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Raïch I, Lillo J, Ferreiro-Vera C, Sánchez de Medina V, Navarro G, Franco R. Cannabidiol at Nanomolar Concentrations Negatively Affects Signaling through the Adenosine A 2A Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17500. [PMID: 38139329 PMCID: PMC10744210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid with potential as a therapy for a variety of diseases. CBD may act via cannabinoid receptors but also via other G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the adenosine A2A receptor. Homogenous binding and signaling assays in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the human version of the A2A receptor were performed to address the effect of CBD on receptor functionality. CBD was not able to compete for the binding of a SCH 442416 derivative labeled with a red emitting fluorescent probe that is a selective antagonist that binds to the orthosteric site of the receptor. However, CBD reduced the effect of the selective A2A receptor agonist, CGS 21680, on Gs-coupling and on the activation of the mitogen activated kinase signaling pathway. It is suggested that CBD is a negative allosteric modulator of the A2A receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iu Raïch
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.R.); (G.N.)
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jaume Lillo
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.R.); (G.N.)
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Khanal S, Bok E, Kim J, Park GH, Choi DY. Dopaminergic neuroprotective effects of inosine in MPTP-induced parkinsonian mice via brain-derived neurotrophic factor upregulation. Neuropharmacology 2023:109652. [PMID: 37422180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. However, no curative or modifying therapy is known. Inosine is a purine nucleoside that increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the brain through adenosine receptors. Herein, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of inosine and elucidated the mechanisms underlying its pharmacological action. Inosine rescued SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from MPP+ injury in a dose-dependent manner. Inosine protection correlated with BDNF expression and the activation of its downstream signaling cascade, as the TrkB receptor inhibitor, K252a and siRNA against the BDNF gene remarkably reduced the protective effects of inosine. Blocking the A1 or A2A adenosine receptors diminished BDNF induction and the rescuing effect of inosine, indicating a critical role of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in inosine-related BDNF elevation. We assessed whether the compound could protect dopaminergic neurons from MPTP-induced neuronal injury. Beam-walking and challenge beam tests revealed that inosine pretreatment for 3 weeks reduced the MPTP-induced motor function impairment. Inosine ameliorated dopaminergic neuronal loss and MPTP-mediated astrocytic and microglial activation in the substantia nigra and striatum. Inosine ameliorated the depletion of striatal dopamine and its metabolite following MPTP injection. BDNF upregulation and the activation of its downstream signaling pathway seemingly correlate with the neuroprotective effects of inosine. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of inosine against MPTP neurotoxicity via BDNF upregulation. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of inosine in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Khanal
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehakro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eugene Bok
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaekwang Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyu Hwan Park
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehakro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of amino-3,5-dicyanopyridines and thieno[2,3-b]pyridines as ligands of adenosine A1 receptors for the potential treatment of epilepsy. Med Chem Res 2022; 31:1277-1297. [PMID: 35634433 PMCID: PMC9129901 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the implication of adenosine in seizure suppression, adenosine-based therapies such as adenosine receptor (AR) agonists have been investigated. This study aimed at investigating thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives as non-nucleoside A1 agonists that could be used in pharmaco-resistant epilepsy (PRE). Compound 7c (thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivative), displayed good binding affinity to the rA1 AR (Ki = 61.9 nM). This could be a breakthrough for further investigation of this heterocyclic scaffold as potential ligand. In silico evaluation of this compound raised bioavailability concerns but performed well on drug-likeness tests. The effect of intramolecular cyclisation that occurs during synthesis of thieno[2,3-b]pyridines from the lead compounds, amino-3,5-dicyanopyridine derivatives (6a-s) in relation to AR binding was also evaluated. A significant loss of activity against rA1/rA2A ARs with cyclisation was revealed. Amino-3,5-dicyanopyridines exhibited greater affinity towards rA1 ARs (Ki < 10 nM) than rA2A. Compound 6c had the best rA1 affinity (Ki = 0.076 nM). Novel compounds (6d, 6k, 6l, 6m, 6n, 6o, 6p) were highly selective towards rA1 AR (Ki between 0.179 and 21.0 nM). Based on their high selectivity for A1 ARs, amino-3,5-dicyanopyridines may be investigated further as AR ligands in PRE with the right structural optimisations and formulations. A decrease in rA1 AR affinity is observed with intramolecular cyclisation that occurs during synthesis of thieno[2,3-b]pyridines (7a, 7d, 7c) from amino-3,5-dicyanopyridine derivatives (6a, 6f, 6g). ![]()
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Adenosine Receptor Signaling in Diseases with Focus on Cancer. JORJANI BIOMEDICINE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jorjanibiomedj.10.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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The GCN5: its biological functions and therapeutic potentials. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:231-257. [PMID: 33443284 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
General control non-depressible 5 (GCN5) or lysine acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A) is one of the most highly studied histone acetyltransferases. It acts as both histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and lysine acetyltransferase (KAT). As an HAT it plays a pivotal role in the epigenetic landscape and chromatin modification. Besides, GCN5 regulates a wide range of biological events such as gene regulation, cellular proliferation, metabolism and inflammation. Imbalance in the GCN5 activity has been reported in many disorders such as cancer, metabolic disorders, autoimmune disorders and neurological disorders. Therefore, unravelling the role of GCN5 in different diseases progression is a prerequisite for both understanding and developing novel therapeutic agents of these diseases. In this review, we have discussed the structural features, the biological function of GCN5 and the mechanical link with the diseases associated with its imbalance. Moreover, the present GCN5 modulators and their limitations will be presented in a medicinal chemistry perspective.
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Oyigeya M. Reflex memory theory of acquired involuntary motor and sensory disorders. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-021-00307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Explicit and implicit memories are conserved but flexible biological tools that nature uses to regulate the daily behaviors of human beings. An aberrant form of the implicit memory is presumed to exist and may be contributory to the pathophysiology of disorders such as tardive syndromes, phantom phenomena, flashback, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), and related disorders. These disorders have posed significant clinical problems for both patients and physicians for centuries. All extant pathophysiological theories of these disorders have failed to provide basis for effective treatment.
Objective
The objective of this article is to propose an alternative pathophysiological theory that will hopefully lead to new treatment approaches.
Methods
The author sourced over 60 journal articles that treated topics on memory, and involuntary motor and sensory disorders, from open access journals using Google Scholar, and reviewed them and this helped in the formulation of this theory.
Results
From the reviews, the author thinks physical or chemical insult to the nervous system can cause defective circuit remodeling, leading to generation of a variant of implicit (automatic) memory, herein called “reflex memory” and this is encoded interoceptively to contribute to these phenomena states.
Conclusion
Acquired involuntary motor and sensory disorders are caused by defective circuit remodeling involving multiple neural mechanisms. Dysregulation of excitatory neurotransmitters, calcium overload, homeostatic failure, and neurotoxicity are implicated in the process. Sustained effects of these defective mechanisms are encoded interoceptively as abnormal memory in the neurons and the conscious manifestations are these disorders. Extant theories failed to recognize this possibility.
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Xiang Z, Jiang X, Ji R, Yuan H. Enhanced expression of P2X4 purinoceptors in pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampal CA1 region may be involved ischemia-reperfusion injury. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:425-438. [PMID: 33966147 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most serious disease that harms human beings. In principle, its treatment is to restore blood flow supply as soon as possible. However, after the blood flow is restored, it will lead to secondary brain injury, that is, ischemia-reperfusion injury. The mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury is very complicated. This study showed that P2X4 receptors in the pyramidal neurons of rat hippocampus were significantly upregulated in the early stage of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neurons with high expression of P2X4 receptors are neurons that are undergoing apoptosis. Intraventricular injection of the P2X4 receptor antagonist 5-(3-bromophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzofuro[3,2-e]-1,4-diazepin-2-one (5-BDBD) and PSB-12062 can partially block neuronal apoptosis, to promote the survival of neurons, indicating that ATP through P2X4 receptors is involved in the process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, identifying the mechanism of neuronal degeneration induced by extracellular ATP via P2X4 receptors after ischemia-reperfusion will likely find new targets for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury, and will provide a useful theoretical basis for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Rihui Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
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8
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Franco R, Lillo A, Rivas-Santisteban R, Reyes-Resina I, Navarro G. Microglial Adenosine Receptors: From Preconditioning to Modulating the M1/M2 Balance in Activated Cells. Cells 2021; 10:1124. [PMID: 34066933 PMCID: PMC8148598 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal survival depends on the glia, that is, on the astroglial and microglial support. Neurons die and microglia are activated not only in neurodegenerative diseases but also in physiological aging. Activated microglia, once considered harmful, express two main phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory or M1, and the neuroprotective or M2. When neuroinflammation, i.e., microglial activation occurs, it is important to achieve a good M1/M2 balance, i.e., at some point M1 microglia must be skewed into M2 cells to impede chronic inflammation and to afford neuronal survival. G protein-coupled receptors in general and adenosine receptors in particular are potential targets for increasing the number of M2 cells. This article describes the mechanisms underlying microglial activation and analyzes whether these cells exposed to a first damaging event may be ready to be preconditioned to better react to exposure to more damaging events. Adenosine receptors are relevant due to their participation in preconditioning. They can also be overexpressed in activated microglial cells. The potential of adenosine receptors and complexes formed by adenosine receptors and cannabinoids as therapeutic targets to provide microglia-mediated neuroprotection is here discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rafael Rivas-Santisteban
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Reyes-Resina
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
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Pereira-Figueiredo D, Nascimento AA, Cunha-Rodrigues MC, Brito R, Calaza KC. Caffeine and Its Neuroprotective Role in Ischemic Events: A Mechanism Dependent on Adenosine Receptors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1693-1725. [PMID: 33730305 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia is characterized by a transient, insufficient, or permanent interruption of blood flow to a tissue, which leads to an inadequate glucose and oxygen supply. The nervous tissue is highly active, and it closely depends on glucose and oxygen to satisfy its metabolic demand. Therefore, ischemic conditions promote cell death and lead to a secondary wave of cell damage that progressively spreads to the neighborhood areas, called penumbra. Brain ischemia is one of the main causes of deaths and summed with retinal ischemia comprises one of the principal reasons of disability. Although several studies have been performed to investigate the mechanisms of damage to find protective/preventive interventions, an effective treatment does not exist yet. Adenosine is a well-described neuromodulator in the central nervous system (CNS), and acts through four subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine receptors, especially A1 and A2A receptors, are the main targets of caffeine in daily consumption doses. Accordingly, caffeine has been greatly studied in the context of CNS pathologies. In fact, adenosine system, as well as caffeine, is involved in neuroprotection effects in different pathological situations. Therefore, the present review focuses on the role of adenosine/caffeine in CNS, brain and retina, ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pereira-Figueiredo
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - A A Nascimento
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - M C Cunha-Rodrigues
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - R Brito
- Laboratory of Neuronal Physiology and Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - K C Calaza
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute of Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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Bier D, Schulze A, Holschbach M, Neumaier B, Baumann A. Development and Evaluation of a Versatile Receptor-Ligand Binding Assay Using Cell Membrane Preparations Embedded in an Agarose Gel Matrix and Evaluation with the Human Adenosine A1Receptor. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2020; 18:328-340. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2020.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bier
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Annette Schulze
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marcus Holschbach
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnd Baumann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molecular and Cell Physiology (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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Das S, Ramakrishna S, Kim KS. Critical Roles of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in the Nervous System and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Mol Cells 2020; 43:203-214. [PMID: 32133826 PMCID: PMC7103888 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications play major roles in the stability, function, and localization of target proteins involved in the nervous system. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway uses small ubiquitin molecules to degrade neuronal proteins. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) reverse this degradation and thereby control neuronal cell fate, synaptic plasticity,axonal growth, and proper function of the nervous system.Moreover, mutations or downregulation of certain DUBshave been found in several neurodegenerative diseases, as well as gliomas and neuroblastomas. Based on emerging findings, DUBs represent an important target for therapeutic intervention in various neurological disorders. Here, we summarize advances in our understanding of the roles of DUBs related to neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadip Das
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Seydyousefi M, Moghanlou AE, Metz GAS, Gursoy R, Faghfoori MH, Mirghani SJ, Faghfoori Z. Exogenous adenosine facilitates neuroprotection and functional recovery following cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:250-256. [PMID: 31545998 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVE Cerebral ischemia causes physiological and biochemical cellular changes that ultimately result in structural and functional damage to hippocampal neurons. Ischemia also raises endogenous adenosine release that in turn has neuroprotective effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous adenosine on mitigating neuronal lesions to the CA1 region of hippocampus and A2A protein expression following cerebral I/R in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (sham, ischemia + control, and ischemia + adenosine). A daily dose of adenosine (0.1 mg/ml/kg, i.p.) was administered starting 24 h post-ischemia for 7 days. Ischemia was induced by occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 45 min. Cresyl violet and Hematoxylin Eosin staining were used to assess lesion extent and location. To investigate the expression and protein levels, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used. RESULTS The cerebral ischemia caused neuronal loss in the CA1 region and reduced sensorimotor functions in lesion animals. Injection of adenosine significantly diminished cell death and improved sensorimotor functional recovery. Moreover, the expression and concentration of A2A protein was significantly greater in the adenosine group compared to the ischemia group. CONCLUSION This study showed that the administration of exogenous adenosine promotes protection against cell death and supports functional recovery following ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Seydyousefi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran.
| | | | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Recep Gursoy
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey.
| | - Mohammad Hasan Faghfoori
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | | | - Zeinab Faghfoori
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Haque ME, Kim IS, Jakaria M, Akther M, Choi DK. Importance of GPCR-Mediated Microglial Activation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:258. [PMID: 30186116 PMCID: PMC6110855 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with impairment of cognition, memory deficits and behavioral abnormalities. Accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) is a characteristic hallmark of AD. Microglia express several GPCRs, which, upon activation by modulators, mediate microglial activation and polarization phenotype. This GPCR-mediated microglial activation has both protective and detrimental effects. Microglial GPCRs are involved in amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage and Aβ generation. In addition, microglial GPCRs are featured in the regulation of Aβ degradation and clearance through microglial phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Moreover, in response to Aβ binding on microglial Aβ receptors, they can trigger multiple inflammatory pathways. However, there is still a lack of insight into the mechanistic link between GPCR-mediated microglial activation and its pathological consequences in AD. Currently, the available drugs for the treatment of AD are mostly symptomatic and dominated by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AchEI). The selection of a specific microglial GPCR that is highly expressed in the AD brain and capable of modulating AD progression through Aβ generation, degradation and clearance will be a potential source of therapeutic intervention. Here, we have highlighted the expression and distribution of various GPCRs connected to microglial activation in the AD brain and their potential to serve as therapeutic targets of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Md Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Mahbuba Akther
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
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Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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15
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Franco R, Navarro G. Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonists in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Huge Potential and Huge Challenges. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:68. [PMID: 29593579 PMCID: PMC5857539 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. Physiology of Astroglia. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:239-389. [PMID: 29351512 PMCID: PMC6050349 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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Al-Rashida M, Qazi SU, Batool N, Hameed A, Iqbal J. Ectonucleotidase inhibitors: a patent review (2011-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:1291-1304. [PMID: 28870136 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1369958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ectonucleotidases are a broad family of metallo-ectoenzymes that are responsible for hydrolysing a variety of nucleotides to nucleosides, hence orchestrating the activation of P1 and P2 cell receptors via controlled release of nucleotides and nucleosides. Many disorders such as impaired calcification including aortic calcification, neurological and immunological disorders, platelet aggregation, cell proliferation and metastasis. are characterized by an increase in expression of these ectonucleotidases. Consequently, selective inhibitors of ectonucleotidases are required for therapeutic intervention. Area covered: Several classes of compounds such as purine, nucleotide derivatives (e.g., ARL67156) and monoclonal antibodies, have shown promising ectonucleotidase inhibitory potential. This review discusses chemistry and therapeutic applications of ectonucleotidase inhibitors patented from 2011 to 2016. Expert opinion: All eukaryotic cells express nucleotide and nucleoside receptors on their cell surface and are capable of releasing extracellular nucleotides. Ectonucleotidases are a broad family of metallo-ectoenzymes that hydrolyze a variety of nucleotides to nucleosides. These extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides are important cell signalling molecules and mediate a variety of (patho)physiological processes by acting upon their respective P1 and/or P2 receptors. Discovery of molecules that can selectively inhibit or activate ectonucleotidases is crucial from therapeutic point of view, since it allows human intervention into purinergic cell signalling, thereby allowing us to modulate related (patho)physiological processes as desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Al-Rashida
- a Department of Chemistry , Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Syeda Uroos Qazi
- b H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Nayab Batool
- c Institute of Chemistry , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- b H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- d Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad , Pakistan
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Bartoli F, Crocamo C, Dakanalis A, Brosio E, Miotto A, Capuzzi E, Clerici M, Carrà G. Purinergic system dysfunctions in subjects with bipolar disorder: A comparative cross-sectional study. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 73:1-6. [PMID: 27837679 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjects with bipolar mania may have increased uric acid levels, based on a purinergic system dysfunction with reduced neurotransmission of adenosine. We investigated whether there were differences in uric acid levels between individuals with bipolar disorder (in manic or depressive phases) and those with major depressive disorder. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study recruiting 128 subjects with bipolar disorder and 118 with major depressive disorder, admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit. Standard demographic and clinical information were retrieved from electronic charts and relevant clinical records. Fasting serum values of uric acid, as well as metabolic (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycaemia), oxidative stress (albumin, bilirubin), and kidney function (creatinine), parameters, were collected. RESULTS Subjects with bipolar mania (5.27±1.63mg/dL), but not those with bipolar depression (4.89±1.94mg/dL), had higher levels of serum uric acid (p<0.05), as compared with individuals with major depressive disorder (4.59±1.62mg/dL). Relevant linear regression analyses, controlling for metabolic profile, oxidative stress markers, kidney function, and comorbid alcohol use disorder, showed a significant association between bipolar mania (p<0.01) and increased uric acid. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study add evidence to the role of uric acid as state, rather than trait, marker in bipolar disorders. Explored, relevant, confounders do not seem to influence these results. The current study supports the hypothesis of a purinergic system dysfunction associated with manic phases of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bartoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy.
| | - Cristina Crocamo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Antonios Dakanalis
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Enrico Brosio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Alessio Miotto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Enrico Capuzzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Massimo Clerici
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carrà
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK
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Madeira MH, Boia R, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR. Having a Coffee Break: The Impact of Caffeine Consumption on Microglia-Mediated Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:4761081. [PMID: 28250576 PMCID: PMC5307009 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4761081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is the major component of coffee and the most consumed psychostimulant in the world and at nontoxic doses acts as a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. Epidemiological evidence suggests that caffeine consumption reduces the risk of several neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. However, despite the beneficial effects of caffeine consumption in human health and behaviour, the mechanisms by which it impacts the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases still remain to be clarified. A promising hypothesis is that caffeine controls microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory response associated with the majority of neurodegenerative conditions. Accordingly, it has been already described that the modulation of adenosine receptors, namely, the A2A receptor, affords neuroprotection through the control of microglia reactivity and neuroinflammation. In this review, we will summarize the main effects of caffeine in the modulation of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H. Madeira
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Boia
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F. Ambrósio
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Santiago
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Carbamate substituted 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyrimidines as adenosine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:734-738. [PMID: 26776359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of carbamate substituted 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyrimidines was evaluated as potential dual adenosine A1 and A2A receptor antagonists. The majority of the synthesised compounds exhibited promising dual affinities, with A1Ki values ranging from 0.175 to 10.7 nM and A2AKi values ranging from 1.58 to 451 nM. The in vivo activity illustrated for 3-(2-amino-6-phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl morpholine-4-carboxylate (4c) is indicative of the potential of these compounds as therapeutic agents in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, although physicochemical properties may require optimisation.
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Huang L, Applegate PM, Gatling JW, Mangus DB, Zhang J, Applegate RL. A systematic review of neuroprotective strategies after cardiac arrest: from bench to bedside (part II-comprehensive protection). Med Gas Res 2014; 4:10. [PMID: 25671079 PMCID: PMC4322492 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive deficits remain a significant source of morbidity in survivors of cardiac arrest. We conducted a literature review of treatment protocols designed to evaluate neurologic outcome and survival following global cerebral ischemia associated with cardiac arrest. The search was limited to investigational therapies that were implemented either during cardiopulmonary resuscitation or after return of spontaneous circulation in studies that included assessment of impact on neurologic outcome. Given that complex pathophysiology underlies global brain hypoxic ischemia following cardiac arrest, neuroprotective strategies targeting multiple stages of neuropathologic cascades should promise to improve survival and neurologic outcomes in cardiac arrest victims. In Part II of this review, we discuss several approaches that can provide comprehensive protection against global brain injury associated with cardiac arrest, by modulating multiple targets of neuropathologic cascades. Pharmaceutical approaches include adenosine and growth factors/hormones including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor-1 and glycine-proline-glutamate, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and estrogen. Preclinical studies of these showed some benefit but were inconclusive in models of global brain injury involving systemic ischemia. Several medical gases that can mediate neuroprotection have been evaluated in experimental settings. These include hydrogen sulfide, hyperbaric oxygen and molecular hydrogen. Hyperbaric oxygen and molecular hydrogen showed promising results; however, further investigation is required prior to clinical application of these agents in cardiac arrest patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Patricia M Applegate
- Department of Cardiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jason W Gatling
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Dustin B Mangus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA ; Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Richard L Applegate
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Nagpure BV, Bian JS. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits A2A adenosine receptor agonist induced β-amyloid production in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells via a cAMP dependent pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88508. [PMID: 24523906 PMCID: PMC3921165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of senile dementia in today's society. Its debilitating symptoms are manifested by disturbances in many important brain functions, which are influenced by adenosine. Hence, adenosinergic system is considered as a potential therapeutic target in AD treatment. In the present study, we found that sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, an H2S donor, 100 µM) attenuated HENECA (a selective A2A receptor agonist, 10-200 nM) induced β-amyloid (1-42) (Aβ42) production in SH-SY5Y cells. NaHS also interfered with HENECA-stimulated production and post-translational modification of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by inhibiting its maturation. Measurement of the C-terminal APP fragments generated from its enzymatic cleavage by β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) showed that NaHS did not have any significant effect on β-secretase activity. However, the direct measurements of HENECA-elevated γ-secretase activity and mRNA expressions of presenilins suggested that the suppression of Aβ42 production in NaHS pretreated cells was mediated by inhibiting γ-secretase. NaHS induced reductions were accompanied by similar decreases in intracellular cAMP levels and phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB). NaHS significantly reduced the elevated cAMP and Aβ42 production caused by forskolin (an adenylyl cyclase, AC agonist) alone or forskolin in combination with IBMX (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor), but had no effect on those caused by IBMX alone. Moreover, pretreatment with NaHS significantly attenuated HENECA-elevated AC activity and mRNA expressions of various AC isoforms. These data suggest that NaHS may preferentially suppress AC activity when it was stimulated. In conclusion, H2S attenuated HENECA induced Aβ42 production in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells through inhibiting γ-secretase via a cAMP dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Vijay Nagpure
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Caspase Inhibition Via A3 Adenosine Receptors: A New Cardioprotective Mechanism Against Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2013; 28:19-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Block of P2X7 receptors could partly reverse the delayed neuronal death in area CA1 of the hippocampus after transient global cerebral ischemia. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:663-75. [PMID: 23877788 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient global ischemia (which closely resembles clinical situations such as cardiac arrest, near drowning or severe systemic hypotension during surgical procedures), often induces delayed neuronal death in the brain, especially in the hippocampal CA1 region. The mechanism of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is not fully understood. In this study, we have shown that the P2X7 receptor antagonist, BBG, reduced delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region after I/R injury; P2X7 receptor expression levels increased before delayed neuronal death after I/R injury; inhibition of the P2X7 receptor reduced I/R-induced microglial microvesicle-like components, IL-1β expression, P38 phosphorylation, and glial activation in hippocampal CA1 region after I/R injury. These results indicate that antagonism of the P2X7 receptor and signaling pathways of microglial MV shedding, such as src-protein tyrosine kinase, P38 MAP kinase and A-SMase, might be a promising therapeutic strategy for clinical treatment of transient global cerebral I/R injury.
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Tsai CF, Huang CL, Lin YL, Lee YC, Yang YC, Huang NK. The neuroprotective effects of an extract of Gastrodia elata. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:119-25. [PMID: 21925258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gastrodia elata (GE) Blume (family Orchidaceae) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating headaches, dizziness, tetanus, and epilepsy, indicating neuronal protective functions. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the neuroprotection of GE and its molecular mechanism in preventing serum deprivation-induced PC12 cell apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS An MTT assay and Hoechst staining were used to respectively validate serum deprivation-induced cell death and apoptosis. Cyclic (c)AMP formation and protein kinase (PK)A activity were also measured after GE treatment. Western blotting was used to detect the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein. Transient transfection of a dominant negative CREB was used to validate the importance of CREB. RESULTS GE targeted the adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)-R). GE increased cAMP formation, PKA activity, and phosphorylation of the CREB protein. GE-induced CREB protein phosphorylation and protection was blocked by a PKA inhibitor and overexpression of the dominant negative CREB, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results support the neuroprotective effects of GE. The protective mechanism might be mediated through an A(2A)-R/cAMP/PKA/CREB-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Fen Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Ramkumar V, Jhaveri KA, Xie X, Jajoo S, Toth LA. Nuclear Factor κB and Adenosine Receptors: Biochemical and Behavioral Profiling. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:342-9. [PMID: 22131942 PMCID: PMC3131724 DOI: 10.2174/157015911795596559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is produced primarily by the metabolism of ATP and mediates its physiological actions by interacting primarily with adenosine receptors (ARs) on the plasma membranes of different cell types in the body. Activation of these G protein-coupled receptors promotes activation of diverse cellular signaling pathways that define their tissue-specific functions. One of the major actions of adenosine is cytoprotection, mediated primarily via two ARs - A(1) (A(1)AR) and A(3) (A(3)AR). These ARs protect cells exposed to oxidative stress and are also regulated by oxidative stress. Stress-mediated regulation of ARs involves two prominent transcription factors - activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB - that mediate the induction of genes important in cell survival. Mice that are genetically deficient in the p50 subunit of NF-κB (i.e., p50 knock-out mice) exhibit altered expression of A(1)AR and A(2A)AR and demonstrate distinct behavioral phenotypes under normal conditions or after drug challenges. These effects suggest an important role for NF-κB in dictating the level of expression of ARs in vivo, in regulating the cellular responses to stress, and in modifying behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickram Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology Southern Illinois University School of Medicine P.O. Box 19629 Springfield, IL 62794, USA
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Hoffman MS, Mitchell GS. Spinal 5-HT7 receptor activation induces long-lasting phrenic motor facilitation. J Physiol 2011; 589:1397-407. [PMID: 21242254 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.201657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent hypoxia elicits a form of serotonin-dependent respiratory plasticity known as phrenic long term facilitation (pLTF). Episodic spinal serotonin-2 (5-HT2) receptor activation on or near phrenic motor neurons is necessary for pLTF. A hallmark of pLTF is the requirement for serotonin-dependent synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and activation of its high affinity receptor, TrkB. Activation of spinal Gs protein-coupled adenosine 2A receptors (GsPCRs) elicits a unique form of long-lasting phrenic motor facilitation (PMF), but via unique mechanisms (BDNF independent TrkB trans-activation).We hypothesized that other GsPCRs elicit PMF, specifically serotonin-7 (5-HT7) receptors, which are expressed in phrenic motor neurons. Cervical spinal (C4) injections of a selective 5-HT7 receptor agonist, AS-19 (10 μM, 5 μl; 3 × 5 min), in anaesthetized, vagotomized and ventilated male Sprague-Dawley rats elicited long-lasting PMF (>120 min), an effect prevented by pretreatment with a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist (SB 269970; 5mM, 7 μl).GsPCR activation 'trans-activates'TrkB by increasing synthesis of an immature TrkB isoform. Spinal injection of a TrkB inhibitor (k252a) and siRNAs that prevent TrkB (but not BDNF) mRNA translation both blocked 5-HT7 agonist-induced PMF, confirming a requirement for TrkB synthesis and activity. k252a affected late PMF (≥ 90 min) only. Spinal inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway blocked 5-HT7 agonist-induced PMF, whereas MEK/ERK inhibition delayed, but did not block, PMF. An understanding of signalling mechanisms giving rise to PMF may guide development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat ventilatory control disorders associated with respiratory insufficiency, such as spinal injury and motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Hoffman
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) actions in the nervous system by adenosine A(2A) receptors and the role of lipid rafts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:1340-9. [PMID: 20603099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we review some novel aspects related to the way adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)R) modulate the action of BDNF or its high-affinity receptors, the TrkB receptors, on synaptic transmission and plasticity, as well as upon cholinergic currents and GABA transporters. Evidence has been accumulating that adenosine A(2A)Rs are required for most of the synaptic actions of BDNF. In some cases, where A(2A)Rs are constitutively activated (e.g. by endogenous extracellular adenosine), the need for A(2A)R activation for the maintenance of the synaptic influences of BDNF can be envisaged from the loss of BDNF effects upon blockade of adenosine A(2A)Rs or upon removal of extracellular adenosine with adenosine deaminase. In some other cases, it is necessary to enhance extracellular adenosine levels (e.g. depolarization) or to further activate A(2A)Rs (e.g. with selective agonists) to trigger a BDNF neuromodulatory role at the synapses. Age- and cell-dependent differences may determine the above two possibilities, but in all cases it is quite clear that there is close interplay between adenosine A(2A)Rs and BDNF TrkB receptors at synapses. The role of lipid rafts in this cross-talk will be discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Adenosine Receptors".
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Williams-Karnesky RL, Stenzel-Poore MP. Adenosine and stroke: maximizing the therapeutic potential of adenosine as a prophylactic and acute neuroprotectant. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 7:217-27. [PMID: 20190963 PMCID: PMC2769005 DOI: 10.2174/157015909789152209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Despite intensive research into the development of treatments that lessen the severity of cerebrovascular injury, no major therapies exist. Though the potential use of adenosine as a neuroprotective agent in the context of stroke has long been realized, there are currently no adenosine-based therapies for the treatment of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. One of the major obstacles to developing adenosine-based therapies for the treatment of stroke is the prevalence of functional adenosine receptors outside the central nervous system. The activities of peripheral immune and vascular endothelial cells are particularly vulnerable to modulation via adenosine receptors. Many of the pathophysiological processes in stroke are a direct result of peripheral immune infiltration into the brain. Ischemic preconditioning, which can be induced by a number of stimuli, has emerged as a promising area of focus in the development of stroke therapeutics. Reprogramming of the brain and immune responses to adenosine signaling may be an underlying principle of tolerance to cerebral ischemia. Insight into the role of adenosine in various preconditioning paradigms may lead to new uses for adenosine as both an acute and prophylactic neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Williams-Karnesky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Zhang M, Hu H, Zhang X, Lu W, Lim J, Eysteinsson T, Jacobson KA, Laties AM, Mitchell CH. The A3 adenosine receptor attenuates the calcium rise triggered by NMDA receptors in retinal ganglion cells. Neurochem Int 2009; 56:35-41. [PMID: 19723551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The A(3) adenosine receptor is emerging as an important regulator of neuronal signaling, and in some situations receptor stimulation can limit excitability. As the NMDA receptor frequently contributes to neuronal excitability, this study examined whether A(3) receptor activation could alter the calcium rise accompanying NMDA receptor stimulation. Calcium levels were determined from fura-2 imaging of isolated rat retinal ganglion cells as these neurons possess both receptor types. Brief application of glutamate or NMDA led to repeatable and reversible elevations of intracellular calcium. The A(3) agonist Cl-IB-MECA reduced the response to both glutamate and NMDA. While adenosine mimicked the effect of Cl-IB-MECA, the A(3) receptor antagonist MRS 1191 impeded the block by adenosine, implicating a role for the A(3) receptor in response to the natural agonist. The A(1) receptor antagonist DPCPX provided additional inhibition, implying a contribution from both A(1) and A(3) adenosine receptors. The novel A(3) agonist MRS 3558 (1'S,2'R,3'S,4'R,5'S)-4-(2-chloro-6-(3-chlorobenzylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,3-dihydroxy-N-methylbicyclo [3.1.0] hexane-1-carboxamide and mixed A(1)/A(3) agonist MRS 3630 (1'S,2'R,3'S,4'R,5'S)-4-(2-chloro-6-(cyclopentylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,3-dihydroxy-N-methylbicyclo [3.1.0] hexane-1-carboxamide also inhibited the calcium rise induced by NMDA. Low levels of MRS 3558 were particularly effective, with an IC(50) of 400 pM. In all cases, A(3) receptor stimulation inhibited only 30-50% of the calcium rise. In summary, stimulation of the A(3) adenosine receptor by either endogenous or synthesized agonists can limit the calcium rise accompanying NMDA receptor activation. It remains to be determined if partial block of the calcium rise by A(3) agonists can modify downstream responses to NMDA receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
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Streitová D, Weiterová L, Hofer M, Holá J, Horváth V, Kozubík A, Znojil V. Effect of Adenosine on the Growth of Human T-Lymphocyte Leukemia Cell Line MOLT-4. Cancer Invest 2009; 25:419-26. [PMID: 17882653 DOI: 10.1080/07357900701359973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine has been observed to suppress the growth of MOLT-4 human leukemia cells in vitro. Changes in the cell cycle, especially increased percentage of cells in S phase, prolonged generation time, and induction of apoptosis at higher adenosine concentrations have been found to be responsible for the growth suppression. Dipyridamole, a drug inhibiting the cellular uptake of adenosine, reversed partially but significantly the adenosine-induced growth suppression. It follows from these results that the action of adenosine on the MOLT-4 cells comprises its cellular uptake and intracellular operation. These findings present new data on anticancer efficacy of adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Streitová
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Verkhrasky A, Krishtal OA, Burnstock G. Purinoceptors on Neuroglia. Mol Neurobiol 2009; 39:190-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-009-8063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Advances in radiotracer chemistry have resulted in the development of novel molecular imaging probes for adenosine receptors (ARs). With the availability of these molecules, the function of ARs in human pathophysiology as well as the safety and efficacy of approaches to the different AR targets can now be determined. Molecular imaging is a rapidly growing field of research that allows the identification of molecular targets and functional processes in vivo. It is therefore gaining increasing interest as a tool in drug development because it permits the process of evaluating promising therapeutic targets to be stratified. Further, molecular imaging has the potential to evolve into a useful diagnostic tool, particularly for neurological and psychiatric disorders. This chapter focuses on currently available AR ligands that are suitable for molecular neuroimaging and describes first applications in healthy subjects and patients using positron emission tomography (PET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bauer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Biophysics (INB-3), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Contribution of calpain activation to early stages of hippocampal damage during oxygen–glucose deprivation. Brain Res 2008; 1196:121-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Albasanz JL, Perez S, Barrachina M, Ferrer I, Martín M. Up-regulation of adenosine receptors in the frontal cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2008; 18:211-9. [PMID: 18241242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors are G-protein coupled receptors which modulate neurotransmitter release, mainly glutamate. Adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors were studied in post-mortem human cortex in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls. Total adenosine A(1) receptor number, determined by radioligand binding assay, using [(3)H]DPCPX, was significantly increased in AD cases in early and advanced stages without differences with the progression of the disease. A significant increase of A(1)R (37 kDa) levels was also observed by Western blot in early and advanced stages of AD. In addition, increased numbers of adenosine A(2A) receptors were observed in AD samples as determined by a binding assay using [(3)H]ZM 241385 as a radioligand and by Western blot. Increased binding and protein expression levels of adenosine receptors were not associated with increased mRNA levels coding A(1) and A(2A) receptors. Finally, increased A(1) and A(2A) receptor-mediated response was observed. These results show up-regulation of adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors in frontal cortex in AD, associated with sensitization of the corresponding transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Albasanz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Albasanz JL, Rodríguez A, Ferrer I, Martín M. Up-regulation of adenosine A1 receptors in frontal cortex from Pick's disease cases. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:3501-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Adenosine receptor ligands protect against a combination of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in cerebellar granule neurons. Exp Brain Res 2007; 186:151-60. [PMID: 18040669 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-1218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Agonists at A(1) receptors and antagonists at A(2A) receptors are known to be neuroprotective against excitotoxicity. We set out to clarify the mechanisms involved by studying interactions between adenosine receptor ligands and endogenous glutamate in cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Glutamate and the selective agonist N-methyl-D: -aspartate (NMDA), applied to CGNs at 9 div (days in vitro), both induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner, which was attenuated by treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonists dizocilpine, D: -2-amino-5-phosphono-pentanoic acid (D: -AP5) or kynurenic acid (KYA), but not by the non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). Glutamate toxicity was reduced in the presence of all of the following: cyclosporin A (CsA), a blocker of the membrane permeability transition pore, the caspase-3 inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp(OMe)-Glu(OMe)-Val-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (Z-DEVD-fmk), the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) inhibitor 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxyl]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone (DPQ), and nicotinamide. This is indicative of involvement of both apoptotic and necrotic processes. The A(1) receptor agonist, N (6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), and the A(2A) receptor antagonist 4-(2-[7-amino-2-[2-furyl][1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazo-5-yl-amino]ethyl)phenol (ZM241385) afforded significant protection, while the A(1) receptor blocker 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) and the A(2A) receptor agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxyamidoadenosine (CGS21680) had no effect. These results confirm that glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in CGNs is mainly via the NMDA receptor, but show that a form of cell death which exhibits aspects of both apoptosis and necrosis is involved. The protective activity of A(1) receptor activation or A(2A) receptor blockade occurs against this mixed profile of cell death, and appears not to involve the selective inhibition of classical apoptotic or necrotic cascades.
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Sichardt K, Nieber K. Adenosine A(1) receptor: Functional receptor-receptor interactions in the brain. Purinergic Signal 2007; 3:285-98. [PMID: 18404442 PMCID: PMC2072922 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-007-9065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, many lines of investigation have shown that receptor-mediated signaling exhibits greater diversity than previously appreciated. Signal diversity arises from numerous factors, which include the formation of receptor dimers and interplay between different receptors. Using adenosine A1 receptors as a paradigm of G protein-coupled receptors, this review focuses on how receptor-receptor interactions may contribute to regulation of the synaptic transmission within the central nervous system. The interactions with metabotropic dopamine, adenosine A2A, A3, neuropeptide Y, and purinergic P2Y1 receptors will be described in the first part. The second part deals with interactions between A1Rs and ionotropic receptors, especially GABAA, NMDA, and P2X receptors as well as ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Finally, the review will discuss new approaches towards treating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Sichardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Leipzig, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karen Nieber
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Leipzig, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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D'Alimonte I, Ballerini P, Nargi E, Buccella S, Giuliani P, Di Iorio P, Caciagli F, Ciccarelli R. Staurosporine-induced apoptosis in astrocytes is prevented by A1 adenosine receptor activation. Neurosci Lett 2007; 418:66-71. [PMID: 17400382 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte apoptosis occurs in acute and chronic pathological processes at the central nervous system and the prevention of astrocyte death may represent an efficacious intervention in protecting neurons against degeneration. Our research shows that rat astrocyte exposure to 100 nM staurosporine for 3h caused apoptotic death accompanied by caspase-3, p38 mitogen-ed protein kinase (MAPK) and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) activation. N(6)-chlorocyclopentyladenosine (CCPA, 2.5-75 nM), a selective agonist of A(1) adenosine receptors, added to the cultures 1h prior to staurosporine, induced a dose-dependent anti-apoptotic effect, which was inhibited by the A(1) receptor antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine. CCPA also caused a dose- and time-dependent phosphorylation/activation of Akt, a downstream effector of cell survival promoting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, which in turn led to inhibition of staurosporine-induced GSK3beta and p38 MAPK activity. Accordingly, the anti-apoptotic effect of CCPA was abolished by culture pre-treatment with LY294002, a selective PI3K inhibitor, pointing out the prevailing role played by PI3K pathway in the protective effect exerted by A(1) receptor activation. Since an abnormal p38 and GSK3beta activity is implicated in acute (stroke) and chronic (Alzheimer's disease) neurodegenerative diseases, the results of the present study provide a hint to better understand adenosine relevance in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda D'Alimonte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Albasanz JL, Rodríguez A, Ferrer I, Martín M. Adenosine A2A receptors are up-regulated in Pick's disease frontal cortex. Brain Pathol 2007; 16:249-55. [PMID: 17107593 PMCID: PMC8095809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2006.00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) are highly expressed in striatum. However, they are also present in extrastriatal structures. A2AR were studied in post-mortem human frontal cortex from Pick's disease (PiD) and age-matched non-demented controls by radioligand binding assays, Western-blotting, real-time PCR and adenylyl cyclase activity determination. Saturation binding assay using [3H]ZM 241385, a selective A2A antagonist, as radioligand revealed a significant increase in total adenosine A2AR numbers (Bmax) in frontal cortex from PiD samples (191% of control Bmax), suggesting up-regulation of this receptor. A significant increase in the level of A2AR was also detected by Western-blotting. Furthermore, expression of mRNA coding A2AR determined by quantitative real-time PCR was enhanced. In agreement, stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by CGS 21680, a selective A2A receptor agonist, was significantly strengthened. Up-regulation of A2B receptors and their corresponding mRNA was also observed. These results show that A2A adenosine receptor/adenylyl cyclase transduction pathway is up-regulated and sensitized in frontal cortex brain from PiD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luís Albasanz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Agustín Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Barcelona, campus de Bellvitge, and
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Barcelona, campus de Bellvitge, and
- Instituto de Neuropatología, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, IDIBELL‐Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mairena Martín
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Florenzano F, Viscomi MT, Cavaliere F, Volonté C, Molinari M. The role of ionotropic purinergic receptors (P2X) in mediating plasticity responses in the central nervous system. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 557:77-100. [PMID: 16955705 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-30128-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Pugliese AM, Coppi E, Spalluto G, Corradetti R, Pedata F. A3 adenosine receptor antagonists delay irreversible synaptic failure caused by oxygen and glucose deprivation in the rat CA1 hippocampus in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147:524-32. [PMID: 16415905 PMCID: PMC1616978 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of adenosine A3 receptor activation during ischaemia-like conditions produced by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) was evaluated with extracellular recordings from the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. In all, 7 min of OGD evoked tissue anoxic depolarisation (AD, peak at approximately 7 min from OGD start, n=20) and were invariably followed by irreversible loss of electrically evoked field epsps (fepsps, n=42).The selective adenosine A3 antagonists 3-propyl-6-ethyl-5[(ethylthio)carbonyl]-2-phenyl-4-propyl-3-pyridinecarboxylate (MRS 1523, 1-100 nM, n=31), N-[9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)[1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl]benzeneacetamide (MRS 1220, 100 nM, n=7), N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-N'-[2-(3-pyrindinyl)-4-quinazolinyl]-urea, (VUF 5574, 100 nM, n=3) and 5-[[(4-pyridyl)amino]carbonyl]amino-8-methyl-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine hydrochloride (1 nM, n=4), prevented the irreversible failure of neurotransmission induced by 7 min OGD (n=45) and the development of AD in 20 out of 22 monitored slices. When tested on OGD episodes of longer duration (8-10 min, n=18), 100 nM MRS 1523 prevented or delayed the appearance of AD and exerted a protective effect on neurotransmission for episodes of up to 9 min duration. In the absence of AD, the fepsp recovery was almost total, regardless of OGD episode duration. These findings support the notion that A3 receptor stimulation is deleterious during ischaemia and suggest that selective A3 receptor block may substantially increase the resistance of the CA1 hippocampal region to ischaemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Pugliese
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Universita' di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Universita' di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita' di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Renato Corradetti
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Universita' di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Universita' di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC), also known as ischaemic tolerance (IT), is a phenomenon whereby tissue is exposed to a brief, sublethal period of ischaemia, which activates endogenous protective mechanisms, thereby reducing cellular injury that may be caused by subsequent lethal ischaemic events. The first description of this phenomenon was in the heart, which was reported by Murry and co-workers in 1986. Subsequent studies demonstrated IPC in lung, kidney and liver tissue, whereas more recent studies have concentrated on the brain. The cellular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of IPC remain largely unknown. This phenomenon, which has been demonstrated by using various injury paradigms in both cultured neurons and animal brain tissue, may be utilised to identify and characterise therapeutic targets for small-molecule, antibody, or protein intervention. This review will examine the experimental evidence demonstrating the phenomenon termed IPC in models of cerebral ischaemia, the cellular mechanisms that may be involved and the therapeutic implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pong
- Wyeth Research, Department of Neuroscience, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Fotheringham JA, Mayne MB, Grant JA, Geiger JD. Activation of adenosine receptors inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha release by decreasing TNF-alpha mRNA stability and p38 activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 497:87-95. [PMID: 15321739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor agonists have anti-inflammatory properties and modulate immune responses partly by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production by monocytes. We investigated signal transduction mechanisms by which adenosine receptor activation inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and phytohemagglutinin treatment of human pro-monocytic U937 cells increased TNF-alpha protein release. Activation of adenosine receptors up to 1 hr following stimulation with PMA/phytohemagglutinin significantly inhibited TNF-alpha protein release indicating that inhibition of TNF-alpha occurred post-transcriptionally. The adenosine receptor agonist 2-p-(carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine hydrochloride (CGS 21680) decreased stability and half-life of PMA/phytohemagglutinin-induced TNF-alpha mRNA from 80 to 37 min. p38 signaling pathways control TNF-alpha mRNA stability in macrophages and we confirmed in our cells that p38 was involved in controlling TNF-alpha release post-transcriptionally. Activation of adenosine receptors with CGS 21680 decreased phospho-p38 protein levels. These data suggest that adenosine receptor activation regulates TNF-alpha release post-transcriptionally by decreasing mRNA stability through a mechanism involving inhibition of p38 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Fotheringham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neuroscience Research, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, R4046-351 Tache Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
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Ruiz MA, Albasanz JL, León D, Ros M, Andrés A, Martín M. Different modulation of inhibitory and stimulatory pathways mediated by adenosine after chronic in vivo agonist exposure. Brain Res 2005; 1031:211-21. [PMID: 15649446 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
After 6 days of in vivo treatment with two selective adenosine receptor agonists, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine (NECA) and R-N6-phenylisopropiladenosine (R-PIA), we investigated their effects on adenosine receptors/adenylyl cyclase system in synaptic plasma membranes isolated from rat brain. NECA treatment caused a significant loss of NECA-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity, suggesting a desensitization of the adenosine A2 receptors-mediated pathway. No significant differences in total adenosine A2 receptors were observed, but Gs protein levels were decreased, suggesting Gs down-regulation as a mechanism for desensitization. On the other hand, NECA treatment caused a significant decrease in high-affinity adenosine A1 receptors population; however, no changes in CHA-inhibited adenylyl cyclase activity or Gi protein level were observed. Finally, when we studied the effects of R-PIA, a selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist, on stimulatory pathway of adenosine, low-affinity adenosine A2 binding sites were decreased without affecting the functionality of the pathway. These results show that adenosine A1 and A2 receptors are modulated in a different way after chronic agonist exposure and suggest the existence of cross-talk mechanisms between both stimulatory an inhibitory pathways mediated by adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Angeles Ruiz
- Area de Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela, 10. 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Vianna EPM, Ferreira AT, Doná F, Cavalheiro EA, da Silva Fernandes MJ. Modulation of Seizures and Synaptic Plasticity by Adenosinergic Receptors in an Experimental Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Induced by Pilocarpine in Rats. Epilepsia 2005; 46 Suppl 5:166-73. [PMID: 15987273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adenosine is a major negative neuromodulator of synaptic activity in the central nervous system and can exert anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects in many experimental models of epilepsy. Extracellular adenosine can be formed by a membrane-anchored enzyme ecto-5'-nucleotidase. The purposes of this study were to characterize the role of adenosine receptors in modulating status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine and evaluate its neuroprotective action. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity was studied during the different phases of pilocarpine-induced epilepsy in rats. METHODS Adult rats were pretreated with different adenosinergic agents to evaluate the latency and incidence of SE induced by pilocarpine in rats. The neuroprotective effect also was evaluated. RESULTS A proconvulsant effect was observed with DPCPX and DMPX that reduced the latency of SE in almost all rats. Pretreatment with the MRS 1220 did not alter the incidence of SE but reduced the latency to develop SE. An anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effect was detected with R-PIA. Rats pretreated with R-PIA had a decreased number of apoptotic cells in the hippocampus, whereas pretreatment with DPCPX did not modify the hippocampal damage. An intensification of neuronal death was observed in the dentate gyrus and CA3 when rats were pretreated with DMPX. MRS-1220 did not modify the number of apoptotic cells in the hippocampus. An increase in the ecto-5 -nucleotidase staining was detected in the hippocampus during silent and chronic phases. CONCLUSIONS The present data show that adenosine released during pilocarpine-induced SE via A1-receptor stimulation can exhibit neuroprotective and anticonvulsant roles. Similar effects could also be inferred with A2a and A3 adenosinergic agents, but further experiments are necessary to confirm their roles. Ecto-5 -nucleotidase activity during silent and chronic phases might have a role in blocking spontaneous seizures by production of inhibitory neuromodulator adenosine, besides taking part in the mechanism that controls sprouting.
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Plaschke K, Kreutzer S, Sommer C, Martin E, Bardenheuer HJ. Does permanent carotid artery occlusion produce a 'preconditioning-like' effect towards more severe hypotension in energy metabolites? Role of cerebral adenosine. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 32:54-9. [PMID: 15730435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential energy preserving effect of permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) towards additional systemic hypotension of severe duration (30 min). In addition, the role of adenosine A1 receptors in cerebral ischaemic preconditioning was investigated in male Wistar rats. Thus, oligaemic rats were assigned randomly to continuous treatment with the adenosine A1 receptor agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) or the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (CPT), receiving daily intraperitoneal infusions of 0.1 mg/kg bodyweight CCPA or CPT or placebo (200 microL aqueous 2-hydropropyl-beta-cyclodextrin) at a delivery rate of 0.5 microL/h over 14 days. 2. Haemodynamic parameters and arterial blood gases were monitored. Rat cortical energy metabolites ATP, ADP, AMP, phosphocreatine and adenosine were measured using HPLC techniques. Adenosine A1 receptor expression was determined by immunhistochemistry and quantified by western blotting. 3. Two weeks of permanent BCCAO induced an 'energy saving' effect in rat cortical ATP concentrations. Under subchronic conditions, significant increases were detected in ADP and AMP concentrations after CCPA compared with placebo. Because similar changes were also seen after CPT, this adenosine A1 receptor-mediated effect does not seems to be specific. Furthermore, no differences in adenosine A1 receptor expression could be detected. 4. Adenosine was not specifically involved in the 'preconditioning-like' effect via the modulation of the adenosine A1 receptor in the present oligaemia model. Obviously, adenosine A1 receptor-specific effects after delayed cerebral ischaemic preconditioning do not seem to play an essential role if BCCAO is followed by a prolonged additional severe ischaemic event.
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Oku H, Goto W, Kobayashi T, Okuno T, Hirao M, Sugiyama T, Yoneda S, Hara H, Ikeda T. Adenosine protects cultured retinal neurons against NMDA-induced cell death through A1 receptors. Curr Eye Res 2005; 29:449-55. [PMID: 15764089 DOI: 10.1080/02713680490522443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether adenosine can protect cultured retinal neurons, consisting mainly of amacrine cells, from N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced neurotoxicity, and to determine whether agonists and antagonists of adenosine receptors also have a protective effect. METHODS Cultured retinal neurons obtained from fetal Wistar rats (gestational age 18-19 days) were maintained for 10-11 days. Neurons were exposed to NMDA (1.0 mM) for 10 min with or without adenosine or to NMDA with adenosine receptor agonists or antagonists. Neuronal death was assessed by the trypan-blue exclusion method 24 hr after the exposure. RESULTS Adenosine at doses of 0.01 microM and higher significantly protected (p < 0.05, Dunnett) primary cultured fetal rat retinal neurons from apoptotic and/or necrotic death induced by NMDA (1.0 mM). The protective effect of adenosine (10 microM) against NMDA-induced neuronal death was lost by simultaneous exposure to selective A1 receptor antagonist but not to A2a receptor antagonist. Selective A1 receptor agonists had similar effects as adenosine, but A2a receptor agonists and 8-Br-cyclic AMP had no effect on cell viability. CONCLUSIONS Adenosine can protect cultured retinal neurons against NMDA-induced cell death via the A1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Oku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical, Osaka, Japan.
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Impagnatiello F, Bastia E, Ongini E, Monopoli A. Adenosine receptors in neurological disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.4.5.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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