1
|
Silva FG, Silva SR, Pereira AMF, Cerqueira JL, Conceição C. A Comprehensive Review of Bovine Colostrum Components and Selected Aspects Regarding Their Impact on Neonatal Calf Physiology. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1130. [PMID: 38612369 PMCID: PMC11010951 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Colostrum contains macro- and micronutrients necessary to meet the nutritional and energy requirements of the neonatal calf, bioactive components that intervene in several physiological aspects, and cells and microorganisms that modulate the calf's immune system and gut microbiome. Colostrum is sometimes mistaken as transition milk, which, although more nutritive than whole milk, has a distinct biochemical composition. Furthermore, most research about colostrum quality and colostrum management focuses on the transfer of maternal IgG to the newborn calf. The remaining components of colostrum and transition milk have not received the same attention, despite their importance to the newborn animal. In this narrative review, a large body of literature on the components of bovine colostrum was reviewed. The variability of these components was summarized, emphasizing specific components that warrant deeper exploration. In addition, the effects of each component present in colostrum and transition milk on several key physiological aspects of the newborn calf are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávio G. Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (J.L.C.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Zootechnics, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (A.M.F.P.); (C.C.)
- Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Agrarian School of Ponte de Lima, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147 Refóios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal
| | - Severiano R. Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (J.L.C.)
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Zootechnics, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (A.M.F.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Joaquim Lima Cerqueira
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (J.L.C.)
- Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Agrarian School of Ponte de Lima, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147 Refóios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal
| | - Cristina Conceição
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Zootechnics, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (A.M.F.P.); (C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ferronato G, Cattaneo L, Amato A, Minuti A, Loor JJ, Trevisi E, Cavallo C, Attard G, Elolimy AA, Liotta L, Lopreiato V. Residual feed intake is related to metabolic and inflammatory response during the preweaning period in Italian Simmental calves. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1685-1693. [PMID: 37944812 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Residual Feed Intake (RFI) is defined as the difference between measured and predicted intake. Understanding its biological regulators could benefit farm profit margins. The most-efficient animals (M-Eff) have observed intake smaller than predicted resulting in negative RFI, whereas the least-efficient (L-Eff) animals have positive RFI. Hence, this observational study aimed at retrospectively comparing the blood immunometabolic profile in calves with divergent RFI during the preweaning period. Twenty-two Italian Simmental calves were monitored from birth through 60 d of age. Calves received 3 L of colostrum from their respective dams. From 2 to 53 d of age, calves were fed a milk replacer twice daily, whereas from 54 to 60 d (i.e., weaning) calves were stepped down to only one meal in the morning. Calves had ad libitum access to concentrate and intakes were recorded daily. The measurement of BW and blood samples were performed at 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 45, 54, and 60 d of age. Calves were ranked and categorized as M-Eff or L-Eff according to the median RFI value. Median RFI was -0.06 and 0.04 kg of DMI/d for M-Eff and L-Eff, respectively. No evidence for group differences was noted for colostrum and plasma IgG concentrations. Although growth rate was not different, as expected, (0.67 kg/d [95% CI = 0.57-0.76] for both L-Eff and M-Eff) throughout the entire preweaning period (0-60 d), starter intake was greater in L-Eff compared with M-Eff calves (+36%). Overall, M-Eff calves had a greater gain-to-feed ratio compared with L-Eff calves (+16%). Plasma ceruloplasmin, myeloperoxidase, and reactive oxygen metabolites concentrations were greater in L-Eff compared with M-Eff calves. Compared with L-Eff, M-Eff calves had an overall greater plasma concentration of globulin, and γ-glutamyl transferase (indicating a better colostrum uptake) and Zn at 1 d. Retinol and urea were overall greater in L-Eff. The improved efficiency in nutrient utilization observed in M-Eff was paired with a lower grade of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. L-Eff may have had greater energy expenditure to support the activation of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ferronato
- Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture, Environment, Land Planning and Mathematics (DICATAM), Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Cattaneo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Amato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Carmelo Cavallo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - George Attard
- Department of Rural Sciences and Food Systems, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Ahmed A Elolimy
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Luigi Liotta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kreuder AJ, Breuer RM, Wiley C, Dohlman T, Smith JS, McKeen L. Comparison of turbidometric immunoassay, refractometry, and gamma-glutamyl transferase to radial immunodiffusion for assessment of transfer of passive immunity in high-risk beef calves. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1923-1933. [PMID: 37549250 PMCID: PMC10473048 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attainment of adequate transfer of passive immunity (TPI) is critical to health of calves; however, studies comparing available tools for measurement of TPI in individual beef animals are limited. OBJECTIVES To report agreement between 4 tests evaluating individual TPI status in beef calves. ANIMALS One hundred ninety-six beef calves born to cows and heifers presenting for calving management or dystocia. METHODS Retrospective study to assess serum immunoglobulin (IgG) concentrations via turbidimetric immunoassay (TI), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), serum total protein (TP), and single radial immunodiffusion (RID; reference standard). Test agreement was evaluated using Passing-Bablok regression, Bland-Altman analysis, Cohen's kappa, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with and without covariate adjustment to determine optimal thresholds. RESULTS Correlation between RID and test results varied: TI, ρ = 0.757; TP, ρ = 0.715; GGT: ρ = 0.413. For the TI compared to RID, regression analysis identified a constant (intercept = -0.51 [CI: -2.63, 3.05]) and proportional (slope = 1.87 [CI: 1.69, 2.08]) bias. Based on ROC, TI concentrations of ≤9.89 and ≤13.76 g/L, and TP concentrations of ≤5.5 and ≤6.0 g/dL, indicated IgG concentrations <18.0 and <25.0 g/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Within this cohort of calves, TI demonstrated the best correlation with RID; however, significant bias was identified which led to frequent underestimation of IgG concentration. Serum total protein demonstrated less correlation with RID but had less misclassification than TI. Both TI and TP demonstrated less correlation for calves that received colostrum replacement prompting clinical awareness of colostrum type when evaluating individual TPI in beef calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Kreuder
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Ryan M. Breuer
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Caitlin Wiley
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Tyler Dohlman
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Joseph S. Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Lauren McKeen
- Department of StatisticsIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lopreiato V, Minuti A, Trevisi E, Piccione G, Ferronato G, Loor JJ, Britti D, Liotta L, Giannetto C, Arfuso F. Maternal treatment with pegbovigrastim influences growth performance and immune-metabolic status of calves during the pre-weaning period. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:151-163. [PMID: 37012186 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the immune-metabolic status and growth performance of Simmental calves born from cows subjected to pegbovigrastim administration 7 days before calving. Eight calves born from cows subjected to pegbovigrastim administration (PEG group) and 9 calves born from untreated cows (CTR group) were used. Growth measurements and blood samples were collected from birth to 60 d of age. The PEG group had lower body weight from 28 up to 60 d of age (P < 0.01), lower heart girth (P < 0.05), lower weekly and total average daily gain values (P < 0.05) than the CTR group throughout the monitoring period. A decrease in milk replacer (MR) intake was observed in the PEG group compared with the CTR group around 20-28 d of age (P < 0.01). The PEG group had lower values of γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) at d 1 of age (P < 0.05), Zn at 21 and 28 d of age (P < 0.05), hemoglobin, MCH and MCHC at 54 and 60 d of age (P < 0.01), and higher urea concentration at 21 and 28 d of age (P < 0.05) compared with the CTR group. Lower values of retinol (P < 0.05), tocopherol (P < 0.01), mean myeloperoxidase index (P < 0.05) and higher total reactive oxygen metabolites (P < 0.05) and myeloperoxidase (P < 0.05) were also detected in the PEG group. In light of the results gathered in the current study, it can be speculated that activation of the cow's immune system by pegbovigrastim could have influenced the immune competence, growth performance as well as the balance between oxidant and antioxidant indices of the newborn calf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci, snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DiANA), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DiANA), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci, snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Ferronato
- Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture, Environment, Land Planning and Mathematics (DICATAM), Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, United States of America
| | - Domenico Britti
- Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health, Department of Health Science, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Liotta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci, snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci, snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Giovanni Palatucci, snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pisoni L, Marti S, Pujols J, Saco Y, Gomez N, Bassols A, Devant M. Evaluation of potential biomarkers to determine adequate colostrum provision in male dairy-beef calves upon arrival at the rearing facility beyond 14 days of age. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:743-754. [PMID: 36424315 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Colostrum consumption is crucial for passive immunization and development of the newborn calf. However, the incidence on failed transfer of passive immunity in male calves destined to dairy-beef production remains high to date. In addition, the lack of an automated procedure to validate the immunization status upon arrival at rearing facilities in calves beyond 14 d of age impedes the identification of failed transfer of passive immunity, and therefore, of those calves at high risk of suffering diseases. For this study, 82 newborn male Holstein calves (43.3 ± 0.86 kg of body weight; mean ± standard error) from a commercial dairy farm were used to investigate potential serum biomarkers of colostrum provision. The potential biomarkers selected were IgG, IgG1, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and total protein (TP). Treatments were as follows: high-colostrum (HC; n = 49), in which calves received 4 L of colostrum within the first 2 h after birth and 2 L of colostrum in the next 3 feedings within the first 24 h after birth, for a total of 10 L of colostrum; and low-colostrum (LC; n = 33), in which calves received only 2 L of colostrum within the first 2 h after birth. After colostrum consumption, calves were allocated to individual hutches and fed 2 L of milk replacer twice daily at a concentration of 125 g/L as fed. Starter feed and water were offered ad libitum. At approximately 14 d of age (14.2 ± 0.81 d of age; mean ± standard error) calves were transported 2.5 h to a research unit at IRTA (Torre Marimon, Spain) simulating the arrival to a rearing facility. Blood samples were collected before feeding at birth, 48 h after birth, and at arrival to the rearing facility. Results on the serum concentrations of the potential biomarkers at arrival to the rearing facility showed that IgG, IgG1, GGT, and TP were greater for the HC calves compared with the LC calves. Serum concentrations of cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase did not show differences between treatment groups. Additionally, body weight losses from birth until arrival to the rearing facility were greater for the LC treatment compared with the HC. Because of their low cost, quickness, and ease of measurement, GGT and TP were good indicators of colostrum intake in calves arriving at rearing facilities beyond 14 d of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pisoni
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries), Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - S Marti
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries), Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
| | - J Pujols
- Animal Health Research Center (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Y Saco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - N Gomez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - A Bassols
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - M Devant
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries), Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Incidence of Inadequate Transfer of Passive Immunity in Dairy Heifer Calves in South Australia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12212912. [PMID: 36359035 PMCID: PMC9655744 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this observational study was to estimate the incidence of inadequate transfer of passive immunity (ITPI) on five pasture-based dairy farms in South Australia. Heifer calf uptake of colostrum was evaluated within the first 1−7 days of age (n = 2638) using a digital refractometer to estimate each calf’s serum total protein concentration, as an indicator of colostrum uptake. Results of <51 g/L indicated inadequate transfer of passive immunity (ITPI). The data showed that the incidence of ITPI on the farms was 6.5%, 31.3%, 48.8%, 49.7% and 52.4%. The incidence of ITPI was calculated in relation to the age of the calf at testing and the breed of calf, and no significant differences were found. A significant difference was found in the incidence of ITPI when comparing the calf’s first feed after separation from the dam (colostrum versus a colostrum-transition milk mixture). The farm with the lowest incidence of ITPI collected calves twice a day, measured colostrum quality on farm with a Brix refractometer and ensured that each calf received an appropriate amount of high-quality colostrum soon after collection. Further studies are required to establish the risk factors of ITPI in South Australian dairy heifers.
Collapse
|
7
|
Cao L, Li Q, Lametsch R. Identification and Activity Characterization of γ-Glutamyltransferase from Bovine Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15325-15333. [PMID: 34905359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that bovine milk contains γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity. To verify the identity of the GGT and further to characterize the generation of γ-glutamyl peptides, identification of GGT from bovine milk and quantification of kokumi peptides and free amino acids were performed. GGT was purified from skim milk and identified as the bovine protein (G3N2D8), and it reveals that it is composed of two subunits. Sequence alignment with human GGT and molecular mass determination showed that the bovine GGT was glycosylated and contained an N-terminal transmembrane part. Further activity characterization was performed in comparison with GGT from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in terms of the ability to generate γ-glutamyl peptides from casein hydrolysates. During the transpeptidation reaction catalyzed by both GGT, γ-glutamyl peptides significantly (P < 0.05) increased after γ-glutamylation; addition of glutamine contributed to the generation of γ-glutamyl peptides, suggesting that glutamine could act as a γ-glutamyl donor. This study reveals that the GGT of skim milk membranes is a glycosylated membrane protein that can generate γ-glutamyl peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lichuang Cao
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - René Lametsch
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Provision of good quality colostrum is essential for the passive immunity and nutrition of newborn calves. In order to better predict the quality of colostrum and the transfer of passive immunity, the relationships between colostrum components and between calf serum components were examined in this study. Samples of bulk tank milk, colostrum pooled from several cows 0-4 d postpartum, and colostrum collected from individual cows twice daily for 3 d post-partum were compared. With the exception of fat percentage, there were strong correlations between the levels of the components in the pooled colostrum and in the individual cow colostrum collected 0-1 d postpartum. The correlations between total solids as measured by Brix refractometry and total protein, immunoglobulin G (IgG), lactose % and protein % in colostrum within 1 d postpartum and pooled colostrum were 0.92, 0.90, -0.88 and 0.98, respectively. These high correlations enabled these colostrum components to be accurately predicted from Brix % and therefore, the volume of colostrum required to feed neonate calves can be optimised based on Brix refractometry to avoid failure of passive immunity transfer. To assess whether the components obtained from colostrum were correlated in calf blood, newborn calves were separated from their dams before suckling and blood sampled before feeding (day 0), and on days 1 and 7, after receiving colostrum or milk twice a day. The correlations between glucose, total protein, IgG, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels in the calf blood were lower than the correlations observed between the colostrum components. The highest correlation was between serum protein measured by refractometer and serum IgG within one week postpartum. GGT activity was not a good indicator of serum IgG levels. However, serum protein refractometer measurements predicted serum IgG level with high accuracy, providing an on-farm test to determine that calves have received sufficient passive immunity and colostrum components.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hue DT, Skirving R, Chen T, Williams JL, Bottema CDK, Petrovski K. Colostrum source and passive immunity transfer in dairy bull calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8164-8176. [PMID: 33865574 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Colostrum is essential for good neonate health; however, it is not known whether different calves absorb the nutrients from colostrum equally well. In this study, the absorption of protein, IgG, and γ-glutamyl transferase was compared in newborn dairy bull calves for 1 wk after feeding colostrum from different sources. Thirty-five Holstein-Friesian bull calves were randomly allocated into 3 groups and fed colostrum within 4 h after birth. Group A calves (n = 12) were bottle fed colostrum from their own dam for 3 d. Colostrum from these group A cows was also used as foster cow colostrum for the group B calves (n = 12), such that each group A and B calf pair received identical colostrum from each milking of the respective group A dam (10% of birth weight per day). The group C calves (n = 11) were fed 1 bottle (2 L) of pooled colostrum and transition milk (referred to as pooled colostrum), as was the standard practice on the dairy farm. The pooled colostrum was collected from the other dairy cows on the farm 0 to 4 d postpartum and stored at 4°C for less than 12 h. Blood was sampled from calves before the first feeding and at 1, 2, 3, and 7 d after birth. Levels of total solids, total protein, and IgG were higher in the dam colostrum than in the pooled colostrum. At birth, there were no differences between the calf groups for any measurements, and all calves had very low IgG levels. After receiving colostrum, the glucose, plasma γ-glutamyl transferase, serum total protein, and IgG concentrations increased significantly in all calves. There were no differences in any blood measurements at any time point between the pairs of group A and group B calves that received colostrum from the same cow except for the IgG concentration 2 d after birth. However, the group A calves had a higher total serum protein level and IgG concentration than the group C calves for all the time points after the first feeding. The group B calves had a higher IgG concentration than the group C calves on d 1, 2, and 7 after birth. Compared with groups A and B, there was no difference in the proportion of calves in group C that failed to have passive immunity transferred adequately based on the IgG threshold (<10 g/L). Thus, the calves receiving identical colostrum from the same cow had the same levels of IgG, and even the pooled colostrum provided sufficient transfer of IgG as the calves were fed within 4 h after birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do T Hue
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Rebel Skirving
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Gambier Vets, Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia
| | - Tong Chen
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - John L Williams
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Cynthia D K Bottema
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
| | - Kiro Petrovski
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Queiroz CRR, Machado M, Bromberger CR, Oliveira-Filho JP, Borges AS, Soto-Blanco B, Borges JRJ, Câmara ACL, de Castro MB. Case Report: A Possible Case of Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria in a Gir Calf: A Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Approach. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:632762. [PMID: 33778038 PMCID: PMC7994774 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.632762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) is a rare hereditary autosomal recessive disease which has never been reported in Zebu cattle. A 3-day-old Gir calf showed teeth discoloration, fever, dehydration, and dyspnea. The main gross findings were pink-colored teeth, red-brown periosteum and bone marrow, and a fluorescent bright pink coloration of the bone marrow and articular surfaces under ultraviolet light. Aggregates of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained porphyrin pigments were evident in the lungs, kidneys, and the liver. An intron 8 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in both the Gir calf and control animals, along with the absence of the uroporphyrin III synthetase (UROS) gene mutation, was observed. Most SNPs were located in the intron regions of the UROS gene without relevance for CEP. A continuous loss of genetic variability and an increase in inbreeding in some herds may be related to CEP in Gir cattle, one of the most prominent Zebu breeds worldwide. In summary, this study describes a presumptive case of CEP in a Gir calf based on clinical and pathological findings. A definitive diagnosis would require the measurement of porphyrin levels in blood, urine, or tissues or the identification of UROS gene defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mizael Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Cristiana Raach Bromberger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Jose Paes Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Secorun Borges
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Benito Soto-Blanco
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José Renato Junqueira Borges
- College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Lopes Câmara
- College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lopez AJ, Steele MA, Nagorske M, Sargent R, Renaud DL. Hot topic: Accuracy of refractometry as an indirect method to measure failed transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves fed colostrum replacer and maternal colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2032-2039. [PMID: 33358782 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Serum total protein (STP) refractometry is a widely used indicator of failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI), defined as serum IgG concentrations of <10 mg/mL or STP levels <5.2 g/dL measured at 24 h of life. However, recent reports have demonstrated that refractometry could be inaccurate at estimating serum IgG concentrations and FTPI when calves are fed colostrum replacer (CR). The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of STP measurements to estimate FTPI in calves fed CR compared with calves fed maternal colostrum. Blood was collected from dairy calves fed maternal colostrum (n = 927) or colostrum-derived CR (n = 1,258) and analyzed for STP and serum IgG. Serum total protein was measured with a digital refractometer, whereas radial immunodiffusion was used to determine IgG concentrations. Calves fed maternal colostrum had a mean STP of 5.80 ± 0.72 (standard deviation) g/dL and a mean IgG concentration of 22.81 ± 10.14 mg/mL, respectively, whereas calves fed CR had a mean STP and IgG concentration of 5.14 ± 0.50 g/dL and 12.78 ± 4.60 mg/mL, respectively. Rates of FTPI for calves fed maternal colostrum or CR were 4.2% and 27.26%, respectively. Calves were considered to have FTPI if their IgG postcolostrum feeding was <10 mg/mL. Logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to determine cutoff points and existent relationships between STP and IgG. Serum total protein and IgG for calves fed maternal colostrum were highly correlated. In contrast, STP and IgG for calves fed CR were lowly correlated. A receiver operator characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that an STP cutoff point that could predict FTPI when calves are fed CR would be 4.9 g/dL (sensitivity = 0.68; specificity = 0.75). This study suggests that current cutoff points used for STP inflates the number of calves estimated to have FTPI when they are fed CR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Lopez
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - M Nagorske
- The Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd., Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7K 6A2
| | - R Sargent
- The Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd., Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7K 6A2
| | - D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 1Y2.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mugnier A, Pecceu K, Schelcher F, Corbiere F. A parallel evaluation of 5 indirect cost-effective methods for assessing failure of passive immunity transfer in neonatal calves. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:10-14. [PMID: 36340428 PMCID: PMC9623620 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2019-17931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 5 indirect methods that may be used in veterinary practices to assess the success of maternal immunoglobulins transfer in neonatal calves. Blood samples (n = 245) were collected from 2- to 6-d-old calves. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations were determined by radial immunodiffusion. Serum total protein and albumin concentrations and γ-glutamyl transferase activity were determined by veterinary practitioners using their own biochemistry analyzer. Globulin concentration was calculated. Veterinary practitioners were also asked to assess serum total protein using a digital Brix refractometer (%Brix) and an optical refractometer (g/L). Test sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) were calculated using radial immunodiffusion as the reference standard, with failure of transfer of passive immunity defined as IgG <10.0 g/L. Receiver operating characteristics curves were created and optimal cutoff values for each of the 5 indirect measurement methods were selected based on the maximization of the Youden's J statistic. In this study, Globulin concentration yielded the highest accuracy to identify failure of transfer of passive immunity (Se = 89.4%; Sp = 89.3% at 34 g/L). For %Brix, the optimal combination of Se and Sp was at 8.4% Brix (Se = 86.5% and Sp = 83.8%). The use of an optical refractometer was associated with the lowest diagnostic accuracy (Se = 69.7% and Sp = 81.6% at 52 g/L). For γ-glutamyl transferase activity, the optimal cut-points were different for 2- to 3-d-old calves (Se = 87.5% and Sp = 87.8% at 393 IU/L) or 4- to 6-d-old calves (Se = 90.0% and Sp = 86.4% at 254 IU/L). Because it does not require any specialized laboratory equipment, digital Brix refractometer can be a valuable and inexpensive tool for on-farm use, to help producers and veterinary practitioners in their calf health management programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Mugnier
- UMR INRAE-ENVT 1225 IHAP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Université de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - K. Pecceu
- MSD Santé Animale, 7 Rue Olivier de Serres, CS 17144, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - F. Schelcher
- UMR INRAE-ENVT 1225 IHAP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Université de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - F. Corbiere
- UMR INRAE-ENVT 1225 IHAP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Université de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Buczinski S, Dubuc J, Bourgeois V, Baillargeon P, Côté N, Fecteau G. Validation of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity and body weight information for identifying dairy calves that are too young to be transported to auction markets in Canada. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:2567-2577. [PMID: 31864751 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dairy calves are at risk of being stressed when transported during the first week of life. A new Canadian federal rule will forbid transportation of calves younger than 9 d old to auction market. However, in the absence of reliable information to determine birth date, other indirect methods would be of interest. This study aimed to determine the prediction accuracy of body weight, Brix refractometry, and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity for determining if a calf was not fit to be transported (i.e., <9 d old). For this purpose, we used 284 calves with a known birth date from a cross-sectional and a prospective cohort study. A logistic regression model was built based on multivariable analysis as well as a misclassification cost term analysis. Because of the collinearity between GGT activity and Brix value and lower discrimination of Brix value, the GGT activity was retained for the main model. The final logistic regression model contained body weight and log-transformed GGT activity value. The misclassifications of the logistic model was minimized using a model probability threshold ≥0.55 with a sensitivity of 70.4% and a specificity of 77.3%. This probability threshold was relatively robust for various prevalence and false negative to false positive cost ratios. The prediction accuracy of this model was moderate at the individual level, but is helpful in calves with a reasonable suspicion of being less than 9 d old.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Buczinski
- Département des sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada.
| | - J Dubuc
- Département des sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada
| | - V Bourgeois
- Département des sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada
| | - P Baillargeon
- Producteurs bovins du Québec, Longueuil, J4H 4G2, Québec, Canada
| | - N Côté
- Producteurs bovins du Québec, Longueuil, J4H 4G2, Québec, Canada
| | - G Fecteau
- Département des sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cuttance EL, Regnerus C, Laven RA. A review of diagnostic tests for diagnosing failure of transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:277-286. [PMID: 31401943 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1654945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to critically assess the test characteristics and practicality of published data on direct and indirect tests for diagnosing failure of transfer of passive immunity (FPT) in dairy calves in New Zealand, to provide recommendations for veterinary practitioners, and to examine the recommended sample size for assessing herd-level prevalence of FPT and the confidence in the results obtained. The definition of FPT is based on measurement of concentrations of IgG in serum of neonatal calves after colostrum intake. The gold standard method for measurement of concentrations of IgG is radial immunodiffusion. However its cost, requirements for laboratory equipment, and the time taken to obtain results have meant that alternative tests have been developed. The turbidimetric immunoassay and ELISA also directly measure concentrations of IgG. Indirect tests include measurement of concentrations of total proteins (TP) in the laboratory or using a refractometer, γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity, and the zinc sulfate turbidity (ZST) test. Of the indirect tests, measurement of concentrations of TP in the laboratory or using a refractometer combine high specificity and sensitivity with a consistent association with concentrations of IgG in calves between 1-7 days of age. Using a refractometer is less accurate than direct measurement in a laboratory, but is still a suitable test if low cost and speed are important. Although GGT activity is strongly associated with concentrations of IgG in serum, the relationship varies with time after birth. Therefore the target thresholds change with time, increasing error compared to the measurement of concentrations of TP in serum. Similarly, factors other than total concentrations of IgG have a significant effect on the association with ZST test, complicating interpretation. Thus, when direct measurement of concentrations of IgG is not feasible, the recommendation is that concentrations of TP in serum should be used as the diagnostic test for diagnosis of FPT, providing calves are not dehydrated. Using a sample size of 12 calves is suitable for estimating whether the herd-level prevalence of FPT is <20% or >20%, if there are no calves or >5 calves diagnosed with FPT, respectively, but is limited in diagnostic confidence when 1-4 calves test positive. Diagnostic interpretation can be significantly improved if tests of FPT are used alongside information on the likely risk of FPT on the tested farm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - C Regnerus
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - R A Laven
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Żarczyńska K, Samardžija M, Sobiech P. Influence of selenium administration to dry cows on selected biochemical and immune parameters of their offspring. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:1284-1290. [PMID: 31336397 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study was performed on 16 Holstein-Friesian calves divided into two groups of eight animals each. The first group was composed of calves whose mothers did not receive selenium supplements (Se0). The second group consisted of calves whose mothers were administered intramuscular injections of a selenium and vitamin E supplement containing 0.5 of sodium selenite/ml and 50 mg of tocopherol acetate/ml in a single dose of 30 ml (Se30) ml, 10 days before the expected parturition date (10 ± 2 days). The calves were fed 2.5 L of the mother's colostrum administered by stomach tube 2 hr after birth and another 2 L 6 hr after birth. Blood from all calves was collected 7 times from external jugular vein (day 0-before colostrum administration and on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 7th, 14th and 21st days of life) for analyses of selenium, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and lysozyme activity. Selenium concentration was significantly higher in calves whose mothers received selenium supplements than in the offspring of non-supplemented cows until 72 hr after birth (p ≤ .05). Lysozyme and GGTP activity and IgG concentration were significantly higher in the S30 group during the entire experiment (p ≤ .05). Supplementation of selenium to the mothers did not influence the ceruloplasmin, lactoferrin and transferrin levels in calves. A single injection of a selenium supplement administered to cows during late pregnancy increases selenium levels in calves and enhances passive transfer from the mother to the offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Żarczyńska
- Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marko Samardžija
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Przemysław Sobiech
- Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Belkasmi F, Madani T, Mouffok C, Semara L. Enzymatic quality of colostrum in Ouled Djellal ewes, Algeria. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1621061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Belkasmi
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University of Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria
| | - T. Madani
- Department of Agriculture and Livestock Sciences, University Setif 1, Sétif, Algeria
| | - C. Mouffok
- Department of Agriculture and Livestock Sciences, University Setif 1, Sétif, Algeria
| | - L. Semara
- Department of Agriculture and Livestock Sciences, University Setif 1, Sétif, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu K, Canalias F, Solà-Oriol D, Arroyo L, Pato R, Saco Y, Terré M, Bassols A. Age-Related Serum Biochemical Reference Intervals Established for Unweaned Calves and Piglets in the Post-weaning Period. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:123. [PMID: 31069239 PMCID: PMC6491529 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to establish the influence of age on serum biochemistry reference intervals (RIs) for unweaned calves and recently-weaned piglets using large number of animals sampled at different ages from populations under different season trials. Specifically, milk replacer (MR)-fed calves from April-July 2017 (n = 60); from December 2016-March 2017 (n = 76) and from April-August 2018 (n = 57) and one group of healthy weaned piglets (n = 72) were subjected to the study. Serum enzymes and metabolites of calves at age of 24 h (24 h after colostrum intake), 2, 5, and 7 weeks from merged trials and piglets at 0, 7, and 14 days post-weaning (at 21, 28, and 35 days of age) were studied. The main variable is age whereas no major trial- or sex-biased differences were noticed. In calves, ALT, AST, GGT, GPx, SOD, NEFAs, triglycerides, glucose, creatinine, total protein, and urea were greatly elevated (p < 0.001) at 24 h compared with other ages; glucose, creatinine, total protein, and urea constantly decreased through the age; cholesterol's lowest level (p < 0.001) was found in 24 h compared with other ages and the levels of haptoglobin remained unchanged (p > 0.1) during the study. In comparison with the adult RIs, creatinine from 24 h, NEFAs from 2 w, GGT from 5 w, and urea from 7 w are fully comparable with RIs or lie within RIs determined for adult. In piglets, no changes were noticed on glucose (p > 0.1) and haptoglobin (p > 0.1) and there were no major changes on hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST, and GGT), total protein, creatinine and urea even though several statistical differences were noticed on 7 days post-weaning. Cholesterol, triglycerides, NEFAs, cortisol and PigMAP were found increased (p < 0.05) while TNF-alpha was found less concentrated (p < 0.001) at 0 days post-weaning compared with other times. Moreover, the RIs of creatinine and GGT are fully comparable with RIs or lie within RIs determined for adult. In conclusion, clinical biochemistry analytes RIs were established for unweaned calves and recently-weaned piglets and among them some can vary at different ages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuai Yu
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Canalias
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Arroyo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Pato
- Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Saco
- Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Terré
- Departament de Producció de Remugants, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Elsohaby I, McClure JT, Waite LA, Cameron M, Heider LC, Keefe GP. Using serum and plasma samples to assess failure of transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:567-577. [PMID: 30415862 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the differences in IgG and total protein (TP) content of serum and plasma samples collected from the same calves; (2) to evaluate the correlation between calf serum and plasma IgG levels, Brix scores, and TP concentrations; (3) to determine whether different cut-off values should be used for plasma and serum to assess failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in dairy calves; and (4) to evaluate the level of agreement between results obtained from using serum and plasma samples of the same calves to assess FTPI using optimal cut-off values. Blood samples (n = 217) were collected from Holstein calves at 3 to 10 d of age on 30 commercial dairy farms in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, Canada. Paired serum and plasma samples were analyzed for IgG concentration by the reference radial immunodiffusion assay, transmission infrared (TIR) spectroscopy, digital and optical Brix refractometers, and optical TP refractometer. The IgG concentrations measured by RID and TIR spectroscopy in serum were similar to those in plasma. However, the Brix and TP refractometer readings were significantly higher in plasma than in serum. The prevalence of FTPI in serum and plasma samples based on a RID-IgG concentration <10 g/L was 43.3 and 46.5%, respectively. The RID-IgG concentration was correlated with TIR-IgG (r = 0.92 and 0.89), digital Brix (r = 0.80 and 0.80), optical Brix (r = 0.77 and 0.77), and optical TP (r = 0.75 and 0.77) refractometers in serum and plasma, respectively. The correlations between paired serum and plasma IgG content were 0.85 by TIR spectroscopy, 0.80 by digital Brix, 0.77 by optical Brix, and 0.79 by optical TP refractometer. The optimal cut-off values for TIR spectroscopy, digital Brix, optical Brix, and TP refractometers to assess FTPI using serum were 13.1 g/L, 8.7% Brix, 8.4% Brix and 5.1 g/dL, respectively; and the optimal cut-off values with plasma were 13.4 g/L, 9.4% Brix, 9.3% Brix and 5.8 g/dL, respectively. When using these optimal cut-off values, the level of agreement (88.1%) between results derived from testing serum and plasma by TIR spectroscopy was substantial, with a kappa (κ) value of 0.76. The results derived from testing serum and plasma by digital Brix refractometer showed substantial agreement (83.4%), with a κ value of 0.65, which is higher than the agreement and κ value (74.7% and 0.51) reported for the optical Brix refractometer. Substantial agreement (81.6%) between serum and plasma TP was also obtained when using the optical TP refractometer, with a κ value of 0.63. In conclusion, serum or plasma samples can be used interchangeably for measuring IgG concentrations and assessing FTPI in dairy calves. However, different cut-offs must be used to assess FTPI depending on the sample matrix. Furthermore, results obtained from serum samples showed higher agreement with the reference RID assay than those obtained from plasma samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3; Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - J T McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - L A Waite
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - M Cameron
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - L C Heider
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - G P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schmidt N, Luhmann T, Hüther L, Meyer U, Barth SA, Geue L, Menge C, Frahm J, Dänicke S. Effect of vitamin E supplementation in milk replacer and Shiga toxoid vaccination on serum α-tocopherol, performance, haematology and blood chemistry in male Holstein calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1167-1180. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Jena Germany
| | - Tim Luhmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Brunswick Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Brunswick Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Brunswick Germany
| | - Stefanie A. Barth
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Jena Germany
| | - Lutz Geue
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Jena Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Jena Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Brunswick Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Brunswick Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zakian A, Nouri M, Rasooli A, Ghorbanpour M, Constable PD, Mohammad-Sadegh M. Evaluation of 5 methods for diagnosing failure of passive transfer in 160 Holstein calves. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:275-283. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zakian
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz Iran
| | - Aria Rasooli
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz Iran
- Department of Animal Health Management; School of Veterinary Medicine; Shiraz University; Shiraz Iran
| | - Masoud Ghorbanpour
- Department of Pathobiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz Iran
| | - Peter D. Constable
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - Majid Mohammad-Sadegh
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Islamic Azad University; Garmsar Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Clinical signs, profound acidemia, hypoglycemia, and hypernatremia are predictive of mortality in 1,400 critically ill neonatal calves with diarrhea. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182938. [PMID: 28817693 PMCID: PMC5560544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Profound acidemia impairs cellular and organ function and consequently should be associated with an increased risk of mortality in critically ill humans and animals. Neonatal diarrhea in calves can result in potentially serious metabolic derangements including profound acidemia due to strong ion (metabolic) acidosis, hyper-D-lactatemia, hyper-L-lactatemia, azotemia, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia and hyponatremia. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the prognostic relevance of clinical and laboratory findings in 1,400 critically ill neonatal calves with diarrhea admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital. The mortality rate was 22%. Classification tree analysis indicated that mortality was associated with clinical signs of neurologic disease, abdominal emergencies, cachexia, orthopedic problems such as septic arthritis, and profound acidemia (jugular venous blood pH < 6.85). When exclusively considering laboratory parameters, classification tree analysis identified plasma glucose concentrations < 3.2 mmol/L, plasma sodium concentrations ≥ 151 mmol/L, serum GGT activity < 31 U/L and a thrombocyte count < 535 G/L as predictors of mortality. However, multivariable logistic regression models based on these laboratory parameters did not have a sufficiently high enough sensitivity (59%) and specificity (79%) to reliably predict treatment outcome. The sensitivity and specificity of jugular venous blood pH < 6.85 were 11% and 97%, respectively, for predicting non-survival in this study population. We conclude that laboratory values (except jugular venous blood pH < 6.85) are of limited value for predicting outcome in critically ill neonatal calves with diarrhea. In contrast, the presence of specific clinical abnormalities provides valuable prognostic information.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cuttance EL, Mason WA, Denholm KS, Laven RA. Comparison of diagnostic tests for determining the prevalence of failure of passive transfer in New Zealand dairy calves. N Z Vet J 2016; 65:6-13. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1230525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- EL Cuttance
- VetEnt, 49 Benson Road, Te Awamutu, New Zealand
| | - WA Mason
- VetEnt, 49 Benson Road, Te Awamutu, New Zealand
| | - KS Denholm
- Cognosco, Anexa FVC, 25 Moorhouse St, Morrinsville, New Zealand
| | - RA Laven
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
McAloon CG, Whyte P, O'Grady L, Lorenz I, Green MG, Hogan I, Johnson A, Doherty ML. Relationship between selected perinatal paratuberculosis management interventions and passive transfer of immunity in dairy calves. Vet Rec 2016; 179:47. [PMID: 27259758 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this cohort study was to assess the relationship between perinatal calf management practices relevant to the control of paratuberculosis and passive transfer of immunoglobulin in calves born in an endemically infected Irish dairy herd. Data from 176 calves were used to assess the effect of time spent in the calving area, individual versus non-designated calving and colostrum pasteurisation on serum total protein, zinc sulphate turbidity, globulin and γ-glutamyltransferase. In addition, the effects of colostrum quality, volume of colostrum fed, method of colostrum administration and calving season on passive transfer were quantified. Serum samples were collected as part of routine herd health monitoring from calves aged between one and seven days. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of each variable on the test result and failure of passive transfer as determined using a cut-off point for each diagnostic test. Colostrum pasteurisation and calving area were not significantly associated with passive transfer, whereas increased time spent in the calving pen was consistently associated with a detrimental effect. In addition, a strong seasonal effect was apparent, which appeared to be unrelated to colostrum quality and calf management. The authors are unaware of published studies documenting such a significant seasonal effect on passive transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - L O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - I Lorenz
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - M G Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - I Hogan
- Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - A Johnson
- Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - M L Doherty
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Elsohaby I, McClure JT, Keefe GP. Evaluation of digital and optical refractometers for assessing failure of transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:721-6. [PMID: 25818225 PMCID: PMC4895506 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) is the underlying predisposing risk factor for most early losses in dairy calves. Refractometers, either optical or digital, can be used to assess FTPI as a part of calf health monitoring program on dairy operations. Objectives To evaluate the performance of and differences between digital Brix and optical refractometers for assessing FTPI in dairy calves. Animals Two hundred Holstein calves from 1 to 11 days of age. Methods A cross‐sectional study was designed to measure serum IgG concentration by radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay, digital Brix and optical refractometers. The correlation coefficients (r) between the 2 refractometers were plotted against each other and against the measured IgG concentration from RID. The Se, Sp, and accuracy of digital Brix and optical refractometers for assessing FTPI using previously recommended cut‐offs were calculated. A receiver operating characteristic curve was created and used to identify the optimal cut‐off for this dataset. Results The RID IgG concentration was positively correlated with digital Brix (r = 0.79) and optical (r = 0.74) refractometers. The best combination of Se (85.5%), Sp (82.8%), and accuracy (83.5%) of digital Brix refractometer was at 8.3%Brix. For optical refractometer, the best combination of Se (80%), Sp (80.7%), and accuracy (80.5%) was at 5.5 g/dL. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Both refractometers exhibited utility in assessing FTPI in dairy calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada, C1A 4P3; Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44511, Sharkia Province, Egypt
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hernandez D, Nydam DV, Godden SM, Bristol LS, Kryzer A, Ranum J, Schaefer D. Brix refractometry in serum as a measure of failure of passive transfer compared to measured immunoglobulin G and total protein by refractometry in serum from dairy calves. Vet J 2015; 211:82-7. [PMID: 26993533 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of trials were conducted to evaluate Brix refractometry (Brix %) for the assessment of failure of passive transfer (FPT) in dairy calves compared to: (1) serum IgG (reference standard) when measured by radial immunodiffusion (RID) or a turbidometric immunoassay (TIA), and (2) serum total protein refractometry (STP). For the serum samples tested with TIA, STP, and Brix % (n = 310; Holstein calves), the median concentrations were 21.3 g/L IgG, 58 g/L STP, and 9.2%, respectively. For the serum samples tested with RID, STP and Brix % (n = 112; Jersey calves), the mean concentrations were 38 g/L IgG, 68 g/L STP, and 10.2%, respectively. For samples tested with only Brix % and STP (n = 265; Holstein calves), median STP and Brix % were 50 g/L STP and 8.5%, respectively. Correlations between Brix % and RID, and between Brix % and TIA were equal (r = 0.79, respectively). Brix % and STP were positively correlated (r = 0.99). Brix % estimated serum IgG concentrations determined by TIA and RID (r(2) = 0.63, 0.62, respectively). When FPT was defined as serum IgG < 10 g/L, Brix % ≤ 8.5% showed optimal sensitivity (100%) and specificity (89.2%) to predict FPT. At the same IgG cut-point, an STP value of ≤ 52 g/L showed a similar sensitivity (100%) and specificity (80.4%) to predict FPT. Brix refractometry predicted successful transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves, but further evaluation as a diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of FPT is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Hernandez
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S M Godden
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - L S Bristol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - A Kryzer
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - J Ranum
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - D Schaefer
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hatate K, Shinya K, Matsuo-Sato A, Sasaki S, Devkota B, Takahashi M, Hirata T, Yamagishi N. Changes in the plasma levels of several bone markers in newborn calves during the first two days of life. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:337-40. [PMID: 26460313 PMCID: PMC4785131 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluctuations in the plasma levels of several bone markers were investigated in newborn calves. Experiment
1 monitored the postnatal changes in the plasma levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b
(TRAP5b), total alkaline phosphatase (t-ALP) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) in four calves.
These markers increased significantly from 9−20 hr after the first colostrum-suckling compared with the values
immediately after birth. Experiment 2 evaluated changes in the plasma TRAP5b, t-ALP, BAP and type I collagen
cross-linked N-telopeptide (NTx) levels within 2 days post-birth in five calves with successful passive
immunization via colostrum (non-deficient group) and five others with poor colostrum intake (deficient group).
The non-deficient group had significantly higher plasma levels of the four parameters around 12 hr of life
compared with the deficient group. The results suggest that the increase in plasma bone markers in calves in
the first day of life is related to the colostrum intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Hatate
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Otomaru K, Wataya K, Uto T, Kasai K. Blood biochemical values in Japanese Black calves in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:301-3. [PMID: 26346653 PMCID: PMC4785122 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain blood biochemical basic data of Japanese Black calves in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, blood samples
were obtained from 582 clinically healthy calves on 27 farms. Calves were divided into three stages: the
suckling stage (between 14 and 90 days of age, n=191), the early growing stage (between 91 and 180 days of
age, n=200) and the late growing stage (between 181 and 270 days of age, n=191). The mean concentration of
total cholesterol, triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acids, calcium and zinc, and the mean activities of
γ-glutamyltransferase and alkaine phospatase in the suckling stage were significantly higher than those in the
early and late growing stages (P<0.01). The mean concentration of total protein, albumin
and globulin increased gradually with growing. The mean concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate in the suckling
stage was below 150 µmol/l, however, it elevated above 400
µmol/l in the early and late growing stages. The mean concentration of
copper concentration was above 70 µg/dl in all stages. The mean
concentration of zinc was between 90 and 110 µg/dl in all stages. These
results suggest that the blood biochemical values of Japanese Black calves vary with growing stages, and the
blood parameters obtained in this study are considered useful as indices for health management of Japanese
Black calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konosuke Otomaru
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hogan I, Doherty M, Fagan J, Kennedy E, Conneely M, Brady P, Ryan C, Lorenz I. Comparison of rapid laboratory tests for failure of passive transfer in the bovine. Ir Vet J 2015; 68:18. [PMID: 26309724 PMCID: PMC4548692 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-015-0047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Failure of passive transfer of maternal immunity via colostrum can occur in the bovine, and a number of blood tests have been developed to test calves for this failure. It is not clear which test is most suitable for this purpose. The objective was to examine the most commonly used tests for failure of passive transfer and to decide which is most suitable for routine laboratory use. 126 serum samples were taken from calves of dairy cows after birth but prior to colostrum feeding, and at 48 h of age. Five different tests were compared against radial immunodiffusion which is considered the appropriate reference method. These tests were serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, serum protein levels, serum globulin levels, an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and the zinc sulphate turbidity test. Results The tests examined displayed high sensitivity but widely varying specificity. Examination of the use of different cut-off points allowed some improvement in specificity at the expense of sensitivity, but the tests which had performed best at the original cut-off points still displayed the best performance. Gamma-glutamyltransferase levels as a measure of colostrum absorption returned, in this study, the best balance between sensitivity and specificity. The ELISA used in this study and serum globulin levels displayed performance similar to the gamma-glutamyltransferase levels. Serum total protein was less successful than others examined at providing both sensitivity and specificity but may, when performed via refractometer, be useful for on-farm testing. As currently performed the poor sensitivity for which the zinc sulphate turbidity test is most often criticized is evident. Modification of the cut-off point to increase specificity is less successful at balancing these parameters than the ELISA, gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, and globulin levels. Conclusions Gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, ELISA testing and circulating globulin levels performed best in detecting failure of passive transfer in serum samples, although all three had some practical considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hogan
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael Doherty
- Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - John Fagan
- Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Coosan, Athlone, CO. Westmeath Ireland
| | - Emer Kennedy
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland
| | - Muireann Conneely
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland
| | - Paula Brady
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Clare Ryan
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ingrid Lorenz
- Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Elsohaby I, Hou S, McClure JT, Riley CB, Shaw RA, Keefe GP. A rapid field test for the measurement of bovine serum immunoglobulin G using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:218. [PMID: 26289208 PMCID: PMC4546031 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the recent development of a new approach to quantitative analysis of IgG concentrations in bovine serum using transmission infrared spectroscopy, the potential to measure IgG levels using technology and a device better designed for field use was investigated. A method using attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR) spectroscopy in combination with partial least squares (PLS) regression was developed to measure bovine serum IgG concentrations. ATR spectroscopy has a distinct ease-of-use advantage that may open the door to routine point-of-care testing. Serum samples were collected from calves and adult cows, tested by a reference RID method, and ATR spectra acquired. The spectra were linked to the RID-IgG concentrations and then randomly split into two sets: calibration and prediction. The calibration set was used to build a calibration model, while the prediction set was used to assess the predictive performance and accuracy of the final model. The procedure was repeated for various spectral data preprocessing approaches. RESULTS For the prediction set, the Pearson's and concordance correlation coefficients between the IgG measured by RID and predicted by ATR spectroscopy were both 0.93. The Bland Altman plot revealed no obvious systematic bias between the two methods. ATR spectroscopy showed a sensitivity for detection of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) of 88 %, specificity of 100 % and accuracy of 94 % (with IgG <1000 mg/dL as the FTPI cut-off value). CONCLUSION ATR spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analysis shows potential as an alternative approach for rapid quantification of IgG concentrations in bovine serum and the diagnosis of FTPI in calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada. .,Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - Siyuan Hou
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Christopher B Riley
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada. .,Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - R Anthony Shaw
- National Research Council of Canada, Medical Devices Portfolio, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Gregory P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Elsohaby I, Keefe GP. Preliminary validation of a calf-side test for diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4754-61. [PMID: 25912871 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of an initial version of a calf-side test (ZAPvet Bovine IgG test, ZBx Corp., Toronto, ON, Canada) for diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in dairy calves. Blood samples (n=202) were collected from calves from 1 to 11d of age. Serum IgG concentration was determined by radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay. The mean IgG concentration was 1,764±1,035mg/dL, with a range from 133 to 5,995mg/dL. The ZAPvet Bovine IgG test was used to assess FTPI (serum IgG <1,000mg/dL) and test characteristics were calculated. The number of samples that had FTPI from the RID assay and ZAPvet test was 55 and 96 samples, resulting in a true prevalence of 27% and an apparent prevalence of 47.5%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the ZAPvet test were 0.82, 0.65, 0.47, and 0.91, respectively. The results of the ZAPvet test were derived from 2 observers, and the overall level of agreement between the results of the 2 observers was 84%, with a kappa value of 0.67. The ZAPvet Bovine IgG test showed good potential for further development as a cost-effective, rapid calf-side test for monitoring FTPI in dairy calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3; Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - G P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pérez-Santos M, Castillo C, Hernández J, Abuelo Á. Biochemical variables from Holstein-Friesian calves older than one week are comparable to those obtained from adult animals of stable metabolic status on the same farm. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 44:145-51. [PMID: 25490994 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related changes in blood variables have previously been reported for cattle. A few studies have investigated differences in biochemistry analytes over time using repeat measures. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to investigate the variation in select variables during the first 3 months of life of Holstein-Friesian calves using repeat sampling. METHODS Twenty healthy calves were sampled on the day of birth (0) and at 6, 13, 21, 30, 60, and 90 days of life. Analyzed variables included concentration of glucose, total protein, albumin, urea and creatinine, and activity of AST, GGT, and CK. Reference intervals (RI) were obtained from 40 adult cows using specific computer software. The variation in each analyte throughout the study period and differences relative to the RI in adult cattle were assessed. RESULTS With the exception of glucose, the studied variables were affected by the calf's age. However, for most of the analytes studied, the values obtained from calves from one week of age onwards remained within the RI determined in adult cattle. During the calves' first week of life, some variables outside the RI of adult cattle were due to the changes associated with birth and colostrum intake. CONCLUSIONS With the exception of AST and GGT activity, RI for standard biochemistry variables determined for adult cattle are likely to be valid for calves older than one week. However, special consideration is necessary for calves within their first week of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Pérez-Santos
- Department of Animal Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Elsohaby I, Riley CB, Hou S, McClure JT, Shaw RA, Keefe GP. Measurement of serum immunoglobulin G in dairy cattle using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy: a reagent free approach. Vet J 2014; 202:510-5. [PMID: 25438729 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Simple, rapid and cost-effective methods are sought for measuring immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in bovine serum, which can be applied for diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI). The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential use of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, with partial least squares (PLS) regression, to measure IgG concentrations in bovine serum. Serum samples collected from calves and adult cows were tested in parallel by radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay and FTIR spectroscopy. The sample IgG concentrations obtained by the RID method were linked to pre-processed spectra and divided into two sets: a combined set and a test set. The combined set was used for building a calibration model, while the test set was used to assess the predictive ability of the calibration model, resulting in a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 307.5 mg/dL. The concordance correlations between the IgG measured by RID and predicted by FTIR spectroscopy were 0.96 and 0.93 for the combined and test data sets, respectively. Analysis of the data using the Bland-Altman method did not show any evidence of systematic bias between FTIR spectroscopy and RID methods for measurement of IgG. The clinical applicability of FTIR spectroscopy for diagnosis of FTPI was evaluated using the entire data set and showed a sensitivity of 0.91 and specificity of 0.96, using RID as the reference standard. The FTIR spectroscopy method, described in the present study, demonstrates potential as a rapid and reagent-free tool for quantification of IgG in bovine serum, as an aid to diagnosis of FTPI in calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada; Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - Christopher B Riley
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada; Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Siyuan Hou
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - R Anthony Shaw
- National Research Council of Canada, Medical Devices Portfolio, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gregory P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Quezada-Tristán T, García-Flor VL, Ortiz-Martínez R, Arredondo-Figueroa JL, Medina-Esparza LE, Valdivia-Flores AG, Montoya-Navarrete AL. Biochemical parameters in the blood of Holstein calves given immunoglobulin Y-supplemented colostrums. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:159. [PMID: 25022282 PMCID: PMC4112656 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In any calf rearing system it is desirable to obtain healthy animals, and reduce morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. Bovine syndesmochorial placentation prevents the direct transfer of bovine immunoglobulins to the fetus, and calves are born hypogammaglobulinemic. These calves therefore require colostrum immediately after birth. Colostrum is rich in immunoglobulins (Ig) and its consumption results in the transfer of passive immunity to calves. The Ig absorption occurs within the first 12 h after birth. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), derived from chicken egg yolk, has been used in the prevention and control of diseases affecting calves because it is very similar in structure and function to immunoglobulin G (IgG). In the current study, we sought to establish whether administration routes of colostrum supplemented with avian IgY affected passive immunity in calves. RESULTS No significant differences were observed with respect to route of administration for colostrum. However, we did observe some differences in certain interactions between the various treatments. Calves fed colostrum containing egg yolk had higher levels of TP, ALB, and IgG, along with increased GGT activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that supplementing colostrum with egg yolk has a beneficial effect when given to calves, regardless of administration route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teódulo Quezada-Tristán
- Departamento de Clínica Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Viridiana L García-Flor
- Departamento de Clínica Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Raúl Ortiz-Martínez
- Departamento de Clínica Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - José L Arredondo-Figueroa
- Departamento de Clínica Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | | | - Arturo G Valdivia-Flores
- Departamento de Clínica Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Ana L Montoya-Navarrete
- Departamento de Clínica Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The assessment of colostral immunity in dairy calves based on serum biochemical indicators and their relationships. ACTA VET BRNO 2014. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201483020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Passive transfer of immunity in dairy calves is routinely monitored in North America. This study analyzes such type of biochemistry monitoring in 591 calves (Holstein, Fleckvieh) from 19 large farms in the Czech Republic. All calves, aged 1–6 days, were blood sampled once. Serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, zinc sulphate turbidity units and γ-glutamyltransferase activity were analysed by photometry methods. The samples were divided according to concentrations of total protein and zinc sulphate turbidity units, and the age of calves. These groups were compared using nonparametric tests. The samples had good mean values (total protein 63.5 g·l-1, albumin 30.5 g·l-1, zinc sulphate turbidity 11.5 U, γ-glutamyltransferase 10.7 μkat·l-1) but 41% and 54% of calves had low total protein (< 60 g·l-1) and zinc sulphate turbidity (< 12 U), respectively. The calves with low total protein showed markedly worse values in all indicators (P < 0.001). The groups according to zinc sulphate turbidity (thresholds 5, 10, 15 U) demonstrated gradual differences (P < 0.001) in all indicators except albumin. Only γ-glutamyltransferase showed very distinct age-sensitive differences; the highest activity was in 1-day-old calves (18.3 μkat·l-1); calves aged 3–6 days had significantly lower activity. It is newly suggested that samples be taken from calves 1–3 days old for γ-glutamyltransferase analysis and traditionally anytime during the first week of life for all other indicators. This first extensive analysis of passive transfer in Central Europe shows that there are widespread deficiencies in the feeding of colostrum to calves.
Collapse
|
35
|
Trefz FM, Lorch A, Feist M, Sauter-Louis C, Lorenz I. Construction and validation of a decision tree for treating metabolic acidosis in calves with neonatal diarrhea. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:238. [PMID: 23216654 PMCID: PMC3548689 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present prospective study was to investigate whether a decision tree based on basic clinical signs could be used to determine the treatment of metabolic acidosis in calves successfully without expensive laboratory equipment. A total of 121 calves with a diagnosis of neonatal diarrhea admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital were included in the study. The dosages of sodium bicarbonate administered followed simple guidelines based on the results of a previous retrospective analysis. Calves that were neither dehydrated nor assumed to be acidemic received an oral electrolyte solution. In cases in which intravenous correction of acidosis and/or dehydration was deemed necessary, the provided amount of sodium bicarbonate ranged from 250 to 750 mmol (depending on alterations in posture) and infusion volumes from 1 to 6.25 liters (depending on the degree of dehydration). Individual body weights of calves were disregarded. During the 24 hour study period the investigator was blinded to all laboratory findings. RESULTS After being lifted, many calves were able to stand despite base excess levels below -20 mmol/l. Especially in those calves, metabolic acidosis was undercorrected with the provided amount of 500 mmol sodium bicarbonate, which was intended for calves standing insecurely. In 13 calves metabolic acidosis was not treated successfully as defined by an expected treatment failure or a measured base excess value below -5 mmol/l. By contrast, 24 hours after the initiation of therapy, a metabolic alkalosis was present in 55 calves (base excess levels above +5 mmol/l). However, the clinical status was not affected significantly by the metabolic alkalosis. CONCLUSIONS Assuming re-evaluation of the calf after 24 hours, the tested decision tree can be recommended for the use in field practice with minor modifications. Calves that stand insecurely and are not able to correct their position if pushed require higher doses of sodium bicarbonate, if there is clinical evidence of a marked D-lactic acidosis. In those calves, determining the degree of loss of the palpebral reflex was identified as a useful decision criterion to provide an additional amount of 250 mmol sodium bicarbonate. This work demonstrates the clinical relevance of the discovery that D-lactate is responsible for most of the clinical signs expressed in neonatal diarrheic calves suffering from metabolic acidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Trefz
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Alley M, Haines D, Smith G. Short communication: Evaluation of serum immunoglobulin G concentrations using an automated turbidimetric immunoassay in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:4596-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
37
|
Laven RA. Effect of use of teat sealants at drying off on the uptake of colostral antibodies by calves, as estimated by measuring gamma-glutamyl transferase activity. N Z Vet J 2012; 60:47-9. [PMID: 22175429 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2011.621171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of using internal teat sealants in cows at drying off on the immune status of their calves, as indicated by activity of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) in serum, within 24 h of birth. METHODS Cows in one herd were treated at drying off with intramammary 600-mg cloxacillin and either no additional treatment or treatment with internal teat sealant containing bismuth subnitrate. Subsequently after calving, blood samples were collected from 35 calves after separation from their dams and prior to being fed pooled colostrum. Calves were collected once daily. Activity of GGT in serum was measured. The influence of treatment of the dam with teat sealant on activity of GGT in serum of the calf, and thus the transfer of colostral antibodies directly from the dam to the calf, was assessed. RESULTS Activity of GGT in serum ranged from 8 to 8,560 IU/L. Of the 35 calves sampled only three (two from dams that were not treated with internal teat sealant) had GGT activity < 200 IU/L, indicative of the failure of passive transfer of antibodies. Median activity of GGT in calves from dams treated with teat sealant was 2,643 IU/L while that in calves from dams which were not treated with teat sealant was 2,286 IU/L. There was no effect of treatment with teat sealant or date of sampling on activity of GGT in serum (p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS Treatment of cows with internal teat sealant at drying off had no effect on transfer of colostral antibodies following calving. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The use of teat sealants is not likely to impact on colostrum uptake on farms where direct transfer of colostral antibodies between dam and calf is good. On farms where such direct transfer is poor, early supplementation of all calves with colostrum is likely to be required to prevent the failure of passive transfer, so any impact of teat sealants on uptake of colostrum is likely to be of little consequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Laven
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vandeputte S, Detilleux J, Rollin F. Comparison of four refractometers for the investigation of the passive transfer in beef calves. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1465-9. [PMID: 22092645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure of passive transfer (FPT) in beef calves can be detected by refractometry. Nevertheless, different models of refractometers are available, and few studies compare them for the detection of FPT. OBJECTIVES To compare the accuracy of 4 different refractometers for measuring serum total protein concentrations in comparison with results obtained by the biuret method and, based on the serum IgG threshold of 1,600 mg/mL, to determine, for each refractometer, the optimal serum protein concentration's lowest threshold for successful passive transfer. ANIMALS One hundred and eight healthy beef calves, 3-8 days of age. METHODS Observational study. The concentrations of serum total proteins were determined with 4 different models of refractometers and compared with the biuret method by a Bland-Altman statistical method. The optimal serum protein concentration's lowest threshold for successful passive transfer was determined for each refractometer by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. In addition, the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration was compared with the serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) activity and with the total immunoglobulin concentration. RESULTS The refractometric measurements were highly correlated with those obtained by the biuret method. Serum total protein concentration threshold values of 56, 58, 54, and 56 g/L were found respectively for the Atago, Atago ATC, Wolf ATC, and digital ATC refractometers. Immunoglobulins were highly correlated with IgG, whereas γ-GT only reflected colostrum uptake by the calf. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE All refractometers could be used for the assessment of passive transfer using their individual serum protein concentration threshold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vandeputte
- Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Department of Production Animals, University of Liege, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yalcin E, Temizel EM, Yalcin A, Carkungoz E. Relationship with gamma glutamyl transferase activity and glutaraldehyde coagulation test of serum immunoglobulin G concentration in newborn goat kids. Small Rumin Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
40
|
Ameri M, Wilkerson MJ. Comparison of Two Commercial Radial Immunodiffusion Assays for Detection of Bovine Immunoglobulin G in Newborn Calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:333-6. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine failure of passive transfer (FPT), defined as inadequate transfer of colostral immunoglobulins from the dam to the calf, has been associated with increased risk in neonatal mortality. Currently, radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay is considered to be the gold standard in determining FPT in serum samples from calves. There are 2 commercial RID assays routinely used for serodiagnosis of FPT in calves: VET-RID and SRID. Discrepancies between results of these RID assays were observed in the authors' laboratory. The objective of this study was to compare 2 commercial RID assays by testing a paired panel of 30 blood samples collected from newborn Holsteins at birth before, and 24 hr after, ingestion of colostrum, a commercial bovine reference serum, and a panel of different concentrations of 2 purified bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG) products. Overall, the results of this study showed a high level of discrepancy and poor agreement between the 2 RID kits. The interassay precision study revealed lower between-run coefficients of variation for the VET-RID kit compared with the SRID kit. The spiking and recovery study using purified bovine IgG products demonstrated that the VET-RID kit more closely approximates the expected concentrations of the purified bovine IgG products, whereas the SRID kit consistently overestimates the concentration of purified bovine IgG products. It was concluded that this may be due to inaccuracies in the internal standards of the SRID kit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Ameri
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Melinda J. Wilkerson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Massimini G, Peli A, Boari A, Britti D. Evaluation of assay procedures for prediction of passive transfer status in lambs. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:593-8. [PMID: 16579751 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.4.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare 4 assay procedures for prediction of passive transfer status in lambs. ANIMALS Thirty-one 1-day-old Sardinian lambs. PROCEDURE Serum IgG concentration was determined by use of single radial immunodiffusion. The following were determined: serum total protein concentration as measured by refractometry (ie, refractometry serum total protein concentration), serum total protein concentration as determined by the biuret method (ie, biuret method serum total protein concentration), serum gamma-globulin concentration as determined by serum protein electrophoresis, and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity as measured by spectrophotometry. Accuracy of these assays for estimation of serum IgG concentration in 1-day-old lambs was established by use of linear regression analysis. RESULTS Refractometry serum total protein concentration, biuret method serum total protein concentration, and serum gamma-globulin concentration were closely and linearly correlated with serum IgG concentration. The natural logarithm (ln) of serum GGT activity was closely and linearly correlated with serum IgG concentration (ln). Refractometry serum total protein concentration, biuret method serum total protein concentration, and gamma-globulin concentration accounted for approximately 85%, 91%, and 95% of the variation in serum IgG concentration, respectively. Serum GGT activity (ln) accounted for approximately 92% of the variation in serum IgG concentration (ln). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE For prediction of passive transfer status in 1-day-old lambs, serum GGT activity or biuret method serum total protein concentration determination will allow for passive transfer monitoring program development. Immediate refractometry serum total protein concentration determination is beneficial in making timely management and treatment decisions. Serum gamma-globulin concentration determination can be used as a confirmatory test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genesio Massimini
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Viale F. Crispi 212, I-64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Britti D, Massimini G, Peli A, Luciani A, Boari A. Evaluation of serum enzyme activities as predictors of passive transfer status in lambs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226:951-5. [PMID: 15786999 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the associations between serum IgG concentration and serum activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and pseudocholinesterase for the potential use of these serum enzymes as predictors of passive transfer status in neonatal lambs. DESIGN Prospective observational study. ANIMALS 47 Sardinian lambs from birth to 2 days old. PROCEDURE Serum enzyme activities were measured by use of commercially available kits and a clinical biochemical analyzer. Serum IgG concentration was determined by single radial immunodiffusion. Associations between serum IgG concentration and the activity of each serum enzyme were established by use of regression analysis. RESULTS A significant correlation was detected between serum IgG concentration and serum GGT activity in 1- and 2-day-old lambs. Minimal correlations were detected between serum IgG concentration and serum alkaline phosphatase activity in 1-day-old lambs and serum pseudocholinesterase activity in 1- and 2-day-old lambs. No significant associations were detected between serum IgG concentration and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. A multiple linear regression model was accurate for the estimation of the natural logarithm of serum IgG concentration as a function of the natural logarithm of serum GGT activity and of the age of lambs at the time of sampling (adjusted R2 = 0.89). This model was then used to calculate the serum GGT activity equivalent to various serum IgG concentrations for 1- and 2-day-old lambs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that passive transfer status in neonatal lambs can be successfully predicted by measurement of serum GGT activity but not by measurement of the other enzymes tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Britti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Viale E Crispi 212, I-64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sparks AL, Kirkpatrick JG, Chamberlain CS, Waldner D, Spicer LJ. Insulin-like growth factor-I and its binding proteins in colostrum compared to measures in serum of Holstein neonates. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:2022-9. [PMID: 12836938 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Colostral insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) may be beneficial in the development of gastrointestinal tracts of bovine neonates. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine relationships among concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) in colostrum used at two initial feedings and serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP, total protein, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), and immunoglobulin G at 0 and 48 h after birth in Holstein neonates. Calves (n = 22) were separated from dams immediately after birth. Blood samples were taken before initial feeding and at 48 h after birth. Calves were fed 2 L of colostrum twice and milk replacer thereafter. Linear regression of serum IGF-I at 48 h and colostral IGF-I revealed a significant positive relationship (R2 = 0.204). Serum IGFBP-3 at 48 h and colostral IGFBP-3 also had a positive relationship (R2 = 0.143). However, linear regression of colostral IGF-I on the difference in serum IGF-I at 48 and 0 h was not significant. Calves were assigned to group 1 (0-h serum IGF-I < 10 ng/ml; n = 11) or group 2 (0-h serum IGF-I > or = 10 ng/ml; n = 11) for further analysis. There were no differences in serum IGF-I or IGFBP-2, -3, -4, and -5 concentrations at 48 h between groups 1 and 2. Correlation coefficients revealed negative relationships of serum IGF-I at 0 h to the difference between serum IGF-I at 48 and 0 h (r = -0.824), as well as birth weight of the calf to the amount of GGT at 48 h (r = -0.604). Females had lower birth weights than males, but sex of calf did not affect serum measures. At 0 h, but not 48 h, total serum protein was correlated to serum GGT concentrations (r = 0.573). From indirect evidence, absorption of colostral IGF-I and IGFBP-3 into systemic circulation may occur, but relative importance compared to endogenous sources is uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Sparks
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Calloway CD, Tyler JW, Tessman RK, Hostetler D, Holle J. Comparison of refractometers and test endpoints in the measurement of serum protein concentration to assess passive transfer status in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 221:1605-8. [PMID: 12479334 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.221.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate 3 refractometers for detection of failure of passive transfer (FPT) of immunity in calves, and assess the effect of refractometric test endpoints on sensitivity, specificity, and proportion of calves classified correctly with regard to passive transfer status. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 90 calves. PROCEDURE Blood samples were obtained from calves that were < 10 days old. Serum IgG concentration was determined by use of a radial immunodiffusion assay. Accuracy of 3 refractometers in the prediction of serum IgG concentration was determined by use of standard epidemiologic methods and a linear regression model. RESULTS At a serum protein concentration test endpoint of 5.2 g/dL, sensitivity of each refractometer was 0.89 or 0.93, and specificity ranged from 0.80 to 0.91. For all refractometers, serum protein concentration test endpoints of 5.0 or 5.2 g/dL resulted in sensitivity > 0.80, specificity > 0.80, and proportion of calves classified correctly > 0.85. Serum protein concentrations equivalent to 1,000 mg of IgG/dL of serum were 4.9, 4.8, and 5.1 g/dL for the 3 refractometers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The refractometers, including a nontemperature-compensating instrument, performed similarly in detection of FPT. Serum protein concentration test endpoints of 5.0 and 5.2 g/dL yielded accurate results in the assessment of adequacy of passive transfer; lower or higher test endpoints misclassified larger numbers of calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Calloway
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Holloway NM, Lakritz J, Tyler JW, Carlson SL. Serum lactoferrin concentrations in colostrum-fed calves. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:476-8. [PMID: 11939305 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine serum lactoferrin concentrations (SLFC) in neonatal calves before and after ingestion of colostrum and to develop models that predict SLFC as a function of colostral lactoferrin concentrations (CLFC) in calves. ANIMALS 13 Holstein calves. PROCEDURE Calves were fed 4 L of colostrum via oroesophageal feeder within 3 hours after birth. Serum samples were collected before ingestion of colostrum (day 0) and 2, 4, 6, and 7 days after birth. Colostrum and serum IgG concentrations were measured by use of radial immunodiffusion. The CLFC and SLFC were determined by use of an ELISA. RESULTS Mean +/- SD SLFC on days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 7 were 2.5+/-1.6 (range 0.47 to 71), 6.0+/-3.0 (range 2.0 to 16.6), 12.0+/-12.4 (range 0.0 to 43.5), 171+/-13.6 (range 2.2 to 39.4), and 13.6+/-16.4 (range 0.0 to 43.8) mg/ml, respectively. The SLFC on days 6 and 7 differed significantly from SLFC on day 0. The model that best estimated SLFC on day 6 predicted that (SLFC)2 was a function of the logarithm of relative efficiency of passive transfer (REPT) and ([CLFC]2 x [REPT]2), where R2 = 0.4. The model for SLFC on day 7 predicted that (SLFC)2 was a function of log(REPT), where R2 = 0.44. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Definitive evidence for passive transfer of lactoferrin via colostrum is lacking, because SLFC on day 2 or 4 were not significantly different than day 0. Relative efficiency of lactoferrin absorption was directly related to SLFC on day 6 but inversely related to SLFC on day 7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Holloway
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The majority of early, in utero immune development occurs independent of antigen exposure. Only later during development can a fetus respond to antigens, and even then the response depends on the stage of fetal development and the nature of the antigen. At birth, the neonate is rapidly exposed to large numbers of potential pathogens. Although immunocompetent, the neonate is immunonaive and dependent on passively acquired maternal immunoglobulins, immune cells, and other substances from colostrum for protection. Neonates that suffer failure of passive transfer of maternal immunoglobulins may be at increased risk for disease; however, many other factors interact in conjunction with the level of passively acquired immunoglobulin to determine the occurrence of disease. These include, but are not limited to, management, environment, hygiene, infection pressure, virulence of organisms, and antibody specificity. In addition to immunoglobulins, colostrum contains large numbers of immune cells and cytokines. It is thought that the primary role for the cellular component of colostrum is to interact with the development of local immunity and to modulate active immunization of the neonatal intestine. In particular, T lymphocytes are thought to transfer immune functions and secrete cytokines. Although most of the major cytokines have been identified in colostrum and milk, their biologic effects on the neonate have yet to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Barrington
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Baillargeon P, Fecteau G, Paré J, Lamothe P, Sauvé R. Evaluation of the embryo transfer procedure proposed by the International Embryo Transfer Society as a method of controlling vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218:1803-6. [PMID: 11394835 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate efficacy of embryo transfer into seronegative recipients, using the procedure proposed by the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS), for preventing vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in cattle. DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS 87 recipient cows and heifers and their embryo transfer calves from 22 donors originating from 9 dairy herds. PROCEDURE Neospora caninum serologic status of donors and recipients was determined before collection and transfer of embryos. Viable embryos were washed and treated with trypsin. Recipients in experimental groups A (n = 50) and B (29) were seronegative and received embryos from seropositive and seronegative donors, respectively. Recipients in group C (n = 8) were seropositive and received embryos from seronegative or seropositive donors. Antibody titers against N caninum were determined monthly during pregnancy in recipients and in calf blood samples collected at birth. Tissues collected from stillborn calves and aborted fetuses were analyzed histologically and by immunohistochemical (IHC) methods. RESULTS 76 calves and 11 fetuses and stillborn calves were examined. All calves from groups A and B were seronegative (n = 70) or lacked evidence of infection by use of tissue analysis (9). In group C, 5 of 6 calves were seropositive at birth, and IHC results were positive for 1 of 2 calves. Vertical transmission rate was significantly lower in groups A and B (0%) than in group C (75%). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Embryo transfer into seronegative recipients, using the procedure proposed by IETS, is an effective way to prevent vertical transmission of N caninum. Results provide support for pretransfer testing of all embryo transfer recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Baillargeon
- Clinique Vétérinaire St-Louis-Embryobec, St-Louis de Gonzague, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Weaver DM, Tyler JW, VanMetre DC, Hostetler DE, Barrington GM. Passive Transfer of Colostral Immunoglobulins in Calves. J Vet Intern Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2000.tb02278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
49
|
Wilson LK, Tyler JW, Besser TE, Parish SM, Gant R. Prediction of Serum IgG1Concentration in Beef Calves Based on Age and Serum Gamma-Glutamyl-Transferase Activity. J Vet Intern Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
50
|
Tyler JW, Hancock DD, Wiksie SE, Holler SL, Gay JM, Gay CC. Use of serum protein concentration to predict mortality in mixed-source dairy replacement heifers. J Vet Intern Med 1998; 12:79-83. [PMID: 9560763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between serum protein concentration in the 1st week of life and survival to 16 weeks of age was examined in 3,479 Holstein replacement heifers over a period of 10 years on a farm with endemic salmonellosis. Thirty-four percent of calves studied had serum protein concentrations < 5.0 g/dL and 60.5% of calves had serum protein concentrations < 5.5 g/dL. Cumulative mortality was 7.9%, indicating that calves with marginal passive transfer status can be reared successfully under conditions of endemic salmonellosis. Optimal survival was observed in calves with serum protein concentrations > 5.5 g/dL. Calves with serum protein concentrations of 5.0-5.4 g/dL had only a slightly increased relative risk (RR) of mortality (RR = 1.3) compared to calves with serum protein concentrations > 5.5 g/dL. The highest RR was experienced by calves with serum protein concentrations < 4 g/dL (RR = 4.6) and 4.0-4.4 g/dL (RR = 3.1). Calves with inadequate passive transfer (serum protein concentration < 5.0 g/dL), experienced increased mortality until at least 10 weeks of age, indicating that failure of passive transfer has an effect on calf health that extends into the juvenile period. Models in which serum protein concentration was treated with as a continuous variable or as a categorical variable failed to demonstrate any significant interaction between baseline mortality and the RR of mortality. This finding suggests that the RR derived in the present study should be applicable to farms with dramatically different baseline mortality rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Tyler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|