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Understanding the Variability of Certain Biological Properties of H1N1pdm09 Influenza Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030395. [PMID: 35335027 PMCID: PMC8954537 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus continually evolves because of the high mutation rate, resulting in dramatic changes in its pathogenicity and other biological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the evolution of certain essential properties, understand the connections between them, and find the molecular basis for the manifestation of these properties. To that end, 21 A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses were tested for their pathogenicity and toxicity in a mouse model with a ts/non-ts phenotype manifestation and HA thermal stability. The results demonstrated that, for a strain to have high pathogenicity, it must express a toxic effect, have a non-ts phenotype, and have a thermally stable HA. The ancestor A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm influenza virus expressed the non-ts phenotype, after which the cycling trend of the ts/non-ts phenotype was observed in new strains of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses, indicating that the ratio of the ts phenotype will increase in the coming years. Of the 21 tested viruses, A/South Africa/3626/2013 had the high pathogenicity in the mouse model. Sequence alignment analysis showed that this virus has three unique mutations in the polymerase complex, two of which are in the PB2 gene and one that is in the PB1 gene. Further study of these mutations might explain the distinguishing pathogenicity.
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2
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Kiseleva I, Ksenafontov A. COVID-19 Shuts Doors to Flu but Keeps Them Open to Rhinoviruses. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080733. [PMID: 34439965 PMCID: PMC8389621 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Ten years have passed since the beginning of the H1N1pdm09 flu pandemic. No sooner had humanity recovered from its consequences than a new attack came—the COVID-19 pandemic. What happens to other respiratory infectious diseases during a global disaster such as the COVID-19 pandemic? The pandemic brought about by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has disrupted many well-established epidemiological and pathogenetic relationships, as well as mechanisms affecting infections with other respiratory viruses. The level of circulation of many respiratory pathogens has changed significantly. For instance, global influenza activity is at much lower levels than expected. In many regions, the influenza season has not started. Intriguingly, the COVID-19 pandemic did not substantially affect the spread of human rhinoviruses. In this review, the main properties of epidemiologically significant respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and human rhinovirus are described. Abstract It is well known that rhinoviruses are distributed across the globe and are the most common cause of the common cold in all age groups. Rhinoviruses are widely considered to be harmless because they are generally perceived as respiratory viruses only capable of causing mild disease. However, they may also infect the lower respiratory tract, inducing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exacerbations of asthma, bronchiolitis, etc. The role of rhinoviruses in pathogenesis and the epidemiological process is underestimated, and they need to be intensively studied. In the light of recent data, it is now known that rhinoviruses could be one of the key epidemiological barriers that may influence the spread of influenza and novel coronaviruses. It has been reported that endemic human rhinoviruses delayed the development of the H1N1pdm09 influenza pandemic through viral interference. Moreover, human rhinoviruses have been suggested to block SARS-CoV-2 replication in the airways by triggering an interferon response. In this review, we summarized the main biological characteristics of genetically distinct viruses such as rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, and SARS-CoV-2 in an attempt to illuminate their main discrepancies and similarities. We hope that this comparative analysis will help us to better understand in which direction research in this area should move.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrey Ksenafontov
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
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3
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Mu Y, Shao M, Zhong B, Zhao Y, Leung KMY, Giesy JP, Ma J, Wu F, Zeng F. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus and ambient temperature: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:37051-37059. [PMID: 34053039 PMCID: PMC8164483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought unprecedented public health, and social and economic challenges. It remains unclear whether seasonal changes in ambient temperature will alter spreading trajectory of the COVID-19 epidemic. The probable mechanism on this is still lacking. This review summarizes the most recent research data on the effect of ambient temperature on the COVID-19 epidemic characteristic. The available data suggest that (i) mesophilic traits of viruses are different due to their molecular composition; (ii) increasing ambient temperature decreases the persistence of some viruses in aquatic media; (iii) a 1°C increase in the average monthly minimum ambient temperatures (AMMAT) was related to a 0.72% fewer mammalian individuals that would be infected by coronavirus; (iv) proportion of zoonotic viruses of mammals including humans is probably related to their body temperature difference; (v) seasonal divergence between the northern and southern hemispheres may be a significant driver in determining a waved trajectory in the next 2 years. Further research is needed to understand its effects and mechanisms of global temperature change so that effective strategies can be adopted to curb its natural effects. This paper mainly explores possible scientific hypothesis and evidences that local communities and authorities should consider to find optimal solutions that can limit the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Mu
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, No.59, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Meichen Shao
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, No.59, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Buqing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yiqun Zhao
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, No.59, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fangang Zeng
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, No.59, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, China.
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4
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Cox A, Schmierer J, D’Angelo J, Smith A, Levenson D, Treanor J, Kim B, Dewhurst S. A Mutated PB1 Residue 319 Synergizes with the PB2 N265S Mutation of the Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine to Convey Temperature Sensitivity. Viruses 2020; 12:E1246. [PMID: 33142846 PMCID: PMC7693792 DOI: 10.3390/v12111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines have modest efficacy. This is especially true for current live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV), which have been inferior to the inactivated versions in recent years. Therefore, a new generation of live vaccines may be needed. We previously showed that a mutation at PB1 residue 319 confers enhanced temperature sensitivity and attenuation in an LAIV constructed in the genetic background of the mouse-adapted Influenza A Virus (IAV) strain A/PR/8/34 (PR8). Here, we describe the origin/discovery of this unique mutation and demonstrate that, when combined with the PB2 N265S mutation of LAIV, it conveys an even greater level of temperature sensitivity and attenuation on PR8 than the complete set of attenuating mutations from LAIV. Furthermore, we show that the combined PB1 L319Q and PB2 N265S mutations confer temperature sensitivity on IAV polymerase activity in two different genetic backgrounds, PR8 and A/Cal/04/09. Collectively, these findings show that the PB2 LAIV mutation synergizes with a mutation in PB1 and may have potential utility for improving LAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Residency Program, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jordana Schmierer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
| | - Josephine D’Angelo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Upstate Medical School, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
| | - Dustyn Levenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- M.D./Ph.D. Training Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - John Treanor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)/HHS/ASPR, Influenza and Emerging Diseases Division 21J14, 200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20515, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
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5
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Kiseleva I, Rekstin A, Al Farroukh M, Bazhenova E, Katelnikova A, Puchkova L, Rudenko L. Non-Mouse-Adapted H1N1pdm09 Virus as a Model for Influenza Research. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060590. [PMID: 32485821 PMCID: PMC7354452 DOI: 10.3390/v12060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of lung-adapted influenza viruses is limited. Most of them are not antigenically related to current circulating viruses. Viruses similar to recent strains are required for screening modern antiviral compounds and studying new vaccine candidates against novel influenza viruses. The process by which an influenza virus adapts to a new host is rather difficult. The aim of this study was to select a non-adapted current virus whose major biological properties correspond to those of classical lab-adapted viruses. Mice were inoculated intranasally with non-lung-adapted influenza viruses of subtype H1N1pdm09. They were monitored closely for body weight loss, mortality outcomes and gross pathology for 14 days following inoculation, as well as viral replication in lung tissue. Lung-adapted PR8 virus was used as a control. The tested viruses multiplied equally well in the lower respiratory tract of mice without prior adaptation but dramatically differed in lethality; the differences in their toxicity and pathogenicity in mice were established. A/South Africa/3626/2013 (H1N1)pdm09 virus was found to be an appropriate candidate to replace PR8 as a model virus for influenza research. No prior adaptation to the animal model is needed to reach the pathogenicity level of the classical mouse-adapted PR8 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (M.A.F.); (E.B.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrey Rekstin
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (M.A.F.); (E.B.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Mohammad Al Farroukh
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (M.A.F.); (E.B.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Ekaterina Bazhenova
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (M.A.F.); (E.B.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Anastasia Katelnikova
- Department of Toxicology and Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Research Ltd., 188663 St Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ludmila Puchkova
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (M.A.F.); (E.B.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (M.A.F.); (E.B.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
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6
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Effects of high temperature on pandemic and seasonal human influenza viral replication and infection-induced damage in primary human tracheal epithelial cell cultures. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01149. [PMID: 30839917 PMCID: PMC6365403 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High temperature reduces influenza viral replication; however, the treatment of fevers is thought to be necessary to improve patients' conditions. We examined the effects of high temperature on viral replication and infection-induced damage to human tracheal epithelial cells. Cell viability and dome formation were reduced, the number of detached cells was increased and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels tended to be increased from 72 h to 120 h in uninfected cells cultured at 40 °C. Long-term (72 h and/or 120 h) exposure to high temperatures (39 °C and/or 40 °C) decreased RNA levels and/or viral titers of eight influenza virus strains. Cell viability and dome formation were reduced, and the number of detached cells and LDH levels were increased to a similar extent after infection with the A/H1N1 pdm 2009 virus at 37 °C and 40 °C. High temperature increased the endosomal pH, where the viral RNA enters the cytoplasm, in uninfected cells. High temperature reduced the production of IL-6, which mediate viral replication processes, and IL-1β and IL-8 in uninfected and infected cells. Based on these findings, high temperature may cause similar levels of airway cell damage after infection to cells exposed normal temperatures, although high temperature reduces viral replication by affecting the function of acidic endosomes and inhibiting IL-6-mediated processes.
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7
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Huang CG, Lee LA, Wu YC, Hsiao MJ, Horng JT, Kuo RL, Huang CH, Lin YC, Tsao KC, Chen MC, Chen TC, Shih SR. A pilot study on primary cultures of human respiratory tract epithelial cells to predict patients' responses to H7N9 infection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14492-14508. [PMID: 29581859 PMCID: PMC5865685 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infections frequently lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in humans. We aimed to investigate whether primary cultures of human respiratory tract epithelial cells are helpful to understand H7N9 virus pathogenesis and tissue tropism, and to evaluate how patient-related characteristics can affect the host's response to infection. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells (isolated from two different donors) and primary epithelial cells (harvested from 27 patients undergoing airway surgery) were experimentally infected with H7N9 and/or H1N1pdm for 72 h. After virus infection, the culture media were collected for viral RNA quantitation and cytokine detection. Both H7N9 and H1N1pdm viruses replicated and induced a cytokine response differently for each donor in the normal human bronchial epithelial model. H7N9 replicated equivalently in epithelial cells harvested from the inferior turbinate and paranasal sinus, and those from the larynx and bronchus, at 72 h post-infection. Viral RNA quantity at 72 h was significantly higher in patients aged 21-64 years than in patients aged ≥ 65 years; however, no effects of sex, medical comorbidities, and obesity were noted. H7N9-infected cultured cells released multiple cytokines within 72 h. Levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α were associated differently with patient-related characteristics (such as age, sex, obesity, and medical comorbidities). In the era of precision medicine, these findings illustrate the potential utility of this primary culture approach to predict a host's response to H7N9 infection or to future infection by newly emerging viral infections, and to dissect viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Guei Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Ang Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Cheng Wu
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Jen Hsiao
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jim-Tong Horng
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rei-Lin Kuo
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Heng Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Chu Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Chien Tsao
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Chi Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Public Health and Biostatistics Consulting Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
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Harder T, Stech J, Abdelwhab ESM, Veits J, Conraths FJ, Beer M, Mettenleiter TC. A pallid rainbow: toward improved understanding of avian influenza biology. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (‘fowl plague’) has been known since the late 19th century as a devastating infection in poultry but of concern primarily to farmers and veterinarians. Mostly sporadic outbreaks occurred and, except for one episode, wild birds were unaffected. This situation changed drastically by the recognition that avian influenza viruses exhibit zoonotic potential leading to fatal infections in mammals including humans. Moreover, highly pathogenic avian influenza gained access to highly mobile, migratory wild bird populations resulting in unprecedented intercontinental spread. The rapid evolution of avian influenza viruses, their adaption to novel hosts and the resulting change in epidemiology are of major concern. Recent advances in understanding influenza virus biology at the interface between wild birds-terrestrial poultry-livestock and humans are highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jürgen Stech
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - El-Sayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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9
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Assessment of human immune responses to H7 avian influenza virus of pandemic potential: results from a placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind phase I study of live attenuated H7N3 influenza vaccine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87962. [PMID: 24533064 PMCID: PMC3922724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are being developed to protect humans against future epidemics and pandemics. This study describes the results of a double–blinded randomized placebo–controlled phase I clinical trial of cold–adapted and temperature sensitive H7N3 live attenuated influenza vaccine candidate in healthy seronegative adults. Objective The goal of the study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity and potential shedding and transmission of H7N3 LAIV against H7 avian influenza virus of pandemic potential. Methods and Findings Two doses of H7N3 LAIV or placebo were administered to 40 randomly divided subjects (30 received vaccine and 10 placebo). The presence of influenza A virus RNA in nasal swabs was detected in 60.0% and 51.7% of subjects after the first and second vaccination, respectively. In addition, vaccine virus was not detected among placebo recipients demonstrating the absence of person–to–person transmission. The H7N3 live attenuated influenza vaccine demonstrated a good safety profile and was well tolerated. The two–dose immunization resulted in measurable serum and local antibody production and in generation of antigen–specific CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells. Composite analysis of the immune response which included hemagglutinin inhibition assay, microneutralization tests, and measures of IgG and IgA and virus–specific T cells showed that the majority (86.2%) of vaccine recipients developed serum and/or local antibodies responses and generated CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells. Conclusions The H7N3 LAIV was safe and well tolerated, immunogenic in healthy seronegative adults and elicited production of antibodies broadly reactive against the newly emerged H7N9 avian influenza virus. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01511419
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10
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Yang P, Deng J, Li C, Zhang P, Xing L, Li Z, Wang W, Zhao Y, Yan Y, Gu H, Liu X, Zhao Z, Zhang S, Wang X, Jiang C. Characterization of the 2009 pandemic A/Beijing/501/2009 H1N1 influenza strain in human airway epithelial cells and ferrets. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46184. [PMID: 23049974 PMCID: PMC3458874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A novel 2009 swine-origin influenza A H1N1 virus (S-OIV H1N1) has been transmitted among humans worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of this virus in human airway epithelial cells and mammals is not well understood. Methodology/Principal Finding In this study, we showed that a 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus strain, A/Beijing/501/2009, isolated from a human patient, caused typical influenza-like symptoms including weight loss, fluctuations in body temperature, and pulmonary pathological changes in ferrets. We demonstrated that the human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line A549 was susceptible to infection and that the infected cells underwent apoptosis at 24 h post-infection. In contrast to the seasonal H1N1 influenza virus, the 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus strain A/Beijing/501/2009 induced more cell death involving caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in A549 cells. Additionally, ferrets infected with the A/Beijing/501/2009 H1N1 virus strain exhibited increased body temperature, greater weight loss, and higher viral titers in the lungs. Therefore, the A/Beijing/501/2009 H1N1 isolate successfully infected the lungs of ferrets and caused more pathological lesions than the seasonal influenza virus. Our findings demonstrate that the difference in virulence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and the seasonal H1N1 influenza virus in vitro and in vivo may have been mediated by different mechanisms. Conclusion/Significance Our understanding of the pathogenesis of the 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus infection in both humans and animals is broadened by our findings that apoptotic cell death is involved in the cytopathic effect observed in vitro and that the pathological alterations in the lungs of S-OIV H1N1-infected ferrets are much more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiejie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peirui Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xing
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjing Gu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, China
| | - Shaogeng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (CJ); (XW)
| | - Xiliang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (CJ); (XW)
| | - Chengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (CJ); (XW)
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11
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Efficacy of live attenuated vaccines against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza in ferrets. Vaccine 2011; 29:9265-70. [PMID: 21945964 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The advent of the H1N1 influenza pandemic (pH1N1) in 2009 triggered the rapid production of pandemic influenza vaccines, since seasonal influenza vaccines were expected and demonstrated not to provide significant cross-protection against the newly emerged pandemic virus. To increase vaccine production capacity and further evaluate the effectiveness of different candidate pandemic influenza vaccines, the World Health Organization stimulated the evaluation of different vaccination concepts including the use of live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs). Therefore, we have immunized ferrets intranasally with a single dose of pH1N1-LAIV from different manufacturers. They all induced adequate serum HI antibody titers in the ferrets and protected them against intratracheal wild-type pH1N1 virus challenge: pH1N1 virus replication in the upper respiratory tract and lungs was reduced and no disease signs or severe broncho-interstitial pneumonia were observed in any of the vaccinated ferrets. These data together with the relatively efficient production process emphasize the potential of the LAIV concept for pandemic preparedness.
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