Voss
- Program in Neuroscience, Lafayette College, Easton, PA
| | - Yih-Choung Yu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Lafayette College, Easton, PA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven Paniagua
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jeffrey R. Gruen
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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6
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Lampis V, Ventura R, Di Segni M, Marino C, D'Amato FR, Mascheretti S. Animal models of developmental dyslexia: Where we are and what we are missing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1180-97. [PMID: 34699847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder and the most common learning disability among both school-aged children and across languages. Recently, sensory and cognitive mechanisms have been reported to be potential endophenotypes (EPs) for DD, and nine DD-candidate genes have been identified. Animal models have been used to investigate the etiopathological pathways that underlie the development of complex traits, as they enable the effects of genetic and/or environmental manipulations to be evaluated. Animal research designs have also been linked to cutting-edge clinical research questions by capitalizing on the use of EPs. For the present scoping review, we reviewed previous studies of murine models investigating the effects of DD-candidate genes. Moreover, we highlighted the use of animal models as an innovative way to unravel new insights behind the pathophysiology of reading (dis)ability and to assess cutting-edge preclinical models.
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7
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Perani D, Scifo P, Cicchini GM, Rosa PD, Banfi C, Mascheretti S, Falini A, Marino C, Morrone MC. White matter deficits correlate with visual motion perception impairments in dyslexic carriers of the DCDC2 genetic risk variant. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2725-2740. [PMID: 34228165 PMCID: PMC8448712 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Motion perception deficits in dyslexia show a large intersubjective variability, partly reflecting genetic factors influencing brain architecture development. In previous work, we have demonstrated that dyslexic carriers of a mutation of the DCDC2 gene have a very strong impairment in motion perception. In the present study, we investigated structural white matter alterations associated with the poor motion perception in a cohort of twenty dyslexics with a subgroup carrying the DCDC2 gene deletion (DCDC2d+) and a subgroup without the risk variant (DCDC2d–). We observed significant deficits in motion contrast sensitivity and in motion direction discrimination accuracy at high contrast, stronger in the DCDC2d+ group. Both motion perception impairments correlated significantly with the fractional anisotropy in posterior ventral and dorsal tracts, including early visual pathways both along the optic radiation and in proximity of occipital cortex, MT and VWFA. However, the DCDC2d+ group showed stronger correlations between FA and motion perception impairments than the DCDC2d– group in early visual white matter bundles, including the optic radiations, and in ventral pathways located in the left inferior temporal cortex. Our results suggest that the DCDC2d+ group experiences higher vulnerability in visual motion processing even at early stages of visual analysis, which might represent a specific feature associated with the genotype and provide further neurobiological support to the visual-motion deficit account of dyslexia in a specific subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Perani
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,C.E.R.M.A.C. (Centro di Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo), Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Scifo
- C.E.R.M.A.C. (Centro di Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo), Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido M Cicchini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Della Rosa
- C.E.R.M.A.C. (Centro di Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo), Milan, Italy.,Unit of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Banfi
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Mascheretti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Andrea Falini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,C.E.R.M.A.C. (Centro di Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo), Milan, Italy.,Unit of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Marino
- Department of Psychiatry, Unviersity of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Scientific Institute Stella Maris (IRCSS), Pisa, Italy
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8
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Gabel LA, Voss K, Johnson E, Lindström ER, Truong DT, Murray EM, Cariño K, Nielsen CM, Paniagua S, Gruen JR. Identifying Dyslexia: Link between Maze Learning and Dyslexia Susceptibility Gene, DCDC2, in Young Children. Dev Neurosci 2021; 43:116-133. [PMID: 34186533 DOI: 10.1159/000516667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslexia is a common learning disability that affects processing of written language despite adequate intelligence and educational background. If learning disabilities remain untreated, a child may experience long-term social and emotional problems, which influence future success in all aspects of their life. Dyslexia has a 60% heritability rate, and genetic studies have identified multiple dyslexia susceptibility genes (DSGs). DSGs, such as DCDC2, are consistently associated with the risk and severity of reading disability (RD). Altered neural connectivity within temporoparietal regions of the brain is associated with specific variants of DSGs in individuals with RD. Genetically altering DSG expression in mice results in visual and auditory processing deficits as well as neurophysiological and neuroanatomical disruptions. Previously, we demonstrated that learning deficits associated with RD can be translated across species using virtual environments. In this 2-year longitudinal study, we demonstrate that performance on a virtual Hebb-Williams maze in pre-readers is able to predict future reading impairment, and the genetic risk strengthens, but is not dependent on, this relationship. Due to the lack of oral reporting and use of letters, this easy-to-use tool may be particularly valuable in a remote working environment as well as working with vulnerable populations such as English language learners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Gabel
- Department of Psychology, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelsey Voss
- Program in Neuroscience, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Evelyn Johnson
- Department of Special Education, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Esther R Lindström
- Department of Education and Human Services, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dongnhu T Truong
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erin M Murray
- Program in Neuroscience, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karla Cariño
- Program in Neuroscience, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christiana M Nielsen
- Department of Education and Human Services, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven Paniagua
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Gruen
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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9
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Bieder A, Yoshihara M, Katayama S, Krjutškov K, Falk A, Kere J, Tapia-Páez I. Dyslexia Candidate Gene and Ciliary Gene Expression Dynamics During Human Neuronal Differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2944-2958. [PMID: 32445086 PMCID: PMC7320047 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with complex genetic mechanisms. A number of candidate genes have been identified, some of which are linked to neuronal development and migration and to ciliary functions. However, expression and regulation of these genes in human brain development and neuronal differentiation remain uncharted. Here, we used human long-term self-renewing neuroepithelial stem (lt-NES, here termed NES) cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells to study neuronal differentiation in vitro. We characterized gene expression changes during differentiation by using RNA sequencing and validated dynamics for selected genes by qRT-PCR. Interestingly, we found that genes related to cilia were significantly enriched among upregulated genes during differentiation, including genes linked to ciliopathies with neurodevelopmental phenotypes. We confirmed the presence of primary cilia throughout neuronal differentiation. Focusing on dyslexia candidate genes, 33 out of 50 DD candidate genes were detected in NES cells by RNA sequencing, and seven candidate genes were upregulated during differentiation to neurons, including DYX1C1 (DNAAF4), a highly replicated DD candidate gene. Our results suggest a role of ciliary genes in differentiating neuronal cells and show that NES cells provide a relevant human neuronal model to study ciliary and DD candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bieder
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Masahito Yoshihara
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaarel Krjutškov
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 9, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden. .,Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. .,School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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10
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Abstract
Understanding sex differences at the neurobiological level has become increasingly crucial in both basic and applied research. In the study of developmental dyslexia, early neuroimaging investigations were dominated by male-only or male-dominated samples, due at least in part to males being diagnosed more frequently. While recent studies more consistently balance the inclusion of both sexes, there has been little movement toward directly characterizing potential sex differences of the disorder. However, a string of recent work suggests that the brain basis of dyslexia may indeed be different in males and females. This potential sex difference has implications for existing models of dyslexia, and would inform approaches to the remediation of reading difficulties. This article reviews recent evidence for sex differences in dyslexia, discusses the impact these studies have on the understanding of the brain basis of dyslexia, and provides a framework for how these differential neuroanatomical profiles may develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Krafnick
- Psychology Department, Dominican University, River Forest, IL, United States
| | - Tanya M Evans
- Center for Advanced Study of Teaching and Learning, Curry School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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11
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Guidi LG, Velayos‐Baeza A, Martinez‐Garay I, Monaco AP, Paracchini S, Bishop DVM, Molnár Z. The neuronal migration hypothesis of dyslexia: A critical evaluation 30 years on. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:3212-3233. [PMID: 30218584 PMCID: PMC6282621 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The capacity for language is one of the key features underlying the complexity of human cognition and its evolution. However, little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate normal or impaired linguistic ability. For developmental dyslexia, early postmortem studies conducted in the 1980s linked the disorder to subtle defects in the migration of neurons in the developing neocortex. These early studies were reinforced by human genetic analyses that identified dyslexia susceptibility genes and subsequent evidence of their involvement in neuronal migration. In this review, we examine recent experimental evidence that does not support the link between dyslexia and neuronal migration. We critically evaluate gene function studies conducted in rodent models and draw attention to the lack of robust evidence from histopathological and imaging studies in humans. Our review suggests that the neuronal migration hypothesis of dyslexia should be reconsidered, and the neurobiological basis of dyslexia should be approached with a fresh start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G. Guidi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Antonio Velayos‐Baeza
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Isabel Martinez‐Garay
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Division of NeuroscienceSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Rendall AR, Perrino PA, LoTurco JJ, Fitch RH. Evaluation of visual motion perception ability in mice with knockout of the dyslexia candidate susceptibility gene Dcdc2. Genes Brain Behav 2018; 18:e12450. [PMID: 29232042 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a heritable disability characterized by difficulties in learning to read and write. The neurobiological and genetic mechanisms underlying dyslexia remain poorly understood; however, several dyslexia candidate risk genes have been identified. One of these candidate risk genes-doublecortin domain containing 2 (DCDC2)-has been shown to play a role in neuronal migration and cilia function. At a behavioral level, variants of DCDC2 have been associated with impairments in phonological processing, working memory and reading speed. Additionally, a specific mutation in DCDC2 has been strongly linked to deficits in motion perception-a skill subserving reading abilities. To further explore the relationship between DCDC2 and dyslexia, a genetic knockout (KO) of the rodent homolog of DCDC2 (Dcdc2) was created. Initial studies showed that Dcdc2 KOs display deficits in auditory processing and working memory. The current study was designed to evaluate the association between DCDC2 and motion perception, as these skills have not yet been assessed in the Dcdc2 KO mouse model. We developed a novel motion perception task, utilizing touchscreen technology and operant conditioning. Dcdc2 KOs displayed deficits on the Pairwise Discrimination task specifically as motion was added to visual stimuli. Following behavioral assessment, brains were histologically prepared for neuroanatomical analysis of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The cumulative distribution showed that Dcdc2 KOs exhibited more small neurons and fewer larger neurons in the LGN. Results compliment findings that DCDC2 genetic alteration results in anomalies in visual motion pathways in a subpopulation of dyslexic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rendall
- Department of Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - P A Perrino
- Department of Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - J J LoTurco
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - R H Fitch
- Department of Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Waye MMY, Poo LK, Ho CSH. Study of Genetic Association With DCDC2 and Developmental Dyslexia in Hong Kong Chinese Children. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2017; 13:104-114. [PMID: 29081827 PMCID: PMC5633722 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901713010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Doublecortin domain-containing 2 (DCDC2) is a doublecortin domain-containing gene family member and the doublecortin domain has been demonstrated to bind to tubulin and enhance microtubule polymerization. It has been associated with developmental dyslexia and this protein family member is thought to function in neuronal migration where it may affect the signaling of primary cilia. Objectives: The objective of the study is to find out if there is any association of genetic variants of DCDC2 with developmental dyslexia in Chinese children from Hong Kong. Methods: The dyslexic children were diagnosed as developmental dyslexia (DD) using the Hong Kong Test of Specific Learning Difficulties in Reading and Writing (HKT-SpLD) by the Department of Health, Hong Kong. Saliva specimens were collected and their genotypes of DCDC2 were studied by DNA sequencing or TaqMan Real Time PCR Assays. Results: The most significant marker is rs6940827 which is associated with DD with nominal p-value (0.011). However, this marker did not remain significant after multiple testing corrections and the adjusted p-value from permutation test was 0.1329. Using sliding window haplotype analysis, several haplotypes were found to be nominally associated with DD. The smallest nominal p values was 0.0036 (rs2996452-rs1318700, C-A). However, none of the p values could withstand the multiple testing corrections. Conclusion: Despite early findings that DCDC2 is a strong candidate for developmental dyslexia and that some of the genetic variants have been linked to brain structure and functions, our findings showed that DCDC2 is not strongly associated with dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Y Waye
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lim K Poo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Connie S-H Ho
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Centanni TM, Booker AB, Chen F, Sloan AM, Carraway RS, Rennaker RL, LoTurco JJ, Kilgard MP. Knockdown of Dyslexia-Gene Dcdc2 Interferes with Speech Sound Discrimination in Continuous Streams. J Neurosci 2016; 36:4895-906. [PMID: 27122044 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4202-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dyslexia is the most common developmental language disorder and is marked by deficits in reading and phonological awareness. One theory of dyslexia suggests that the phonological awareness deficit is due to abnormal auditory processing of speech sounds. Variants in DCDC2 and several other neural migration genes are associated with dyslexia and may contribute to auditory processing deficits. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that RNAi suppression of Dcdc2 in rats causes abnormal cortical responses to sound and impaired speech sound discrimination. In the current study, rats were subjected in utero to RNA interference targeting of the gene Dcdc2 or a scrambled sequence. Primary auditory cortex (A1) responses were acquired from 11 rats (5 with Dcdc2 RNAi; DC-) before any behavioral training. A separate group of 8 rats (3 DC-) were trained on a variety of speech sound discrimination tasks, and auditory cortex responses were acquired following training. Dcdc2 RNAi nearly eliminated the ability of rats to identify specific speech sounds from a continuous train of speech sounds but did not impair performance during discrimination of isolated speech sounds. The neural responses to speech sounds in A1 were not degraded as a function of presentation rate before training. These results suggest that A1 is not directly involved in the impaired speech discrimination caused by Dcdc2 RNAi. This result contrasts earlier results using Kiaa0319 RNAi and suggests that different dyslexia genes may cause different deficits in the speech processing circuitry, which may explain differential responses to therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although dyslexia is diagnosed through reading difficulty, there is a great deal of variation in the phenotypes of these individuals. The underlying neural and genetic mechanisms causing these differences are still widely debated. In the current study, we demonstrate that suppression of a candidate-dyslexia gene causes deficits on tasks of rapid stimulus processing. These animals also exhibited abnormal neural plasticity after training, which may be a mechanism for why some children with dyslexia do not respond to intervention. These results are in stark contrast to our previous work with a different candidate gene, which caused a different set of deficits. Our results shed some light on possible neural and genetic mechanisms causing heterogeneity in the dyslexic population.
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Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (decoding-based reading disorder; RD) is a complex trait with multifactorial origins at the genetic, neural, and cognitive levels. There is evidence that low-level sensory-processing deficits precede and underlie phonological problems, which are one of the best-documented aspects of RD. RD is also associated with impairments in integrating visual symbols with their corresponding speech sounds. Although causal relationships between sensory processing, print-speech integration, and fluent reading, and their neural bases are debated, these processes all require precise timing mechanisms across distributed brain networks. Neural excitability and neural noise are fundamental to these timing mechanisms. Here, we propose that neural noise stemming from increased neural excitability in cortical networks implicated in reading is one key distal contributor to RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Hancock
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 401 Parnassus Ave. Box-0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Science-based Innovation in Learning Center (SILC), 401 Parnassus Ave. Box-0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Pugh
- Haskins Laboratories, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Linguistics, Yale University, 370 Temple Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 401 Parnassus Ave. Box-0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Haskins Laboratories, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan; Science-based Innovation in Learning Center (SILC), 401 Parnassus Ave. Box-0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Dyslexia Center, UCSF, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Martinez-Garay I, Guidi LG, Holloway ZG, Bailey MAG, Lyngholm D, Schneider T, Donnison T, Butt SJB, Monaco AP, Molnár Z, Velayos-Baeza A. Normal radial migration and lamination are maintained in dyslexia-susceptibility candidate gene homolog Kiaa0319 knockout mice. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:1367-1384. [PMID: 27510895 PMCID: PMC5368214 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a common disorder with a strong genetic component, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. Several candidate dyslexia-susceptibility genes, including KIAA0319, DYX1C1, and DCDC2, have been identified in humans. RNA interference experiments targeting these genes in rat embryos have shown impairments in neuronal migration, suggesting that defects in radial cortical migration could be involved in the disease mechanism of dyslexia. Here we present the first characterisation of a Kiaa0319 knockout mouse line. Animals lacking KIAA0319 protein do not show anatomical abnormalities in any of the layered structures of the brain. Neurogenesis and radial migration of cortical projection neurons are not altered, and the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of Kiaa0319-deficient neurons do not differ from those of wild-type neurons. Kiaa0319 overexpression in cortex delays radial migration, but does not affect final neuronal position. However, knockout animals show subtle differences suggesting possible alterations in anxiety-related behaviour and in sensorimotor gating. Our results do not reveal a migration disorder in the mouse model, adding to the body of evidence available for Dcdc2 and Dyx1c1 that, unlike in the rat in utero knockdown models, the dyslexia-susceptibility candidate mouse homolog genes do not play an evident role in neuronal migration. However, KIAA0319 protein expression seems to be restricted to the brain, not only in early developmental stages but also in adult mice, indicative of a role of this protein in brain function. The constitutive and conditional knockout lines reported here will be useful tools for further functional analyses of Kiaa0319.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martinez-Garay
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luiz G Guidi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Zoe G Holloway
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Melissa A G Bailey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Daniel Lyngholm
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tomasz Schneider
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Timothy Donnison
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Simon J B Butt
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Anthony P Monaco
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- Office of the President, Ballou Hall, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Antonio Velayos-Baeza
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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Gabel LA, Manglani M, Escalona N, Cysner J, Hamilton R, Pfaffmann J, Johnson E. Translating dyslexia across species. Ann Dyslexia 2016; 66:319-336. [PMID: 27013331 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-016-0125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Direct relationships between induced mutation in the DCDC2 candidate dyslexia susceptibility gene in mice and changes in behavioral measures of visual spatial learning have been reported. We were interested in determining whether performance on a visual-spatial learning and memory task could be translated across species (study 1) and whether children with reading impairment showed a similar impairment to animal models of the disorder (study 2). Study 1 included 37 participants who completed six trials of four different virtual Hebb-Williams maze configurations. A 2 × 4 × 6 mixed factorial repeated measures ANOVA indicated consistency in performance between humans and mice on these tasks, enabling us to translate across species. Study 2 included a total of 91 participants (age range = 8-13 years). Eighteen participants were identified with reading disorder by performance on the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement. Participants completed six trials of five separate virtual Hebb-Williams maze configurations. A 2 × 5 × 6 mixed factorial ANCOVA (gender as covariate) indicated that individuals with reading impairment demonstrated impaired visuo-spatial performance on this task. Overall, results from this study suggest that we are able to translate behavioral deficits observed in genetic animal models of dyslexia to humans with reading impairment. Future studies will utilize the virtual environment to further explore the underlying basis for this impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Gabel
- Department of Psychology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA.
| | | | | | - Jessica Cysner
- Program in Neuroscience, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Evelyn Johnson
- Department of Special Education, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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18
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Kraft I, Schreiber J, Cafiero R, Metere R, Schaadt G, Brauer J, Neef NE, Müller B, Kirsten H, Wilcke A, Boltze J, Friederici AD, Skeide MA. Predicting early signs of dyslexia at a preliterate age by combining behavioral assessment with structural MRI. Neuroimage 2016; 143:378-86. [PMID: 27608602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that neurobiological anomalies are already detectable in pre-school children with a family history of developmental dyslexia (DD). However, there is a lack of longitudinal studies showing a direct link between those differences at a preliterate age and the subsequent literacy difficulties seen in school. It is also not clear whether the prediction of DD in pre-school children can be significantly improved when considering neurobiological predictors, compared to models based on behavioral literacy precursors only. METHODS We recruited 53 pre-reading children either with (N=25) or without a family risk of DD (N=28). Quantitative T1 MNI data and literacy precursor abilities were assessed at kindergarten age. A subsample of 35 children was tested for literacy skills either one or two years later, that is, either in first or second grade. RESULTS The group comparison of quantitative T1 measures revealed significantly higher T1 intensities in the left anterior arcuate fascicle (AF), suggesting reduced myelin concentration in preliterate children at risk of DD. A logistic regression showed that DD can be predicted significantly better (p=.024) when neuroanatomical differences between groups are used as predictors (80%) compared to a model based on behavioral predictors only (63%). The Wald statistic confirmed that the T1 intensity of the left AF is a statistically significant predictor of DD (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS Our longitudinal results provide evidence for the hypothesis that neuroanatomical anomalies in children with a family risk of DD are related to subsequent problems in acquiring literacy. Particularly, solid white matter organization in the left anterior arcuate fascicle seems to play a pivotal role.
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Girard M, Bizet AA, Lachaux A, Gonzales E, Filhol E, Collardeau-Frachon S, Jeanpierre C, Henry C, Fabre M, Viremouneix L, Galmiche L, Debray D, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschke P, Pariente D, Guettier C, Lyonnet S, Heidet L, Bertholet A, Jacquemin E, Henrion-Caude A, Saunier S. DCDC2Mutations Cause Neonatal Sclerosing Cholangitis. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:1025-9. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Girard
- Hepatology Unit; Necker Hospital; Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Imagine institute; Paris France
- Inserm UMR-1163; Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformations; Paris France
| | - Albane A. Bizet
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Imagine institute; Paris France
- Inserm UMR-1163; Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases; Paris France
| | - Alain Lachaux
- Service d'Hépatologie; Gastroentérologie et Nutrition Pédiatriques; Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant; Hospices Civils de Lyon Bron France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Emmanuel Gonzales
- Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit; Reference Centre for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; France
- Université Paris-Sud 11; France
| | - Emilie Filhol
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Imagine institute; Paris France
- Inserm UMR-1163; Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases; Paris France
| | - Sophie Collardeau-Frachon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Service de Pathologie; Groupement Hospitalier Est; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Bron France
| | - Cécile Jeanpierre
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Imagine institute; Paris France
- Inserm UMR-1163; Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases; Paris France
| | - Charline Henry
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Imagine institute; Paris France
- Inserm UMR-1163; Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases; Paris France
| | - Monique Fabre
- Pathology Department; Necker Hospital; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; France
| | - Loic Viremouneix
- Hospices Civils de Lyon; Département D'imagerie Digestive; Hôpital E. Herriot; Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Louise Galmiche
- Pathology Department; Necker Hospital; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; France
| | - Dominique Debray
- Hepatology Unit; Necker Hospital; Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; France
| | | | | | - Danièle Pariente
- Department of Pediatric Radiology; Bicêtre Hospital; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre France
- Université Paris-Sud 11; France
| | - Catherine Guettier
- Service d'Anatomopathologie; AP-HP Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre; Paris France
- Université Paris-Sud 11; France
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Imagine institute; Paris France
- Inserm UMR-1163; Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformations; Paris France
| | - Laurence Heidet
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Imagine institute; Paris France
- Inserm UMR-1163; Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases; Paris France
| | - Aurelia Bertholet
- Néphrogones; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Bron France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Emmanuel Jacquemin
- Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit; Reference Centre for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; France
- Université Paris-Sud 11; France
| | | | - Sophie Saunier
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Imagine institute; Paris France
- Inserm UMR-1163; Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases; Paris France
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Che A, Truong DT, Fitch RH, LoTurco JJ. Mutation of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene Dcdc2 Enhances Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission Between Layer 4 Neurons in Mouse Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:3705-3718. [PMID: 26250775 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in DCDC2 have been associated with reading disability in humans, and targeted mutation of Dcdc2 in mice causes impairments in both learning and sensory processing. In this study, we sought to determine whether Dcdc2 mutation affects functional synaptic circuitry in neocortex. We found mutation in Dcdc2 resulted in elevated spontaneous and evoked glutamate release from neurons in somatosensory cortex. The probability of release was decreased to wild-type level by acute application of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists when postsynaptic NMDARs were blocked by intracellular MK-801, and could not be explained by elevated ambient glutamate, suggesting altered, nonpostsynaptic NMDAR activation in the mutants. In addition, we determined that the increased excitatory transmission was present at layer 4-layer 4 but not thalamocortical connections in Dcdc2 mutants, and larger evoked synaptic release appeared to enhance the NMDAR-mediated effect. These results demonstrate an NMDAR activation-gated, increased functional excitatory connectivity between layer 4 lateral connections in somatosensory neocortex of the mutants, providing support for potential changes in cortical connectivity and activation resulting from mutation of dyslexia candidate gene Dcdc2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Che
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology.,Current address: Weill Cornell Medical College, Brain & Mind Research Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Dongnhu T Truong
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Current address: Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - R Holly Fitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Graham SA, Deriziotis P, Fisher SE. Insights into the genetic foundations of human communication. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:3-26. [PMID: 25597031 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human capacity to acquire sophisticated language is unmatched in the animal kingdom. Despite the discontinuity in communicative abilities between humans and other primates, language is built on ancient genetic foundations, which are being illuminated by comparative genomics. The genetic architecture of the language faculty is also being uncovered by research into neurodevelopmental disorders that disrupt the normally effortless process of language acquisition. In this article, we discuss the strategies that researchers are using to reveal genetic factors contributing to communicative abilities, and review progress in identifying the relevant genes and genetic variants. The first gene directly implicated in a speech and language disorder was FOXP2. Using this gene as a case study, we illustrate how evidence from genetics, molecular cell biology, animal models and human neuroimaging has converged to build a picture of the role of FOXP2 in neurodevelopment, providing a framework for future endeavors to bridge the gaps between genes, brains and behavior.
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Truong DT, Che A, Rendall AR, Szalkowski CE, LoTurco JJ, Galaburda AM, Holly Fitch R. Mutation of Dcdc2 in mice leads to impairments in auditory processing and memory ability. Genes Brain Behav 2014; 13:802-11. [PMID: 25130614 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired reading ability despite normal intellect, and is associated with specific difficulties in phonological and rapid auditory processing (RAP), visual attention and working memory. Genetic variants in Doublecortin domain-containing protein 2 (DCDC2) have been associated with dyslexia, impairments in phonological processing and in short-term/working memory. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sensory and behavioral impairments can result directly from mutation of the Dcdc2 gene in mice. Several behavioral tasks, including a modified pre-pulse inhibition paradigm (to examine auditory processing), a 4/8 radial arm maze (to assess/dissociate working vs. reference memory) and rotarod (to examine sensorimotor ability and motor learning), were used to assess the effects of Dcdc2 mutation. Behavioral results revealed deficits in RAP, working memory and reference memory in Dcdc2(del2/del2) mice when compared with matched wild types. Current findings parallel clinical research linking genetic variants of DCDC2 with specific impairments of phonological processing and memory ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Truong
- Department of Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
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Che A, Girgenti MJ, LoTurco J. The dyslexia-associated gene DCDC2 is required for spike-timing precision in mouse neocortex. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:387-96. [PMID: 24094509 PMCID: PMC4025976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants in dyslexia-associated genes, including DCDC2, have been linked to altered neocortical activation, suggesting that dyslexia associated genes might play as yet unspecified roles in neuronal physiology. METHODS Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were used to compare the electrophysiological properties of regular spiking pyramidal neurons of neocortex in Dcdc2 knockout (KO) and wild-type mice. Ribonucleic acid sequencing and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were performed to identify and characterize changes in gene expression in Dcdc2 KOs. RESULTS Neurons in KOs showed increased excitability and decreased temporal precision in action potential firing. The RNA sequencing screen revealed that the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit Grin2B was elevated in Dcdc2 KOs, and an electrophysiological assessment confirmed a functional increase in spontaneous NMDAR-mediated activity. Remarkably, the decreased action potential temporal precision could be restored in mutants by treatment with either the NMDAR antagonist (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid or the NMDAR 2B subunit-specific antagonist Ro 25-6981. CONCLUSIONS These results link the function of the dyslexia-associated gene Dcdc2 to spike timing through activity of NMDAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Che
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Matthew J Girgenti
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Joseph LoTurco
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
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Eicher JD, Gruen JR. Imaging-genetics in dyslexia: connecting risk genetic variants to brain neuroimaging and ultimately to reading impairments. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 110:201-12. [PMID: 23916419 PMCID: PMC3800223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a common pediatric disorder that affects 5-17% of schoolchildren in the United States. It is marked by unexpected difficulties in fluent reading despite adequate intelligence, opportunity, and instruction. Classically, neuropsychologists have studied dyslexia using a variety of neurocognitive batteries to gain insight into the specific deficits and impairments in affected children. Since dyslexia is a complex genetic trait with high heritability, analyses conditioned on performance on these neurocognitive batteries have been used to try to identify associated genes. This has led to some successes in identifying contributing genes, although much of the heritability remains unexplained. Additionally, the lack of relevant human brain tissue for analysis and the challenges of modeling a uniquely human trait in animals are barriers to advancing our knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology. In vivo imaging technologies, however, present new opportunities to examine dyslexia and reading skills in a clearly relevant context in human subjects. Recent investigations have started to integrate these imaging data with genetic data in attempts to gain a more complete and complex understanding of reading processes. In addition to bridging the gap from genetic risk variant to a discernible neuroimaging phenotype and ultimately to the clinical impairments in reading performance, the use of neuroimaging phenotypes will reveal novel risk genes and variants. In this article, we briefly discuss the genetic and imaging investigations and take an in-depth look at the recent imaging-genetics investigations of dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Eicher
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jeffrey R. Gruen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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Abstract
Dyslexia is a highly heritable learning disorder with a complex underlying genetic architecture. Over the past decade, researchers have pinpointed a number of candidate genes that may contribute to dyslexia susceptibility. Here, we provide an overview of the state of the art, describing how studies have moved from mapping potential risk loci, through identification of associated gene variants, to characterization of gene function in cellular and animal model systems. Work thus far has highlighted some intriguing mechanistic pathways, such as neuronal migration, axon guidance, and ciliary biology, but it is clear that we still have much to learn about the molecular networks that are involved. We end the review by highlighting the past, present, and future contributions of the Dutch Dyslexia Programme to studies of genetic factors. In particular, we emphasize the importance of relating genetic information to intermediate neurobiological measures, as well as the value of incorporating longitudinal and developmental data into molecular designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Carrion-Castillo
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Giraud A, Ramus F. Neurogenetics and auditory processing in developmental dyslexia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:37-42. [PMID: 23040541 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Graham SA, Fisher SE. Decoding the genetics of speech and language. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:43-51. [PMID: 23228431 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Raskind WH, Peter B, Richards T, Eckert MM, Berninger VW. The genetics of reading disabilities: from phenotypes to candidate genes. Front Psychol 2013; 3:601. [PMID: 23308072 PMCID: PMC3538356 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of (a) issues in definition and diagnosis of specific reading disabilities at the behavioral level that may occur in different constellations of developmental and phenotypic profiles (patterns); (b) rapidly expanding research on genetic heterogeneity and gene candidates for dyslexia and other reading disabilities; (c) emerging research on gene-brain relationships; and (d) current understanding of epigenetic mechanisms whereby environmental events may alter behavioral expression of genetic variations. A glossary of genetic terms (denoted by bold font) is provided for readers not familiar with the technical terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy H Raskind
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
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Threlkeld SW, Hill CA, Szalkowski CE, Truong DT, Rosen GD, Fitch RH. Effects of test experience and neocortical microgyria on spatial and non-spatial learning in rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 235:130-5. [PMID: 22884828 PMCID: PMC3592209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neocortical neuronal migration anomalies such as microgyria and heterotopia have been associated with developmental language learning impairments in humans, and rapid auditory processing deficits in rodent models. Similar processing impairments have been suggested to play a causal role in human language impairment. Recent data from our group has shown spatial working memory deficits associated with neocortical microgyria in rats. Similar deficits have also been identified in humans with language learning impairments. To further explore the extent of learning deficits associated with cortical neuronal migration anomalies, we evaluated the effects of neocortical microgyria and test order experience using spatial (Morris water maze) and non-spatial water maze learning paradigms. Two independent groups were employed (G1 or G2) incorporating both microgyria and sham conditions. G1 received spatial testing for five days followed by non-spatial testing, while the reverse order was followed for G2. Initial analysis, including both test groups and both maze conditions, revealed a main effect of treatment, with microgyric rats performing significantly worse than shams. Overall analysis also revealed a task by order interaction, indicating that each group performed better on the second task as compared to the first, regardless of which task was presented first. Independent analyses of each task revealed a significant effect of treatment (microgyria worse than sham) only for the spatial water maze condition. Results indicate that prior maze experience (regardless of task type) leads to better subsequent performance. Results suggest that behavioral abnormalities associated with microgyria extend beyond auditory and working memory deficits seen in previous studies, to include spatial but not non-spatial learning impairments and that non-specific test experience may improve behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Threlkeld
- Department of Psychology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mount Pleasant Ave, Providence, RI 02904, USA.
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