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Heilmann RM, Csukovich G, Burgener IA, Dengler F. Time to eRAASe chronic inflammation: current advances and future perspectives on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system and chronic intestinal inflammation in dogs and humans. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1180125. [PMID: 37456955 PMCID: PMC10340121 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1180125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic idiopathic intestinal inflammation is an increasing worldwide problem that affects companion animals, especially dogs, and human patients. Although these disease entities have been intensely investigated recently, many questions remain, and alternative therapeutic options are needed. Diarrhea caused by dysregulation of intestinal electrolyte transport and subsequent fluid and electrolyte losses often leads to secondary consequences for the patient. Currently, it is not exactly clear which mechanisms are involved in the dysregulation of intestinal fluid absorption, but differences in intestinal electrolyte shifts between human and canine patients suggest species-specific regulatory or counterregulatory mechanisms. Several intestinal electrolyte transporters are differentially expressed in human patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), whereas there are virtually no studies on electrolyte transporters and their endocrine regulation in canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy. An important mechanism involved in regulating fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), which may affect intestinal Na+ transport. While RAAS has previously been considered a systemic regulator of blood pressure, additional complex roles of RAAS in inflammatory processes have been unraveled. These alternative RAAS pathways may pose attractive therapeutic targets to address diarrhea and, thus, electrolyte shifts in human IBD and canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy. This article comparatively summarizes the current knowledge about electrolyte transport in human IBD and canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy and the role of RAAS and offers perspectives for novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Csukovich
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A. Burgener
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Doulidis PG, Galler AI, Hausmann B, Berry D, Rodríguez-Rojas A, Burgener IA. Gut microbiome signatures of Yorkshire Terrier enteropathy during disease and remission. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4337. [PMID: 36927871 PMCID: PMC10018597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31024-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiome in developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in humans and dogs has received attention in recent years. Evidence suggests that IBD is associated with alterations in gut microbial composition, but further research is needed in veterinary medicine. The impact of IBD treatment on the gut microbiome needs to be better understood, especially in a breed-specific form of IBD in Yorkshire Terriers known as Yorkshire Terrier Enteropathy (YTE). This study aimed to investigate the difference in gut microbiome composition between YTE dogs during disease and remission and healthy Yorkshire Terriers. Our results showed a significant increase in specific taxa such as Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Escherichia-Shigella, and Streptococcus, and a decrease in Bacteroides, Prevotella, Alloprevotella, and Phascolarctobacterium in YTE dogs compared to healthy controls. No significant difference was found between the microbiome of dogs in remission and those with active disease, suggesting that the gut microbiome is affected beyond clinical recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos G Doulidis
- Department for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra I Galler
- Department for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bela Hausmann
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandro Rodríguez-Rojas
- Department for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Department for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Green J, Kathrani A. Incidence of relapse of inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy in dogs and associated risk factors. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1981-1988. [PMID: 36207819 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy (iPLE) that attain remission may be at risk of subsequent relapse. OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of relapse of iPLE in dogs that have previously attained complete clinical and biochemical remission and identify associated risk factors. ANIMALS Seventy-five client-owned dogs diagnosed with iPLE. METHODS Medical records of dogs diagnosed with iPLE based on histopathology of intestinal biopsy specimens between March 2010 and March 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Variables were recorded from the time of investigation at histopathologic diagnosis and subsequent follow-up information was obtained from the records of referring veterinarians. RESULTS Twenty-three dogs (31%) achieved sustained remission without documentation of relapse for at least 2 years. Nineteen dogs (25%) achieved remission, but then subsequently relapsed within 2 years of histopathologic diagnosis, and 33 dogs (44%) never achieved remission with disease-associated death occurring a median of 19 (range, 3-114) days after histopathologic diagnosis. Dogs that achieved remission and subsequently relapsed had significantly higher poor dietary compliance, as defined by frequent scavenging or changing from the recommended diet compared to dogs with sustained remission (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory PLE is associated with a high rate of relapse in dogs. Ensuring owners adhere to dietary recommendations might help prevent subsequent relapse in dogs with iPLE that attain initial remission.
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Jergens AE, Heilmann RM. Canine chronic enteropathy—Current state-of-the-art and emerging concepts. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:923013. [PMID: 36213409 PMCID: PMC9534534 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.923013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs have received great attention in the basic and clinical research arena. The 2010 ACVIM Consensus Statement, including guidelines for the diagnostic criteria for canine and feline CIE, was an important milestone to a more standardized approach to patients suspected of a CIE diagnosis. Great strides have been made since understanding the pathogenesis and classification of CIE in dogs, and novel diagnostic and treatment options have evolved. New concepts in the microbiome-host-interaction, metabolic pathways, crosstalk within the mucosal immune system, and extension to the gut-brain axis have emerged. Novel diagnostics have been developed, the clinical utility of which remains to be critically evaluated in the next coming years. New directions are also expected to lead to a larger spectrum of treatment options tailored to the individual patient. This review offers insights into emerging concepts and future directions proposed for further CIE research in dogs for the next decade to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Albert E. Jergens
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
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Galler AI, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Sung CH, Hittmair KM, Richter B, Burgener IA. Microbial dysbiosis and fecal metabolomic perturbations in Yorkshire Terriers with chronic enteropathy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12977. [PMID: 35902689 PMCID: PMC9334271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis and perturbations of fecal metabolic profiles have been reported in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. Currently the incidence of dysbiosis and the fecal metabolomic profile in Yorkshire Terriers with chronic enteropathy (YTE) and the effects of treatment are unknown. This prospective observational study analyzed the dysbiosis index (DI) and fecal bile acid, sterol and fatty acid profiles in 14 Yorkshire Terriers with active YTE, 11 dogs in clinical remission, and 26 healthy Yorkshire Terriers. YTE was associated with dysbiosis and a significant increase in fatty acids (docosanoate, p = 0.002; gondoate, p = 0.026; erucate, p < 0.001; nervonate, p < 0.001; linolenate, p < 0.001), and plant sterols (campesterol, p < 0.001; brassicasterol, p = 0.024). The abundances of Fusobacterium (p < 0.001) and Cl. hiranonis (p = 0.018) and the concentrations of the secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (p = 0.033) and the plant sterol sitostanol (p = 0.003) were significantly decreased compared to healthy dogs. Dysbiosis, abundances of Fusobacterium, Cl. hiranonis and fecal concentrations of bile acids and sterols did not recover after treatment, while fecal fatty acid concentrations decreased in treated dogs. YTE is associated with dysbiosis and changes in bile acid, fatty acid, and sterol metabolism. These changes only recovered partially despite clinical remission. They might be breed-specific and involved in the pathogenesis of YTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Galler
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chi-Hsuan Sung
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Katharina M Hittmair
- Clinical Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Richter
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Elucidating the Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Pathogenesis of Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy-A Search for Potential Biomarkers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131645. [PMID: 35804545 PMCID: PMC9264988 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) is a chronic disease affecting the small or large intestine and, in some cases, the stomach of dogs. This gastrointestinal disorder is common and is characterized by recurrent vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss in affected dogs. The pathogenesis of IBD is not completely understood. Similar to human IBD, potential disease factors include genetics, environmental exposures, and dysregulation of the microbiota and the immune response. Some important components of the innate and adaptive immune response involved in CIE pathogenesis have been described. However, the immunopathogenesis of the disease has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we summarized the literature associated with the different cell types and molecules involved in the immunopathogenesis of CIE, with the aim of advancing the search for biomarkers with possible diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic utility. Abstract Canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) is one of the most common chronic gastrointestinal diseases affecting dogs worldwide. Genetic and environmental factors, as well as intestinal microbiota and dysregulated host immune responses, participate in this multifactorial disease. Despite advances explaining the immunological and molecular mechanisms involved in CIE development, the exact pathogenesis is still unknown. This review compiles the latest reports and advances that describe the main molecular and cellular mechanisms of both the innate and adaptive immune responses involved in canine CIE pathogenesis. Future studies should focus research on the characterization of the immunopathogenesis of canine CIE in order to advance the establishment of biomarkers and molecular targets of diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic utility.
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Isidori M, Corbee RJ, Trabalza-Marinucci M. Nonpharmacological Treatment Strategies for the Management of Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy—A Narrative Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020037. [PMID: 35202290 PMCID: PMC8878421 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) refers to a heterogeneous group of idiopathic diseases of the dog characterised by persistent gastrointestinal (GI) clinical signs. If conventional dietary treatment alone would be unsuccessful, management of CIE is traditionally attained by the use of pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs. While being rather effective, however, these drugs are endowed with side effects, which may impact negatively on the animal’s quality of life. Therefore, novel, safe and effective therapies for CIE are highly sought after. As gut microbiota imbalances are often associated with GI disorders, a compelling rationale exists for the use of nonpharmacological methods of microbial manipulation in CIE, such as faecal microbiota transplantation and administration of pre-, pro-, syn- and postbiotics. In addition to providing direct health benefits to the host via a gentle modulation of the intestinal microbiota composition and function, these treatments may also possess immunomodulatory and epithelial barrier-enhancing actions. Likewise, intestinal barrier integrity, along with mucosal inflammation, are deemed to be two chief therapeutic targets of mesenchymal stem cells and selected vegetable-derived bioactive compounds. Although pioneering studies have revealed encouraging findings regarding the use of novel treatment agents in CIE, a larger body of research is needed to address fully their mode of action, efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Isidori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ronald Jan Corbee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Hernandez J, Rouillé E, Chocteau F, Allard M, Haurogné K, Lezin F, Hervé JM, Bach JM, Abadie J, Lieubeau B. Nonhypoalbuminemic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs as Disease Model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:1975-1985. [PMID: 33783501 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing worldwide, emphasizing the need of relevant models, as dogs spontaneously affected by IBD may be, for better knowledge of the disease's physiopathology. METHODS We studied 22 client-owned dogs suffering from IBD without protein loss and 14 control dogs. Biopsies were obtained from the duodenum, ileum, and colon. Inflammatory grade was assessed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and chemokine analysis. The expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in mucosa was immunohistochemically evaluated. Antibody levels against bacterial ligands (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and flagellin) were measured in sera using enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULTS Dogs with IBD showed low to severe clinical disease. Histopathologically, the gut of dogs with IBD did not exhibit significant alterations compared with controls except in the colon. The number of CD3+ T lymphocytes was decreased in the ileum and colon of dogs with IBD compared with controls, whereas the numbers of Foxp3+, CD20+, and CD204+ cells were similar in the 2 groups. Three chemokines, but no cytokines, were detected at the protein level in the mucosa, and the disease poorly affected their tissue concentrations. Dogs with IBD exhibited higher serum reactivity against LPS and flagellin than controls but similar immunoreactivity against the receptors TLR4 and TLR5. In addition, TLR2 and TLR9 showed similar expression patterns in both groups of dogs. CONCLUSIONS Our data described dysregulated immune responses in dogs affected by IBD without protein loss. Despite fairly homogeneous dog cohorts, we were still faced with interindividual variability, and new studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate the dog as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernandez
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Marie Allard
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Karine Haurogné
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | | - Julie M Hervé
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | | - Blandine Lieubeau
- IECM, Oniris (Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), INRAE, Nantes, France
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9
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The Fatty Acid-Based Erythrocyte Membrane Lipidome in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092604. [PMID: 34573570 PMCID: PMC8469057 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine chronic enteropathies (CEs) are inflammatory processes resulting from complex interplay between the mucosal immune system, intestinal microbiome, and dietary components in susceptible dogs. Fatty acids (FAs) play important roles in the regulation of physiologic and metabolic pathways and their role in inflammation seems to be dual, as they exhibit pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. Analysis of red blood cell (RBC) membrane fatty acid profile represents a tool for assessing the quantity and quality of structural and functional molecular components. This study was aimed at comparing the FA membrane profile, determined by Gas Chromatography and relevant lipid parameter of 48 CE dogs compared with 68 healthy dogs. In CE patients, the levels of stearic (p < 0.0001), dihomo-gamma-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic (p = 0.02), and docosahexaenoic (p = 0.02) acids were significantly higher, and those of palmitic (p < 0.0001) and linoleic (p = 0.0006) acids were significantly lower. Non-responder dogs presented higher percentages of vaccenic acid (p = 0.007), compared to those of dogs that responded to diagnostic trials. These results suggest that lipidomic status may reflect the "gut health", and the non-invasive analysis of RBC membrane might have the potential to become a candidate biomarker in the evaluation of dogs affected by CE.
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Lee JH, Kim HS, Lee D, Yun T, Koo Y, Chae Y, Kang JH, Kang BT, Yang MP, Kim H. Clinical signs, duodenal histopathological grades, and serum high-mobility group box 1 concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2205-2214. [PMID: 34480505 PMCID: PMC8478061 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly occurs in dogs, but there is lack of information about potential biomarkers of clinical and histopathologic severity. Objective To examine the role of serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) and high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) concentrations in dogs with IBD. Animals Seventeen dogs with IBD and 25 healthy dogs. Methods In this prospective study, duodenal histopathologic severity was graded, and the clinical severity of IBD was assessed by the canine IBD assessment index (CIBDAI) score in dogs with IBD. Serum CRP and HMGB1 concentrations were compared between IBD and healthy dogs and analyzed according to histopathologic grade in dogs with IBD. The correlations between serum CRP and HMGB1 concentrations and the CIBDAI score were evaluated. Results Dogs with IBD had higher serum CRP (median [range] = 20.39 [1.53‐67.69] μg/mL vs 2.31 [0.17‐11.49] μg/mL; P < .001) and HMGB1 concentrations (0.44 [0.07‐1.58] ng/mL vs 0.05 [0.01‐0.25] ng/mL; P < .001) than healthy dogs. The serum HMGB1 concentration was higher in IBD dogs with a moderate to severe histopathologic grade (0.51 [0.30‐1.58] ng/mL, P = .03) than in those with a mild histopathologic grade (0.17 [0.07‐0.75] ng/mL). Serum CRP concentrations and CIBDAI score were positively correlated in dogs with IBD (rs = .49, P = .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Serum HMGB1 could be a potential biomarker for diagnosing IBD and might be indicative of histopathologic severity in dogs, whereas serum CRP might be an indicator of clinical severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Suk Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesik Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhoi Koo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Houn Kang
- Western Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Mhan-Pyo Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakhyun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Long-Term Recovery of the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome of Dogs with Steroid-Responsive Enteropathy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092498. [PMID: 34573464 PMCID: PMC8468387 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term impact of treatment of dogs with steroid-responsive enteropathy (SRE) on the fecal microbiome and metabolome has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the fecal microbiome and metabolome of dogs with SRE before, during, and following treatment with standard immunosuppressive therapy and an elimination diet. We retrospectively selected samples from 9 dogs with SRE enrolled in a previous clinical trial, which received treatment for 8 weeks, and had achieved remission as indicated by the post-treatment clinical scores. Long-term (1 year) samples were obtained from a subset (5/9) of dogs. Samples from 13 healthy dogs were included as controls (HC). We evaluated the microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR. To evaluate the recovery of gut function, we measured fecal metabolites using an untargeted approach. While improvement was observed for some bacterial taxa after 8 weeks of treatment, several bacterial taxa remained significantly different from HC. Seventy-five metabolites were altered in dogs with SRE, including increased fecal amino acids and vitamins, suggesting malabsorption as a component of SRE. One year after treatment, however, all bacterial species were evaluated by qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and all but thirteen metabolites were no longer different from healthy controls.
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Konstantinidis AO, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Pardali D, Dovas CI, Brellou GD, Papadopoulos T, Jergens AE, Allenspach K, Rallis TS. Colonic mucosal and cytobrush sample cytokine mRNA expression in canine inflammatory bowel disease and their correlation with disease activity, endoscopic and histopathologic score. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245713. [PMID: 33471872 PMCID: PMC7817028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic gastrointestinal disorders, the pathogenesis of which remains elusive, but it possibly involves the interaction of the intestinal immune system with luminal microbiota and food-derived antigens. Mucosal cytokines profiles in canine IBD have been investigated mainly in small intestinal disease, while data on cytokine profiles in large intestinal IBD are limited. The objective of this study was to measure colonic mucosal and cytobrush sample messenger (m)RNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-12p40, IL-23p19, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL28) in dogs with IBD and healthy controls using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and assess their correlation with clinical disease activity, endoscopic and histopathologic score. Dogs with IBD had a significantly increased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-23p19 and CCL28 in the colonic mucosa, compared to healthy controls. None of the selected cytokines had significantly different mRNA expression in the colonic cytobrush samples between the two groups or between the colonic mucosa and cytobrush samples of dogs with IBD. Finally, there was a statistically significant correlation of clinical disease activity with endoscopic activity score and fibrosis and atrophy of the colonic mucosa in dogs with large intestinal IBD. IL-1β, IL-23p19 and CCL28 could play a role in the pathogenesis of canine large intestinal IBD. Colonic cytokine expression does not correlate with clinical disease activity and/or endoscopic score. However, clinical signs reflect the severity of endoscopic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros O. Konstantinidis
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Katerina K. Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Pardali
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I. Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia D. Brellou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theologos Papadopoulos
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Timoleon S. Rallis
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Konstantinidis AΟ, Pardali D, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Gazouli M, Dovas CI, Legaki E, Brellou GD, Savvas I, Jergens AE, Rallis TS, Allenspach K. Colonic mucosal and serum expression of microRNAs in canine large intestinal inflammatory bowel disease. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:69. [PMID: 32087719 PMCID: PMC7035774 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disorders of still largely unknown etiology. Canine IBD diagnosis is time-consuming and costly as other diseases with similar signs should be initially excluded. In human IBD microRNA (miR) expression changes have been reported in GI mucosa and blood. Thus, there is a possibility that miRs may provide insight into disease pathogenesis, diagnosis and even treatment of canine IBD. The aim of this study was to determine the colonic mucosal and serum relative expression of a miRs panel in dogs with large intestinal IBD and healthy control dogs. RESULTS Compared to healthy control dogs, dogs with large intestinal IBD showed significantly increased relative expression of miR-16, miR-21, miR-122 and miR-147 in the colonic mucosa and serum, while the relative expression of miR-185, miR-192 and miR-223 was significantly decreased. Relative expression of miR-146a was significantly increased only in the serum of dogs with large intestinal IBD. Furthermore, serum miR-192 and miR-223 relative expression correlated to disease activity and endoscopic score, respectively. CONCLUSION Our data suggest the existence of dysregulated miRs expression patterns in canine IBD and support the potential future use of serum miRs as useful noninvasive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Ο Konstantinidis
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Pardali
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina K Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Legaki
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia D Brellou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Savvas
- Companion Animal Clinic (Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Timoleon S Rallis
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA.
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14
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The role of Campylobacter spp. in chronic enteropathy in dogs. ACTA VET BRNO 2019. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201988030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identifyCampylobacterspecies in a group of patients with chronic gastrointestinal problems and to investigate the relationship between the presence ofCampylobacterspp. in stool samples and as well as the severity of chronic enteropathy. Twenty-six dogs with chronic gastrointestinal problems were included in the prospective study. Each research subject had their stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon examined endoscopically. A histopathological examination of the obtained biopsy samples was then performed, excluding other potential diseases. Stool samples were collected and then examined for the presence ofCampylobacterspp. To evaluate the relationship betweenCampylobacterspp. occurrence and the intensity of chronic enteropathy, patients were divided into two groups; animals in the first group presented with no to mild inflammation whereas research subjects in the second group suffered from moderate to severe inflammation. Subsequently, the patients were divided based on positive or negative test results forCampylobacterspp. cultures. No significant relationship between the presence ofCampylobacterspp. in stool samples and chronic enteropathy was found. In contrast to other previously published papers, our study showed a lower occurrence ofCampylobacter upsaliensis.
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15
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Soontararak S, Chow L, Johnson V, Coy J, Webb C, Wennogle S, Dow S. Humoral immune responses against gut bacteria in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220522. [PMID: 31369623 PMCID: PMC6675102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs is associated with clinical signs of intestinal dysfunction, as well as abnormal lymphocytic and myeloid cell infiltrates in the small and/or large intestine. Thus, in many respects IBD in dogs resembles IBD in humans. However, the factors that trigger intestinal inflammation in dogs with IBD are not well understood and have been variously attributed to immune responses against dietary antigens or intestinal antigens. Previous studies in humans with IBD have documented increased production of IgG and IgA antibodies specific to intestinal bacteria, and this abnormal immune response has been linked to disease pathogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the humoral immune response against gut bacteria in dogs with IBD, using flow cytometry to quantitate IgG and IgA binding. Studies were also done to investigate the source of these antibodies (locally produced versus systemic production) and whether greater antibody binding to bacteria is associated with increased inflammatory responses. We found that dogs with IBD had significantly higher percentages and overall amounts of IgG bound to their intestinal bacteria compared to healthy dogs. Similarly, significantly higher percentages of bacteria were IgA+ bacteria were also found in dogs with IBD. Serum antibody recognition of gut bacteria was not different between healthy dogs and dogs with IBD, suggesting that anti-bacterial antibodies were primarily produced locally in the gut rather than systemically. Importantly, bacteria in the Actinobacteria phylum and in particular the genus Collinsella had significantly greater levels of antibody binding in dogs with IBD. Based on these findings, we concluded that antibody binding to commensal gut bacteria was significantly increased in dogs with IBD, that particular phyla were preferential targets for gut antibodies, and that anti-bacterial antibody responses may play an important role in regulating gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikul Soontararak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Valerie Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Coy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Craig Webb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sara Wennogle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Nakazawa M, Maeda S, Yokoyama N, Nakagawa T, Yonezawa T, Ohno K, Matsuki N. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling regulates the production of intestinal IgA and its potential role in the pathogenesis of canine inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1249-1258. [PMID: 31341112 PMCID: PMC6785611 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common gastrointestinal disease in dogs. Decreased production of intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) has been suggested as a possible pathogenesis in a
subset of canine IBD; however, the underlying cause remains unclear. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid mediator that regulates intestinal IgA production by controlling lymphocyte
trafficking in mice. The objectives of this study were to clarify the role of S1P in IgA production in dogs and to evaluate the expression of S1P-related molecules in dogs with IBD. First,
an S1P receptor antagonist was administrated to five healthy dogs. The S1P receptor antagonist significantly decreased the IgA concentration in sera and feces but did not affect the IgG
concentration. Moreover, the immunoreactivity of intestinal IgA was significantly decreased by S1P signal blockade. These results indicate that S1P signaling specifically regulates the
intestinal IgA production in dogs. Subsequently, the intestinal S1P concentration and the expression of S1P-related molecules were measured in dogs with IBD and healthy dogs. The intestinal
concentration of S1P was significantly lower in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs. In addition, the gene expression levels of S1P receptor (S1P1) and S1P synthase
(SK1) were significantly lower in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs. Taken together, these observations suggest that decreased S1P production, likely caused by a lower
expression of S1P synthetase, leads to attenuation of S1P/S1P1 signaling pathway and the production of intestinal IgA in dogs with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Nakazawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yokoyama
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taisuke Nakagawa
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoaki Matsuki
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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17
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Clonality testing as complementary tool in the assessment of different patient groups with canine chronic enteropathy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 214:109893. [PMID: 31378220 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation between canine chronic enteropathy (CCE) and intestinal lymphoma is a diagnostic challenge as histopathology might fail to yield unequivocal results. Detection of clonal rearrangements of the T-cell-receptor gamma (TCRG) chain and IG heavy chain (IGH) V-J genes offer a useful solution. In this retrospective study, histopathology samples of 35 CCE patients and 7 healthy Beagle dogs underwent clonality testing. Patients suffered either from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), food responsive diarrhea (FRD) or protein loosing enteropathy secondary to IBD (PLE/IBD). Healthy Beagles served as controls (CO). Canine IBD activity index (CIBDAI) and histopathological WSAVA-grading differed significantly (p<0.001) between groups. CIBDAI improved significantly after appropriate therapy (p < 0.0001). Intestinal biopsies of all CO showed polyclonal patterns for B- and T-cell primers. All samples from CCE patients showed polyclonal patterns for the B-cell primers. Targeting TCRG, 4 patients showed a monoclonal or oligoclonal pattern of the lymphocytic infiltrates in the duodenum and/or colon. Clinical improvement was observed in all dogs. Although a small cell lymphoma cannot be excluded in view of the short follow up duration, a false positive result, in the sense of a canonical rearrangement or unspecific amplification due to a antigenic stimulation in a non-neoplastic inflammatory process is possible.
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18
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Kalenyak K, Heilmann RM, van de Lest CHA, Brouwers JF, Burgener IA. Comparison of the systemic phospholipid profile in dogs diagnosed with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease or food-responsive diarrhea before and after treatment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215435. [PMID: 30990833 PMCID: PMC6467395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and food-responsive diarrhea (FRD) are common chronic enteropathies in dogs, of which the exact pathogenesis has not been fully understood. In people dyslipidemia has been reported in patients with IBD, and potential therapeutic benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the treatment of IBD have been investigated. Studies on the phospholipid profile in dogs with IBD and FRD are still lacking. AIM To investigate the systemic phospholipid profile of dogs with IBD or FRD and to evaluate possible differences in phospholipids before and after treatment. METHODS The phospholipids in whole blood and EDTA plasma of 32 dogs diagnosed with either IBD (n = 16) or FRD (n = 16) were analyzed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) prior to and after initiation of treatment, which included an elimination diet enriched with PUFAs. RESULTS A clear separation of the phospholipids between whole blood and plasma was demonstrated on principal component analysis plots. In addition to the type of specimen, treatment and disease severity were the most significant factors determining the variance of the phospholipid profile. An increase in lysolipids was observed after treatment. The phosphatidylcholine (PC) species changed from PC 38:4 before treatment to mainly lysophosphatidylcholine 18:0 after treatment. Furthermore, several differences in the abundance of individual phospholipids were identified between dogs with IBD and dogs with FRD and between treatment statuses using random forest analysis. CONCLUSION Significant variances were identified in the phospholipid profiles of dogs with IBD and FRD. These were particularly determined by type of specimen used, disease severity and treatment status. After treatment, a shift of phospholipid species towards lysophosphatidylcholine 18:0 was observed. Future studies should further investigate the role of lipids in the pathophysiology of IBD and FRD as well as their potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kalenyak
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Chris H. A. van de Lest
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Lipidomics Facility, Utrecht University, CM Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos F. Brouwers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Lipidomics Facility, Utrecht University, CM Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Iwan A. Burgener
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Aono K, Azuma YT, Nabetani T, Hatoya S, Furuya M, Miki M, Hirota K, Fujimoto Y, Nishiyama K, Ogata Y, Mochizuki T, Tani H. Correlation between toll-like receptor 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and pathological severity in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 210:15-22. [PMID: 30947975 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), and TNF-α play important roles in human inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between Toll-like receptor 4, NOD2, and TNF-α and the severity of chronic gastrointestinal diseases in dogs. We examined the expression levels of TLR4, NOD2, and TNF-α in the stomach, duodenum, ileum, colon, and rectum obtained from 21 dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease, including inflammatory bowel disease, high-grade lymphoma, food responsive enteropathy, chronic pancreatitis, low-grade lymphoma, inflammatory colorectal polyp, and chronic colitis. Next, we demonstrated whether there is good correlation between the expression levels of TLR4, NOD2, and TNF-α and the histopathological analysis of each sample. We found that the level of TLR4 expression in the ileum of dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease was positively associated with the histopathological severity. We also found that the level of NOD2 expression in the duodenum, stomach, and rectum was positively associated with the histopathological severity. However, there was no correlation between TNF-α expression in the 5 regions tested in this study and the histopathological severity. These findings indicate that TLR4 and NOD2 are remarkably associated with the severity of chronic gastrointestinal disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiya Aono
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasu-Taka Azuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tomoyo Nabetani
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University College of Life, Environmental, and Advanced Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Hatoya
- Laboratory of Cell Pathobiology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Furuya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mariko Miki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Hirota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ogata
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Course of Integrated Bioscience, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Course of Plant Production Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan.
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20
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Canine primary jejunal and colonic epithelial cells predominantly express TLR5 and TLR9 but do not change TLR expression pattern after stimulation with certain Toll-like receptor ligands. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 206:16-24. [PMID: 30502908 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is in contact with abundant luminal antigens and coordinates immune responses to differentiate commensals from pathogens. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) not only represent a physical barrier but also an immunologically important cell type that recognizes microbe-associated molecular patterns via Toll-like receptors (TLR). The importance of TLR expression has been elucidated for intestinal disorders in humans, mice and dogs. However, as knowledge about canine intestinal TLRs is mainly limited to the transcriptional level, the present study analyzed the protein expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 by primary canine IECs in the steady state and after stimulation with TLR ligands. This exhibited TLR5 and TLR9 to be predominantly expressed in canine IECs. TLR stimulation did not result in changes of the TLR expression pattern. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether this implicates hyporesponsiveness of canine IECs towards TLR stimulation under steady state conditions.
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21
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Heilmann RM, Steiner JM. Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1495-1508. [PMID: 30222209 PMCID: PMC6189362 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs are a group of disorders that are characterized by chronic persistent or recurrent signs of gastrointestinal disease and histologic evidence of mucosal inflammation. These CIEs are classified as either food-responsive, antibiotic-responsive, or immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy. Patients not clinically responding to immunomodulatory treatment are grouped as nonresponsive enteropathy and dogs with intestinal protein loss as protein-losing enteropathy. Disease-independent clinical scoring systems were established in dogs for assessment of clinical disease severity and patient monitoring during treatment. Histopathologic and routine clinicopathologic findings are usually not able to distinguish the subgroups of CIE. Treatment trials are often lengthy and further diagnostic tests are usually at least minimally invasive. Biomarkers that can aid in defining the presence of disease, site of origin, severity of the disease process, response to treatment, or a combination of these would be clinically useful in dogs with CIE. This article summarizes the following biomarkers that have been evaluated in dogs with CIE during the last decade, and critically evaluates their potential clinical utility in dogs with CIE: functional biomarkers (cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, folate, α1 -proteinase inhibitor, immunoglobulin A), biochemical biomarkers (C-reactive protein, perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies, 3-bromotyrosine, N-methylhistamine, calprotectin, S100A12, soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products, cytokines and chemokines, alkaline phosphatase), microbiomic biomarkers (microbiome changes, dysbiosis index), metabolomic biomarkers (serum metabolome), genetic biomarkers (genomic markers, gene expression changes), and cellular biomarkers (regulatory T cells). In addition, important performance criteria of diagnostic tests are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Small Animal ClinicCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzigSaxonyGermany
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
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Ogawa M, Osada H, Hasegawa A, Ohno H, Yanuma N, Sasaki K, Shimoda M, Shirai J, Kondo H, Ohmori K. Effect of interleukin-1β on occludin mRNA expression in the duodenal and colonic mucosa of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1019-1025. [PMID: 29572935 PMCID: PMC5980446 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal imbalance of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-1 receptor antagonist (Ra) has been reported in the duodenal mucosa of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the imbalance in the colonic mucosa and its role in duodenitis and colitis in IBD of dogs remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To measure the expression of IL-1β and IL-1Ra proteins in the colonic mucosa of dogs with IBD, and to determine the effect of IL-1β on expression of occludin (ocln) mRNA, a tight junction component, in the duodenal and colonic mucosa of dogs with IBD. ANIMALS Twelve dogs with IBD and 6 healthy dogs. METHODS IL-1β and IL-1 Ra proteins in the colonic mucosa were quantified by ELISA in 7 of the 12 dogs with IBD. Expression of ocln mRNA in the duodenal and colonic mucosa was examined in the 12 dogs by real-time PCR. RESULTS The ratio of IL-1β to IL-1Ra in the colonic mucosa was significantly higher in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs. The ex vivo experiment determined that IL-1β suppressed expression of ocln mRNA in the colonic mucosa, but not in the duodenal mucosa, of healthy dogs. Expression of ocln mRNA in the colonic mucosa, but not in the duodenal mucosa, was significantly lower in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A relative increase in IL-1β may attenuate ocln expression, leading to intestinal barrier dysfunction and promotion of intestinal inflammation in the colonic mucosa, but not in the duodenal mucosa, of dogs with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Ogawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironari Osada
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayana Hasegawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ohno
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanako Yanuma
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Shimoda
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kondo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keitaro Ohmori
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Heilmann RM, Berghoff N, Mansell J, Grützner N, Parnell NK, Gurtner C, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Association of fecal calprotectin concentrations with disease severity, response to treatment, and other biomarkers in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:679-692. [PMID: 29460444 PMCID: PMC5866976 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calprotectin is a marker of inflammation, but its clinical utility in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) is unknown. OBJECTIVE Evaluation of fecal calprotectin in dogs with biopsy-confirmed CIE. ANIMALS 127 dogs. METHODS Prospective case-control study. Dogs were assigned a canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) score, and histologic lesions severity was assessed. Fecal calprotectin, fecal S100A12, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Food- or antibiotic-responsive cases (FRE/ARE, n = 13) were distinguished from steroid-/immunosuppressant-responsive or -refractory cases (SRE/IRE, n = 20). Clinical response to treatment in SRE/IRE dogs was classified as complete remission (CR), partial response (PR), or no response (NR). RESULTS Fecal calprotectin correlated with CCECAI (ρ = 0.27, P = .0065) and fecal S100A12 (ρ = 0.90, P < .0001), some inflammatory criteria, and cumulative inflammation scores, but not serum CRP (ρ = 0.16, P = .12). Dogs with SRE/IRE had higher fecal calprotectin concentrations (median: 2.0 μg/g) than FRE/ARE dogs (median: 1.4 μg/g), and within the SRE/IRE group, dogs with PR/NR had higher fecal calprotectin (median: 37.0 μg/g) than dogs with CR (median: 1.6 μg/g). However, both differences did not reach statistical significance (both P = .10). A fecal calprotectin ≥15.2 μg/g separated both groups with 80% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 28%-100%) and 75% specificity (95%CI: 43%-95%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Fecal calprotectin could be a useful surrogate marker of disease severity in dogs with CIE, but larger longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate its utility in predicting the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Small Animal ClinicCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzigSaxonyGermany
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Nora Berghoff
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic InvestigationCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Joanne Mansell
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Saxony‐AnhaltGermany
| | - Nolie K. Parnell
- Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and PathobiologyVetsuisse Faculty Bern, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
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Improvement of colitis by Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 and inulin. ACTA VET BRNO 2018. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201786040399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 and prebiotic inulin on the activity of β-glucuronidase, transcription nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), myeloperoxidase (MPO), cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-8, IL-13), and counts of coliforms and lactobacilli in rats with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced acute colitis. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups: control (C), acute colitis (AC), prebiotic (Pre), and probiotic (Pro). Dextran sulphate sodium induced inflammatory process in the colonic tissue, increased the activity of β-glucuronidase (P < 0.05), increased counts of coliforms, decreased lactobacilli counts (P < 0.05), and activated production of the measured indicators NFκB, MPO, IL-6, IL-8, except of IL-13. Diet supplemented with L. plantarum and inulin alleviated DSS induced inflammatory process by inhibiting production of IL-6, IL-8, activities of NFκB and MPO, and by stimulation of IL-13. These results indicate that the dietary intake of Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 and inulin suppressed the expression of markers playing an important role in the inflammatory process, which predisposes their use in prevention or treatment of acute colitis.
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Volkmann M, Steiner JM, Fosgate GT, Zentek J, Hartmann S, Kohn B. Chronic Diarrhea in Dogs - Retrospective Study in 136 Cases. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 31:1043-1055. [PMID: 28703447 PMCID: PMC5508351 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic diarrhea (CD) is common in dogs, and information on frequency and distribution of primary and secondary causes is lacking. Objectives To evaluate underlying causes and predictors of outcome in dogs with CD. Animals One hundred and thirty‐six client‐owned dogs with CD (≥3 weeks duration). Methods Retrospective review of medical records (Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, 09/2009‐07/2011). Quantification of final diagnoses and comparison of clinical aspects including disease severity and clinicopathological abnormalities among dogs with clinical remission (either complete [gastrointestinal signs absent] or partial [clinical improvement of gastrointestinal signs and reduced episodes with shortened duration]), and those without recovery. Results Ninety percent of dogs were diagnosed with a primary enteropathy: inflammatory (71%; of those 66% dietary responsive, 23% idiopathic, 11% antibiotic responsive), infectious (13%), neoplastic (4%), and in one dog each mechanical disease or systemic vasculitis. Secondary causes were diagnosed in 10% of dogs: exocrine pancreatic (6%), endocrine (2%), and in one dog each hepatic, renal, and cardiac disease. In total, 87% of dogs had clinical remission, whereas 13% died or did not respond to treatment: Lack of recovery was frequently recorded for dogs with primary inflammatory (idiopathic) or neoplastic disease and was significantly associated with increased disease severity scores (P = .005), anemia (hematocrit < 40%, P < .001), severe hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin <2.0 g/dL, P = .008), and severe hypocobalaminemia (serum cobalamin concentration <200 pg/mL, P = .006). Conclusions and clinical importance Inflammatory enteropathies and particularly those of dietary origin were the most common causes of CD in dogs. Findings support the usefulness of hematocrit, and serum albumin and cobalamin concentration as prognostic markers in dogs with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Volkmann
- Clinic for Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - G T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - J Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Kohn
- Clinic for Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Toresson L, Steiner JM, Razdan P, Spodsberg E, Olmedal G, Suchodolski JS, Spillmann T. Comparison of efficacy of oral and parenteral cobalamin supplementation in normalising low cobalamin concentrations in dogs: A randomised controlled study. Vet J 2017; 232:27-32. [PMID: 29428088 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacies of parenteral and oral cobalamin supplementation protocols in dogs with chronic enteropathies and low cobalamin concentrations. It was hypothesised that both treatments would increase serum cobalamin concentrations significantly. Fifty-three dogs with chronic enteropathies and serum cobalamin concentrations<285ng/L (reference interval 244-959ng/L) were enrolled. Dogs were randomised to treatment with either daily oral cobalamin tablets (0.25-1.0mg cyanocobalamin daily according to body weight) or parenteral cobalamin (0.4-1.2mg hydroxycobalamin according to body weight). Serum cobalamin concentrations were analysed 28±5days and 90±15days after initiation of supplementation. After 28 days, all dogs had serum cobalamin concentrations within the reference interval or above. In the parenteral group (n=26), median (range) cobalamin concentrations were 228 (150-285) ng/L at inclusion, 2107 (725-10,009) ng/L after 28days and 877 (188-1267) ng/L after 90 days. In the oral group (n=27), median (range) serum cobalamin concentrations were 245 (150-285) ng/L at inclusion, 975 (564-2385) ng/L after 28days and 1244 (738-4999) ng/L after 90 days. In both groups, there were significant differences in serum cobalamin concentrations between baseline and 28 days, and between 28days and 90days (P<0.001). In conclusion, both parenteral and oral cobalamin supplementation effectively increase serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs with chronic enteropathies and low cobalamin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Toresson
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki University, Agnes Sjobergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, Bergavagen 3, 25466 Helsingborg, Sweden.
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - P Razdan
- Halsinge Small Animal Clinic, Ullsattersvagen 8, 824 34 Hudiksvall, Sweden
| | - E Spodsberg
- Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, Bergavagen 3, 25466 Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - G Olmedal
- Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, Bergavagen 3, 25466 Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - T Spillmann
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki University, Agnes Sjobergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Mochel JP, Jergens AE, Kingsbury D, Kim HJ, Martín MG, Allenspach K. Intestinal Stem Cells to Advance Drug Development, Precision, and Regenerative Medicine: A Paradigm Shift in Translational Research. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 20:17. [PMID: 29234895 PMCID: PMC6044282 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the intestinal stem cell niche and the role of key signaling pathways on cell growth and maintenance have allowed the development of fully differentiated epithelial cells in 3D organoids. Stem cell-derived organoids carry significant levels of proteins that are natively expressed in the gut and have important roles in drug transport and metabolism. They are, therefore, particularly relevant to study the gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of oral medications. In addition, organoids have the potential to serve as a robust preclinical model for demonstrating the effectiveness of new drugs more rapidly, with more certainty, and at lower costs compared with live animal studies. Importantly, because they are derived from individuals with different genotypes, environmental risk factors and drug sensitivity profiles, organoids are a highly relevant screening system for personalized therapy in both human and veterinary medicine. Lastly, and in the context of patient-specific congenital diseases, orthotopic transplantation of engineered organoids could repair and/or replace damaged epithelial tissues reported in various GI diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis, and tuft enteropathy. Ongoing translational research on organoids derived from dogs with naturally occurring digestive disorders has the potential to improve the predictability of preclinical models used for optimizing the therapeutic management of severe chronic enteropathies in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 2448 Lloyd, 1809 S Riverside Dr., Ames, Iowa, 50011-1250, USA.
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 50011-1250 Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dawn Kingsbury
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 50011-1250 Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Martín G Martín
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, 90095-1782, USA
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 50011-1250 Ames, Iowa, USA
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Kalenyak K, Isaiah A, Heilmann RM, Suchodolski JS, Burgener IA. Comparison of the intestinal mucosal microbiota in dogs diagnosed with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and dogs with food-responsive diarrhea before and after treatment. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 94:4705888. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Mapletoft EK, Allenspach K, Lamb CR. How useful is abdominal ultrasonography in dogs with diarrhoea? J Small Anim Pract 2017; 59:32-37. [PMID: 29105088 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the utility of abdominal ultrasonography in the diagnostic work-up of dogs with diarrhoea. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional study based on a referral population of dogs with diarrhoea. Associations between the clinical signs, use of abdominal ultrasonography, results of abdominal ultrasonography and subsequent work-up were examined. The utility of abdominal ultrasonography was scored as high, moderate, none or counterproductive based on review of medical records. RESULTS Medical records of 269 dogs were reviewed, of which 149 (55%) had abdominal ultrasonography. The most frequent result was no ultrasonographic abnormalities affecting the intestine in 65 (44%) dogs. Ultrasonography results were associated with subsequent work-up as follows: (1) no detected abnormalities and dietary trial; (2) focal thickening of the intestinal wall, loss of intestinal wall layers or enlarged abdominal lymph nodes and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirates; (3) diffuse thickening of the intestinal wall or hyperechoic striations in the small intestinal mucosa and endoscopy; and (4) small intestinal foreign body and coeliotomy. Abdominal ultrasonography was considered to be diagnostic without further testing in only four (3%) dogs: two had a portosystemic shunt identified ultrasonographically, one had a linear foreign body and one had a perforated pyloric ulcer. Abdominal ultrasonography had moderate utility in 56 (38%) dogs and no utility in 79 (53%) dogs. Abdominal ultrasonography was considered counterproductive in 10 (7%) dogs because results were either falsely negative or falsely positive. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results should prompt clinicians to reconsider routine use of abdominal ultrasonography in dogs with diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Mapletoft
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - K Allenspach
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011-1134, USA
| | - C R Lamb
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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30
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Heilmann RM, Allenspach K. Pattern-recognition receptors: signaling pathways and dysregulation in canine chronic enteropathies—brief review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:781-787. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717728545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are expressed by innate immune cells and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules. With a large potential for synergism or convergence between their signaling pathways, PRRs orchestrate a complex interplay of cellular mediators and transcription factors, and thus play a central role in homeostasis and host defense. Aberrant activation of PRR signaling, mutations of the receptors and/or their downstream signaling molecules, and/or DAMP/PAMP complex–mediated receptor signaling can potentially lead to chronic auto-inflammatory diseases or development of cancer. PRR signaling pathways appear to also present an interesting new avenue for the modulation of inflammatory responses and to serve as potential novel therapeutic targets. Evidence for a dysregulation of the PRR toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–containing protein (NOD)2, and the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) exists in dogs with chronic enteropathies. We describe the TLR, NOD2, and RAGE signaling pathways and evaluate the current veterinary literature—in comparison to human medicine—to determine the role of TLRs, NOD2, and RAGE in canine chronic enteropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany (Heilmann)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Allenspach)
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany (Heilmann)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Allenspach)
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Ide K, Kato K, Sawa Y, Hayashi A, Takizawa R, Nishifuji K. Comparison of the expression, activity, and fecal concentration of intestinal alkaline phosphatase between healthy dogs and dogs with chronic enteropathy. Am J Vet Res 2017; 77:721-9. [PMID: 27347825 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.7.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare expression, activity, and fecal concentration of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) between healthy dogs and dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE). ANIMALS 9 healthy university-owned Beagles and 109 healthy client-owned dogs (controls) and 28 dogs with CE (cases). PROCEDURES Cases were defined as dogs with persistent (> 3 weeks) gastrointestinal signs that failed to respond to antimicrobials and anti-inflammatory doses of prednisolone or dietary trials, did not have mechanical gastrointestinal abnormalities as determined by abdominal radiography and ultrasonography, and had a diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic enteritis or eosinophilic gastroenteritis on histologic examination of biopsy specimens. Duodenal and colonic mucosa biopsy specimens were obtained from the 9 university-owned Beagles and all cases for histologic examination and determination of IAP expression (by real-time quantitative PCR assay) and activity (by enzyme histochemical analysis). Fecal samples were obtained from all dogs for determination of fecal IAP concentration by a quantitative enzyme reaction assay. RESULTS For dogs evaluated, IAP expression and activity were localized at the luminal side of epithelial cells in the mucosa and intestinal crypts, although both were greater in the duodenum than in the colon. Active IAP was detected in the feces of all dogs. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase expression and activity were lower for cases than for controls, and fecal IAP concentration for dogs with moderate and severe CE was lower than that for dogs with mild CE. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that dogs with CE had impaired IAP expression and activity. Additional research is necessary to elucidate the role of IAP in the pathogenesis of CE.
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Menozzi A, Dall'Aglio M, Quintavalla F, Dallavalle L, Meucci V, Bertini S. Rifaximin is an effective alternative to metronidazole for the treatment of chronic enteropathy in dogs: a randomised trial. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:217. [PMID: 27716258 PMCID: PMC5053129 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A clinical trial was conducted in order to assess the efficacy of rifaximin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic with negligible gastrointestinal absorption, in comparison with metronidazole, a commonly employed antimicrobial drug, in dogs with chronic enteropathy. Twenty-four pet dogs were randomly enrolled into two different groups: MET group (10 dogs) and RIF group (14 dogs). Dogs of MET group received metronidazole 15 mg/kg q12h for 21 days by oral route, whereas dogs of RIF group, were given rifaximin 25 mg/kg q12h for 21 days by oral route. Clinical signs of disease were evaluated the day before the beginning of drug administration (D0), and at the end of treatment (D21), by means of Canine IBD Activity Index (CIBDAI). Blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) at D0 and D21 were also measured, as another parameter of treatment efficacy. The primary outcome measure of efficacy was the complete remission at D21, defined as a 75 % or greater decrease of CIBDAI; secondary outcome measures were the variation of mean CIBDAI scores, of mean CRP serum levels, and any observed adverse effect from D0 to D21. Results Treatment with metronidazole or rifaximin greatly improved the clinical signs of disease in each group: in MET group the complete remission was achieved in 8 of 10 dogs (80.0 %), and partial remission in 2 subjects (20.0 %). In RIF group, 12 of 14 dogs showed complete remission (85.7 %), and the remaining 2 dogs were in partial remission (14.3 %). There were also significant decreases of CIBDAI scores (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0002 for MET and RIF, respectively), and CRP levels (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0001 for MET and RIF, respectively) compared to pre-treatment values in both groups. No significant difference, however, was found when comparing MET and RIF groups. No relevant side-effect was reported during the trial with either drugs. Conclusions The present study showed, for the first time, that oral rifaximin could represent an effective alternative to metronidazole for the induction of clinical remission in dogs with chronic enteropathy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0851-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Menozzi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | | | - Fausto Quintavalla
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Dallavalle
- ATI Pets Srl, Fatro Group SpA, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Bertini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada Del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
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Montserrat-Sangrà S, Alborch L, Ordeix L, Solano-Gallego L. TLR-2 and TLR-4 transcriptions in unstimulated blood from dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up treatment. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:172-179. [PMID: 27692322 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity, in particular, the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs), has not been extensively studied in canine L. infantum infection. The main aim of this study was to determine the transcription of TLR2 and TLR4 in the blood of dogs with natural clinical leishmaniosis at the time of diagnosis and during treatment follow-up and subsequently correlate these findings with clinical, serological and parasitological data. Forty-six Leishmania-seropositive sick dogs with a high antibody level at the time of diagnosis were studied and compared with 34 healthy seronegative dogs. Twenty-two of these sick dogs were treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol and followed-up at 30, 180 and 365days following the start of treatment. Clinical status was defined by a thorough physical examination, complete blood count, biochemistry profile, electrophoresis of serum proteins, and urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPC). EDTA blood was stored in RNAlater® solution before RNA extraction and cDNA production were performed. TLR2, TLR4 and three reference genes (HPRT-1, CG14980 and SDHA) were studied in each blood sample by real time PCR. The relative quantification of TLR2 was higher (mean 3.5) in sick dogs when compared with seronegative healthy dogs (mean 1.3; P=0.0001) while the relative quantification of TLR4 was similar in both groups. In addition, the relative quantification of TLR2 significantly decreased during follow-up at all time points compared with day 0 whereas no changes were observed with TLR4 transcription. A significant positive correlation was noted between TLR2 and UPC, total protein, beta and gamma globulins, specific L. infantum antibodies and blood parasite load while a negative correlation was observed with albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, hematocrit and hemoglobin. TLR4 transcript did not correlate with any parameter. These findings indicate an up-regulation of TLR2 transcription in unstimulated blood in naturally infected sick dogs as compared to healthy dogs suggesting active innate immune and proinflammatory responses. In addition, TLR2 transcription is reduced with clinical improvement during treatment. In contrast, TLR4 transcription appears to be similar among groups at the time of diagnosis with no changes during treatment follow-up suggesting a less important role for this TLR in clinical canine leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Lorena Alborch
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Blake AB, Suchodolski JS. Importance of gut microbiota for the health and disease of dogs and cats. Anim Front 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/af.2016-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Blake
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474
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Dranitsina AS, Dvorshchenko KO, Morgaienko OO, Grebinyk DM, Ostapchenko LI. Expression of Tlr2, Defa, and Muc2 genes in rat duodenum epithelial cells during prolonged stomach hypoacidity and after hypoacidity correction by multiprobiotics. CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271603004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bailey C, Ruaux C, Stang BV, Valentine BA. Expression of serotonin, chromogranin-A, serotonin receptor-2B, tryptophan hydroxylase-1, and serotonin reuptake transporter in the intestine of dogs with chronic enteropathy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:271-8. [PMID: 27026108 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715618232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin regulates many intestinal motor and sensory functions. Altered serotonergic metabolism has been described in human gastrointestinal diseases. The objective of our study was to compare expression of several components of the serotonergic system [serotonin (5-HT), serotonin reuptake transporter protein (SERT), tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH-1), 5-HT receptor2B (5-HT2B)] and the enterochromaffin cell marker chromogranin-A (CgA) in the intestinal mucosa between dogs with chronic enteropathy and healthy controls. Serotonin and CgA expression were determined by immunohistochemistry using banked and prospectively obtained, paraffin-embedded canine gastrointestinal biopsies (n = 11), and compared to a control group of canine small intestinal sections (n = 10). Expression of SERT, TPH-1, and 5-HT2B were determined via real-time reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR using prospectively collected endoscopic duodenal biopsies (n = 10) and compared to an additional control group of control duodenal biopsies (n = 8, control group 2) showing no evidence of intestinal inflammation. Dogs with chronic enteropathies showed strong staining for both 5-HT and CgA. Mean positive cells per high power field (HPF) were significantly increased for both compounds in dogs with chronic enteropathies (p < 0.001 for 5-HT; p < 0.05 for CgA). The number of 5-HT-positive and CgA-positive cells/HPF showed significant correlation in the entire group of dogs, including both diseased and healthy individuals (Pearson r(2) = 0.2433, p = 0.016). No significant differences were observed for SERT, TPH-1, or 5-HT2B expression; however, dogs with chronic enteropathy showed greater variability in expression of TPH-1 and 5-HT2B We conclude that components of the neuroendocrine system show altered expression in the intestinal mucosa of dogs with chronic enteropathy. These changes may contribute to nociception and clinical signs in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Bailey
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Bailey, Ruaux, Stang), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, ORBiomedical Sciences (Valentine), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Craig Ruaux
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Bailey, Ruaux, Stang), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, ORBiomedical Sciences (Valentine), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Bernadette V Stang
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Bailey, Ruaux, Stang), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, ORBiomedical Sciences (Valentine), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Beth A Valentine
- Departments of Clinical Sciences (Bailey, Ruaux, Stang), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, ORBiomedical Sciences (Valentine), School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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Dai ZH, Tan B, Yang H, Wang O, Qian JM, Lv H. 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D relieves colitis in rats via down-regulation of toll-like receptor 9 expression. Croat Med J 2015; 56:515-24. [PMID: 26718757 PMCID: PMC4707923 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2015.56.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the therapeutic and immunoregulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)D3) on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) -induced colitis in rats. METHODS Experimental colitis induced by enema administration of TNBS plus ethanol was treated with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and/or 1,25(OH)D3. Disease activity was measured using the disease activation index (DAI), colon macroscopic damage index (CMDI), histological colonic damage score, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The expression of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in the colon was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Rats with TNBS-induced colitis had significantly elevated DAI, CMDI, histological colonic damage score, and MPO activity (all P<0.001) compared to rats without colitis. Treatment with 5-ASA or 1,25(OH)D3 ameliorated colitis by lowering CMDI (P=0.049, P=0.040, respectively), histological colonic damage score (P=0.010, P=0.005, respectively), and MPO activity (P=0.0003, P=0.0013, respectively) compared with the TNBS group. Combined treatment with 5-ASA and 1,25(OH)D3 significantly decreased MPO activity (P=0.003). 1,25(OH)D3 attenuated colitis without causing hypercalcemia or renal insufficiency. TNBS significantly increased the number of TLR9 positive cells compared to control (P<0.010), while 5-ASA, 1,25(OH)D3, and combined treatment with 5-ASA and 1,25(OH)D3 significantly decreased it compared to TNBS group (all P<0.010). In TNBS group a moderate correlation was observed between MPO activity and the number of TLR9-positive cells (r=0.654, P<0.001). CONCLUSION TLR9 expression correlates with the extent of inflammation in TNBS-induced colitis. 1,25(OH)D3 relieves this inflammation possibly by decreasing TLR9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Lv
- Lv Hong, No. 1 Shuai-fu-yuan, Dong-cheng Districts, Beijing, China,
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7PT, UK.
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Olofsson KM, Hjertner B, Fossum C, Press CM, Lindberg R. Expression of T helper type 17 (Th17)-associated cytokines and toll-like receptor 4 and their correlation with Foxp3 positive cells in rectal biopsies of horses with clinical signs of inflammatory bowel disease. Vet J 2015; 206:97-104. [PMID: 26346261 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in horses is an idiopathic disorder, encompassing different types of chronic intestinal inflammation. The pathogenesis of the disease remains to be established, but it has been suggested that an imbalance between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper 17 (Th17)-associated cytokines and altered toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression is associated with intestinal inflammation in other species. The aim of the present study was to quantify Tregs in rectal biopsies from horses affected with IBD by immunohistochemistry and to evaluate expression of genes encoding interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-17A, IL-23p19 and TLR4 by real-time quantitative PCR. Rectal biopsies from 11 healthy horses and 11 horses with clinical signs of IBD, showing inflammation classified as chronic simple proctitis (CSP) or chronic active simple proctitis (CASP), were evaluated. Expression of IL-17A mRNA was greater in horses affected with CASP compared with horses with CSP or healthy horses. In contrast, expression of IL-12p40 was lower in horses with CSP compared with horses with CASP or healthy horses. TLR4 expression was greater in horses with CASP compared with healthy horses. A positive correlation was seen between the numbers of Tregs and expression of IL-17A and IL-23p19. An association was demonstrated between the histopathological pattern of inflammation, cytokine profile and number of infiltrating Tregs. The research findings suggest that Th17 cells are involved in active IBD, possibly through recruitment of neutrophils via IL-17A, in combination with inadequate suppression of the inflammatory response by Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Olofsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Bernt Hjertner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Fossum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles M Press
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ronny Lindberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, Uppsala, Sweden
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Schmitz S, Glanemann B, Garden OA, Brooks H, Chang YM, Werling D, Allenspach K. A prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study on the effect of Enterococcus faecium on clinical activity and intestinal gene expression in canine food-responsive chronic enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:533-43. [PMID: 25776251 PMCID: PMC4895498 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine chronic enteropathies (CE) are believed to be caused by an aberrant immune response towards the intestinal microbiome. Administration of probiotics can alleviate colitis in people. In vitro effects of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 E1707 (EF) previously have been evaluated using canine cells (e.g., whole blood, intestinal biopsies), but data on in vivo efficacy are lacking. Hypothesis/Objectives Administration of EF to dogs with food‐responsive CE will improve clinical outcome and decrease the intestinal inflammatory profile. Animals Dogs diagnosed with CE were prospectively recruited to receive a hydrolyzed elimination diet plus either a synbiotic product containing EF or placebo for 6 weeks. Both veterinary staff and owners were blinded to the treatment. Methods Clinical severity index (CCECAI), clinicopathological data and gene expression using intestinal biopsies (TLR2/4/5/9, IL‐17A, IL‐22, IL‐23p19, RORC, IL‐2, IL‐12p35, TNFα, IL‐4, IFNy, IL‐10, TGFβ, IL‐1β, IL‐18, NLRP3, casp‐1, TFF1, TFF3 and PPARy) before and after 6 weeks of treatment were analyzed using linear mixed modeling. Results Of the 45 cases recruited, 12 finished the clinical trial. Seven received the synbiotic and 5 the placebo product. There was no difference between groups or treatments regarding clinical efficacy, histology scores or expression of any of the investigated genes. Conclusions and clinical importance Standard dietary treatment induced rapid clinical response in all cases. Because the study was underpowered, it was not possible to determine whether or not EF had an additional effect within the time period of 6 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schmitz
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
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Kainulainen V, Tang Y, Spillmann T, Kilpinen S, Reunanen J, Saris PEJ, Satokari R. The canine isolate Lactobacillus acidophilus LAB20 adheres to intestinal epithelium and attenuates LPS-induced IL-8 secretion of enterocytes in vitro. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:4. [PMID: 25591990 PMCID: PMC4320479 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For a good probiotic candidate, the abilities to adhere to intestinal epithelium and to fortify barrier function are considered to be crucial for colonization and functionality of the strain. The strain Lactobacillus acidophilus LAB20 was isolated from the jejunum of a healthy dog, where it was found to be the most pre-dominant lactobacilli. In this study, the adhesion ability of LAB20 to intestinal epithelial cell (IECs) lines, IECs isolated from canine intestinal biopsies, and to canine, porcine and human intestinal mucus was investigated. Further, we studied the ability of LAB20 to fortify the epithelial cell monolayer and to reduce LPS-induced interleukin (IL-8) release from enterocytes. Results We found that LAB20 presented higher adhesion to canine colonic mucus as compared to mucus isolated from porcine colon. LAB20 showed adhesion to HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines, and importantly also to canine IECs isolated from canine intestinal biopsies. In addition, LAB20 increased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of enterocyte monolayers and thus strengthened the intestinal barrier function. The strain showed also anti-inflammatory capacity in being able to attenuate the LPS-induced IL-8 production of HT-29 cells. Conclusion In conclusion, canine indigenous strain LAB20 is a potential probiotic candidate for dogs adhering to the host epithelium and showing intestinal barrier fortifying and anti-inflammatory effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0337-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Kainulainen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Yurui Tang
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Thomas Spillmann
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57 (Viikintie 49), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Susanne Kilpinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57 (Viikintie 49), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Justus Reunanen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Per E J Saris
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Reetta Satokari
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Equilino M, Théodoloz V, Gorgas D, Doherr MG, Heilmann RM, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Burgener DVM IA. Evaluation of serum biochemical marker concentrations and survival time in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:91-9. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cuscó A, Sánchez A, Altet L, Ferrer L, Francino O. Non-synonymous genetic variation in exonic regions of canine Toll-like receptors. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2014; 1:11. [PMID: 26401328 PMCID: PMC4579382 DOI: 10.1186/2052-6687-1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) considered to be the primary sensors of pathogens in innate immunity. Genetic variants could be associated to differences in breed innate immune response to pathogens and thus to susceptibility to infections or autoimmune diseases. There is therefore great interest in the characterization of canine TLRs. Results Polymorphisms in canine TLRs have been characterized by massive sequencing after enrichment of their exonic regions. DNAs from 335 dogs (seven different breeds) and 100 wolves (two different populations) were used in pools. The ratio of SNP discovery was 76.5% (in relation to CanFam 3.1); 155 out of 204 variants identified were new. Functional annotation identified 64 non-synonymous variants (43 new), 73 synonymous variants (56 new) and 67 modifier variants (57 new). 12 out of 64 non-synonymous variants are breed or wolf specific. TLR5 has been found to be the most polymorphic among canine TLRs. Finally, a TaqMan OpenArray® plate containing 64 SNPs with a possible functional effect in the protein (4 frameshifts and 60 non-synonymous codons) has been designed and validated. Conclusions Non-synonymous genetic variation has been characterized in exonic regions of canine Toll-like Receptors. The TaqMan OpenArray® plate developed to capture the individual variability that affects protein function will allow high-throughput genotyping either to study association to infection susceptibility or even TLR evolution in the canine genome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2052-6687-1-11) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cuscó
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service. Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; Vetgenomics. Ed Eureka. Parc de Recerca UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Armand Sánchez
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service. Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Altet
- Vetgenomics. Ed Eureka. Parc de Recerca UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
| | - Olga Francino
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service. Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Schmitz S, Henrich M, Neiger R, Werling D, Allenspach K. Stimulation of duodenal biopsies and whole blood from dogs with food-responsive chronic enteropathy and healthy dogs with Toll-like receptor ligands and probiotic Enterococcus faecium. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:85-94. [PMID: 24813376 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the microbiome plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans and chronic enteropathies (CE) in dogs. The administration of probiotic micro-organisms is one way of modulating the microbiome, but experiments elucidating mechanisms of action of probiotics in the intestine of healthy and CE dogs are lacking. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of different Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and Enterococcus faecium (EF) on ex vivo cultured duodenal samples and whole blood (WB) from dogs with food-responsive chronic enteropathy (FRE) when compared to healthy dogs. Biopsy stimulation was performed in 17 FRE and 11 healthy dogs; WB stimulation was performed in 16 FRE and 16 healthy dogs. Expression of TLR2, 4, 5 and 9, IL-17A, IL-22, IFNy, TNFα, IL-4, IL-10, TGFβ and PPARy was determined in biopsies by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, production of TNFα, IL-10, IFNy and IL-17A protein in WB and biopsy supernatants was assessed by ELISA. Treatment with individual TLR ligands or EF induced a variety of changes in the expression of different TLRs and cytokines, but not necessarily a consistent change with a single stimulating agent. Even though cytokine protein could not be detected in supernatants from ex vivo stimulated biopsies, we found TNFα protein responses in blood to be opposite of the transcriptional responses seen in the biopsies. Stimulation of canine duodenal biopsies with TLR ligands can potentially induce anti-inflammatory gene expression, especially in healthy tissue, whereas the effects of EF were limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schmitz
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK; Small Animal Clinic (Internal Medicine), Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Dumusc SD, Ontsouka EC, Schnyder M, Hartnack S, Albrecht C, Bruckmaier RM, Burgener IA. Cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase in dogs with chronic enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1684-91. [PMID: 25269796 PMCID: PMC4895633 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of pro‐inflammatory prostaglandins and 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO) is the major source of leukotrienes. Their role in IBD has been demonstrated in humans and animal models, but not in dogs with chronic enteropathies (CCE). Hypothesis COX‐2 and 5‐LO are upregulated in dogs with CCE. Animals Fifteen healthy control dogs (HCD), 10 dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and 15 dogs with food‐responsive diarrhea (FRD). Methods Prospective study. mRNA expression of COX‐2, 5‐LO, IL‐1b, IL‐4, IL‐6, TNF, IL‐10 and TFG‐β was evaluated by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR in duodenal and colonic biopsies before and after treatment. Results COX‐2 expression in the colon was significantly higher in IBD and FRD before and after treatment (all P < .01). IL‐1b was higher in FRD in the duodenum after treatment (P = .021). TGF‐β expression was significantly higher in the duodenum of HCD compared to FRD/IBD before treatment (both P < .001) and IBD after treatment (P = .012). There were no significant differences among groups and within groups before and after treatment for IL‐4, IL‐6, TNF, and IL‐10. There was a significant correlation between COX‐2 and IL‐1b in duodenum and colon before treatment in FRD and IBD, whereas 5‐LO correlated better with IL‐6 and TNF. IL‐10 and TGF‐β usually were correlated. Conclusions and Clinical Importance COX‐2 is upregulated in IBD and FRD, whereas IL‐1b and TGF‐β seem to be important pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, respectively. The use of dual COX/5‐LO inhibitors could be an interesting alternative in the treatment of CCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Dumusc
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Okanishi H, Kagawa Y, Watari T. Expression of selectins and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 in dogs with lymphocytic–plasmacytic enteritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 161:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Vaure C, Liu Y. A comparative review of toll-like receptor 4 expression and functionality in different animal species. Front Immunol 2014; 5:316. [PMID: 25071777 PMCID: PMC4090903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, a key component of the innate immune system. TLRs detect invading pathogens and initiate an immediate immune response to them, followed by a long-lasting adaptive immune response. Activation of TLRs leads to the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules. TLR4 specifically recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide, along with several other components of pathogens and endogenous molecules produced during abnormal situations, such as tissue damage. Evolution across species can lead to substantial diversity in the TLR4’s affinity and specificity to its ligands, the TLR4 gene and cellular expression patterns and tissue distribution. Consequently, TLR4 functions vary across different species. In recent years, the use of synthetic TLR agonists as adjuvants has emerged as a realistic therapeutic goal, notably for the development of vaccines against poorly immunogenic targets. Given that an adjuvanted vaccine must be assessed in pre-clinical animal models before being tested in humans, the extent to which an animal model represents and predicts the human condition is of particular importance. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the critical points of divergence between human and the mammalian species commonly used in vaccine research and development (non-human primate, mouse, rat, rabbit, swine, and dog), in terms of molecular, cellular, and functional properties of TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Vaure
- Research Department, Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy L'Etoile , France
| | - Yuanqing Liu
- Research Department, Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy L'Etoile , France
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Igarashi H, Ohno K, Maeda S, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Uchida K, Tsujimoto H. Expression profiling of pattern recognition receptors and selected cytokines in miniature dachshunds with inflammatory colorectal polyps. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 159:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Association between fecal S100A12 concentration and histologic, endoscopic, and clinical disease severity in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 158:156-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous group of chronic gastrointestinal disorders. The etiology, similar to human IBD, remains unknown. Canine IBD is diagnosed by exclusion, which is a long, time and money-consuming process due to the need of elimination of other diseases presenting with similar symptoms. Therefore, a search for a specific and sensitive marker is needed to overcome these difficulties. The article is divided into 3 sections presenting up-to-date information about laboratory markers, immunohistochemical markers and changes in the neurochemical coding of the enteric nervous system, concentrating on their usefulness and future applications. Data concerning laboratory and immunohistochemical markers is based mainly on canine IBD, while the neuroimmunohistochemistry section presents knowledge from human IBD due to the lack of such studies in veterinary medicine.
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